treatments-xml/data/03/C4/71/03C4711FFF8DFFAAFF5CFA821265B49E.xml

<document id="B1CBA62E25AB21920F6E703E05A84701" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.199219" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b5f95627-e419-4c82-b37b-8c749beab21d" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="199219" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460331451036" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Zhou, Chang-Fu" docDate="2010" docId="03C4711FFF8DFFAAFF5CFA821265B49E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02676p056.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2676" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Liaochelys jianchangensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="52" masterDocId="FFFD0967FF8CFFA2FFCBFFA51646B50C" masterDocTitle="A new eucryptodiran turtle from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of western Liaoning, China" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="45" pageNumber="46" updateTime="1698258744785" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="A77115A28C4868123B282EC58E67D469">A new eucryptodiran turtle from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of western Liaoning, China</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="16DF56FC2EC0B5A81E092628F5B20005">Zhou, Chang-Fu</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03C4711FFF8DFFAAFF5CFA821265B49E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6200664" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119404538" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6200664" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C4711FFF8DFFAAFF5CFA821265B49E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4711FFF8DFFAAFF5CFA821265B49E" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
<subSubSection id="C3779382FF8DFFA3FF5CFA821756B068" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF8DFFA3FF5CFA8214D2B04D" blockId="1.[151,660,1319,1380]" box="[151,660,1319,1345]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
<heading id="D09A7765FF8DFFA3FF5CFA8214D2B04D" bold="true" box="[151,660,1319,1345]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8DFFA3FF5CFA8214D2B04D" bold="true" box="[151,660,1319,1345]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8DFFA3FF5CFA821790B04D" box="[151,470,1319,1345]" class="Sauropsida" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Liaochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jianchangensis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8DFFA3FF5CFA821790B04D" bold="true" box="[151,470,1319,1345]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Liaochelys jianchangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. et sp. nov.
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF8DFFA3FF5CFAEF1756B068" blockId="1.[151,660,1319,1380]" box="[151,272,1354,1380]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
(
<figureCitation id="1356DC8CFF8DFFA3FF54FAEF174EB068" box="[159,264,1354,1380]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="3.[151,259,1974,1998]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,255,1804,1828]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,259,880,904]" captionTargetBox-0="[226,1360,194,1952]" captionTargetBox-1="[327,1261,205,1769]" captionTargetBox-2="[281,1305,194,859]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[226,1360,194,1953]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[300,1273,194,1777]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[281,1305,194,859]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Liaochelys jianchangensis gen. et sp. nov. (PMOL-AR 00160, holotype), from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Lamadong, Jianchang City, western Liaoning Province, China." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Line drawings of Liaochelys jianchangensis gen. et sp. nov. (PMOL-AR 00160, holotype), from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Lamadong, Jianchang City, western Liaoning Province, China. Abbreviations: as, astragalocalcaneum; c 1 - c 8, costal plates 1 – 8; cave, caudal vertebrae; cs, cervical scute; cve, cervical vertebrae; lfe, left femur; lfi, left fibula; lh, left humerus; lt, left tibia; lu, left ulna; m 1 - m 12, marginal scutes 1 – 12; mtV, metatarsal V; nu, nuchal; p 1 - p 11, peripheral plates 1 – 11; pdI-pdV, pedal digits I – V; ps 1 - ps 4, pleural scutes 1 – 4; py, pygal; rfe, right femur; rfi, right fibula; rt, right tibia; sp 1 - sp 2, suprapygals 1 – 2; v 1 - v 5, vertebral scutes 1 – 5; 1 - 8, neural plates 1 – 8." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Liaochelys jianchangensis gen. et sp. nov. (PMOL-AR 00140, paratype), from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Lamadong, Jianchang City, western Liaoning Province, China." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/199221/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/199222/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/199223/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Figs 2–4</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3779382FF8DFFA3FF5CFA31145FB0D8" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF8DFFA3FF5CFA31145FB0D8" blockId="1.[151,1437,1428,2015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8DFFA3FF5CFA311760B0A2" bold="true" box="[151,294,1428,1454]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Etymology.</emphasis>
Chinese Pinyin ‘Liao’, abbreviation of Liaoning Province, ‘chelys’ Greek ‘turtle’; the specific epithet refers to the 
<typeStatus id="54D67EABFF8DFFA3FE4AFA1F17F2B0D8" box="[385,436,1466,1492]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
locality.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3779382FF8DFFA3FF0EFA7A17CCB228" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF8DFFA3FF0EFA7A175FB366" blockId="1.[151,1437,1428,2015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8DFFA3FF0EFA7A1706B0F5" bold="true" box="[197,320,1503,1529]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
<typeStatus id="54D67EABFF8DFFA3FF0EFA7A177DB0F5" box="[197,315,1503,1529]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
PMOL-AR00160 (
<figureCitation id="1356DC8CFF8DFFA3FDE3FA4514D5B0F6" box="[552,659,1503,1530]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="3.[151,259,1974,1998]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,255,1804,1828]" captionTargetBox-0="[226,1360,194,1952]" captionTargetBox-1="[327,1261,205,1769]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[226,1360,194,1953]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[300,1273,194,1777]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Liaochelys jianchangensis gen. et sp. nov. (PMOL-AR 00160, holotype), from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Lamadong, Jianchang City, western Liaoning Province, China." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Line drawings of Liaochelys jianchangensis gen. et sp. nov. (PMOL-AR 00160, holotype), from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Lamadong, Jianchang City, western Liaoning Province, China. Abbreviations: as, astragalocalcaneum; c 1 - c 8, costal plates 1 – 8; cave, caudal vertebrae; cs, cervical scute; cve, cervical vertebrae; lfe, left femur; lfi, left fibula; lh, left humerus; lt, left tibia; lu, left ulna; m 1 - m 12, marginal scutes 1 – 12; mtV, metatarsal V; nu, nuchal; p 1 - p 11, peripheral plates 1 – 11; pdI-pdV, pedal digits I – V; ps 1 - ps 4, pleural scutes 1 – 4; py, pygal; rfe, right femur; rfi, right fibula; rt, right tibia; sp 1 - sp 2, suprapygals 1 – 2; v 1 - v 5, vertebral scutes 1 – 5; 1 - 8, neural plates 1 – 8." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/199221/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/199222/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
Figs 2 
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8DFFA3FDBFFA7A14C5B0F5" bold="true" box="[628,643,1503,1529]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">–</emphasis>
3
</figureCitation>
), a nearly complete skeleton exposed in dorsal view, including a partial skull, two isolated cervical vertebrae, a whole shell, disarticulated caudal vertebrae, and appendicular skeleton. The fossil is deposited at the Paleontological Museum of Liaoning (
<collectionCode id="ED7C58CCFF8DFFA3FB84F98F12EFB348" box="[1103,1193,1578,1604]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">PMOL</collectionCode>
), Shenyang Normal University.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF8DFFA3FF0EF9D117DAB3B8" blockId="1.[151,1437,1428,2015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8DFFA3FF0EF9D117F1B382" bold="true" box="[197,439,1652,1678]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Referred specimen.</emphasis>
PMOL-AR00140 (
<figureCitation id="1356DC8CFF8DFFA3FD51F9D0149DB383" box="[666,731,1653,1679]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,259,880,904]" captionTargetBox="[281,1305,194,859]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[281,1305,194,859]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Liaochelys jianchangensis gen. et sp. nov. (PMOL-AR 00140, paratype), from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Lamadong, Jianchang City, western Liaoning Province, China." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199223/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Fig 4</figureCitation>
), a large turtle skeleton, which is mostly disarticulated, with exception of the skull.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF8DFFA3FF0EF91A17CCB228" blockId="1.[151,1437,1428,2015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8DFFA3FF0EF91A145FB3D5" bold="true" box="[197,537,1727,1753]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
<typeStatus id="54D67EABFF8DFFA3FF0EF91A1742B3D5" box="[197,260,1727,1753]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Type</typeStatus>
locality and horizon.
</emphasis>
Both fossils are from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation (Aptian; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8DFFA3FF5CF9401728B3F3" author="Chang" box="[151,366,1765,1791]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" refString="Chang, S. - C., Zhang, H., Renne, P. R. &amp; Fang, Y. (2009) High-precision 40 Ar / 39 Ar age for the Jehol Biota. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 280, 94 - 104." type="journal article" year="2009">
Chang 
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8DFFA3FF27F940176FB3F2" box="[236,297,1765,1790]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
) of Lamadong, Jianchang County, Huludao City, western Liaoning Province (40º42´8ʺN; 119º41´13ʺE; 
<figureCitation id="1356DC8CFF8DFFA3FEF6F8AF173FB228" box="[317,377,1802,1828]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,262,1180,1204]" captionTargetBox="[239,1348,203,1149]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[235,1352,194,1159]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map showing the type locality (marked by an asterisk; 40 º 42´8 ʺN; 119 º 41´13 ʺE) of Liaochelys jianchangensis gen. et sp. nov. in Lamadong, Jianchang County, Huludao City, western Liaoning Province, China." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199220/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Fig 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3779382FF8DFFA0FF0EF88A1206B42E" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF8DFFA0FF0EF88A1206B42E" blockId="1.[151,1437,1428,2015]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8DFFA3FF0EF88A1714B245" bold="true" box="[197,338,1839,1865]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F37A8099FF8DFFA3FE90F8951738B246" box="[347,382,1840,1866]" name="American Samoa" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">As</collectingCountry>
a primitive eucryptodire 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8DFFA3FD07F8951265B245" box="[716,1059,1840,1865]" class="Sauropsida" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Liaochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jianchangensis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8DFFA3FD07F8951265B245" box="[716,1059,1840,1865]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Liaochelys jianchangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a low domed shell and a ligamentous connection between the plastron and carapace as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8DFFA3FC24F8F01239B262" box="[1007,1151,1877,1902]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8DFFA3FC24F8F01239B262" box="[1007,1151,1877,1902]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Ordosemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., sinemydids and &quot;macrobaenids&quot;. It is distinguished from these taxa by the following unique combination of characters: nares open dorsally, nasals present, prefrontals contact one another along the midline, postorbital-squamosal contact present, parietal and squamosal separated, crista supraoccipitalis short, foramen palatinum posterius medium sized, cervical scute present, vertebral scutes wider than long, first vertebral wider than nuchal, preneural absent, eight neurals present, first peripheral-costal contact present, third costals strongly expanded distally, medial contact of eighth costals, two suprapygals present of which the posterior one is much larger than the anterior one central, lateral, and posterior fontanelles present, xiphiplastra stout.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3779382FF8EFFAAFF0EFE881265B49E" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF8EFFA0FF0EFE881487B79B" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FF0EFE8817E8B44B" bold="true" box="[197,430,301,327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Description. Skull:</emphasis>
The skull is preserved in the 
<typeStatus id="54D67EABFF8EFFA0FCCFFE88152BB44B" box="[772,877,301,327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, but its preorbital region is damaged (
<figureCitation id="1356DC8CFF8EFFA0FAEFFE8813C9B44B" box="[1316,1423,301,327]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="3.[151,259,1974,1998]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,255,1804,1828]" captionTargetBox-0="[226,1360,194,1952]" captionTargetBox-1="[327,1261,205,1769]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[226,1360,194,1953]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[300,1273,194,1777]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Liaochelys jianchangensis gen. et sp. nov. (PMOL-AR 00160, holotype), from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Lamadong, Jianchang City, western Liaoning Province, China." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Line drawings of Liaochelys jianchangensis gen. et sp. nov. (PMOL-AR 00160, holotype), from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Lamadong, Jianchang City, western Liaoning Province, China. Abbreviations: as, astragalocalcaneum; c 1 - c 8, costal plates 1 – 8; cave, caudal vertebrae; cs, cervical scute; cve, cervical vertebrae; lfe, left femur; lfi, left fibula; lh, left humerus; lt, left tibia; lu, left ulna; m 1 - m 12, marginal scutes 1 – 12; mtV, metatarsal V; nu, nuchal; p 1 - p 11, peripheral plates 1 – 11; pdI-pdV, pedal digits I – V; ps 1 - ps 4, pleural scutes 1 – 4; py, pygal; rfe, right femur; rfi, right fibula; rt, right tibia; sp 1 - sp 2, suprapygals 1 – 2; v 1 - v 5, vertebral scutes 1 – 5; 1 - 8, neural plates 1 – 8." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/199221/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/199222/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Figs 2–3</figureCitation>
). In contrast, the skull is well preserved and dorsally exposed in PMOL-AR00140 (
<figureCitation id="1356DC8CFF8EFFA0FB7AFEF71362B460" box="[1201,1316,338,364]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="5.[151,259,880,904]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,255,1724,1748]" captionTargetBox-0="[281,1305,194,859]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1373,987,1703]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[281,1305,194,859]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[151,1436,987,1703]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Liaochelys jianchangensis gen. et sp. nov. (PMOL-AR 00140, paratype), from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Lamadong, Jianchang City, western Liaoning Province, China." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Skull of Liaochelys jianchangensis gen. et sp. nov. (PMOL-AR 00140, paratype), from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Lamadong, Jianchang City, western Liaoning Province, China, in dorsal view. Abbreviations: ex, exoccipital; f, frontal; fpp, foramen palatinum posterius; fst, foramen stapedio-temporale; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; op, opisthotic; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pf, prefrontal; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pro, prootic; q, quadrate; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/199223/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/199224/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
Figs 4 
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FAC8FEF71354B460" bold="true" box="[1283,1298,338,364]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">–</emphasis>
5
</figureCitation>
). It has a subtriangular outline with a narrow snout and expanded postorbital portion. The skull is about 
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long from the tip of the rostrum to the posterior end of the crista supraoccipitalis and is 
<quantity id="4C956DECFF8EFFA0FB4FFE38129FB4BB" box="[1156,1241,413,439]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="43.0">43 mm</quantity>
wide across the postorbital bones. The external nares open more dorsally with an oval outline, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8EFFA0FBAEFE671326B4D7" box="[1125,1376,450,475]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Dracochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicuspis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FBAEFE671326B4D7" box="[1125,1376,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Dracochelys bicuspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The orbit has a large exposure in dorsal view, implying that it faces more dorsally than laterally. The upper temporal emargination is moderately developed and so the processus trochlearis oticum is fully exposed in dorsal view. This extent is less than that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8EFFA0FD6AFD971545B747" box="[673,771,562,587]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinemydidae" genus="Sinemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FD6AFD971545B747" box="[673,771,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Sinemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8EFFA0FCB3FD97135FB747" box="[888,1305,562,587]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Manchurochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manchoukuoensis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FCB3FD97135FB747" box="[888,1305,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but larger than that in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8EFFA0FEEDFDFD17ECB77D" box="[294,426,600,625]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FEEDFDFD17ECB77D" box="[294,426,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Ordosemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. 
<collectingCountry id="F37A8099FF8EFFA0FE20FDFD144AB77E" box="[491,524,600,626]" name="American Samoa" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">As</collectingCountry>
in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8EFFA0FDF8FDFD14F1B77D" box="[563,695,600,625]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FDF8FDFD14F1B77D" box="[563,695,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Ordosemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8EFFA0FCF9FDFD158DB77D" box="[818,971,600,625]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinemydidae" genus="Sinemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lens">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FCF9FDFD158DB77D" box="[818,971,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Sinemys lens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the crista supraoccipitalis is short and fails to reach the distal level of the squamosals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF8EFFA0FF0EFD071252B1E0" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
<collectingCountry id="F37A8099FF8EFFA0FF0EFD0716A1B7B0" box="[197,231,674,700]" name="American Samoa" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">As</collectingCountry>
in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8EFFA0FEDBFD0717DCB7B7" box="[272,410,674,699]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Kirgizemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FEDBFD0717DCB7B7" box="[272,410,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Kirgizemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. (including 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8EFFA0FDADFD0714B9B7B7" box="[614,767,674,699]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Hangaiemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FDADFD0714B9B7B7" box="[614,767,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Hangaiemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.; Danilov 
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FC7CFD0715A9B7B7" box="[951,1007,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">et al</emphasis>
. 2006), the nasals are small bones wedged between the prefrontals along the midline. Anteriorly, the nasals enclose the external nares with the prefrontals, maxillae and premaxillae, different from 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8EFFA0FCDDFD481264B60A" box="[790,1058,749,774]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="liaoxiensis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FCDDFD481264B60A" box="[790,1058,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Ordosemys liaoxiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8EFFA0FB96FD4812F8B60A" box="[1117,1214,749,774]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinemydidae" genus="Sinemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FB96FD4812F8B60A" box="[1117,1214,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Sinemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., in which the nasals exclude the prefrontals from the external nares (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8EFFA0FCDDFCB71206B620" author="Brinkman" box="[790,1088,786,812]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Brinkman, D. B. &amp; Peng, J. - H. (1993 a) New material of Sinemys (Testudines, Sinemydidae) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, 2139 - 2152." type="journal article" year="1993" yearSuffix="a">Brinkman &amp; Peng 1993a</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8EFFA0FB80FCB71312B620" author="Brinkman" box="[1099,1364,786,812]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Brinkman, D. B. &amp; Wu, X. - C. (1999) The skull of Ordosemys, an Early Cretaceous turtle from Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, and the interrelationships of Eucryptodira (Chelonia, Cryptodira). Paludicola, 2, 134 - 147." type="journal article" year="1999">Brinkman &amp; Wu 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8EFFA0FAABFCB71759B65E" author="Tong" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Tong, H., Ji, S. - A. &amp; Ji, Q. (2004) Ordosemys (Testudines: Cryptodira) from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, northeastern China: new specimens and systematic revision. American Museum Novitates, 3438, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="2004">
Tong 
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FF5CFC9D168BB65D" box="[151,205,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
). Behind the nasals, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8EFFA0FD96FC9D14A0B65D" box="[605,742,824,849]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Dracochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicuspis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FD96FC9D14A0B65D" box="[605,742,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">D. bicuspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and &quot;macrobaenids&quot;, the prefrontals contact one another along the dorsal midline in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8EFFA0FE24FCF8148FB67A" box="[495,713,861,886]" class="Sauropsida" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Liaochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jianchangensis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FE24FCF8148FB67A" box="[495,713,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">L. jianchangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, different from the medial separation of the prefrontals in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8EFFA0FF5CFC27175AB697" box="[151,284,898,923]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FF5CFC27175AB697" box="[151,284,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Ordosemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8EFFA0FEAEFC271427B697" box="[357,609,898,923]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Manchurochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manchoukuoensis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FEAEFC271427B697" box="[357,609,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">M. manchoukuoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8EFFA0FD56FC2714B9B697" box="[669,767,898,923]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinemydidae" genus="Sinemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FD56FC2714B9B697" box="[669,767,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Sinemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8EFFA0FC83FC27123DB690" author="Brinkman" box="[840,1147,898,924]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Brinkman, D. B. &amp; Peng, J. - H. (1993 b) Ordosemys leios, n. gen., n. sp., a new turtle from the Early Cretaceous of the Ordos Basin, Inner Mongolia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, 2128 - 2138." type="journal article" year="1993" yearSuffix="b">Brinkman &amp; Peng 1993b</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8EFFA0FB43FC2713D1B690" author="Brinkman" box="[1160,1431,898,924]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Brinkman, D. B. &amp; Wu, X. - C. (1999) The skull of Ordosemys, an Early Cretaceous turtle from Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, and the interrelationships of Eucryptodira (Chelonia, Cryptodira). Paludicola, 2, 134 - 147." type="journal article" year="1999">Brinkman &amp; Wu 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8EFFA0FF5CFC0D1724B6CE" author="Tong" box="[151,354,936,962]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Tong, H., Ji, S. - A. &amp; Ji, Q. (2004) Ordosemys (Testudines: Cryptodira) from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, northeastern China: new specimens and systematic revision. American Museum Novitates, 3438, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="2004">
Tong 
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FF17FC0D1757B6CD" box="[220,273,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
; Zhou 2010). Posteriorly, the prefrontals contact the frontals along a V-shaped suture, the apex of which points anteriorly, and form with the latter the dorsal rim of the orbit. The frontal contacts the prefrontal anteriorly, the postorbital laterally, and the parietal posteriorly. Medially, the frontals contact one another along their entire length. The parietal is the largest element of the cranial roof with an expanded anterior portion and a posterior portion that narrows along the crista supraoccipitalis. The parietal contributes to the upper temporal emargination with a slender lateral process along the postorbital. However, the process fails to contact the squamosal laterally. A parietal-squamosal contact is common in primitive eucryptodires, except for the sinemydids 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8EFFA0FE1DFB08147EB1CA" box="[470,568,1197,1222]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinemydidae" genus="Sinemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FE1DFB08147EB1CA" box="[470,568,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Sinemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8EFFA0FD65FB0815EDB1CA" box="[686,939,1197,1222]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Manchurochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manchoukuoensis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FD65FB0815EDB1CA" box="[686,939,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">M. manchoukuoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in which the postorbital and parietal are isolated distally from the squamosal (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8EFFA0FD86FB771531B1E0" author="Brinkman" box="[589,887,1234,1260]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Brinkman, D. B. &amp; Peng, J. - H. (1993 a) New material of Sinemys (Testudines, Sinemydidae) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, 2139 - 2152." type="journal article" year="1993" yearSuffix="a">Brinkman &amp; Peng 1993a</bibRefCitation>
; Zhou 2010).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF8EFFA0FF0EFB5D1557B38B" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
The jugal is exposed between the maxilla and postorbital and contributes to the posteroventral corner of the orbit. Medially, the postorbital is a large element. It contributes to the posterior margin of the orbit and forms posteriorly the temporal bar with the parietal and squamosal. Along the orbital rim, the postorbital bears a medial process. A similar condition is seen in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8EFFA0FD1DFACD1596B08D" box="[726,976,1384,1409]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Manchurochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manchoukuoensis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FD1DFACD1596B08D" box="[726,976,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">M. manchoukuoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8EFFA0FBC0FACD12D7B08D" box="[1035,1169,1384,1409]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Dracochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicuspis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FBC0FACD12D7B08D" box="[1035,1169,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">D. bicuspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: the medial process is strongly developed, and clearly limits the contribution of the frontal to the orbital rim (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8EFFA0FB6CFA2813D1B0AB" author="Gaffney" box="[1191,1431,1421,1447]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Gaffney, E. S. &amp; Ye, X. - K. (1992) Dracochelys, a new cryptodiran turtle from the Early Cretaceous of China. American Museum Novitates, 3048, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1992">Gaffney &amp; Ye 1992</bibRefCitation>
; Zhou 2010). The medial process is also present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8EFFA0FD37FA1615C4B0C0" box="[764,898,1459,1484]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FD37FA1615C4B0C0" box="[764,898,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Ordosemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8EFFA0FC76FA171289B0C0" author="Brinkman" box="[957,1231,1458,1484]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Brinkman, D. B. &amp; Wu, X. - C. (1999) The skull of Ordosemys, an Early Cretaceous turtle from Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, and the interrelationships of Eucryptodira (Chelonia, Cryptodira). Paludicola, 2, 134 - 147." type="journal article" year="1999">Brinkman &amp; Wu 1999</bibRefCitation>
) but seems to be absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8EFFA0FEC6FA7D17F3B0FD" box="[269,437,1496,1521]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="liaoxiensis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FEC6FA7D17F3B0FD" box="[269,437,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
<collectingCountry id="F37A8099FF8EFFA0FEC6FA7D1760B0FD" box="[269,294,1496,1521]" name="Iceland" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">O</collectingCountry>
. liaoxiensis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8EFFA0FE0DFA7D143BB0FE" author="Li" box="[454,637,1496,1522]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Li, J. - L. &amp; Liu, J. (1999) The skull of Manchurochelys liaoxiensis (Testudines: Sinemydidae) from the Yixian Formation of Beipiao, Liaoning and phylogenetic position of this taxon. In: Chen, P. - J. &amp; Jin, F. (Eds.), Jehol Biota. Press of University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei, Palaeoworld II, pp 281 - 295." type="book chapter" year="1999">Li &amp; Liu 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8EFFA0FD40FA7D151CB0FE" author="Tong" box="[651,858,1496,1522]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Tong, H., Ji, S. - A. &amp; Ji, Q. (2004) Ordosemys (Testudines: Cryptodira) from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, northeastern China: new specimens and systematic revision. American Museum Novitates, 3438, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="2004">
Tong 
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FD1AFA7D1541B0FD" box="[721,775,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<collectingCountry id="F37A8099FF8EFFA0FCA4FA7D15D7B0FE" box="[879,913,1496,1522]" name="American Samoa" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">As</collectingCountry>
the major element of the temporal bar, the postorbital has a broad suture with the squamosal posteriorly. However, the contact with the quadratojugal is uncertain due to compaction of the specimen. The squamosal forms the posterolateral margin of the skull with a rounded ridge. The ridge extends posteriorly beyond the level of the crista supraoccipitalis. Medial to the ridge, the squamosal bears a deep longitudinal trough.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF8EFFA0FF0EF93717CDB2DB" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
The premaxilla and maxilla have a limited exposure in dorsal view. The premaxillae are small, positioned at the tip of the snout, and form the ventral rim of the external nares together with the maxilla. Through the external nares, the palatal portion of the premaxilla is partially exposed. The premaxillae seem to form a small central foramen along the ventral midline, just below the anterior rim of the nares. The maxilla is a large element and contacts the premaxilla anteriorly, the prefrontal dorsally, and the jugal posteriorly. Through the orbit, the palatal portion of the maxilla is partially exposed. The maxilla contacts the palatine medially and forms with the latter a moderately sized foramen palatinum posterius as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8EFFA0FBD5F8D612E4B280" box="[1054,1186,1907,1932]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FBD5F8D612E4B280" box="[1054,1186,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Ordosemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. and which is in contrast to the large foramen, considered as a derived character, present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8EFFA0FBC2F83D12C8B2BD" box="[1033,1166,1944,1969]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Dracochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicuspis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FBC2F83D12C8B2BD" box="[1033,1166,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">D. bicuspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8EFFA0FB03F83D136EB2BD" box="[1224,1320,1944,1969]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinemydidae" genus="Sinemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FB03F83D136EB2BD" box="[1224,1320,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Sinemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. (e.g. Danilov 
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8EFFA0FF37F8181776B2DA" box="[252,304,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">et al</emphasis>
. 2006).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF129081FF8FFFA1FF5CF8131277B2E1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199221/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" targetBox="[226,1360,194,1952]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF8FFFA1FF5CF8131277B2E1" blockId="3.[151,1437,1974,2029]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8FFFA1FF5CF8131766B2C2" bold="true" box="[151,288,1974,1998]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8FFFA1FEE3F8121413B2C2" box="[296,597,1975,1998]" class="Sauropsida" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Liaochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jianchangensis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8FFFA1FEE3F8121413B2C2" box="[296,597,1975,1998]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Liaochelys jianchangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8FFFA1FD96F8131556B2C2" bold="true" box="[605,784,1974,1998]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">gen. et sp. nov.</emphasis>
(PMOL-AR00160, holotype), from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Lamadong, Jianchang City, western Liaoning Province, China.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF129081FF88FFA6FF5CF8A91349B2CF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199222/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" targetBox="[327,1261,205,1769]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF88FFA6FF5CF8A91349B2CF" blockId="4.[151,1437,1804,1987]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF88FFA6FF5CF8A9175CB228" bold="true" box="[151,282,1804,1828]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Line drawings of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF88FFA6FE29F8A814B8B228" box="[482,766,1805,1828]" class="Sauropsida" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Liaochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jianchangensis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF88FFA6FE29F8A814B8B228" box="[482,766,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Liaochelys jianchangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF88FFA6FCCDF8A915E9B228" bold="true" box="[774,943,1804,1828]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">gen. et sp. nov.</emphasis>
(PMOL-AR00160, holotype), from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Lamadong, Jianchang City, western Liaoning Province, China. Abbreviations: as, astragalocalcaneum; c1-c8, costal plates 1–8; cave, caudal vertebrae; cs, cervical scute; cve, cervical vertebrae; lfe, left femur; lfi, left fibula; lh, left humerus; lt, left tibia; lu, left ulna; m1-m12, marginal scutes 1–12; mtV, metatarsal V; nu, nuchal; p1-p11, peripheral plates 1–11; pdI-pdV, pedal digits I–V; ps1-ps4, pleural scutes 1–4; py, pygal; rfe, right femur; rfi, right fibula; rt, right tibia; sp1-sp2, suprapygals 1–2; v1-v5, vertebral scutes 1–5; 1-8, neural plates 1–8.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF129081FF89FFA7FF5CFCD51277B6A4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199223/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" targetBox="[281,1305,194,859]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF89FFA7FF5CFCD51277B6A4" blockId="5.[151,1437,880,936]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF89FFA7FF5CFCD51767B684" bold="true" box="[151,289,880,904]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF89FFA7FEE3FCD41413B684" box="[296,597,881,904]" class="Sauropsida" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Liaochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jianchangensis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF89FFA7FEE3FCD41413B684" box="[296,597,881,904]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Liaochelys jianchangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF89FFA7FD96FCD51557B684" bold="true" box="[605,785,880,904]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">gen. et sp. nov.</emphasis>
(PMOL-AR00140, paratype), from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Lamadong, Jianchang City, western Liaoning Province, China.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF129081FF89FFA7FF5CF919179EB258" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199224/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" targetBox="[151,1373,987,1703]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF89FFA7FF5CF919179EB258" blockId="5.[151,1437,1724,1876]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF89FFA7FF5CF919175FB3D8" bold="true" box="[151,281,1724,1748]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Skull of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF89FFA7FEB2F91814D5B3D8" box="[377,659,1725,1748]" class="Sauropsida" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Liaochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jianchangensis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF89FFA7FEB2F91814D5B3D8" box="[377,659,1725,1748]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Liaochelys jianchangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF89FFA7FD52F9191578B3D8" bold="true" box="[665,830,1724,1748]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">gen. et sp. nov.</emphasis>
(PMOL-AR00140, paratype), from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Lamadong, Jianchang City, western Liaoning Province, China, in dorsal view. Abbreviations: ex, exoccipital; f, frontal; fpp, foramen palatinum posterius; fst, foramen stapedio-temporale; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; op, opisthotic; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pf, prefrontal; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pro, prootic; q, quadrate; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF89FFA4FF0EF82714B3B5F0" blockId="5.[151,1436,1922,2023]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">The palatoquadrate is not exposed in dorsal view except for the palatine and quadrate. The palatine has a small exposure within the orbit. It contacts the maxilla laterally and, in combination with the maxilla, encloses the foramen palatinum posterius. The quadrate is partially exposed within the upper temporal fossa. The quadrate forms the processus trochlearis oticum with the prootic medially and contacts the opisthotic posteromedially, the squamosal posteriorly, and the postorbital anterodorsally. The presence of a quadratejugal contact cannot be determined due to crushing.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF8AFFA4FF0EFEAD15F6B740" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
From the braincase, the supraoccipital, exoccipital, prootic, and opisthotic are exposed in dorsal view. The supraoccipital contacts the prootic and opisthotic bilaterally, the parietals anteriorly, and the exoccipitals posterolaterally. 
<collectingCountry id="F37A8099FF8AFFA4FE95FEF71739B460" box="[350,383,338,364]" name="American Samoa" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">As</collectingCountry>
in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8AFFA4FE6DFEF717B3B467" box="[422,501,338,363]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinemydidae" genus="Sinemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lens">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8AFFA4FE6DFEF717B3B467" box="[422,501,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">S. lens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8AFFA4FDFBFEF71493B467" box="[560,725,338,363]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="liaoxiensis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8AFFA4FDFBFEF71493B467" box="[560,725,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
<collectingCountry id="F37A8099FF8AFFA4FDFBFEF7140FB467" box="[560,585,338,363]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">O</collectingCountry>
. liaoxiensis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the crista supraoccipitalis extends posteriorly but does not reach the distal level of the squamosals. The exoccipital has a small exposure on the right side. It contacts the supraoccipital medially and the opisthotic anterolaterally. The prootic is located between the parietal medially and quadrate laterally and forms with the latter the processus trochlearis oticum. Posteriorly, the prootic contributes to the rim of the foramen stapedio-temporale with the supraoccipital medially, opisthotic posteriorly, and quadrate laterally. The opisthotic forms the posterior margin of the skull with the supraoccipital and exoccipital medially and the squamosal laterally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF8AFFA4FF0EFDF2158EB08E" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8AFFA4FF0EFDF21749B77D" bold="true" box="[197,271,599,625]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Shell:</emphasis>
The carapace of PMOL-AR00160 is an oval and flat dome with a maximum length of 
<quantity id="4C956DECFF8AFFA4FAF3FDFD13DAB77E" box="[1336,1436,600,626]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.72" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="172.0">172 mm</quantity>
along the midline and a maximum width of 
<quantity id="4C956DECFF8AFFA4FD69FDD81542B79B" box="[674,772,637,663]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.42" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="142.0">142 mm</quantity>
across the fourth costal bones (
<figureCitation id="1356DC8CFF8AFFA4FBB0FDD812AEB79B" box="[1147,1256,637,663]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="3.[151,259,1974,1998]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,255,1804,1828]" captionTargetBox-0="[226,1360,194,1952]" captionTargetBox-1="[327,1261,205,1769]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[226,1360,194,1953]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[300,1273,194,1777]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Liaochelys jianchangensis gen. et sp. nov. (PMOL-AR 00160, holotype), from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Lamadong, Jianchang City, western Liaoning Province, China." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Line drawings of Liaochelys jianchangensis gen. et sp. nov. (PMOL-AR 00160, holotype), from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Lamadong, Jianchang City, western Liaoning Province, China. Abbreviations: as, astragalocalcaneum; c 1 - c 8, costal plates 1 – 8; cave, caudal vertebrae; cs, cervical scute; cve, cervical vertebrae; lfe, left femur; lfi, left fibula; lh, left humerus; lt, left tibia; lu, left ulna; m 1 - m 12, marginal scutes 1 – 12; mtV, metatarsal V; nu, nuchal; p 1 - p 11, peripheral plates 1 – 11; pdI-pdV, pedal digits I – V; ps 1 - ps 4, pleural scutes 1 – 4; py, pygal; rfe, right femur; rfi, right fibula; rt, right tibia; sp 1 - sp 2, suprapygals 1 – 2; v 1 - v 5, vertebral scutes 1 – 5; 1 - 8, neural plates 1 – 8." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/199221/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/199222/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Figs 2–3</figureCitation>
). The posterior half is constricted and tightly curved as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8AFFA4FD53FD07157BB7B7" box="[664,829,674,699]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="liaoxiensis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8AFFA4FD53FD07157BB7B7" box="[664,829,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
<collectingCountry id="F37A8099FF8AFFA4FD53FD0714F7B7B7" box="[664,689,674,699]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">O</collectingCountry>
. liaoxiensis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8AFFA4FC86FD07120EB7B7" box="[845,1096,674,699]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Manchurochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manchoukuoensis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8AFFA4FC86FD07120EB7B7" box="[845,1096,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. manchoukuoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8AFFA4FB47FD071354B7B7" box="[1164,1298,674,699]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Dracochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicuspis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8AFFA4FB47FD071354B7B7" box="[1164,1298,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">D. bicuspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8AFFA4FAE8FD071690B7EE" author="Brinkman" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" refString="Brinkman, D. B. (2001) New material of Dracochelys (Eucryptodira: Sinemydidae) from the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 38, 1645 - 1651." type="journal article" year="2001">Brinkman 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8AFFA4FF29FD6D17EEB7EE" author="Tong" box="[226,424,712,738]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" refString="Tong, H., Ji, S. - A. &amp; Ji, Q. (2004) Ordosemys (Testudines: Cryptodira) from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, northeastern China: new specimens and systematic revision. American Museum Novitates, 3438, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="2004">
Tong 
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8AFFA4FEEDFD6D171CB7ED" box="[294,346,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
; Zhou 2010), but different from 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8AFFA4FCE0FD6D15A8B7ED" box="[811,1006,712,737]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leios">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8AFFA4FCE0FD6D15A8B7ED" box="[811,1006,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Ordosemys leios</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and most &quot;macrobaenids&quot;, in which the curvature is more gentle (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8AFFA4FDD5FD481500B60B" author="Brinkman" box="[542,838,749,775]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" refString="Brinkman, D. B. &amp; Peng, J. - H. (1993 b) Ordosemys leios, n. gen., n. sp., a new turtle from the Early Cretaceous of the Ordos Basin, Inner Mongolia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, 2128 - 2138." type="journal article" year="1993" yearSuffix="b">Brinkman &amp; Peng 1993b</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8AFFA4FC9AFD4812CAB60B" author="Parham" box="[849,1164,749,775]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" refString="Parham, J. F. &amp; Hutchison, J. H. (2003) A new eucryptodiran turtle from the Late Cretaceous of North America (Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23, 783 - 798." type="journal article" year="2003">Parham &amp; Hutchison 2003</bibRefCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="1356DC8CFF8AFFA4FB53FD481298B60B" box="[1176,1246,749,775]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,256,1092,1116]" captionTargetBox="[193,1395,616,1061]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[188,1400,605,1072]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Carapaces of Ordosemys leios (A), Liaochelys jianchangensis gen. et sp. nov. (B), and Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis (C). (A) and (C) modified from Brinkman &amp; Peng (1993 b) and Zhou (2010). Scale bar equals 20 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199225/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). The surface of the carapace is ornamented by numerous tiny pits and grooves. A shallow midline depression is present along the neural region. The scute sulci are lightly impressed on the carapace. The cervical scute is located anterior to the first vertebral scute. All five vertebral scutes are hexagonal and much wider than they are long, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8AFFA4FF5CFC27175CB697" box="[151,282,898,923]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8AFFA4FF5CFC27175CB697" box="[151,282,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Ordosemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8AFFA4FE42FC2714CDB697" box="[393,651,898,923]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Judithemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sukhanovi">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8AFFA4FE42FC2714CDB697" box="[393,651,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Judithemys sukhanovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. By contrast, the vertebral scutes of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8AFFA4FBFEFC2712FEB697" box="[1077,1208,898,923]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Dracochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicuspis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8AFFA4FBFEFC2712FEB697" box="[1077,1208,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">D. bicuspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only slightly wider than long and the 2nd–4th vertebral scutes of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8AFFA4FD0EFC0D1550B6CD" box="[709,790,936,961]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinemydidae" genus="Sinemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lens">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8AFFA4FD0EFC0D1550B6CD" box="[709,790,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">S. lens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8AFFA4FCEEFC0D1262B6CD" box="[805,1060,936,961]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Manchurochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manchoukuoensis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8AFFA4FCEEFC0D1262B6CD" box="[805,1060,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. manchoukuoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and other &quot;macrobaenids&quot; are longer than wide (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8AFFA4FE54FC681481B6EB" author="Brinkman" box="[415,711,973,999]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" refString="Brinkman, D. B. &amp; Peng, J. - H. (1993 a) New material of Sinemys (Testudines, Sinemydidae) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, 2139 - 2152." type="journal article" year="1993" yearSuffix="a">Brinkman &amp; Peng 1993a</bibRefCitation>
; Zhou 2010). The first vertebral contacts the first two pairs of the marginals anterolaterally, while the fifth vertebral contacts the last two pairs of the marginals. The other three vertebrals are broadly separated from the marginals. 
<collectingCountry id="F37A8099FF8AFFA4FC9CFBBD153EB13E" box="[855,888,1048,1074]" name="American Samoa" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">As</collectingCountry>
in most &quot;macrobaenids&quot;, the first vertebral is wider than the nuchal. Its sulcus crosses the nuchal and the first peripherals anteriorly, the first costals posterolaterally, and the first neural posteriorly. The second vertebral is well enlarged. Its sulcus crosses the first three costals bilaterally and the third neural posteriorly. The third vertebral is comparable to the second in size. It covers the 3th–5th costals and neurals. The fourth vertebral is slightly reduced in size, but it covers four (5th–8th) costals and neurals. The last vertebral is much reduced in width. Its sulcus crosses anterolaterally the last neural and costals, and posteriorly the last peripherals and pygal. By contrast, in most &quot;macrobaenids&quot;, the posterior sulcus of the fifth vertebral more-or-less crosses the suprapygal. 
<collectingCountry id="F37A8099FF8AFFA4FA92FAB8133AB03B" box="[1369,1404,1309,1335]" name="American Samoa" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">As</collectingCountry>
in sinemydids and &quot;macrobaenids&quot;, the pleurals appear to partially overlap the anterior and posterior peripherals. Twelve pairs of marginal scutes cover the peripherals of the carapace.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF8AFFA4FF0EFA281504B3FB" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
A nuchal emargination is weakly developed, in contrast to the deep emargination of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8AFFA4FAC7FA281737B0C0" authority="Brinkman 2001" authorityName="Brinkman" authorityYear="2001" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Dracochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicuspis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8AFFA4FAC7FA2813DBB0AA" box="[1292,1437,1421,1446]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">D. bicuspis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8AFFA4FF54FA17172EB0C0" author="Brinkman" box="[159,360,1458,1484]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" refString="Brinkman, D. B. (2001) New material of Dracochelys (Eucryptodira: Sinemydidae) from the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 38, 1645 - 1651." type="journal article" year="2001">Brinkman 2001</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The nuchal bone is trapezoid-like, much wider than it is long. The nuchal is slightly narrower than the first vertebral scute, in contrast the strongly-widened nuchal of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8AFFA4FB9BFA7D1295B0FD" box="[1104,1235,1496,1521]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8AFFA4FB9BFA7D1295B0FD" box="[1104,1235,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Ordosemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. and 
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8AFFA4FA89FA7D13DAB0FD" box="[1346,1436,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Wuguia</emphasis>
spp. Behind the nuchal, there are eight neural plates, which are subrectangular, irregular in outline, and decrease posteriorly in size. The eighth neural is greatly reduced, resulting in a midline contact of the eight costals behind the neural. Two suprapygals are present with a subtriangular shape. 
<collectingCountry id="F37A8099FF8AFFA4FB6BF9ED1284B36E" box="[1184,1218,1608,1634]" name="American Samoa" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">As</collectingCountry>
in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8AFFA4FB27F9ED1378B36D" box="[1260,1342,1608,1633]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinemydidae" genus="Sinemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lens">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8AFFA4FB27F9ED1378B36D" box="[1260,1342,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">S. lens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8AFFA4FAB7F9ED1721B38A" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Manchurochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manchoukuoensis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8AFFA4FAB7F9ED1721B38A" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. manchoukuoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the first suprapygal is smaller than the second, different from the condition seen in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8AFFA4FAF1F9C813D2B38A" box="[1338,1428,1645,1670]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leios">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8AFFA4FAF1F9C813D2B38A" box="[1338,1428,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
<collectingCountry id="F37A8099FF8AFFA4FAF1F9C81314B38A" box="[1338,1362,1645,1670]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">O</collectingCountry>
. leios
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8AFFA4FF5CF9361767B3A0" box="[151,289,1683,1708]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Dracochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicuspis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8AFFA4FF5CF9361767B3A0" box="[151,289,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">D. bicuspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and other &quot;macrobaenids&quot; where the suprapygals are subequal. Distally, the pygal forms the caudal end of the carapace, which has a slight emargination. The subrectangular pygal has a long marginal edge that is distinctly longer than the adjacent peripherals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF8AFFA5FF0EF8A717B6B5F0" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,152,551]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
Bilaterally, eight pairs of costal plates are present. The second costal plate is pinched towards its distal end whereas the succeeding third costal plate is strongly expanded distally and has a long sutural contact with the 4th–6th peripherals. The same condition is also apparent in the larger referred specimen, PMOL-AR00140. This contrasts with the condition apparent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8AFFA4FD6EF8D61561B280" box="[677,807,1907,1932]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8AFFA4FD6EF8D61561B280" box="[677,807,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Ordosemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., sinemydids and &quot;macrobaenids&quot; where the third costals align with the adjacent peripherals (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8AFFA4FD20F83D1263B2BE" author="Brinkman" box="[747,1061,1944,1970]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" refString="Brinkman, D. B. &amp; Peng, J. - H. (1993 a) New material of Sinemys (Testudines, Sinemydidae) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, 2139 - 2152." type="journal article" year="1993" yearSuffix="a">Brinkman &amp; Peng 1993a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8AFFA4FBE1F83D127DB2BE" author="Brinkman" box="[1066,1083,1944,1970]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" refString="Brinkman, D. B. &amp; Peng, J. - H. (1993 b) Ordosemys leios, n. gen., n. sp., a new turtle from the Early Cretaceous of the Ordos Basin, Inner Mongolia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, 2128 - 2138." type="journal article" year="1993" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8AFFA4FB83F83D13D1B2BE" author="Parham" box="[1096,1431,1944,1970]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" refString="Parham, J. F. &amp; Hutchison, J. H. (2003) A new eucryptodiran turtle from the Late Cretaceous of North America (Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23, 783 - 798." type="journal article" year="2003">Parham &amp; Hutchison 2003</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8AFFA4FF5CF81817F4B2DB" author="Vandermark" box="[151,434,1981,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" refString="Vandermark, D., Tarduno, J. A., Brinkman, D. B., Cottrell, R. D. &amp; Mason, S. (2009) New Late Cretaceous macrobaenid turtle with Asian affinities from the High Canadian Arctic: dispersal via ice-free polar routes. Geology, 37, 183 - 186." type="journal article" year="2009">
Vandermark 
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8AFFA4FEE4F8181722B2DA" box="[303,356,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
; Zhou 2010). The eighth costal has a middle contact with its opposite, as in 
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8AFFA5FA89F8181747B5BD" italics="true" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Wuguia efremovi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8BFFA5FED9FF3D1426B5BE" author="Danilov" box="[274,608,152,178]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" refString="Danilov, I. G. &amp; Sukhanov, V. B. (2006) A basal eucryptodiran turtle &quot; Sinemys &quot; efremovi (= Wuguia efremovi) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 51, 105 - 110." type="journal article" year="2006">Danilov &amp; Sukhanov 2006</bibRefCitation>
) and in some individuals of 
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8BFFA5FC0AFF3D136AB5BD" box="[961,1324,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">Xinjiangchelys latimarginalis</emphasis>
(Peng &amp; Brinkman 1993). The distal ends of the 5th–8th costals are visible in dorsal view, and have a sutural contact with the adjacent peripherals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF8BFFA5FF0EFEAD155EB72B" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,551]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">
Eleven pairs of the peripherals form the margin of the carapace together with the nuchal and pygal. The first peripheral is subtriangular, and has a distinct contact with the first costal bone, as in most sinemydids and &quot;macrobaenids&quot;, but different from the limited contact in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8BFFA5FC8EFEF715E4B467" box="[837,930,338,363]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leios">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8BFFA5FC8EFEF715E4B467" box="[837,930,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">
<collectingCountry id="F37A8099FF8BFFA5FC8EFEF71518B467" box="[837,862,338,363]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">O</collectingCountry>
. leios
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the completely separated condition in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8BFFA5FF5CFEDD177CB49D" box="[151,314,376,401]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="liaoxiensis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8BFFA5FF5CFEDD177CB49D" box="[151,314,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">
<collectingCountry id="F37A8099FF8BFFA5FF5CFEDD16F6B49D" box="[151,176,376,401]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">O</collectingCountry>
. liaoxiensis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8BFFA5FEBFFEDD17BCB49D" box="[372,506,376,401]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Dracochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicuspis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8BFFA5FEBFFEDD17BCB49D" box="[372,506,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">D. bicuspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8BFFA5FDC2FEDD157FB49E" author="Brinkman" box="[521,825,376,402]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" refString="Brinkman, D. B. &amp; Peng, J. - H. (1993 b) Ordosemys leios, n. gen., n. sp., a new turtle from the Early Cretaceous of the Ordos Basin, Inner Mongolia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, 2128 - 2138." type="journal article" year="1993" yearSuffix="b">Brinkman &amp; Peng 1993b</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8BFFA5FC8EFEDD1247B49E" author="Brinkman" box="[837,1025,376,402]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" refString="Brinkman, D. B. (2001) New material of Dracochelys (Eucryptodira: Sinemydidae) from the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 38, 1645 - 1651." type="journal article" year="2001">Brinkman 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8BFFA5FBC5FEDD1290B49E" author="Tong" box="[1038,1238,376,402]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" refString="Tong, H., Ji, S. - A. &amp; Ji, Q. (2004) Ordosemys (Testudines: Cryptodira) from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, northeastern China: new specimens and systematic revision. American Museum Novitates, 3438, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="2004">
Tong 
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8BFFA5FB98FEDD12C1B49D" box="[1107,1159,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
). In contrast, the succeeding five peripherals are subrectangular, except for the third which has a small medial process. The lateral insertion of the costal ribs into the peripherals is visible in dorsal view and creates the illusion that the posterior peripherals produce medial processes. These medial processes are present from the 7th to the 11th peripheral and gradually increase in height posteriorly.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF129081FF8BFFA5FF5CFBE113DCB170" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199225/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" targetBox="[193,1395,616,1061]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF8BFFA5FF5CFBE113DCB170" blockId="7.[151,1437,1092,1148]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8BFFA5FF5CFBE1175BB150" bold="true" box="[151,285,1092,1116]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Carapaces of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8BFFA5FE72FBE01428B150" box="[441,622,1093,1116]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leios">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8BFFA5FE72FBE01428B150" box="[441,622,1093,1116]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">Ordosemys leios</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A), 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8BFFA5FD61FBE0158CB150" box="[682,970,1093,1116]" class="Sauropsida" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Liaochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jianchangensis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8BFFA5FD61FBE0158CB150" box="[682,970,1093,1116]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">Liaochelys jianchangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8BFFA5FC18FBE11239B150" bold="true" box="[979,1151,1092,1116]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">gen. et sp. nov.</emphasis>
(B), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8BFFA5FB23FBE01713B170" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Manchurochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manchoukuoensis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8BFFA5FB23FBE01713B170" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(C). (A) and (C) modified from Brinkman &amp; Peng (1993b) and Zhou (2010). Scale bar equals 20 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF8BFFA5FF0EFB0F1526B318" blockId="7.[151,1437,1194,2004]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">
The plastron of PMOL-AR00140 is partially preserved with the hyoplastra, hypoplastra and xiphiplastra. The restored plastron (
<figureCitation id="1356DC8CFF8BFFA5FE55FB75179BB1E6" box="[414,477,1232,1258]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,259,1606,1630]" captionTargetBox="[259,1334,503,1526]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[226,1360,458,1585]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Plastron of Liaochelys jianchangensis gen. et sp. nov. (PMOL-AR 00140, paratype), from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Lamadong, Jianchang City, western Liaoning Province, China, in ventral view. The line drawings are reversed from their opposites. Abbreviations: ab, axillary buttress; cf, central fontanelle; hyo, hyoplastron; hyp, hypoplastron; ib, inguinal buttress; lf, lateral fontanelle; pof, posterior fontanelle; xi, xiphiplastron." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199226/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">Fig 7</figureCitation>
) shows a cruciform outline, which is longer than it is wide. 
<collectingCountry id="F37A8099FF8BFFA5FB50FB7512FAB1E6" box="[1179,1212,1232,1258]" name="American Samoa" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">As</collectingCountry>
in &quot;macrobaenids&quot; generally, the plastron has a narrow bridge and triangular anterior lobe. 
<collectingCountry id="F37A8099FF8BFFA5FC12FB5015BFB003" box="[985,1017,1269,1295]" name="American Samoa" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">As</collectingCountry>
in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8BFFA5FBD5FB5012E7B002" box="[1054,1185,1269,1294]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8BFFA5FBD5FB5012E7B002" box="[1054,1185,1269,1294]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">Ordosemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., sinemydids and other &quot;macrobaenids&quot;, the axillary and inguinal buttresses lack sutural connections to the carapace, implying a ligamentous attachment between the plastron and carapace. 
<collectingCountry id="F37A8099FF8BFFA5FCB8FAE515D2B056" box="[883,916,1344,1370]" name="American Samoa" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">As</collectingCountry>
in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8BFFA5FC76FAE51223B055" box="[957,1125,1344,1369]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="liaoxiensis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8BFFA5FC76FAE51223B055" box="[957,1125,1344,1369]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">
<collectingCountry id="F37A8099FF8BFFA5FC76FAE51590B055" box="[957,982,1344,1369]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">O</collectingCountry>
. liaoxiensis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a central fontanelle, two lateral fontanelles, and a posterior fontanelle are present. The posterior fontanelle is located between the hypoplastra and xiphiplastra, as is characteristic of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8BFFA5FD20FA2F1503B0AF" box="[747,837,1418,1443]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leios">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8BFFA5FD20FA2F1503B0AF" box="[747,837,1418,1443]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">
<collectingCountry id="F37A8099FF8BFFA5FD20FA2F1545B0AF" box="[747,771,1418,1443]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">O</collectingCountry>
. leios
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8BFFA5FCB7FA2F125BB0AF" box="[892,1053,1418,1443]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="liaoxiensis">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8BFFA5FCB7FA2F125BB0AF" box="[892,1053,1418,1443]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">
<collectingCountry id="F37A8099FF8BFFA5FCB7FA2F15D2B0AF" box="[892,916,1418,1443]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">O</collectingCountry>
. liaoxiensis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8BFFA5FBE7FA2F1313B0A8" author="Brinkman" box="[1068,1365,1418,1444]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" refString="Brinkman, D. B. &amp; Peng, J. - H. (1993 b) Ordosemys leios, n. gen., n. sp., a new turtle from the Early Cretaceous of the Ordos Basin, Inner Mongolia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, 2128 - 2138." type="journal article" year="1993" yearSuffix="b">Brinkman &amp; Peng 1993b</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCBDF8FF8BFFA5FAABFA2F175EB0C6" author="Tong" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" refString="Tong, H., Ji, S. - A. &amp; Ji, Q. (2004) Ordosemys (Testudines: Cryptodira) from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, northeastern China: new specimens and systematic revision. American Museum Novitates, 3438, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="2004">
Tong 
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8BFFA5FF5CFA15168CB0C5" box="[151,202,1456,1481]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
). The posterior lobe is short and subrectangular with a rounded terminal. The xiphiplastron is stout, in contrast to the elongate condition in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6DBB8AFF8BFFA5FDA6FA7014B7B0E2" box="[621,753,1493,1518]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8BFFA5FDA6FA7014B7B0E2" box="[621,753,1493,1518]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">Ordosemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., sinemydids and other &quot;macrobaenids&quot;. The plastral scutes are indistinct on these disarticulated plastral elements.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF8BFFA5FF0EF9BA171CB3F8" blockId="7.[151,1437,1194,2004]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8BFFA5FF0EF9BA17EAB335" bold="true" box="[197,428,1567,1593]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">Vertebral column:</emphasis>
The vertebral column is represented in the 
<typeStatus id="54D67EABFF8BFFA5FC7FF985125AB336" box="[948,1052,1568,1594]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
by two isolated cervicals and at least 22 isolated caudals. One cervical is damaged and is located against the posterior margin of the skull. The other is exposed in lateral view. It bears a single transverse process located on the anterior portion of the centrum. The centrum is opisthocoelous and keeled ventrally. The neural spine is reduced. Two cervical ribs are preserved in PMOL-AR00140, but are isolated from the associated cervicals. The rib is small and has a triangular shape.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF8BFFA5FF0EF8A51210B268" blockId="7.[151,1437,1194,2004]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">The proximal caudal vertebrae are not preserved. The remaining caudals are opisthocoelous and the neural spines are strongly reduced. The transverse processes are present in the most anterior five caudals, but absent in the succeeding caudals. Several small chevrons are present but poorly exposed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD2C009FF8BFFAAFF0EF8CA1265B49E" blockId="7.[151,1437,1194,2004]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,152,402]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B9191C1BFF8BFFA5FF0EF8CA17B2B285" bold="true" box="[197,500,1903,1929]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">Appendicular skeleton:</emphasis>
Only parts of the left humerus, ulna and radius are exposed. In contrast, the hindlimbs are well exposed on both sides, except for the proximal portions of the femora, which are covered by the shell. The tibia and fibula are 28 and 
<quantity id="4C956DECFF8BFFA5FD0BF81F1550B2D8" box="[704,790,1978,2004]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="27.0">27 mm</quantity>
long, respectively, but the former is distinctly more massive than the latter. The tarsus is well exposed on the right side, but somewhat displaced from its original position. The tarsus is composed of six circular elements. Of these, the astragalocalcaneum is the largest element, and situated adjacent to the distal end of the tibia. Metatarsals I–IV are elongated. Metatarsal I is more robust but shorter than the other metatarsals, while metatarsal IV is more slender than the remaining metatarsals. The fifth metatarsal is large and subcircular. The phalanges are well preserved on the both sides, showing a formula of 2-3-3-3-2+. The first digit is the shortest. The third and fourth digits are elongated and subequal in length. The phalanges decrease distally in length along the digits.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>