282 lines
51 KiB
XML
282 lines
51 KiB
XML
<document id="554FAD138AFCE7237D4039EFA0408E9B" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5378.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10208917" ID-ZooBank="68976F75-EC46-480B-AB8A-061B1441A958" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1701074798269" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="POORANI, J." docDate="2023" docId="03C44153FFA9FFABFF77F9DFFADFFA97" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5378.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5378 (1)" docSource="https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5378.1.1/52353" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Chilocorini Mulsant 1846" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="7" masterDocId="FFFD392BFFACFFADFFE0FF97FF8EFFEE" masterDocTitle="An illustrated guide to the lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part II. Tribe Chilocorini" masterLastPageNumber="108" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1701075621061" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="BA4E0462F67385DE9D788DF8750C5DC7">An illustrated guide to the lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part II. Tribe Chilocorini</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="41A580F57480B5975574C601E6C434FC">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="90F2A8FA7A0FE3AF2D35C38535AA0D8B" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5378.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection id="C377A3CEFFA9FFABFF77F9DFFC33FE8B" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD2F045FFA9FFA8FF77F9DFFDA4F98C" blockId="5.[151,554,1608,1634]" box="[151,554,1608,1634]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="B9192C57FFA9FFA8FF77F9DFFDA4F98C" bold="true" box="[151,554,1608,1634]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Tribe
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<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFA9FFA8FF02F9DFFDA4F98C" authority="Mulsant, 1846" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1846" box="[226,554,1608,1634]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chilocorini">
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Chilocorini
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFA9FFA8FE98F9DFFDA4F98C" author="Mulsant, E." box="[376,554,1608,1634]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref38434" refString="Mulsant, E. (1846) Histoire Naturelle des Coleopteres de France. Sulcicolles-Securipalpes. Maison, Paris, xxiv + 26 + 280 pp., 1 pl." type="book" year="1846">Mulsant, 1846</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD2F045FFA9FFABFF77F907FC33FE8B" blockId="5.[151,1436,1680,2030]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Form circular, broadly oval, or distinctly elongate oval (
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<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFA9FFA8FCFAF907FCEEF944" box="[794,864,1680,1706]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[203,1384,181,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-15@7.[203,1384,181,1918]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Tribe Chilocorini: a. Chilocorus circumdatus (Gyllenhal); b. Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius); c. Brumoides lineatus (Weise); d. Brumoides suturalis (Fabricius); e. Curinus coeruleus (Mulsant); f. Chilocorus politus Mulsant; g. Priscibrumus uropygialis (Mulsant); h. Renius cornutus Li & Wang; i. Priscibrumus lituratus (Gorham)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208921/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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); dorsum often dome-shaped and strongly convex or moderately convex, shiny and glabrous (at the most only head and anterolateral flanks of pronotum with hairs), or with sparse, short and suberect pubescence on elytral disc and more visibly on lateral margins, or with distinct dorsal pubescence (
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<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFA9FFA8FE91F96BFE58F8F8" box="[369,470,1788,1814]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[203,1384,181,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-15@7.[203,1384,181,1918]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Tribe Chilocorini: a. Chilocorus circumdatus (Gyllenhal); b. Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius); c. Brumoides lineatus (Weise); d. Brumoides suturalis (Fabricius); e. Curinus coeruleus (Mulsant); f. Chilocorus politus Mulsant; g. Priscibrumus uropygialis (Mulsant); h. Renius cornutus Li & Wang; i. Priscibrumus lituratus (Gorham)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208921/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Fig.
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<quantity id="4C955DA0FFA9FFA8FE44F96BFE4CF8F8" box="[420,450,1788,1814]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="g" value="2.0">2g</quantity>
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, i
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</figureCitation>
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). Head capsule with anterior clypeal margin laterally strongly expanded over eyes, medially emarginate, rounded or laterally truncate (
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<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFA9FFA8FD58F8B7FCA8F8D4" box="[696,806,1824,1850]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,184,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-20@8.[226,1360,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Diagnostic characters of Chilocorini: a–c. head: a. Chilocorus; b. Curinus; c. Brumoides; d–f. maxilla: d. Brumoides; e. Parexochomus; f. Chilocorus; g–j. antenna: g. Chilocorus; h. Brumoides; i. Parexochomus; j. Curinus; k. prosternum in Chilocorus; l–n. abdominal postcoxal line: l. Chilocorus; m. Brumoides; n. Curinus; o, p. legs with angulate tibia; q. coxite, Chilocorus; r. coxite, Brumoides; s. spermatheca, Brumoides; t. spermatheca, Chilocorus; u, v. tarsal claws: u. simple (Brumoides); v. appendiculate (Chilocorus); w. female genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208923/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3a–c</figureCitation>
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). Anterior margin of pronotum deeply and trapezoidally excavate, lateral margins strongly descending below; anterior angles usually strongly produced anteriorly. Elytra basally much broader than pronotum. Antennae short (7–10 segmented) (
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<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFA9FFA8FC32F8FFFBB3F86C" box="[978,1085,1896,1922]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,184,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-20@8.[226,1360,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Diagnostic characters of Chilocorini: a–c. head: a. Chilocorus; b. Curinus; c. Brumoides; d–f. maxilla: d. Brumoides; e. Parexochomus; f. Chilocorus; g–j. antenna: g. Chilocorus; h. Brumoides; i. Parexochomus; j. Curinus; k. prosternum in Chilocorus; l–n. abdominal postcoxal line: l. Chilocorus; m. Brumoides; n. Curinus; o, p. legs with angulate tibia; q. coxite, Chilocorus; r. coxite, Brumoides; s. spermatheca, Brumoides; t. spermatheca, Chilocorus; u, v. tarsal claws: u. simple (Brumoides); v. appendiculate (Chilocorus); w. female genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208923/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Fig.
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<quantity id="4C955DA0FFA9FFA8FBE8F8FFFBAAF86C" box="[1032,1060,1896,1922]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="g" value="3.0">3g</quantity>
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–j
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</figureCitation>
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), shorter than half the width of head; antennal insertions hidden and broadly separated. Terminal maxillary palpomere (
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<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFA9FFA8FB67F81BFB7CF848" box="[1159,1266,1932,1958]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,184,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-20@8.[226,1360,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Diagnostic characters of Chilocorini: a–c. head: a. Chilocorus; b. Curinus; c. Brumoides; d–f. maxilla: d. Brumoides; e. Parexochomus; f. Chilocorus; g–j. antenna: g. Chilocorus; h. Brumoides; i. Parexochomus; j. Curinus; k. prosternum in Chilocorus; l–n. abdominal postcoxal line: l. Chilocorus; m. Brumoides; n. Curinus; o, p. legs with angulate tibia; q. coxite, Chilocorus; r. coxite, Brumoides; s. spermatheca, Brumoides; t. spermatheca, Chilocorus; u, v. tarsal claws: u. simple (Brumoides); v. appendiculate (Chilocorus); w. female genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208923/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3d–f</figureCitation>
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) parallel-sided and apically obliquely transverse or securiform or elongate, slender, subcylindrical to tapered with oblique apex, or somewhat swollen with subtruncate apex. Prosternal intercoxal process without carinae (
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<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFA9FFA8FB99F843FB43F800" box="[1145,1229,2004,2030]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,184,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-20@8.[226,1360,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Diagnostic characters of Chilocorini: a–c. head: a. Chilocorus; b. Curinus; c. Brumoides; d–f. maxilla: d. Brumoides; e. Parexochomus; f. Chilocorus; g–j. antenna: g. Chilocorus; h. Brumoides; i. Parexochomus; j. Curinus; k. prosternum in Chilocorus; l–n. abdominal postcoxal line: l. Chilocorus; m. Brumoides; n. Curinus; o, p. legs with angulate tibia; q. coxite, Chilocorus; r. coxite, Brumoides; s. spermatheca, Brumoides; t. spermatheca, Chilocorus; u, v. tarsal claws: u. simple (Brumoides); v. appendiculate (Chilocorus); w. female genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208923/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3k</figureCitation>
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). Elytral epipleura broad, sometimes strongly descending externally with inner carina reaching elytral apex or not. Legs often with strongly angulate tibiae; tarsal formula 4–4–4 (
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<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFAAFFABFD47FF2CFC98FF3B" box="[679,790,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,184,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-20@8.[226,1360,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Diagnostic characters of Chilocorini: a–c. head: a. Chilocorus; b. Curinus; c. Brumoides; d–f. maxilla: d. Brumoides; e. Parexochomus; f. Chilocorus; g–j. antenna: g. Chilocorus; h. Brumoides; i. Parexochomus; j. Curinus; k. prosternum in Chilocorus; l–n. abdominal postcoxal line: l. Chilocorus; m. Brumoides; n. Curinus; o, p. legs with angulate tibia; q. coxite, Chilocorus; r. coxite, Brumoides; s. spermatheca, Brumoides; t. spermatheca, Chilocorus; u, v. tarsal claws: u. simple (Brumoides); v. appendiculate (Chilocorus); w. female genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208923/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3o, p</figureCitation>
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); tarsal claws simple (
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<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFAAFFABFBF1FF2CFBECFF3B" box="[1041,1122,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,184,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-20@8.[226,1360,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Diagnostic characters of Chilocorini: a–c. head: a. Chilocorus; b. Curinus; c. Brumoides; d–f. maxilla: d. Brumoides; e. Parexochomus; f. Chilocorus; g–j. antenna: g. Chilocorus; h. Brumoides; i. Parexochomus; j. Curinus; k. prosternum in Chilocorus; l–n. abdominal postcoxal line: l. Chilocorus; m. Brumoides; n. Curinus; o, p. legs with angulate tibia; q. coxite, Chilocorus; r. coxite, Brumoides; s. spermatheca, Brumoides; t. spermatheca, Chilocorus; u, v. tarsal claws: u. simple (Brumoides); v. appendiculate (Chilocorus); w. female genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208923/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3u</figureCitation>
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) or appendiculate (
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<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFAAFFABFADBFF2CFA01FF3B" box="[1339,1423,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,184,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-20@8.[226,1360,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Diagnostic characters of Chilocorini: a–c. head: a. Chilocorus; b. Curinus; c. Brumoides; d–f. maxilla: d. Brumoides; e. Parexochomus; f. Chilocorus; g–j. antenna: g. Chilocorus; h. Brumoides; i. Parexochomus; j. Curinus; k. prosternum in Chilocorus; l–n. abdominal postcoxal line: l. Chilocorus; m. Brumoides; n. Curinus; o, p. legs with angulate tibia; q. coxite, Chilocorus; r. coxite, Brumoides; s. spermatheca, Brumoides; t. spermatheca, Chilocorus; u, v. tarsal claws: u. simple (Brumoides); v. appendiculate (Chilocorus); w. female genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208923/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3v</figureCitation>
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). Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete (
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<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFAAFFABFDAEFF48FD39FF17" box="[590,695,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,184,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-20@8.[226,1360,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Diagnostic characters of Chilocorini: a–c. head: a. Chilocorus; b. Curinus; c. Brumoides; d–f. maxilla: d. Brumoides; e. Parexochomus; f. Chilocorus; g–j. antenna: g. Chilocorus; h. Brumoides; i. Parexochomus; j. Curinus; k. prosternum in Chilocorus; l–n. abdominal postcoxal line: l. Chilocorus; m. Brumoides; n. Curinus; o, p. legs with angulate tibia; q. coxite, Chilocorus; r. coxite, Brumoides; s. spermatheca, Brumoides; t. spermatheca, Chilocorus; u, v. tarsal claws: u. simple (Brumoides); v. appendiculate (Chilocorus); w. female genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208923/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3l, n</figureCitation>
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) or complete (
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<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFAAFFABFCBCFF48FC37FF17" box="[860,953,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,184,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-20@8.[226,1360,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Diagnostic characters of Chilocorini: a–c. head: a. Chilocorus; b. Curinus; c. Brumoides; d–f. maxilla: d. Brumoides; e. Parexochomus; f. Chilocorus; g–j. antenna: g. Chilocorus; h. Brumoides; i. Parexochomus; j. Curinus; k. prosternum in Chilocorus; l–n. abdominal postcoxal line: l. Chilocorus; m. Brumoides; n. Curinus; o, p. legs with angulate tibia; q. coxite, Chilocorus; r. coxite, Brumoides; s. spermatheca, Brumoides; t. spermatheca, Chilocorus; u, v. tarsal claws: u. simple (Brumoides); v. appendiculate (Chilocorus); w. female genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208923/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Fig.
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</figureCitation>
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). Female genitalia with elongate triangular or transverse coxites (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFAAFFABFE6AFE94FE7CFEF3" box="[394,498,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,184,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-20@8.[226,1360,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Diagnostic characters of Chilocorini: a–c. head: a. Chilocorus; b. Curinus; c. Brumoides; d–f. maxilla: d. Brumoides; e. Parexochomus; f. Chilocorus; g–j. antenna: g. Chilocorus; h. Brumoides; i. Parexochomus; j. Curinus; k. prosternum in Chilocorus; l–n. abdominal postcoxal line: l. Chilocorus; m. Brumoides; n. Curinus; o, p. legs with angulate tibia; q. coxite, Chilocorus; r. coxite, Brumoides; s. spermatheca, Brumoides; t. spermatheca, Chilocorus; u, v. tarsal claws: u. simple (Brumoides); v. appendiculate (Chilocorus); w. female genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208923/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3q, r</figureCitation>
|
||
); spermatheca with (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFAAFFABFD38FE94FCACFEF3" box="[728,802,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,184,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-20@8.[226,1360,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Diagnostic characters of Chilocorini: a–c. head: a. Chilocorus; b. Curinus; c. Brumoides; d–f. maxilla: d. Brumoides; e. Parexochomus; f. Chilocorus; g–j. antenna: g. Chilocorus; h. Brumoides; i. Parexochomus; j. Curinus; k. prosternum in Chilocorus; l–n. abdominal postcoxal line: l. Chilocorus; m. Brumoides; n. Curinus; o, p. legs with angulate tibia; q. coxite, Chilocorus; r. coxite, Brumoides; s. spermatheca, Brumoides; t. spermatheca, Chilocorus; u, v. tarsal claws: u. simple (Brumoides); v. appendiculate (Chilocorus); w. female genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208923/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="4C955DA0FFAAFFABFCECFE94FCACFEF3" box="[780,802,259,285]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="t" value="3.0">3t</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) or without (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFAAFFABFC52FE94FBAEFEF3" box="[946,1056,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,184,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-20@8.[226,1360,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Diagnostic characters of Chilocorini: a–c. head: a. Chilocorus; b. Curinus; c. Brumoides; d–f. maxilla: d. Brumoides; e. Parexochomus; f. Chilocorus; g–j. antenna: g. Chilocorus; h. Brumoides; i. Parexochomus; j. Curinus; k. prosternum in Chilocorus; l–n. abdominal postcoxal line: l. Chilocorus; m. Brumoides; n. Curinus; o, p. legs with angulate tibia; q. coxite, Chilocorus; r. coxite, Brumoides; s. spermatheca, Brumoides; t. spermatheca, Chilocorus; u, v. tarsal claws: u. simple (Brumoides); v. appendiculate (Chilocorus); w. female genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208923/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3s, w</figureCitation>
|
||
) a membranous, beak-like projection at apex; sperm duct between bursa copulatrix and spermatheca most often composed of two or three parts of different diameters (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFAAFFABFE9AFEDCFE5AFE8B" box="[378,468,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,184,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-20@8.[226,1360,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Diagnostic characters of Chilocorini: a–c. head: a. Chilocorus; b. Curinus; c. Brumoides; d–f. maxilla: d. Brumoides; e. Parexochomus; f. Chilocorus; g–j. antenna: g. Chilocorus; h. Brumoides; i. Parexochomus; j. Curinus; k. prosternum in Chilocorus; l–n. abdominal postcoxal line: l. Chilocorus; m. Brumoides; n. Curinus; o, p. legs with angulate tibia; q. coxite, Chilocorus; r. coxite, Brumoides; s. spermatheca, Brumoides; t. spermatheca, Chilocorus; u, v. tarsal claws: u. simple (Brumoides); v. appendiculate (Chilocorus); w. female genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208923/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3w</figureCitation>
|
||
); infundibulum present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFAAFFABFD09FEDCFCCEFE8B" box="[745,832,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,184,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-20@8.[226,1360,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Diagnostic characters of Chilocorini: a–c. head: a. Chilocorus; b. Curinus; c. Brumoides; d–f. maxilla: d. Brumoides; e. Parexochomus; f. Chilocorus; g–j. antenna: g. Chilocorus; h. Brumoides; i. Parexochomus; j. Curinus; k. prosternum in Chilocorus; l–n. abdominal postcoxal line: l. Chilocorus; m. Brumoides; n. Curinus; o, p. legs with angulate tibia; q. coxite, Chilocorus; r. coxite, Brumoides; s. spermatheca, Brumoides; t. spermatheca, Chilocorus; u, v. tarsal claws: u. simple (Brumoides); v. appendiculate (Chilocorus); w. female genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208923/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3w</figureCitation>
|
||
) or absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C377A3CEFFAAFFABFF77FE20FF6FFC26" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD2F045FFAAFFABFF77FE20FEE6FE3F" blockId="6.[151,360,439,465]" box="[151,360,439,465]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFAAFFABFF77FE20FEE6FE3F" bold="true" box="[151,360,439,465]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Immature stages</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD2F045FFAAFFABFF77FE68FE42FD6B" blockId="6.[151,1437,510,1401]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFAAFFABFF77FE68FF43FDF7" bold="true" box="[151,205,511,537]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Egg.</emphasis>
|
||
Eggs elongate oval to somewhat cylindrical, chorion with distinct microsculpture in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFB65FE68FA8FFDF7" box="[1157,1281,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFAAFFABFB65FE68FA8FFDF7" box="[1157,1281,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Chilocorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFAAFFABFAF0FE68FAEBFDF7" box="[1296,1381,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[186,1400,181,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-15@9.[186,1400,181,1918]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Chilocorini, life stages: a. egg of Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius); b. egg of Brumoides suturalis (Fabricius); c–e. eggs of C. nigrita laid on prepupa and larva; f. larva of Chilocorus circumdatus (Gyllenhal); g. larva of Brumoides suturalis; h. pupa of B. suturalis; i. pupa of C. circumdatus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208925/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 4a</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFAAFFABFA91FE69FA00FDF7" box="[1393,1422,510,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1950,1974]" captionTargetBox="[236,1364,168,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-43@10.[236,1364,168,1907]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Life stages of Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius): a. eggs; b. early stage larva; c–e. mature larva; f. prepupa; g. pupa; h. adult." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208927/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">5a</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFF77FDB4FE9EFDD3" box="[151,272,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Brumoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFAAFFABFF77FDB4FE9EFDD3" box="[151,272,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Brumoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFAAFFABFEC2FDB4FEF6FDD3" box="[290,376,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[186,1400,181,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-15@9.[186,1400,181,1918]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Chilocorini, life stages: a. egg of Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius); b. egg of Brumoides suturalis (Fabricius); c–e. eggs of C. nigrita laid on prepupa and larva; f. larva of Chilocorus circumdatus (Gyllenhal); g. larva of Brumoides suturalis; h. pupa of B. suturalis; i. pupa of C. circumdatus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208925/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4b</figureCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFE20FDB4FD20FDD2" authority="Kovar." authorityName="Kovar." box="[448,686,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Priscibrumus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFAAFFABFE20FDB4FDD9FDD3" box="[448,599,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Priscibrumus</emphasis>
|
||
Kovář.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Eggs laid singly or in small groups on or in the vicinity of prey.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFF77FDD0FEC6FD8F" box="[151,328,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFAAFFABFF77FDD0FE9DFD8F" box="[151,275,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Chilocorus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a characteristic and peculiar habit of laying eggs on sibling larvae, pupae, and exuviae besides the host colony (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFAAFFABFEB2FDFCFE31FD6B" box="[338,447,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[186,1400,181,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-15@9.[186,1400,181,1918]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Chilocorini, life stages: a. egg of Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius); b. egg of Brumoides suturalis (Fabricius); c–e. eggs of C. nigrita laid on prepupa and larva; f. larva of Chilocorus circumdatus (Gyllenhal); g. larva of Brumoides suturalis; h. pupa of B. suturalis; i. pupa of C. circumdatus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208925/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4c–e</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD2F045FFAAFFABFF27FD18FE2BFCFB" blockId="6.[151,1437,510,1401]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFAAFFABFF27FD18FE9EFD47" bold="true" box="[199,272,655,681]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Larva</emphasis>
|
||
. Larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFE78FD18FD96FD47" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1846" box="[408,536,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chilocorini">Chilocorini</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a nearly cylindrical or broadly fusiform body with the dorsal and lateral surfaces covered with setose projections (“senti”) or prominent parascoli (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFAAFFABFC38FD24FBC6FD23" box="[984,1096,691,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[186,1400,181,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-15@9.[186,1400,181,1918]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Chilocorini, life stages: a. egg of Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius); b. egg of Brumoides suturalis (Fabricius); c–e. eggs of C. nigrita laid on prepupa and larva; f. larva of Chilocorus circumdatus (Gyllenhal); g. larva of Brumoides suturalis; h. pupa of B. suturalis; i. pupa of C. circumdatus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208925/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 4f, g</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFAAFFABFBB4FD25FB01FD23" box="[1108,1167,690,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1950,1974]" captionTargetBox="[236,1364,168,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-43@10.[236,1364,168,1907]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Life stages of Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius): a. eggs; b. early stage larva; c–e. mature larva; f. prepupa; g. pupa; h. adult." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208927/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">5b–e</figureCitation>
|
||
). After completing their development, the mature larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFDFFFD40FD2FFD1F" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1846" box="[543,673,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chilocorini">Chilocorini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, particularly armoured-scale feeders, pass 1–2 days in an immobile, prepupal stage (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFAAFFABFEA9FD6CFE17FCFB" box="[329,409,762,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1950,1974]" captionTargetBox="[236,1364,168,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-43@10.[236,1364,168,1907]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Life stages of Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius): a. eggs; b. early stage larva; c–e. mature larva; f. prepupa; g. pupa; h. adult." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208927/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 5f</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD2F045FFAAFFABFF27FC88FF6FFC26" blockId="6.[151,1437,510,1401]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFAAFFABFF27FC88FE8BFCD7" bold="true" box="[199,261,799,825]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
. Pupae are exarate and enclosed in longitudinally and medially split open larval exuvium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFAAFFABFB18FC88FAEAFCD7" box="[1272,1380,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[186,1400,181,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-15@9.[186,1400,181,1918]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Chilocorini, life stages: a. egg of Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius); b. egg of Brumoides suturalis (Fabricius); c–e. eggs of C. nigrita laid on prepupa and larva; f. larva of Chilocorus circumdatus (Gyllenhal); g. larva of Brumoides suturalis; h. pupa of B. suturalis; i. pupa of C. circumdatus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208925/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 4h, i</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFAAFFABFA90FC89FA01FCD7" box="[1392,1423,798,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1950,1974]" captionTargetBox="[236,1364,168,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-43@10.[236,1364,168,1907]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Life stages of Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius): a. eggs; b. early stage larva; c–e. mature larva; f. prepupa; g. pupa; h. adult." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208927/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<quantity id="4C955DA0FFAAFFABFA90FC89FA01FCD7" box="[1392,1423,798,825]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="g" value="5.0">5g</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). In many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFF1DFCD4FE3CFCB3" box="[253,434,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFAAFFABFF1DFCD4FEF7FCB3" box="[253,377,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Chilocorus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, larvae congregate in small or large clusters on the lower side of branches or on the tree trunk for pupation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFAAFFABFE91FCF0FDE8FC6F" author="Drea, J. J. & Gordon, R. D." box="[369,614,871,897]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="19 - 40" refId="ref34172" refString="Drea, J. J. & Gordon, R. D. (1990) Predators. Coccinellidae. In: Rosen, D. (Ed.), The Armored Scale Insects, their Biology, Natural Enemies, and Control. Vol. B. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Amsterdam, pp. 19 - 40." type="book chapter" year="1990">Drea & Gordon 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is common to see large congregations of pupae in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFB23FCF0FAECFC6F" box="[1219,1378,871,897]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Indian species</taxonomicName>
|
||
such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFF55FC1CFDC4FC4B" authority="(Gyllenhal)" baseAuthorityName="Gyllenhal" box="[181,586,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="circumdatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFAAFFABFF55FC1CFE4FFC4B" box="[181,449,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Chilocorus circumdatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Gyllenhal)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFAAFFABFDB8FC1CFD4DFC4B" box="[600,707,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1944,1968]" captionTargetBox="[202,1385,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-15@11.[202,1385,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Pupal aggregation in Chilocorus spp.: a, b. Chilocorus circumdatus (Gyllenhal) (Credit: a. S. Karthikeyan; b. K. Chozhan); c, d. Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208929/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 6a, b</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFD39FC1CFCCBFC4A" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[729,837,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrita">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFAAFFABFD39FC1CFCCBFC4A" box="[729,837,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">C. nigrita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFAAFFABFCB4FC1CFC31FC4B" box="[852,959,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1944,1968]" captionTargetBox="[202,1385,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-15@11.[202,1385,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Pupal aggregation in Chilocorus spp.: a, b. Chilocorus circumdatus (Gyllenhal) (Credit: a. S. Karthikeyan; b. K. Chozhan); c, d. Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208929/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 6c, d</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFC1DFC1CFB62FC4B" authority="Mulsant" authorityName="Mulsant" box="[1021,1260,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="infernalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFAAFFABFC1DFC1CFB07FC4B" box="[1021,1161,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">C. infernalis</emphasis>
|
||
Mulsant
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on various host plants.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C377A3CEFFAAFFABFF27FC45FADFFA97" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD2F045FFAAFFABFF27FC45FADFFA97" blockId="6.[151,1437,510,1401]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFAAFFABFF27FC45FEA9FC02" bold="true" box="[199,295,978,1004]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
Members of the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFDFCFC44FD12FC03" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1846" box="[540,668,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chilocorini">Chilocorini</taxonomicName>
|
||
are widely considered as specialized scale feeders but appear to have a broad range of prey associations not commonly known or studied. Species belonging to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFAC0FC60FA12FBFF" box="[1312,1436,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFAAFFABFAC0FC60FA12FBFF" box="[1312,1436,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Chilocorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are scale feeders, particularly on the families
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFD47FB8CFCA3FBDB" box="[679,813,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diaspididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(hard or armoured scales) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFAAFFABFB91FB8CFB6EFBDB" box="[1137,1248,1051,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1658,1682]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1634]" captionTargetId="figure-20@12.[152,1436,181,1634]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Chilocorini feeding on various prey: a, b. Chilocorus nigrita feeding on Aspidiotus destructor; c. Chilocorus circumdatus feeding on Chrysomphalus aonidum; d. Brumoides suturalis larva feeding on mealybugs; e, f. Chilocorus nigrita larva feeding on woolly whitefly." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208931/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 7a–c</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFB17FB8CFAD1FBDB" box="[1271,1375,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Coccidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(soft scales) and also
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFEB1FBA8FD8AFBB7" box="[337,516,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudococcidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(mealybugs), and rarely on whiteflies (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFAAFFABFC22FBA8FBA2FBB7" box="[962,1068,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1658,1682]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1634]" captionTargetId="figure-20@12.[152,1436,181,1634]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Chilocorini feeding on various prey: a, b. Chilocorus nigrita feeding on Aspidiotus destructor; c. Chilocorus circumdatus feeding on Chrysomphalus aonidum; d. Brumoides suturalis larva feeding on mealybugs; e, f. Chilocorus nigrita larva feeding on woolly whitefly." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208931/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 7e, f</figureCitation>
|
||
) and aphids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFAAFFABFB24FBA8FACEFBB7" author="Devi, S. S." box="[1220,1344,1087,1113]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref33916" refString="Devi, S. S. (1989) Studies on the taxonomy and biology of aphidophagous coccinellids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of Manipur and Nagaland. Doctoral Thesis, Manipur University, Canchipur, 233 pp." type="book" year="1989">Devi 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFAB5FBA8FA13FBB7" box="[1365,1437,1087,1113]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Indian" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="108" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indian</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFF77FBF4FEE4FB93" box="[151,362,1123,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFAAFFABFF77FBF4FE9EFB93" box="[151,272,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Brumoides</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFE2BFBF4FD42FB93" authority="(Fabricius)" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1798" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[459,716,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Brumoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suturalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFAAFFABFE2BFBF4FDC5FB93" box="[459,587,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B. suturalis</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFCE0FBF4FC5CFB93" authority="(Weise)" baseAuthorityName="Weise" box="[768,978,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Brumoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFAAFFABFCE0FBF4FCF9FB93" box="[768,887,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B. lineatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Weise)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, appear to be more commonly associated with mealybugs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFAAFFABFEBBFB10FE3EFB4F" box="[347,432,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1658,1682]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1634]" captionTargetId="figure-20@12.[152,1436,181,1634]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Chilocorini feeding on various prey: a, b. Chilocorus nigrita feeding on Aspidiotus destructor; c. Chilocorus circumdatus feeding on Chrysomphalus aonidum; d. Brumoides suturalis larva feeding on mealybugs; e, f. Chilocorus nigrita larva feeding on woolly whitefly." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208931/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 7d</figureCitation>
|
||
), whiteflies and also aphids, rather than scale insects (personal observations, label data).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFF77FB3CFEF5FB2B" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1798" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[151,379,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Brumoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suturalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFAAFFABFF77FB3CFEF5FB2B" box="[151,379,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Brumoides suturalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known to feed on mites, psyllids, whitefly eggs and nymphs, aphids, scale insects, mealybugs and leafhopper eggs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFAAFFABFE20FB58FD37FB07" author="Rahman, K. & Nath, R." box="[448,697,1231,1257]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="179 - 190" refId="ref39506" refString="Rahman, K. & Nath, R. (1940) Bionomics and control of the Indian sugar-cane leaf-hopper, Pyrilla perpusilla, Wlk. (Rhynchota, Fulg.) in the Punjab. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 31 (2), 179 - 190. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300004958" type="journal article" year="1940">Rahman & Nath 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFAAFFABFD24FB58FCC5FB07" author="Kapur, A. P." box="[708,843,1231,1257]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="49 - 66" refId="ref36314" refString="Kapur, A. P. (1942) Bionomics of some Coccinellidae predaceous on aphids and coccids in north India. Indian Journal of Entomology, 4, 49 - 66." type="journal article" year="1942">Kapur 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFAAFFABFCB6FB58FB98FB07" author="Inayatullah C." box="[854,1046,1231,1257]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="279 - 282" refId="ref35686" refString="Inayatullah C. (1984) Sugarcane aleurodids, Aleurolobus barodensis (Maskell) and Neomaskellia andropogonis Corbett (Hom.: Aleyrodidae), and their natural enemies in Pakistan. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 5, 279 - 282. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1742758400001570" type="journal article" year="1984">Inayatullah 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFAAFFABFBC9FB58FB31FB07" author="Kapur, A. P." box="[1065,1215,1231,1257]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="49 - 66" refId="ref36314" refString="Kapur, A. P. (1942) Bionomics of some Coccinellidae predaceous on aphids and coccids in north India. Indian Journal of Entomology, 4, 49 - 66." type="journal article" year="1942">Kapur (1942)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also reported it as a pollen feeder on some grasses.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFE12FB64FDB4FAE3" box="[498,570,1267,1293]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Indian" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="108" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indian</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFDA0FB64FC82FAE3" box="[576,780,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Priscibrumus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFAAFFABFDA0FB64FD59FAE3" box="[576,727,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Priscibrumus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFC8AFB64FBF6FAE3" authority="(Mulsant)" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1853" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[874,1144,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Priscibrumus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uropygialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFAAFFABFC8AFB64FB8AFAE3" box="[874,1028,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. uropygialis</emphasis>
|
||
(Mulsant)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFB4DFB64FA13FAE3" authority="(Gorham)" baseAuthorityName="Gorham" box="[1197,1437,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Priscibrumus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lituratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFAAFFABFB4DFB64FAA9FAE3" box="[1197,1319,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. lituratus</emphasis>
|
||
(Gorham)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
widely feed on adelgids (Aphidoidea:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFDA5FA80FD34FADF" box="[581,698,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Adelgidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Adelgidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFAAFFABFD30FA80FC7CFADF" author="Nagarkatti, S. & Ghani, M. A." box="[720,1010,1303,1329]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="58 - 88" refId="ref38656" refString="Nagarkatti, S. & Ghani, M. A. (1972) Ecology and biology of predators. Coleoptera: Coccinellidae. In: Rao, V. P. & Ghani, M. A. (Eds.). Studies on predators of Adelges spp. in the Himalayas. Miscellaneous Publication No. 3. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Indian Station, pp. 58 - 88." type="book chapter" year="1972">Nagarkatti & Ghani 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and have been introduced in parts of North America for biological control of adelgids without success (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFAAFFABFC92FAACFB0DFABB" author="Mitchell, R. G. & Wright, K. H." box="[882,1155,1339,1365]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="140 - 147" refId="ref38234" refString="Mitchell, R. G. & Wright, K. H. (1967) Foreign predator introductions for control of the balsam woolly aphid in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Economic Entomology, 60, 140 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jee / 60.1.140" type="journal article" year="1967">Mitchell & Wright 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFAAFFABFB6EFAACFAA7FABB" author="Clausen, C. P." box="[1166,1321,1339,1365]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="49 - 55" refId="ref33694" refString="Clausen, C. P. (1978) Chermidae, pp. 49 - 55. In: Clausen, C. P. (Ed) Introduced parasites and predators of arthropod pests and weeds: a world review. Agriculture Handbook No. 480. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., 545 pp." type="book chapter" year="1978">Clausen 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFAAFFABFAD4FAACFE9CFA97" author="Schooley, H. O. & Harris, J. W. E. & Pendrel, B." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="229 - 234" refId="ref40247" refString="Schooley, H. O., Harris, J. W. E. & Pendrel, B. (1984) Adelges piceae (Ratz.), balsam woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae). In: Kelleher, J. S. & Hulme, M. A. (Eds.), Biological control programmes against insects and weeds in Canada 1969 - 1980. Technical Communication No. 8. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Slough, pp. 229 - 234." type="book chapter" year="1984">
|
||
Schooley
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFAAFFABFF77FAC8FF46FA97" box="[151,200,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1984
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFAAFFABFE40FAC8FD36FA97" authority="Barovsky" authorityName="Barovsky" box="[416,696,1375,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Parexochomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFAAFFABFE40FAC8FDCBFA97" box="[416,581,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Parexochomus</emphasis>
|
||
Barovsky
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feed on aphids, whiteflies, psyllids, mites, etc. (label data).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |