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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/caucasiana.3.e120883" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2667-9809-3-89" ID-Pensoft-UUID="8FB37893D5A65CF99CFA4C15F5D943C2" ID-ZooBank="EA5B0F14EB024AC8BAAB44E072825910" ModsDocID="2667-9809-3-89" checkinTime="1714220521786" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Seropian, Armen, Bulbulashvili, Natalia, Krammer, Hans-Joachim, Thormann, Jana, Hein, Nils, Karalashvili, Elisabeth, Kachlishvili, Nino &amp; Datunashvili, Anastasia" docDate="2024" docId="5A350AC4F849592188F61514E1464D97" docLanguage="en" docName="Caucasiana 3: 89-118" docOrigin="Caucasiana 3" docPubDate="2024-04-26" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/caucasiana.3.e120883" docTitle="Latrodectus pallidus O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="8FB37893D5A65CF99CFA4C15F5D943C2" lastPageNumber="89" masterDocId="8FB37893D5A65CF99CFA4C15F5D943C2" masterDocTitle="Picking pearls from the Silk Road: Insights into the spider (Arachnida, Araneae) diversity in Georgia from the Caucasus Barcode of Life (CaBOL) project. Part III" masterLastPageNumber="118" masterPageNumber="89" pageNumber="89" updateTime="1714220521786" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods id="345E56E84DF584579D0D6BA8F4DEBC15" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="CAEA86249A5F6863695BAAC09DA54937">
<mods:title id="8732E71F446F544F76A7B88356D3324D">Picking pearls from the Silk Road: Insights into the spider (Arachnida, Araneae) diversity in Georgia from the Caucasus Barcode of Life (CaBOL) project. Part III</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C98C120A2FA20060E71C76774659296C">Seropian, Armen</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="5E4D75BBBD50ACAD6799ADF8762E4A18" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-9954</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="6B2B031DB658E9AAB613EEADDDFF08D0">Institute of Ecology, Ilia State University, Cholokashvili av. 3 / 5 Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="DA52C091F860BC3FD4A6805EACB16AEE" type="email">armen.seropiani@iliauni.edu.ge</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="CFB42A3B5B25B6E57E9FCDD75B2DDFB2">Bulbulashvili, Natalia</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="14AFB002D8A6432EFC17F6DD6A4709C2" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6802-1209</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="F2188D9724C842F28A0B33C45660257C">Rustaveli st. 9, 1400, Gori, Georgia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="BC5C5F8FD186C564DE8ADCFFC33F8176">Krammer, Hans-Joachim</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="47FCA2155CAA653A0C989A7A39A62A27" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7012-1752</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="9F7EE5FEB5D0B8C923776701DBE078AA">LIB: Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="3EBB14973D76434AD6017B2A1C2094E0" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="1737ABFF2A9AB4FD7F63BDC12D15F567">Thormann, Jana</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="8089129D83FC4C8BE2345B8210FD135D">LIB: Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2865CEDFAB7CA6483892A6C57B21A320">Hein, Nils</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="A3C7495BF1944099C34A7BA1530CE95D" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5172-8531</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="FCAC7829B8D56D2258A29111E9D0E295">LIB: Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9B8343646D61F4B57CEDBDD689191AC8">Karalashvili, Elisabeth</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="FD3BAF1A371C7CE7A522D11028E6F5A7" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9015-7604</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="1A15BA4FEEBE5BC2F01CC2920AA6A81B">Institute of Ecology, Ilia State University, Cholokashvili av. 3 / 5 Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6F8D0429CB615D53210F9795248CA423">Kachlishvili, Nino</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="B4CE2C73C8ADD719AECA3856D6AABFF9" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5632-8959</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="EDFBEFE12EAEC8FD44C140AC1D0C3D78">Institute of Ecology, Ilia State University, Cholokashvili av. 3 / 5 Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9982810CE1BFED69B0E66370CF5C9F67">Datunashvili, Anastasia</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="526BF160DDC31DBE31CFE6B023A835B1" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1421-2057</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="441FF68FF18434DC15083ADC14424960">Institute of Ecology, Ilia State University, Cholokashvili av. 3 / 5 Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="6EC1EFD980960AE943955691BD0D5838">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="EEBA2D065A27285D16CFC541EA1F4E19">
<mods:title id="27187C0A63A3063ABBC5CD265AC97C49">Caucasiana</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="429535A0BDFE5AAB7DAA50A8049C1470">
<mods:date id="6F8473072BEB0214F231D0CCF7868880">2024</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="C5FC012C9B734E56E3A58745EA4C3A36" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="4E47F01B7C6484F9DF77B8D12EB237EA">2024-04-26</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="974500373D2C8FB6BFB28E370CC6BD20" type="volume">
<mods:number id="BA50D74E29989AF40532C38EC5DA20FB">3</mods:number>
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<mods:extent id="FC946CA2231B84F70E7F16963FFB380A" unit="page">
<mods:start id="97F4087E2EA1CFD1F5B4DE50E301B213">89</mods:start>
<mods:end id="97E18903A0093F5F25D59F1F8082A7C2">118</mods:end>
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<mods:location id="20C55B25BFD36BD88662C01538365F6D">
<mods:url id="EAE4BC1E239A58BD722DBF3F2AAE4B54">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/caucasiana.3.e120883</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="33D264BE96648F348CAF641674616700">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="EBE5B56C59DF5210EF5D78605B6364C1" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/caucasiana.3.e120883</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="6F44D6B6BE1E411A16C28127D2638F53" type="Pensoft-Pub">2667-9809-3-89</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="346680F26E12C79850B9DAF1DF6F8647" type="Pensoft-UUID">8FB37893D5A65CF99CFA4C15F5D943C2</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="5A350AC4F849592188F61514E1464D97" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5A350AC4F849592188F61514E1464D97" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5A350AC4F849592188F61514E1464D97" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<subSubSection id="84B7932B79741F987CB2CB15E28E8923" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C2EDBEE15C0164CB1E8466F27ACAC7C1" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
**
<taxonomicName id="0BEE7278F8C25CB618E9900162B5DD01" ID-CoL="3SLWV" LSID="5A350AC4-F849-5921-88F6-1514E1464D97" authority="O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872" authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1872" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Latrodectus pallidus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">Latrodectus pallidus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D70FF87B804201181597C9A085DF7EDF" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="description">
<paragraph id="08478FF03CB8902F668E6EBA3361FE34" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<figureCitation id="6F7A2A63585CBD0399D162DBC121064C" captionStart="Figures 37–44" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figures 37 - 44. Latrodectus pallidus (37: female, epigyne, ventral view, in situ; 38: endogyne, dorsal view; 39: male, left palpus, prolateral view; 40: same, ventral view; 41: same, retrolateral view; 42: same, apical view). Theridion cinereum (43: male, left palpus, ventral view; 44: female, endogyne, dorsal view). Scale bars: 0.2 mm (37 - 42); 0.1 mm (43 - 44)." figureDoi="10.3897/caucasiana.3.e120883.figures37-44" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1034720" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Figs 37-42</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E16BD3800D51838D2EB78BD13CF0073A" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="0EA644C5871842345264264033CC2732" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName id="29EFFEAF7718FF5EEB2DE5691A83AE7A" authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1872" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Latrodectus pallidus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">Latrodectus pallidus</taxonomicName>
Levy, 1998b: 100, figs 183-188 (♀).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A628AFA2F9E9150FD359F1938E988F7" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName id="B3D3CBD54DD82E65D434E9826C5EF5BB" authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1872" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Latrodectus pallidus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">Latrodectus pallidus</taxonomicName>
Zamani et al., 2014: 60, figs 2C, 3C, 4E (♂♀).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D7505AF1D427B4E6A78A92EBC1257A8A" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="2877957FEABF783F7812EB27EEA3B280" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="23F5DEF22AF9A7EC71385619C01AE26A" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<materialsCitation id="4286EBF769C6C923FF4CF7CF02899B01" collectingDate="2023-07-19" collectorName="Seropian A." country="GEORGIA" elevation="648" latitude="41.22959" location="Chachuna Managed Reserve" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="46.139065" municipality="Dedoplistskaro" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-subadult="1" stateProvince="Kakheti">
<collectingCountry id="47417D73308776B9A52E8638B60DADDF" name="Georgia">GEORGIA</collectingCountry>
-
<collectingRegion id="22253E781775A3924B23E118D634455D" country="Georgia" name="Kakheti">Kakheti</collectingRegion>
•
<specimenCount id="0AE1FF9F2AF7090476C72E5617958889" count="2" type="female">2♀♀</specimenCount>
(
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);
<collectingMunicipality id="E6035424A3BBBFCB8B38F2DB0816CC22">Dedoplistskaro</collectingMunicipality>
mun.,
<location id="8606151D298A3C2C6F9FB5CFCBB263A8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5A350AC4F849592188F61514E1464D97:8606151D298A3C2C6F9FB5CFCBB263A8" country="GEORGIA" latitude="41.22959" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="46.139065" municipality="Dedoplistskaro" name="Chachuna Managed Reserve" stateProvince="Kakheti">Chachuna Managed Reserve</location>
;
<geoCoordinate id="480AD239EF1E6966C093FCE2B10DE3D7" degrees="41.229592" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.22959">N41.229592°</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="FA1B6BF3C6D3BD7E623868E26163DDB8" degrees="46.139063" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="46.139065">E46.139063°</geoCoordinate>
;
<elevation id="9C7D4F6AEE3BC188325D1DFB16A60A46" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4799999999999995" unit="m" value="648.0">
<quantity id="05A13B0E199720EE4C87F7EA210EFF1A" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4799999999999995" unit="m" value="648.0">648 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
; semidesert, shrubs; leg.
<collectorName id="F7C5D26ED2F17A800E642FF79130FF08">Seropian A.</collectorName>
;
<collectingDate id="E7F4EF2FD19AA581CDD9DBAC9D987823" value="2023-07-19">19 Jul. 2023</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
. •
<specimenCount id="6B1EF98689130F274D7CA0B8C9D25AE2" count="14" type="female">14♀♀</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="1A2E808C203D8DEBC8B7BF467D9E99E4" count="6" type="male">6♂♂</specimenCount>
;
<geoCoordinate id="A74104D971CF846E5B144D7BBA0937FE" degrees="41.231156" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.231155">N41.231156°</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="5D18684269B68E6E43535072B6137D5A" degrees="46.147153" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="46.147152">E46.147153°</geoCoordinate>
;
<quantity id="DDBC7AFDC9F11500BC2FA1952F932E49" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4799999999999995" unit="m" value="648.0">648 m</quantity>
a.s.l.; semidesert; leg. Seropian A.;
<date id="C2530D0FF59ECB71C0D2AF4DE0DB81F1" value="2023-07-17">17 Jul. 2023</date>
; semidesert, shrubs; leg. Seropian A.;
<date id="75E23B0B547A37E9BAC310052232ED9B" value="2023-07-17">17 Jul. 2023</date>
; CaBOL-IDs 1035887, 1035888, 1035889, 1035890, 1035891, 1035892, 1035893, 1035894, 1035895, 1035896, 1035897, 1035898, 1035899, 1035900, 1035901, 1035902, 1035903, 1035904, 1035905, 1035906 •
<specimenCount id="4E491C716F4E1B894E79E6D9BC23E5BE" count="7" type="female">7♀♀</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCount id="B033911807E23281ED4A113A5FD37CD2" count="3" type="subadult">3 subadult</specimenCount>
);
<geoCoordinate id="D4C84EA8A261E6E9F53BFCAFD77895D3" degrees="41.229966" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.229965">N41.229966°</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="66FAE66309E553B4B9F49F9A300D4B8D" degrees="46.150206" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="46.150208">E46.150206°</geoCoordinate>
;
<quantity id="6209EA75F9D8C4951CA2A3D7B149B391" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4799999999999995" unit="m" value="648.0">648 m</quantity>
a.s.l.; semidesert, shrubs; leg. Seropian A.;
<date id="E4080621D533050BCE8478269BA64F5F" value="2023-07-17">17 Jul. 2023</date>
; CaBOL-IDs •
<specimenCount id="64530F8E5B6681808C638DFBC60CBA35" count="7" type="female">7♀♀</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCount id="A4B39EE720AA7A6FC5D9D692D300511E" count="2" type="subadult">2 subadult</specimenCount>
),
<specimenCount id="3AC3DE56952A6046D4075CC878376DE3" count="2" type="male">2♂♂</specimenCount>
;
<geoCoordinate id="0AF1A1302A0B52A0BA22FAF18CE8D448" degrees="41.230042" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.23004">N41.230042°</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="8FF71779E77B16336A1E881E0A0FF95D" degrees="46.147842" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="46.147842">E46.147842°</geoCoordinate>
;
<quantity id="44427899A8202D65E8143C2512ACF99E" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4799999999999995" unit="m" value="648.0">648 m</quantity>
a.s.l.; semidesert, shrubs; leg. Seropian A.;
<date id="B6E2451605943A094E2DD2D8DD3610E7" value="2023-07-17">17 Jul. 2023</date>
. •
<specimenCount id="CBB1CA3E5FFEBB2789C9B53DA92168F5" count="5" type="female">5♀♀</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCount id="9D950009E1B1D660F44935FBC2AFF8CC" count="3" type="subadult">3 subadult</specimenCount>
),
<specimenCount id="56C6D6F3297CF055946E5F6B6BFFD7BB" count="8" type="male">8♂♂</specimenCount>
;
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,
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;
<quantity id="4B756E0EE4C26F2A089C84DB89EDA1C7" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4799999999999995" unit="m" value="648.0">648 m</quantity>
a.s.l.; semidesert, shrubs; leg. Seropian A.;
<date id="03B718D314A1C3FD72856166BBE2B612" value="2023-07-16">16 Jul. 2023</date>
. •
<specimenCount id="3C16861F9D97107D153C2C21DF70A30F" count="1" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
;
<geoCoordinate id="99C848AE5ACEF5E7F0BC41463A733A8A" degrees="41.220575" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.220573">N41.220575°</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="801EB84A76EA1D17A879D06FC3D6DC42" degrees="46.01699" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="46.01699">E46.01699°</geoCoordinate>
;
<quantity id="80870CBB50D7F8F4908ED9EEB85EF227" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4799999999999995" unit="m" value="648.0">648 m</quantity>
a.s.l.; semidesert, shrubs; leg. Seropian A.;
<date id="4891A821FCF41959D0A9067122F91894" value="2023-07-16">16 Jul. 2023</date>
. •
<specimenCount id="9DD17AA9A1A00BE4039FB2425CCB5101" count="4" type="female">4♀♀</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCount id="76B0F2892B521CE5537C578C3E46FB57" count="3" type="subadult">3 subadult</specimenCount>
);
<geoCoordinate id="D9D9FAE1FDCCBCE3D699C866B3D3FB2E" degrees="41.214409" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.21441">N41.214409°</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="57F3AB42A14BE268699AA85157E43106" degrees="46.01487" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="46.01487">E46.01487°</geoCoordinate>
;
<quantity id="2626690EDBCD85DB00705FE63CB96792" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4799999999999995" unit="m" value="648.0">648 m</quantity>
a.s.l.; semidesert, shrubs; leg. Seropian A.;
<date id="AEFA6B6EF3FD1275FC7E33DCF23E19F5" value="2023-07-16">16 Jul. 2023</date>
; CaBOL-IDs 1035881, 1035882, 1035883, 1035884 •
<specimenCount id="BB25EB6B4302970F6D08373DCB88E4B7" count="5" type="female">5♀♀</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCount id="7AAD76E7E2A0AC6514AF3F5E6F068F11" count="3" type="subadult">3 subadult</specimenCount>
);
<geoCoordinate id="6AA2D435E8D0F5DB07679D5D4F79779F" degrees="41.213397" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.213398">N41.213397°</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="853EBF3BDC18D6FC24F3A44B1A5ED4C5" degrees="46.013024" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="46.013023">E46.013024°</geoCoordinate>
;
<quantity id="B87571E9A95EC81573B992781F4B076D" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4799999999999995" unit="m" value="648.0">648 m</quantity>
a.s.l.; semidesert, shrubs; leg. Seropian A.;
<date id="10EF0F7418679DE13DAACE5C0CBEEBD4" value="2023-07-16">16 Jul. 2023</date>
. •
<specimenCount id="C01B8FAD832FED6DBF23F930634D71A2" count="5" type="female">5♀♀</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCount id="10EB9D96EE0029BFCA40E6C1471B5D69" count="4" type="subadult">4 subadult</specimenCount>
),
<specimenCount id="872BF0B1940C9B05A2F4DDEA485AE71E" count="1" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
;
<geoCoordinate id="2F2E6E273DF21E33DDCBB2D71C586037" degrees="41.213086" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.213085">N41.213086°</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="E98CBF081FA7156923E63C6B7045F826" degrees="46.015515" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="46.015514">E46.015515°</geoCoordinate>
;
<quantity id="943FDE9540EECD93648366224A6BBDD2" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4799999999999995" unit="m" value="648.0">648 m</quantity>
a.s.l.; semidesert, shrubs;; leg. Seropian A.;
<date id="F8882FE7A70A5B706C2BF7F89D7D766F" value="2023-07-16">16 Jul. 2023</date>
; leg. Seropian A.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9626D375AB76AE36886FC9A1E7C788FF" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="DEA122E8A0751741329E69D15F4DB08E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Genetics</emphasis>
. Twenty-three identical barcodes were obtained from the specimens CaBOL 1035881, 1035882, 1035883, 1035884, 1035887, 1035888, 1035889, 1035890, 1035891, 1035892, 1035893, 1035894, 1035895, 1035896, 1035897, 1035898, 1035899, 1035900, 1035901, 1035902, 1035903, 1035904, and 1035906 (BOLD:AAO3346) with the nearest neighbor in BOLD Systems
<taxonomicName id="8DF5F4CAE939FAFD95116C14940A93E1" lsidName="L. pallidus" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="F4E10DE1530413B861642DBFD2A19E2A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">L. pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="9C0823D0738B129F9A50912F4553871B" name="Turkey">Turkey</collectingCountry>
with a private status (maximum
<emphasis id="7462113D5FA001EC075B500A852887C1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">p</emphasis>
-distance 0.15%). The second-best match is
<taxonomicName id="8D4426FA35D50C52A49219DE410BFD30" lsidName="L. pallidus" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="82C23CEF35C92F871685B1588BDD604E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">L. pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="5563C2521BBE89A834D1E1F2F431E59E" name="Israel">Israel</collectingCountry>
(BOLD:AAO3346, maximum
<emphasis id="736C1820EED60F4176A709A0E9BD39F5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">p</emphasis>
-distance 0.63%).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D9702C11A152E65B3DA50AFE12761E55" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="ECD2D5037423A205FDFEAA8AED9D617F" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE1E5F676D54812C879BB6050A0D7DA0" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
This species is distributed from Cape Verde Island to Libya, South Africa, Turkey, Iran, and Central Asia (
<bibRefCitation id="3BE740BE5818BD6C48E79E9A0F2F10A9" author="Nentwig, W" journalOrPublisher="Arthropoda Selecta" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" publicationUrl="https://www.araneae.nmbe.ch" refId="B33" refString="Nentwig, W, Bosmans, R, Gloor, D, Haenggi, A, Kropf, C, 2023. Spiders of Europe. Version: 12.2022, Available from: https://www.araneae.nmbe.ch" title="Spiders of Europe. Version: 12.2022, Available from:" url="https://www.araneae.nmbe.ch" year="2023">Nentwig et al. 2023</bibRefCitation>
; WSC 2023). It is the first record of
<taxonomicName id="A25E738B15D2FA3F70F5825613B462C9" lsidName="L. pallidus" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B5B77E92E147BAF85EA6E5B9A77025D3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">L. pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Caucasus. Males and females were collected from the webs spun on the shrubs, with the cone retreats (up to 6 cm in length) tapering above the catching platform. Although all of the males have been collected directly from the female retreats, the fact that 1/3 of the females are still immature suggests the beginning of the mating season in Georgia in late June-July. From the co-occurring in the Caucasus
<taxonomicName id="EF6A0BA343C6BEC63B1F5754084FC833" lsidName="L. dahli" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="dahli">
<emphasis id="2D4C9C12917AAEBBBA9B64427FD76313" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">L. dahli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Levi, 1959 and
<taxonomicName id="F31E5377AEEE0592C940CA9059C9E813" lsidName="L. tredecimguttatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="tredecimguttatus">
<emphasis id="0CF25192AA3D1E28D6241A35A6D5E537" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">L. tredecimguttatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Rossi, 1790), it is easily distinguished by the creamy-white coloration of the abdomen (dorsally covered with large irregular yellow spots with dark margins in males, and small irregular spots in females), whereas females of
<taxonomicName id="116D8C6295983856843D7BE9BF215A29" lsidName="L. dahli" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="dahli">
<emphasis id="C11F0F5F43A2D9665E47E4962FB67FED" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">L. dahli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are black (with a thin median white stripe ventrally), males are light yellow, with 3 to 5 pairs of black spots on dorsum;
<taxonomicName id="A97A6A09B8E2356B44250152AB11F5AD" lsidName="L. tredecimguttatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="tredecimguttatus">
<emphasis id="912DD5F47DBA20F1AC3A82D927C5A13F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">L. tredecimguttatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
juveniles, males, and females are black, with abdomens dorsally covered with 13 red spots with white margins (this ornament is generally reduced (sometimes totally) to the thin white margins in adult females from the local populations). Males of
<taxonomicName id="490732869739D1C8103BA716742D4063" lsidName="L. pallidus" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B77D3BDB0DD0E34AF62CD8DD7D277867" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">L. pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have an embolus coiling up to three times around the cymbium (a single coil in
<taxonomicName id="DCDC97836BD43BF0AC00791791F7CEAC" lsidName="L. dahli" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="dahli">
<emphasis id="D6A50C91F09BBBACAD0F59F45AB3ED9D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">L. dahli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="5E30C8607328BFE3713D15156EFE149A" doi="10.3897/caucasiana.3.e120883.figures37-44" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1034720" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" start="Figures 37–44" startId="F12">
<paragraph id="4B990068C18131BE87631CE178CBEAF1" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="9525C04FA3318058E4228F729A9AC6CB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Figures 37-44.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="DCD70D6636CDBA41B8FF18DCE33B7613" authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1872" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Latrodectus pallidus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="D923E9D232D0F7C545E57EA693DB85DE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Latrodectus pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="613DA599468704A1BD51165D037711F8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">37</emphasis>
: female, epigyne, ventral view, in situ;
<emphasis id="468DD12B42E9F8C7D7DD0B92B40C1B2E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">38</emphasis>
: endogyne, dorsal view;
<emphasis id="C7ECBB8A9000176105E467D1CFD1F37D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">39</emphasis>
: male, left palpus, prolateral view;
<emphasis id="757B51B1C82C3BD9669BCB0870F224AA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">40</emphasis>
: same, ventral view;
<emphasis id="E5C7DE7A63218905D755B99152CD95AD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">41</emphasis>
: same, retrolateral view;
<emphasis id="23C593D15A97C261EDE0882A436328B4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">42</emphasis>
: same, apical view).
<taxonomicName id="9842996844D7D079F670BC879D438D31" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1875" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridion cinereum" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinereum">
<emphasis id="CFB2124F530447ED58A295A470DC5AA5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Theridion cinereum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="C98911290FB97B30AA929F20C2D5CEF7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">43</emphasis>
: male, left palpus, ventral view;
<emphasis id="B2645D1F7FCEB3F55FC3DB1EE9DF65C9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">44</emphasis>
: female, endogyne, dorsal view). Scale bars: 0.2 mm (37-42); 0.1 mm (43-44).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="882F0086E77A370DED8739A298D1DE18" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="0135CAD5B3D199CD103C100186DAA022" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="497A6ACE70C0107C6267815972587EE1" authorityName="Walckenaer" authorityYear="1805" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridion" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2D1336FB7B034ED4927CC82A9E08D601" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Theridion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Walckenaer, 1805
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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