249 lines
26 KiB
XML
249 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="B0EE4503A306F21E87B95F3D609FD9B2" ID-CLB-Dataset="298245" ID-DOI="10.1653/024.098.0306" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5fc97908-a6ad-47a3-8a9c-d61acba06911" ID-ISSN="1938-5102" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11494068" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1717619974843" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Planes, Laura, Catalán, Jose, Jaques, Josep A., Urbaneja, Alberto & Tena, Alejandro" docDate="2015" docId="03F8C135FFFC4168FF5DFD05FA4BBCCF" docLanguage="en" docName="FlaEntomol.98.3.848-855.pdf" docOrigin="Florida Entomologist 98 (3)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1653/024.098.0306" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C0CD22107794FB65089F701CBA118AA5.2:FlaEntomol.2015-.journal_article" docStyleId="C0CD22107794FB65089F701CBA118AA5" docStyleName="FlaEntomol.2015-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Pezothrips kellyanus" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" masterDocId="FFC1B94DFFF8416DFFCDFFFFFFD0BD48" masterDocTitle="Pezothrips kellyanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) nymphs on orange fruit: importance of the second generation for its management" masterLastPageNumber="848" masterPageNumber="848" pageNumber="848" updateTime="1718026605222" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="6C12BAA10DFE82BC7F0228406FD284A6">
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<mods:title id="B06E53D7F55569D295A48439D18D445E">Pezothrips kellyanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) nymphs on orange fruit: importance of the second generation for its management</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="516C6EA0636A364D76CAA0DCE69D363F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="26B0276F426EA88043B5FBBD5135ECE5">Planes, Laura</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8B86F7356D4DDFDE9276E257F7155A7A">Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, IVIA; Unidad Asociada de Entomología UJI-IVIA. Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología; Ctra. de Moncada a Náquera km 4.5; E- 46113, Moncada, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="033D7713C75D80252A16561D4A31D589">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="CBDA73AE11F0F11FD4317D93F5C30016">Catalán, Jose</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="49CBA175E7AAE0E55969696940C989C8">Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, IVIA; Unidad Asociada de Entomología UJI-IVIA. Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología; Ctra. de Moncada a Náquera km 4.5; E- 46113, Moncada, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="DF77D408B2FE08517B00B3CFBDF88424" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="4AA1AACCC242B2C8B9DE7BBF75371191">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="0588A387D724E1CEF26C1989992374D3">Jaques, Josep A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="79EAD535E98FDCC919F1FE4768ABF83A">Universitat Jaume I, UJI; Unitat Associada d’Entomologia UJI-IVIA; Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural; Campus del Riu Sec; E- 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="53EDD1C54094CB4DF41ACFB0CDD81958" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="FEE4C413C511C40E056943C67BCB0B3A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="A9EC9CCE3C5F833A5B183B102FD56507">Urbaneja, Alberto</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="EE9A55E55F40CA2F55F467ED1C5EFFA1">Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, IVIA; Unidad Asociada de Entomología UJI-IVIA. Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología; Ctra. de Moncada a Náquera km 4.5; E- 46113, Moncada, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="8BB8EBBB41BFB1EB98DFACDD626163A8">Tena, Alejandro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A62B3AC6A1B7CEB46730151C481B605E">Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, IVIA; Unidad Asociada de Entomología UJI-IVIA. Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología; Ctra. de Moncada a Náquera km 4.5; E- 46113, Moncada, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="DAC97546FA3756A28A6C94E54DBF4EAD" type="email">atena@ivia.es</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="62F1213AE33ED886ED36BDC96B49C7E6">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="555AF17E1895831C203EDF86187490A4">
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<mods:title id="4D985941A4B420820D67BDAE0D5EC330">Florida Entomologist</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="3CE6D2051A2BA28270344C22C64346CB">
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<mods:date id="9AD69AF482D87A19ED4604609EAE7F15">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="5C66DAEB45B03B3A0B39511A364DE1AF" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="8EA5B2E2D4608CF309941922076A3E62">2015-09-30</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="2CE2EE2C45C9235FAD4966E0150944EF" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="292EE091FA3EE8365C237A768126A886">98</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="ED46407867937F17E3D476FCB0CF8D14" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="912091B5145D22D0748DC56CE10F7ECE">3</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="A3B403AD9AFB7141AA483A1FB4EC10BE" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="A9BF7BDB46451BA8FB24040851EA6333">848</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="6593E3F67AEF996884976F0815D03F50">848</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location id="9232B937AA13EB9AFC448CFBCDAB292B">
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<mods:url id="FB51488AFA5B38017CABEB619B48C624">http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1653/024.098.0306</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification id="C2F6F99C2EC3822C012795CD639A397B">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="34D2891892FD11E0A7CDC76FB5D1A53C" type="CLB-Dataset">298245</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="BE8F1890DECF26103B2AD865980FD20F" type="DOI">10.1653/024.098.0306</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="83A088CB13126C00190425B18BFF1C81" type="GBIF-Dataset">5fc97908-a6ad-47a3-8a9c-d61acba06911</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8A6BA98B4C2052634681ECF66AC32AD6" type="ISSN">1938-5102</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="AFC067FB66D0B8816567575E6CF59A7C" type="Zenodo-Dep">11494068</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03F8C135FFFC4168FF5DFD05FA4BBCCF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11547319" ID-GBIF-Taxon="232723741" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11547319" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F8C135FFFC4168FF5DFD05FA4BBCCF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F8C135FFFC4168FF5DFD05FA4BBCCF" lastPageId="5" pageId="4">
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<subSubSection id="C34B23A8FFFC4169FF5DFD05FD84BE58" box="[144,596,762,784]" pageId="4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEE7023FFFC4169FF5DFD05FD84BE58" blockId="4.[144,596,762,784]" box="[144,596,762,784]" pageId="4">
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<heading id="D0A6C74FFFFC4169FF5DFD05FD84BE58" box="[144,596,762,784]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="4" reason="9">
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EFFICACY AGAINST
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<taxonomicName id="4C510BA0FFFC4169FEAFFD05FE2ABE58" ID-CoL="4FJBS" authority="(Bagnall)" baseAuthorityName="Bagnall" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[354,506,762,784]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Pezothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kellyanus">
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<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FEAFFD05FE2ABE58" box="[354,506,762,784]" italics="true" pageId="4">P. KELLYANUS</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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ADULTS
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34B23A8FFFC4168FF79FCDAFA4BBCCF" lastPageId="5" pageId="4" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEE7023FFFC4169FF79FCDAFDA9B9FF" blockId="4.[144,825,805,1210]" pageId="4">
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Of the 2,275 adult thrips collected with the vacuum device in Tavernes, 1,951 (85.8%) were
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<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FE6EFCBCFDCCBE1F" box="[419,540,835,855]" italics="true" pageId="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C510BA0FFFC4169FE6EFCBCFDC9BE1F" box="[419,537,835,855]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Pezothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kellyanus">P. kellyanus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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The number of
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<taxonomicName id="4C510BA0FFFC4169FD0BFCBCFCE8BE1F" box="[710,824,835,855]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Pezothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kellyanus">
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<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FD0BFCBCFCE8BE1F" box="[710,824,835,855]" italics="true" pageId="4">P. kellyanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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adults captured 1 d before the treatments was similar among treatments (
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<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FF14FC82FF34BED9" box="[217,228,893,913]" italics="true" pageId="4">F</emphasis>
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<subScript id="17D57266FFFC4169FF29FC74FF2BBEDD" attach="left" box="[228,251,907,917]" fontSize="5" pageId="4">3,15</subScript>
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= 1.87;
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<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FE8AFC82FE83BED9" box="[327,339,893,913]" italics="true" pageId="4">P</emphasis>
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= 0.19) (
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<figureCitation id="136A6CA6FFFC4169FE68FC82FE08BED9" box="[421,472,893,913]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[156,184,1955,1973]" captionTargetBox="[147,822,1532,1926]" captionTargetId="figure-796@4.[144,824,1524,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Number of Pezothrips kellyanus adults collected with a vacuum device in a navel orchard located in Tavernes (mean ± SE). Trees were treated with chlorpyrifos, spinosad,or spirotetramat." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11494072" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11494072/files/figure.png" pageId="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). However, 2 d afer the treatments, the number of adults increased and became significantly greater in control plots and in plots treated with spirotetramat (
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<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FD6EFC47FD7EBE84" box="[675,686,952,972]" italics="true" pageId="4">F</emphasis>
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<subScript id="17D57266FFFC4169FD63FC39FD17BE98" attach="left" box="[686,711,966,976]" fontSize="5" pageId="4">3,15</subScript>
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= 8.59;
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<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FCD4FC47FCF5BE84" box="[793,805,952,972]" italics="true" pageId="4">P</emphasis>
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= 0.002) than in the other treatments. The efficacy of spinosad (89.4 ± 4.1 %, mean ± SE) and chlorpyrifos (86.5 ± 4.4 %) was high, and there were no significant differences between them (
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<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FDE7FBEFFDE5B96C" box="[554,565,1040,1060]" italics="true" pageId="4">F</emphasis>
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<subScript id="17D57266FFFC4169FDFBFBE1FD98B960" attach="left" box="[566,584,1054,1064]" fontSize="5" pageId="4">1, 7</subScript>
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= 0.22;
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<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FD54FBEFFD75B96C" box="[665,677,1040,1060]" italics="true" pageId="4">P</emphasis>
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= 0.65). Seven days afer the treatments, the numbers of captured adults remained significantly smaller than in the control only in the plots treated with spinosad (
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<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FF3FFB97FF2DB934" box="[242,253,1128,1148]" italics="true" pageId="4">F</emphasis>
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<subScript id="17D57266FFFC4169FF30FB89FEC4B9C8" attach="left" box="[253,276,1142,1152]" fontSize="5" pageId="4">3,15</subScript>
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= 5.33;
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<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FE93FB97FEBAB934" box="[350,362,1128,1148]" italics="true" pageId="4">P</emphasis>
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= 0.015). Fourteen days afer the treatment,the numbers of captured adults decreased in the control plots and were the same in all treated plots (
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<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FE60FB5CFE68B9FF" box="[429,440,1187,1207]" italics="true" pageId="4">F</emphasis>
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<subScript id="17D57266FFFC4169FE75FB4FFE00B9F2" attach="left" box="[440,464,1200,1210]" fontSize="5" pageId="4">3,15</subScript>
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= 0.68;
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<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FDD0FB5CFDF9B9FF" box="[541,553,1187,1207]" italics="true" pageId="4">P</emphasis>
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= 0.58).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF2E20ABFFFC4169FCA9FC21FAD1B918" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11494070" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11494070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11494070/files/figure.png" pageId="4" startId="4.[868,896,990,1008]" targetBox="[864,1529,200,951]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8BEE7023FFFC4169FCA9FC21FAD1B918" blockId="4.[856,1538,990,1104]" pageId="4">
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<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FCA9FC21FC49BEB8" bold="true" box="[868,921,990,1008]" pageId="4">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
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Percentage (mean ± SE) of fruits slightly and severely damaged by
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<taxonomicName id="4C510BA0FFFC4169FA28FC21FC22B940" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Pezothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kellyanus">
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<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FA28FC21FC22B940" italics="true" pageId="4">Pezothrips kellyanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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nymphs in every insecticide plot in orchards of Alzira (A) and Tavernes (B). Trees were treated with chlorpyrifos, spinosad, or spirotetramat. Different letters indicate significant differences (
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<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FB37FBD9FAD5B970" box="[1274,1285,1062,1080]" italics="true" pageId="4">P</emphasis>
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<0.05) between treatments (1-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc tests).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BEE7023FFFC4169FF5DFB17FF23B9B6" blockId="4.[144,243,1256,1278]" box="[144,243,1256,1278]" pageId="4">
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<heading id="D0A6C74FFFFC4169FF5DFB17FF23B9B6" box="[144,243,1256,1278]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="4" reason="9">DAMAGE</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE7023FFFC4169FF79FAECFBBCB9A4" blockId="4.[144,824,1299,1465]" lastBlockId="4.[856,1536,1152,1381]" pageId="4">
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In Alzira, the percentage of severely damaged fruits was significantly lower in the treated trees than in control trees (
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<figureCitation id="136A6CA6FFFC4169FDB1FACFFD14B80C" box="[636,708,1328,1348]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[868,896,990,1008]" captionTargetBox="[864,1529,200,951]" captionTargetId="figure-829@4.[856,1536,192,959]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Percentage (mean ± SE) of fruits slightly and severely damaged by Pezothrips kellyanus nymphs in every insecticide plot in orchards of Alzira (A) and Tavernes (B). Trees were treated with chlorpyrifos, spinosad, or spirotetramat. Different letters indicate significant differences (P <0.05) between treatments (1-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc tests)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11494070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11494070/files/figure.png" pageId="4">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
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), and it was significantly lower in trees treated with chlorpyrifos and spinosad than with spirotetramat (
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<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FE9CFA94FE8CB837" box="[337,348,1387,1407]" italics="true" pageId="4">F</emphasis>
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<subScript id="17D57266FFFC4169FE91FA87FEA4B8CA" attach="left" box="[348,372,1400,1410]" fontSize="5" pageId="4">3,34</subScript>
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= 13.85;
|
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<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FE06FA94FE07B837" box="[459,471,1387,1407]" italics="true" pageId="4">P</emphasis>
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<0.001). The efficacy of chlorpyrifos and spinosad was significantly higher than that of spirotetramat (
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<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FCD9FA77FCCFB8D4" box="[788,799,1416,1436]" italics="true" pageId="4">F</emphasis>
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<subScript id="17D57266FFFC4169FCD2FA69FCE8B8E8" attach="left" box="[799,824,1430,1440]" fontSize="5" pageId="4">2,25</subScript>
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= 5.53;
|
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<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FF1AFA5AFF33B8F1" box="[215,227,1445,1465]" italics="true" pageId="4">P</emphasis>
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= 0.01). The percentage of slightly damaged fruits was significantly lower for the trees treated with chlorpyrifos and spinosad than control and spirotetramat trees (
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<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FB6DFB62FB7BB9F9" box="[1184,1195,1181,1201]" italics="true" pageId="4">F</emphasis>
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<subScript id="17D57266FFFC4169FB61FB54FB15B9FD" attach="left" box="[1196,1221,1195,1205]" fontSize="5" pageId="4">3, 34</subScript>
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= 5.72;
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<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FAD7FB62FAF6B9F9" box="[1306,1318,1181,1201]" italics="true" pageId="4">P</emphasis>
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= 0.003). There were no significant differences between the efficacy of chlorpyrifos and spinosad (
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<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FC52FB27FC7AB9A4" box="[927,938,1240,1260]" italics="true" pageId="4">F</emphasis>
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<subScript id="17D57266FFFC4169FC67FB19FC12B9B8" attach="left" box="[938,962,1254,1264]" fontSize="5" pageId="4">1,16</subScript>
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= 1.81;
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<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FBDDFB27FBCCB9A4" box="[1040,1052,1240,1260]" italics="true" pageId="4">P</emphasis>
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= 0.22).
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE7023FFFC4169FCB1FB0AFABBB829" blockId="4.[856,1536,1152,1381]" pageId="4">
|
||
In Tavernes, however, the percentages of slightly and severely damaged fruits were high, and there were no significant differences among the 3 treatments and the control (slightly damaged:
|
||
<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FAAAFACFFAA2B80C" box="[1383,1394,1328,1348]" italics="true" pageId="4">F</emphasis>
|
||
<subScript id="17D57266FFFC4169FABFFAC1FA5BB800" attach="left" box="[1394,1419,1342,1352]" fontSize="5" pageId="4">3,15</subScript>
|
||
= 0.33;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FA2DFACFFA3CB80C" box="[1504,1516,1328,1348]" italics="true" pageId="4">P</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.09; severely damaged:
|
||
<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FB87FAB2FB85B829" box="[1098,1109,1357,1377]" italics="true" pageId="4">F</emphasis>
|
||
<subScript id="17D57266FFFC4169FB98FAA4FBBDB82D" attach="left" box="[1109,1133,1371,1381]" fontSize="5" pageId="4">3,15</subScript>
|
||
= 0.53;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FB77FAB2FB16B829" box="[1210,1222,1357,1377]" italics="true" pageId="4">P</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.67) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A6CA6FFFC4169FAD6FAB2FAB1B829" box="[1307,1377,1357,1377]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[868,896,990,1008]" captionTargetBox="[864,1529,200,951]" captionTargetId="figure-829@4.[856,1536,192,959]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Percentage (mean ± SE) of fruits slightly and severely damaged by Pezothrips kellyanus nymphs in every insecticide plot in orchards of Alzira (A) and Tavernes (B). Trees were treated with chlorpyrifos, spinosad, or spirotetramat. Different letters indicate significant differences (P <0.05) between treatments (1-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc tests)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11494070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11494070/files/figure.png" pageId="4">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE7023FFFC4169FC95FA6DFC38B8E0" blockId="4.[856,1000,1426,1448]" box="[856,1000,1426,1448]" pageId="4">
|
||
<heading id="D0A6C74FFFFC4169FC95FA6DFC38B8E0" box="[856,1000,1426,1448]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="4" reason="9">SIDE EFFECTS</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE7023FFFC4169FCB1FA42FB01BB2C" blockId="4.[856,1537,1469,2017]" pageId="4">The numbers of phytoseiids per leaf were similar in all plots the day before treatments in Tavernes (Table 3). Their densities did not differ significantly the following days. However, the accumulated phytoseiidday values, used as an overall summary statistic, were significantly lower in the plots treated with spinosad and spirotetramat than in those untreated or treated with chlorpyrifos.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE7023FFFC4168FCB1F992FA4BBCCF" blockId="4.[856,1537,1469,2017]" lastBlockId="5.[808,1488,195,391]" lastPageId="5" pageId="4">
|
||
We captured and identified 1,740 natural enemies with the vacuum device (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D34598FFFC4169FC6FF974FC3DBBD7" box="[930,1005,1675,1695]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="6.[96,143,625,643]" captionTargetBox="[96,1912,681,1550]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 4. Side effects of insecticides used against Pezothrips kellyanus on natural enemies evaluated by total number of insects captured with a vacuum device per treatment and evaluation day." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2E20ABFFFE416BFFADFD8EF90ABFCB" pageId="4" tableUuid="DF2E20ABFFFE416BFFADFD8EF90ABFCB">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
). Hymenopteran parasitoids were the most abundant, in total 927 were collected, followed by neuropteran predators (286) and arachnid predators (241). In general, the total number of natural enemies captured was higher in untreated plots (control) than in the treated plots in the following days. There were no significant differences among treatments on day −1 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FB70F8E2FB18BA79" box="[1213,1224,1821,1841]" italics="true" pageId="4">F</emphasis>
|
||
<subScript id="17D57266FFFC4169FB05F8D4FB30BA7D" attach="left" box="[1224,1248,1835,1845]" fontSize="5" pageId="4">3,15</subScript>
|
||
= 0.85;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FAE3F8E2FAEABA79" box="[1326,1338,1821,1841]" italics="true" pageId="4">P</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.49), day 14 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FA10F8E2FA38BA79" box="[1501,1512,1821,1841]" italics="true" pageId="4">F</emphasis>
|
||
<subScript id="17D57266FFFC4169FA25F8D4F9D0BA7D" attach="left" box="[1512,1536,1835,1845]" fontSize="5" pageId="4">3,15</subScript>
|
||
= 0.50;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FC6DF8C4FC7CBA07" box="[928,940,1851,1871]" italics="true" pageId="4">P</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.69), and day 21 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FBB5F8C4FB53BA07" box="[1144,1155,1851,1871]" italics="true" pageId="4">F</emphasis>
|
||
<subScript id="17D57266FFFC4169FB4EF8B7FB4ABA1A" attach="left" box="[1155,1178,1864,1874]" fontSize="5" pageId="4">3,15</subScript>
|
||
= 0.85;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FB25F8C4FB24BA07" box="[1256,1268,1851,1871]" italics="true" pageId="4">P</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.49) in the total number of natural enemies captured. However, the total numbers of natural enemies captured in the plots treated with spinosad and chlorpyrifos were significantly smaller than in those untreated on day 2 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FA5AF86CFA72BAEF" box="[1431,1442,1939,1959]" italics="true" pageId="4">F</emphasis>
|
||
<subScript id="17D57266FFFC4169FA6FF85FFA6ABAE2" attach="left" box="[1442,1466,1952,1962]" fontSize="5" pageId="4">3,15</subScript>
|
||
= 6.27;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFC4169FC95F84FFCB4BA8C" box="[856,868,1968,1988]" italics="true" pageId="4">P</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.0084). Similarly, the total numbers of natural enemies captured in the plots treated with the 3 insecticides were significantly smaller than in those untreated on day 7 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFD4168FBA0FF3CFBA8BD9F" box="[1133,1144,195,215]" italics="true" pageId="5">F</emphasis>
|
||
<subScript id="17D57266FFFD4168FBB5FF2FFB5FBD92" attach="left" box="[1144,1167,208,218]" fontSize="5" pageId="5">3,15</subScript>
|
||
= 10.71;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFD4168FB2BFF3CFB22BD9F" box="[1254,1266,195,215]" italics="true" pageId="5">P</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.001). We could not determine the side effects of the insecticides on the main natural enemies of citrus, namely the hymenopteran parasitoids
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C510BA0FFFD4168FAF5FF02FCA2BC67" authority="DeBach" authorityName="DeBach" authorityYear="1959" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Aphytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFD4168FAF5FF02FA1FBC59" box="[1336,1487,253,273]" italics="true" pageId="5">Aphytis melinus</emphasis>
|
||
DeBach
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C510BA0FFFD4168FCB1FEE4FC28BC67" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1876" box="[892,1016,283,303]" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Aphelinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C510BA0FFFD4168FBC9FEE4FB1DBC67" authority="Howard" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1907" box="[1028,1229,283,303]" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Cales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="noacki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFD4168FBC9FEE4FBABBC67" box="[1028,1147,283,303]" italics="true" pageId="5">Cales noacki</emphasis>
|
||
Howard
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C510BA0FFFD4168FB1AFEE4FA9FBC67" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1876" box="[1239,1359,283,303]" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Aphelinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C510BA0FFFD4168FA92FEE4FB90BC04" authority="(Narayanan)" baseAuthorityName="Narayanan" baseAuthorityYear="1960" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Citrostichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phyllocnistoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFD4168FA92FEE4FC12BC04" italics="true" pageId="5">Citrostichus phyllocnistoides</emphasis>
|
||
(Narayanan)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C510BA0FFFD4168FB80FEC7FB11BC04" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1829" box="[1101,1217,312,332]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C510BA0FFFD4168FB31FEC7FA73BC04" box="[1276,1443,312,332]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Metaphycus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925AC31FFFD4168FB31FEC7FAA3BC04" box="[1276,1395,312,332]" italics="true" pageId="5">Metaphycus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C510BA0FFFD4168FA63FEC7FCA9BC21" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1837" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Encyrtidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the predators of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C510BA0FFFD4168FB7BFEAAFAEABC21" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1807" box="[1206,1338,341,361]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Coccinellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, because of the small numbers of specimens of these species collected (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D34598FFFD4168FA88FE8CFA5FBCCF" box="[1349,1423,371,391]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="6.[96,143,625,643]" captionTargetBox="[96,1912,681,1550]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 4. Side effects of insecticides used against Pezothrips kellyanus on natural enemies evaluated by total number of insects captured with a vacuum device per treatment and evaluation day." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2E20ABFFFE416BFFADFD8EF90ABFCB" pageId="5" tableUuid="DF2E20ABFFFE416BFFADFD8EF90ABFCB">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |