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288 lines
62 KiB
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<mods:title id="35CE67D36464EEA633B484996548CE28">An illustrated atlas of the vertebral morphology of extant non-caenophidian snakes, with special emphasis on the cloacal and caudal portions of the column</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BAB3082792B969892A37A59FECCE239E">Szyndlar, Zbigniew</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4275D81262F79AA9A83B27434E12B828">Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B87922AFBA029D46597053724814BA13">Georgalis, Georgios L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3B719557C040050F2EEA8A30A155CB17">Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="1B5977E14840188D50C8ED62406BE509">Vertebrate Zoology</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="96E0B010334E8D844F340C33BD9EF43E">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="C1B0B645D0F6FD529853A39B04FDF734" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C1B0B645D0F6FD529853A39B04FDF734" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C1B0B645D0F6FD529853A39B04FDF734" lastPageNumber="717" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
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<subSubSection id="9B8BDDD6E915FCCD7E33223983FCC2A5" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="2AAB462EB1C342CD0ABFF1730F839337" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
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<taxonomicName id="1F2219DB44250BD048E95D918331D6DC" ID-CoL="79Q" ID-ENA="8572" authority="Gray, 1825 (sensu Pyron et al. 2014)" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" family="Boidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Boidae Gray, 1825 (sensu Pyron et al. 2014)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C8BD1015C97E2E08F95410E0C0B6CF6B" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" type="general information">
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<paragraph id="A6B871AEDEDB2F539F04EA338E5CD7D6" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">General information.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5B2E5B99D70D4A98E298F405F69F40FE" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
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The concept of
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<taxonomicName id="C238C46AF6D8734931B861F8ECFB8D74" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Boidae</taxonomicName>
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was once much enlarged, encompassing not only all
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<taxonomicName id="A85E6D1D25500618F4C82B8273D9A97E" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Booidea">Booidea</taxonomicName>
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but also most pythonoids, tropidophiids, bolyeriids, as well as the extinct madtsoiids (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="BF421C3E97A7AB6E1F9968519167B241" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4058" author="Bonaparte, CL" journalOrPublisher="Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino (Serie II)" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="385 - 456" refId="B70" refString="Bonaparte, CL, 1839. Amphibia Europaea. Ad systema nostrum vertebratorum ordinata. Typographica regia. Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino (Serie II) 2: 385 - 456, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4058" title="Amphibia Europaea. Ad systema nostrum vertebratorum ordinata. Typographica regia." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4058" volume="2" year="1839">Bonaparte 1839</bibRefCitation>
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;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="AF4143C61D89751B935DE1261775B680" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3989/egeol.91473-4422" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Estudios Geologicos" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="103 - 126" refId="B608" refString="Szyndlar, Z, 1991a. A review of Neogene and Quaternary snakes of Central and Eastern Europe. Part I: Scolecophidia, Boidae, Colubrinae. Estudios Geologicos 47: 103 - 126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/egeol.91473-4422" title="A review of Neogene and Quaternary snakes of Central and Eastern Europe. Part I: Scolecophidia, Boidae, Colubrinae." url="https://doi.org/10.3989/egeol.91473-4422" volume="47" year="1991 a">Szyndlar 1991a</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="93972EF7D2CB3EE0BD8E8D9681B56EEC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0812-7387.19.1993.52" author="Kluge, AG" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 77" refId="B321" refString="Kluge, AG, 1993a. Aspidites and the phylogeny of pythonine snakes. Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 19: 1 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0812-7387.19.1993.52" title="Aspidites and the phylogeny of pythonine snakes." url="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0812-7387.19.1993.52" volume="19" year="1993 a">Kluge 1993a</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="ACD516F0117E6378E6812A40B41C6F3C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1127/pala/240/1996/145" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica A" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="145 - 161" refId="B613" refString="Szyndlar, Z, Boehme, W, 1996. Redescription of Tropidonotus atavus von Meyer, 1855 from the upper Oligocene of Rott (Germany) and its allocation to Rottophis gen. nov. (Serpentes, Boidae). Palaeontographica A 240: 145 - 161, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1127/pala/240/1996/145" title="Redescription of Tropidonotus atavus von Meyer, 1855 from the upper Oligocene of Rott (Germany) and its allocation to Rottophis gen. nov. (Serpentes, Boidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1127/pala/240/1996/145" volume="240" year="1996">
|
||
Szyndlar and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B64A31F43010626DF1AC36C1A9B38372" originalValue="Böhme">Boehme</normalizedToken>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E2499D59DFD46B702363FBAB84E7CDA0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1467047" author="Harvey, MB" journalOrPublisher="Herpetological Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="139 - 185" refId="B243" refString="Harvey, MB, Barker, DG, Ammerman, LK, Chippendale, PT, 2000. Systematics of pythons of the Morelia amethistina complex (Serpentes: Boidae) with the description of three new species. Herpetological Monographs 14: 139 - 185, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1467047" title="Systematics of pythons of the Morelia amethistina complex (Serpentes: Boidae) with the description of three new species." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1467047" volume="14" year="2000">Harvey et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="D9BC1FC38AB71113AB1063C50D879C35" author="Ivanov, M" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe herpetologique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="15 - 24" refId="B300" refString="Ivanov, M, Rage, J-C, Szyndlar, Z, Venczel, M, 2000. Histoire et origine geographique des faunes de serpents en Europe. Bulletin de la Societe herpetologique de France 96: 15 - 24" title="Histoire et origine geographique des faunes de serpents en Europe." volume="96" year="2000">Ivanov et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, in recent taxonomic schemes, following the advance of phylogenetic analyses, the content of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DB40AE7BE576361B26A677521B81FAA8" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Boidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
has dramatically decreased to encompass only the five extant genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D3DBC15F2CE67CD35E954F3DB4748065" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Boa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Boa" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C34FC8471FD4073A895D19CC73448D58" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Boa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B42623D7994A1715F4B437302B3F287B" authorityName="Dumeril & Bibron" authorityYear="1844" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Chilabothrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chilabothrus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8F4F2E27E8C412868F4E4C21577CC689" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Chilabothrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4FFF3E77FEC71E30FF12E11A263F6C43" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Corallus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corallus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="734CD90A7774799DBF8666110A782D39" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Corallus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0B9FBE54A3A68D718F7A37426E26E34" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Epicrates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicrates" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="529E44B3E71521E2D25FC821BE852DE7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epicrates</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4894457527A115EC43725B4A1029C43C" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" class="Squamata" family="Candoiidae" genus="Eunectes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eunectes" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="75D829434AA72B034D0806E8E1519171" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Eunectes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all currently distributed in the Americas (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8ED7F86CE1331E86AB18F899B152D9F8" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.5" author="Pyron, RA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="249 - 260" refId="B470" refString="Pyron, RA, Reynolds, GA, Burbrink, FT, 2014. A taxonomic revision of boas (Serpentes: Boidae). Zootaxa 3846: 249 - 260, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.5" title="A taxonomic revision of boas (Serpentes: Boidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.5" volume="3846" year="2014">Pyron et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="56D7322B43CC930ED1F8BF894D5A2B9D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3099/MCZ48.1" author="Reynolds, RG" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 58" refId="B495" refString="Reynolds, RG, Henderson, RW, 2018. Boas of the world (superfamily Booidae): A checklist with systematic, taxonomic, and conservation assessments. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 162: 1 - 58, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3099/MCZ48.1" title="Boas of the world (superfamily Booidae): A checklist with systematic, taxonomic, and conservation assessments." url="https://doi.org/10.3099/MCZ48.1" volume="162" year="2018">Reynolds and Henderson 2018</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="1CE4066CCA73C95B0B46E38DDB206B77" DOI="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-4-2020-06" author="Scanferla, A" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrate Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="615 - 620" refId="B530" refString="Scanferla, A, Smith, KT, 2020b. Additional anatomical information on the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Rieppelophis ermannorum (Messel Formation, Germany). Vertebrate Zoology 70: 615 - 620, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-4-2020-06" title="Additional anatomical information on the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Rieppelophis ermannorum (Messel Formation, Germany)." url="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-4-2020-06" volume="70" year="2020 b">Scanferla and Smith 2020b</bibRefCitation>
|
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). That taxonomic approach almost corresponds with the concept of the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9D29C4C36E1F555AFB2441A8358223C7" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Boinae">Boinae</taxonomicName>
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in previous decades (e.g.,
|
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<bibRefCitation id="4F82BBD4BC9642BFD8FFB24729DBDBC6" author="Stull, OG" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="387 - 408" refId="B599" refString="Stull, OG, 1935. A check-list of the family Boidae. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 40: 387 - 408" title="A check-list of the family Boidae." volume="40" year="1935">Stull 1935</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="85A936708528EDBF4229234D02E182E7" author="Stimson, AF" journalOrPublisher="Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B593" refString="Stimson, AF, 1969. Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien: Boidae (Boinae + Bolyeriinae + Loxoceminae + Pythoninae). Das Tierreich, Lieferung 89. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin" title="Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien: Boidae (Boinae + Bolyeriinae + Loxoceminae + Pythoninae). Das Tierreich, Lieferung 89." year="1969">Stimson 1969</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="24743599729C2DD022F91ACA9102DF28" author="Rage, J-C" editor="Wellnhofer, P" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 80" refId="B477" refString="Rage, J-C, 1984. Serpentes. In: Wellnhofer, P, Ed., Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 11. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, New York: 1 - 80" title="Serpentes." volumeTitle="Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 11." year="1984">Rage 1984</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="E2F057785525F47D2045685F3141A0AB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3989/egeol.91473-4422" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Estudios Geologicos" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="103 - 126" refId="B608" refString="Szyndlar, Z, 1991a. A review of Neogene and Quaternary snakes of Central and Eastern Europe. Part I: Scolecophidia, Boidae, Colubrinae. Estudios Geologicos 47: 103 - 126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/egeol.91473-4422" title="A review of Neogene and Quaternary snakes of Central and Eastern Europe. Part I: Scolecophidia, Boidae, Colubrinae." url="https://doi.org/10.3989/egeol.91473-4422" volume="47" year="1991 a">Szyndlar 1991a</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="679336E4C2EDBBF964DE78D9B884AA37" author="Ivanov, M" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe herpetologique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="15 - 24" refId="B300" refString="Ivanov, M, Rage, J-C, Szyndlar, Z, Venczel, M, 2000. Histoire et origine geographique des faunes de serpents en Europe. Bulletin de la Societe herpetologique de France 96: 15 - 24" title="Histoire et origine geographique des faunes de serpents en Europe." volume="96" year="2000">Ivanov et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="00564070CA5CC95C2FDB681FEB95F6D3" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B614" refString="Szyndlar, Z, Rage, J-C, 2003. Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe. Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow" title="Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe." year="2003">Szyndlar and Rage 2003</bibRefCitation>
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). They have a rich fossil record, including also remains of all the extant genera (
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<bibRefCitation id="88269411390A6566A63ACA6F728EB5D3" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.63988" author="Pregill, GK" journalOrPublisher="University of Kansas, Museum Natural History, Miscellaneous Publications" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 72" refId="B466" refString="Pregill, GK, 1981. Late Pleistocene herpetofaunas from Puerto Rico. University of Kansas, Museum Natural History, Miscellaneous Publications 71: 1 - 72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.63988" title="Late Pleistocene herpetofaunas from Puerto Rico." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.63988" volume="71" year="1981">Pregill 1981</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="E8659B5BCC2708AA3928130BD02B5542" author="Rage, J-C" journalOrPublisher="Palaeovertebrata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="111 - 150" refId="B481" refString="Rage, J-C, 2001. Fossil snakes from the Paleocene of Sao Jose de Itaborai, Brazil. Part II. Boidae. Palaeovertebrata 30: 111 - 150" title="Fossil snakes from the Paleocene of Sao Jose de Itaborai, Brazil. Part II. Boidae." volume="30" year="2001">Rage 2001</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="84D8A5FB1692E8AE74ADA1A16390D0B0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2018.1462829" author="Bochaton, C" journalOrPublisher="Imprimerie Nationale, Lisbon" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B58" refString="Bochaton, C, Bailon, S, 2018. A new fossil species of Boa Linnaeus, 1758 (Squamata, Boidae), from the Pleistocene of Marie-Galante Island (French West Indies). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 38: e1462829. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2018.1462829" title="A new fossil species of Boa Linnaeus, 1758 (Squamata, Boidae), from the Pleistocene of Marie-Galante Island (French West Indies). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 38: e 1462829." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2018.1462829" year="2018">Bochaton and Bailon 2018</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE747CA889C76E1047D9BB1CA3EB29E7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly002" author="Onary, S" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="453 - 470" refId="B406" refString="Onary, S, Hsiou, AS, 2018. Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): Implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 453 - 470, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly002" title="Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): Implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly002" volume="184" year="2018">Onary and Hsiou 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB0B26A9D39C13FD5374D3E9FE08B5DC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-020-00216-6" author="Carrillo-Briceno, JD" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B110" refString="Carrillo-Briceno, JD, Sanchez, R, Scheyer, TM, Carrillo, JD, Delfino, M, Georgalis, GL, Kerber, L, Ruiz-Ramoni, D, Birindelli, JLO, Cadena, E-A, Rincon, AF, Chavez-Hoffmeister, M, Carlini, AA, Carvalho, MR, Trejos-Tamayo, R, Vallejo, F, Jaramillo, C, Jones, DS, Sanchez-Villagra, MR, 2021. A Pliocene-Pleistocene continental biota from Venezuela. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 140: 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-020-00216-6" title="A Pliocene-Pleistocene continental biota from Venezuela. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 140: 9." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-020-00216-6" year="2021">
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||
<normalizedToken id="E70858A516674AE3B5CA10BEF26372FF" originalValue="Carrillo-Briceño">Carrillo-Briceno</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="403D19E0444F4AEEDF938D9CE556602C" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
|
||
Trunk vertebrae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BE538EA432CEB10B57A8DDE067105738" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Boidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
closely resemble those of other booids (except for candoiids and ungaliophiids) as well as other constrictors and more particularly,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5084659613B233E205D5B01CD788458F" class="Reptilia" family="Pythonidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pythonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, some (but not all) boas possess paracotylar foramina that are totally absent in pythons; this difference has been particularly applied as a potentially useful tool in palaeontological research (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0B21CB5F531205D2E089A268128F6500" author="Rage, J-C" editor="Wellnhofer, P" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 80" refId="B477" refString="Rage, J-C, 1984. Serpentes. In: Wellnhofer, P, Ed., Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 11. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, New York: 1 - 80" title="Serpentes." volumeTitle="Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 11." year="1984">Rage 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D3E8320D648A86479B1EF6E2AD4DBD9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3989/egeol.91473-4422" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Estudios Geologicos" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="103 - 126" refId="B608" refString="Szyndlar, Z, 1991a. A review of Neogene and Quaternary snakes of Central and Eastern Europe. Part I: Scolecophidia, Boidae, Colubrinae. Estudios Geologicos 47: 103 - 126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/egeol.91473-4422" title="A review of Neogene and Quaternary snakes of Central and Eastern Europe. Part I: Scolecophidia, Boidae, Colubrinae." url="https://doi.org/10.3989/egeol.91473-4422" volume="47" year="1991 a">Szyndlar 1991a</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B07B0AB6945FFE86C92C147D7220D50E" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B614" refString="Szyndlar, Z, Rage, J-C, 2003. Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe. Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow" title="Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe." year="2003">Szyndlar and Rage 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="94E3DDD54345ECE52DE34D5ED38C34E6" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
|
||
Vertebrae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C587587764E4946780C7E19296C24039" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Boidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have regularly and extensively appeared in the literature, including some of the first studies of snake vertebral morphology (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="49653084D5CC1D362DC227DCA7517C10" author="D'Alton, E" journalOrPublisher="Anton, Halle" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B142" refString="D'Alton, E, 1836. De Pythonis ac Boarum ossibus commentatio. Anton, Halle" title="De Pythonis ac Boarum ossibus commentatio." year="1836">
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||
<normalizedToken id="81EEA47CFF7B39FA86D6575C2B58202E" originalValue="D’Alton">D'Alton</normalizedToken>
|
||
1836
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As such, a large number of studies have so far presented figures of vertebrae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1323983A710447E0FC5050ED01A742CA" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Boidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FFF55AEA9FD36B05FE9431369223BC8A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.28330" author="Grant, RE" journalOrPublisher="Bailliere, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B220" refString="Grant, RE, 1841. Outlines of comparative anatomy. Bailliere, London, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.28330" title="Outlines of comparative anatomy." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.28330" year="1841">Grant (1841)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="C20A173D74E1B912A97727E8DE750FA5" author="Rochebrune, AT de" journalOrPublisher="Journal de l'Anatomie et de la Physiologie normales et pathologiques de l'Homme et des Animaux" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="185 - 229" refId="B510" refString="Rochebrune, AT de, 1881. Memoire sur les vertebres des Ophidiens. Journal de l'Anatomie et de la Physiologie normales et pathologiques de l'Homme et des Animaux 17: 185 - 229" title="Memoire sur les vertebres des Ophidiens." volume="17" year="1881">Rochebrune (1881)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="2D61311DA86776043113728333454D2C" author="Holman, JA" journalOrPublisher="British Journal of Herpetology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="300 - 303" refId="B277" refString="Holman, JA, 1967. Neural spine expansions of some boid snakes. British Journal of Herpetology 3: 300 - 303" title="Neural spine expansions of some boid snakes." volume="3" year="1967">Holman (1967)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="0F8CF81446B9B1C75CE0DACB5570E606" author="Gasc, JP" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Serie A)" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 182" refId="B190" refString="Gasc, JP, 1974. L'interpretation fonctionelle de l'appareil musculo-squelettique de l'axe vertebral chez les Serpents (Reptilia). Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Serie A) 83: 1 - 182" title="L'interpretation fonctionelle de l'appareil musculo-squelettique de l'axe vertebral chez les Serpents (Reptilia)." volume="83" year="1974">Gasc (1974)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="3533985117BC74698388C44651E0F6E7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793102005924" author="Lee, M" journalOrPublisher="Biological Reviews" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="333 - 402" refId="B346" refString="Lee, M, Scanlon, JD, 2002. Snake phylogeny based on osteology, soft anatomy and behaviour. Biological Reviews 77: 333 - 402, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793102005924" title="Snake phylogeny based on osteology, soft anatomy and behaviour." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793102005924" volume="77" year="2002">Lee and Scanlon (2002)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="4C51A0E0C4266BDACD2C6357193A0E2D" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B614" refString="Szyndlar, Z, Rage, J-C, 2003. Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe. Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow" title="Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe." year="2003">Szyndlar and Rage (2003)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="336EA14BA366E10A01BB590CA91E6CAD" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07671" author="Head, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="715 - 718" refId="B247" refString="Head, JJ, Bloch, JI, Hastings, AK, Bourque, JR, Cadena, EA, Herrera, FA, Polly, PD, Jaramillo, CA, 2009. Giant boid snake from the Paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures. Nature 457: 715 - 718, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07671" title="Giant boid snake from the Paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07671" volume="457" year="2009">Head et al. (2009</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="A8E955D84540728ABD171D0DADA3CE99" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.005" author="Head, JJ" editor="Gower, D" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="26 - 54" refId="B248" refString="Head, JJ, Howard, AFC, Mueller, J, 2022. The first 80 million years of snake evolution: The Mesozoic fossil record of snakes and its implications for origin hypotheses, biogeography, and mass extinction. In: Gower, D, Zaher, H, Eds., The Origin and Early Evolution of Snakes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 26 - 54, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.005" title="The first 80 million years of snake evolution: The Mesozoic fossil record of snakes and its implications for origin hypotheses, biogeography, and mass extinction." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.005" volumeTitle="The Origin and Early Evolution of Snakes." year="2022">2022</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<bibRefCitation id="E48DBFE5538B02F8ADE1A93E63127DF6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5710/AMGH.v48i1(302" author="Albino, AM" journalOrPublisher="Ameghiniana" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="53 - 62" refId="B5" refString="Albino, AM, 2011. Morfologia vertebral de Boa constrictor (Serpentes: Boidae) y la validez del genero mioceno Pseudoepicrates Auffenberg, 1923. Ameghiniana 48: 53 - 62, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5710/AMGH.v48i1(302" title="Morfologia vertebral de Boa constrictor (Serpentes: Boidae) y la validez del genero mioceno Pseudoepicrates Auffenberg, 1923." url="https://doi.org/10.5710/AMGH.v48i1(302" volume="48" year="2011">Albino (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="E507F62FD99801C7772CED03C5166C4C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-018-1576-7" author="Albino, AM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Herpetology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B8" refString="Albino, AM, Rothschild, B, Carrillo-Briceno, JD, Neenan, JM, 2018. Spondyloarthropathy in vertebrae of the aquatic Cretaceous snake Lunaophis aquaticus, and its first recognition in modern snakes. The Science of Nature 105: 51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-018-1576-7" title="Spondyloarthropathy in vertebrae of the aquatic Cretaceous snake Lunaophis aquaticus, and its first recognition in modern snakes. The Science of Nature 105: 51." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-018-1576-7" year="2018">Albino et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="22016EFF582AB53DE865A847C5DF5594" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly002" author="Onary, S" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="453 - 470" refId="B406" refString="Onary, S, Hsiou, AS, 2018. Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): Implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 453 - 470, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly002" title="Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): Implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly002" volume="184" year="2018">Onary and Hsiou (2018)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="E2F1047A4E1074B18235709A5CEA7A7E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172012" author="Palci, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B427" refString="Palci, A, Hutchinson, MN, Caldwell, MW, Scanlon, JD, Lee, MSY, 2018. Palaeoecological inferences for the fossil Australian snakes Yurlunggur and Wonambi (Serpentes, Madtsoiidae). Royal Society Open Science 5: 172012. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172012" title="Palaeoecological inferences for the fossil Australian snakes Yurlunggur and Wonambi (Serpentes, Madtsoiidae). Royal Society Open Science 5: 172012." url="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172012" year="2018">Palci et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="B1DDF99F06BED25BAA32CD1DBA755490" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-019-00341-6" author="Georgalis, GL" journalOrPublisher="Swiss Journal of Geosciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="383 - 417" refId="B202" refString="Georgalis, GL, Scheyer, TM, 2019. A new species of Palaeopython (Serpentes) and other extinct squamates from the Eocene of Dielsdorf (Zurich, Switzerland). Swiss Journal of Geosciences 112: 383 - 417, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-019-00341-6" title="A new species of Palaeopython (Serpentes) and other extinct squamates from the Eocene of Dielsdorf (Zurich, Switzerland)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-019-00341-6" volume="112" year="2019">Georgalis and Scheyer (2019)</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="40ABD4B591838C5682978813D1C8C2D7" author="Machado-Filho, PR" journalOrPublisher="PhD Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B360" refString="Machado-Filho, PR, 2020. Descricao e comparacao do esqueleto axial da Damilia Boidae (Serpentes, Alethinophidia). PhD Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo" title="Descricao e comparacao do esqueleto axial da Damilia Boidae (Serpentes, Alethinophidia)." year="2020">Machado-Filho (2020)</bibRefCitation>
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||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9EBAFA23BD2EBC8C16658F2FB9E091FF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-021-00224-0" author="Georgalis, GL" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B201" refString="Georgalis, GL, Rabi, M, Smith, KT, 2021a. Taxonomic revision of the snakes of the genera Palaeopython and Paleryx (Serpentes, Constrictores) from the Paleogene of Europe. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 140: 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-021-00224-0" title="Taxonomic revision of the snakes of the genera Palaeopython and Paleryx (Serpentes, Constrictores) from the Paleogene of Europe. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 140: 18." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-021-00224-0" year="2021 a">Georgalis et al. (2021a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, including even vertebrae of early ontogenetic stages, such as embryos (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CBD590F9D54227BA6D9EFE171924EF2D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-022-01828-3" author="Chuliver, M" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B117" refString="Chuliver, M, Scanferla Smith, KT, 2022. Live birth in a 47millionyearold snake. The Science of Nature 109: 56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-022-01828-3" title="Live birth in a 47 millionyearold snake. The Science of Nature 109: 56." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-022-01828-3" year="2022">Chuliver et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Among these, vertebrae from the cloacal and/or caudal series were presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8CCC60AAA712BBCA287B38B1EE2D48E4" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B614" refString="Szyndlar, Z, Rage, J-C, 2003. Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe. Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow" title="Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe." year="2003">Szyndlar and Rage (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E53805C40661461E73CB4D148CCD5DC7" author="Machado-Filho, PR" journalOrPublisher="PhD Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B360" refString="Machado-Filho, PR, 2020. Descricao e comparacao do esqueleto axial da Damilia Boidae (Serpentes, Alethinophidia). PhD Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo" title="Descricao e comparacao do esqueleto axial da Damilia Boidae (Serpentes, Alethinophidia)." year="2020">Machado-Filho (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C12F1192A2542A9A83EF2F5893E0BD15" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a13" author="Alfonso-Rojas, A" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="377 - 399" refId="B11" refString="Alfonso-Rojas, A, Vanegas, RD, Marino-Morejon, E, Cadena, E-A, 2023. Newly discovered fossils provide novel insights on the biology of the South American Miocene snake Colombophis Hoffstetter & Rage, 1977. Geodiversitas 45: 377 - 399, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a13" title="Newly discovered fossils provide novel insights on the biology of the South American Miocene snake Colombophis Hoffstetter & Rage, 1977." url="https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a13" volume="45" year="2023">Alfonso-Rojas et al. (2023)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Figures of the microanatomy and histology / transverse sections of boid vertebrae were presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="290A66FB7CE46C894707C387F58DC91F" author="Buffrenil, V de" journalOrPublisher="Annales de Paleontologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="315 - 335" refId="B99" refString="Buffrenil, V de, Rage, J-C, 1993. La "pachyostose" vertebrale de Simoliophis (Reptilia, Squamata): Donnees comparatives et considerations fonctionnelles. Annales de Paleontologie 79: 315 - 335" title="La " pachyostose " vertebrale de Simoliophis (Reptilia, Squamata): Donnees comparatives et considerations fonctionnelles." volume="79" year="1993">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A118B1904B37714302370EF32DE5F238" originalValue="Buffrénil">Buffrenil</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Rage (1993)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D0626D22C018AA9BAA50146FE9026020" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01307.x" author="Houssaye, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Anatomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="715 - 727" refId="B286" refString="Houssaye, A, Mazurier, A, Herrel, A, Volpato, V, Tafforeau, P, Boistel, R, de Buffrenil, V, 2010. Vertebral microanatomy in squamates: Structure, growth and ecological correlates. Journal of Anatomy 217: 715 - 727, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01307.x" title="Vertebral microanatomy in squamates: Structure, growth and ecological correlates." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01307.x" volume="217" year="2010">Houssaye et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Quantitative studies on the intracolumnar variability of boid vertebrae were also conducted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F0EC7E79FDAEC7A0A1D18823C1DDAC2F" author="Hoffstetter, R" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences de Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B267" refString="Hoffstetter, R, 1960. Sur la classification des Boides de Madagascar et des Mascareignes. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Serie 2) 32: 131-138." title="Sur la classification des Boides de Madagascar et des Mascareignes. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Serie 2) 32: 131 - 138." year="1960">Hoffstetter (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28F951571F03D9D41CC45D5536BE3F3A" author="Gasc, JP" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Serie A)" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 182" refId="B190" refString="Gasc, JP, 1974. L'interpretation fonctionelle de l'appareil musculo-squelettique de l'axe vertebral chez les Serpents (Reptilia). Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Serie A) 83: 1 - 182" title="L'interpretation fonctionelle de l'appareil musculo-squelettique de l'axe vertebral chez les Serpents (Reptilia)." volume="83" year="1974">Gasc (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |