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<document id="D0FAB2D67867D567CDA4CCF3BE3D31CA" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3647.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="27588d64-7d90-48b4-ba54-4f668cb774c7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="28587" ID-ZooBank="41C6CFB2-1177-436E-A404-E611004FC2E0" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460604497357" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Schmidt, Chris" docDate="2013" docId="03BC87FE172CF61E4CC39E9FE2B8F978" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03647p250.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3647 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Ponerinae" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="212" masterDocId="FF85FF861724F6154C549877E373FFC5" masterDocTitle="Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)" masterLastPageNumber="250" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="209" updateTime="1698327799735" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="7B5CF9513010225F43728C802F4C3BF3">Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8141917F170953A26412EA0AB6503D0E">Schmidt, Chris</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="86DAEF400E611E49E1F9F020C1DA148F">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="17D0A164C9A643838B973E84772ADC9F" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3647.2.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03BC87FE172CF61E4CC39E9FE2B8F978" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6149846" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119567713" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6149846" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BC87FE172CF61E4CC39E9FE2B8F978" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC87FE172CF61E4CC39E9FE2B8F978" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="212" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
<subSubSection id="C30F6563172CF61E4CC39E9FE2B8F978" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="212" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BAA36E8172CF61D4CC39E9FE07BF8C7" blockId="8.[151,776,1768,1794]" box="[151,776,1768,1794]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
<heading id="D0E28184172CF61D4CC39E9FE07BF8C7" bold="true" box="[151,776,1768,1794]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172CF61D4CC39E9FE07BF8C7" bold="true" box="[151,776,1768,1794]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
Monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172CF61D4D199E9FE2BFF8C7" ID-CoL="K6Z" box="[333,460,1768,1794]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
and its tribes and genera
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36E8172CF61C4CC39F58E06BFE69" blockId="8.[151,1437,1839,2008]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,428]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="210" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
The monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172CF61D4D209F58E297F882" box="[372,484,1839,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
was strongly supported by analyses of the ALL_DATA matrix (BPP = 1.00, BS = 0.98;
<figureCitation id="132E2A6D172CF61D4C8E9F23E253F8A9" box="[218,288,1876,1900]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1509,1532]" captionTargetBox="[163,1432,184,1481]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,159,1492]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Consensus phylogeny of Ponerinae inferred by MrBayes analysis of ALL _ DATA matrix with CAD included for Harpegnathos, showing mean branch lengths. Most outgroups are not shown (the full tree including all outgroups is given in Supp. Fig. S 1). Genus groups within Ponerini are demarcated by branch color and by the labels on the right. Branches are colored for the crown groups of all genus groups except Harpegnathos, whose stem branch is also colored to ease visualization. Clade support is indicated by solid (MrBayes BPP = 1.00) and empty (0.95 &lt;BPP &lt;0.99) circles and solid (RAxML BS = 1.00) and empty (0.95 &lt;BS &lt;0.99) triangles. Pseudo.: Pseudoponera." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/399468/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
), confirming the results of previous molecular phylogenetic studies with more limited sampling of ponerine taxa (
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172CF61D4D1D9F0EE202F855" box="[329,369,1913,1936]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">e.g.</emphasis>
, Moreau
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172CF61D4DB39F0EE157F855" box="[487,548,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">et al.</emphasis>
, 2006; Brady
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172CF61D4E809F0EE062F855" box="[724,785,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">et al.</emphasis>
, 2006) and confirming predictions from morphological evidence. In his morphological synopsis of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172CF61D4E299FEBE183F871" box="[637,752,1948,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
, Bolton (2003) noted two synapomorphies for the subfamily: fusion of the toruli to the frontal lobes, and the shape of the outer borders of the frontal lobes, which form ”simple short semicircles or blunt triangles and in full-face view have a distinctly pinched-in appearance posteriorly”. An examination of the inferred phylogeny of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172DF61C4E2398CBE185FF11" box="[631,758,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
and the subfamily-level morphological synopses of Bolton (2003) suggest an additional possible synapomorphy for
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172DF61C4F4598A8E0F7FF32" box="[785,900,223,247]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
, the loss of tergosternal fusion of the petiole (C. Schmidt and S. Shattuck, in prep), though this trait could conceivably be symplesiomorphic, with repeated evolution of a fused petiole in other poneroid lineages. All current ponerine genera not sampled in this study (
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172DF61C4CF4993BE235FEA1" box="[160,326,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172DF61C4CF4993BE235FEA1" box="[160,326,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172DF61C4D0C993BE2ACFEA1" box="[344,479,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172DF61C4D0C993BE2ACFEA1" box="[344,479,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Belonopelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172DF61C4DA6993BE105FEA1" box="[498,630,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Boloponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172DF61C4DA6993BE105FEA1" box="[498,630,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Boloponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172DF61C4EDC993BE0DCFEA1" box="[648,943,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172DF61C4EDC993BE069FEA1" box="[648,794,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolioponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dolioponera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172DF61C4F7D993AE0DCFEA1" box="[809,943,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Feroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Feroponera</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172DF61C4FA0993AE708FEA1" box="[1012,1147,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172DF61C4FA0993AE708FEA1" box="[1012,1147,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Promyopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) display these traits and their placements within
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172DF61C4DF39918E164FE42" box="[423,535,367,391]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172DF61C4E1B9918E1DDFE42" box="[591,686,367,391]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
are not in doubt, so it is highly unlikely that their inclusion in this study would have rendered
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172DF61C4D9899E3E14FFE69" box="[460,572,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
non-monophyletic.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6A6660172DF61C4CC39F35E029F810" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/399467/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" targetBox="[156,1427,487,1827]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BAA36E8172DF61C4CC39F35E029F810" blockId="9.[151,1436,1858,2006]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172DF61C4CC39F35E266F89D" bold="true" box="[151,277,1858,1881]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Consensus cladogram inferred by MrBayes analysis of ALL_DATA data set, showing relationships among ant subfamilies (non-ant outgroups not shown; the full tree is given in Supp. Fig. S1). Subfamilies that have at one time been included in
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172DF61C4D5B9FF7E207F853" box="[271,372,1920,1942]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
are marked with an asterisk. Clade support is indicated by solid (MrBayes BPP = 1.00) and empty (0.95 &lt;BPP &lt;0.99) circles and solid (RAxML BS = 1.00) and empty (0.95 &lt;BS &lt;0.99) triangles.
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172DF61C48DC9FE9E66DF871" box="[1160,1310,1950,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cerapachyinae">Cerapachyinae</taxonomicName>
is probably actually non-monophyletic (Moreau
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172DF61C4E5F9FC8E130F810" box="[523,579,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">et al.</emphasis>
, 2006; Brady
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172DF61C4E809FC8E07FF810" box="[724,780,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">et al.</emphasis>
, 2006).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6A6660172EF61F4CC39D92E013F950" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/399468/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" targetBox="[163,1432,184,1481]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BAA36E8172EF61F4CC39D92E013F950" blockId="10.[151,1437,1509,1685]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172EF61F4CC39D92E267FA3E" bold="true" box="[151,276,1509,1532]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Consensus phylogeny of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172EF61F4E4A9D92E1F0FA3E" box="[542,643,1509,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
inferred by MrBayes analysis of ALL_DATA matrix with CAD included for
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172EF61F4CC39E73E25BF9DF" box="[151,296,1540,1562]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Harpegnathos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172EF61F4CC39E73E25BF9DF" box="[151,296,1540,1562]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Harpegnathos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing mean branch lengths. Most outgroups are not shown (the full tree including all outgroups is given in Supp. Fig. S1). Genus groups within
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172EF61F4E4B9E54E106F9FC" box="[543,629,1571,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
are demarcated by branch color and by the labels on the right. Branches are colored for the crown groups of all genus groups except
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172EF61F4E9A9E36E02CF992" box="[718,863,1601,1623]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Harpegnathos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172EF61F4E9A9E36E02CF992" box="[718,863,1601,1623]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Harpegnathos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whose stem branch is also colored to ease visualization. Clade support is indicated by solid (MrBayes BPP = 1.00) and empty (0.95 &lt;BPP &lt;0.99) circles and solid (RAxML BS = 1.00) and empty (0.95 &lt;BS &lt;0.99) triangles. Pseudo.:
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172EF61F4E939E08E02AF950" box="[711,857,1663,1685]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172EF61F4E939E08E02AF950" box="[711,857,1663,1685]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAA36E8172EF61F4C939ECBE0CFF831" blockId="10.[151,1436,1724,2036]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
Phylogenetic analysis of the ALL_DATA matrix (
<figureCitation id="132E2A6D172EF61F4F579ECBE034F911" box="[771,839,1724,1748]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1509,1532]" captionTargetBox="[163,1432,184,1481]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,159,1492]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Consensus phylogeny of Ponerinae inferred by MrBayes analysis of ALL _ DATA matrix with CAD included for Harpegnathos, showing mean branch lengths. Most outgroups are not shown (the full tree including all outgroups is given in Supp. Fig. S 1). Genus groups within Ponerini are demarcated by branch color and by the labels on the right. Branches are colored for the crown groups of all genus groups except Harpegnathos, whose stem branch is also colored to ease visualization. Clade support is indicated by solid (MrBayes BPP = 1.00) and empty (0.95 &lt;BPP &lt;0.99) circles and solid (RAxML BS = 1.00) and empty (0.95 &lt;BS &lt;0.99) triangles. Pseudo.: Pseudoponera." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/399468/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) strongly supported the monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172EF61F495F9ECBE258F93D" authority="(Platythyrea)" baseAuthorityName="Platythyrea" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Platythyreini">
Platythyreini (
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172EF61F4CF49E97E251F93D" box="[160,290,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Platythyrea</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
(BPP = 1.00, BS = 1.00). The status of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172EF61F4F029E97E77DF93D" box="[854,1038,1760,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eubothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172EF61F4F029E97E77DF93D" box="[854,1038,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Eubothroponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172EF61F494E9E97E6EFF93D" box="[1306,1436,1760,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172EF61F494E9E97E6EFF93D" box="[1306,1436,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Platythyrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Brown, 1952, 1975) is here confirmed with molecular data for the first time:
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172EF61F48749F72E7FBF8D9" box="[1056,1160,1797,1820]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">P. t u r n e r i</emphasis>
, though never formally included in
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172EF61F4D709F5FE2AFF885" box="[292,476,1832,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eubothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172EF61F4D709F5FE2AFF885" box="[292,476,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Eubothroponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
despite its obvious close relationship to members of that former genus, is nested within
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172EF61F4CBE9F3BE21FF8A1" box="[234,364,1868,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172EF61F4CBE9F3BE21FF8A1" box="[234,364,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Platythyrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with strong support (monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172EF61F4F499F3BE0ECF8A1" box="[797,927,1868,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172EF61F4F499F3BE0ECF8A1" box="[797,927,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Platythyrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
excluding
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172EF61F48709F3AE7FDF8A1" box="[1060,1166,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">P. t u r n e r i</emphasis>
: BPP &lt;0.0001; BS = 0.002). Members of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172EF61F4DDC9F07E133F84D" box="[392,576,1904,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eubothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172EF61F4DDC9F07E133F84D" box="[392,576,1904,1928]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Eubothroponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have several morphological traits that differ from most other
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172EF61F494E9F07E6EFF84D" box="[1306,1436,1904,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172EF61F494E9F07E6EFF84D" box="[1306,1436,1904,1928]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Platythyrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, including coarser sculpturing, denser standing pilosity but sparser pubescence, and a relatively low helcium. The latter character approximates the condition found in most
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172EF61F4FED9FCFE768F815" box="[953,1051,1976,2000]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
, but the results of this study imply that low helcia were independently derived in
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172EF61F4EC99FABE06CF831" box="[669,799,2012,2036]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172EF61F4EC99FABE06CF831" box="[669,799,2012,2036]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Platythyrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172EF61F4F019FABE0CBF831" box="[853,952,2012,2036]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36E8172FF61E4C9398E0E284FD41" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
The monophyly of the diverse tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4E3098E0E1B0FF6A" box="[612,707,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
was not supported in either Bayesian or ML bootstrap analyses (BPP &lt;0.0001; BS &lt;0.001), though
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4E1698CBE1D2FF11" box="[578,673,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
monophyly could not be rejected by an SH test (
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E488398CAE796FF11" box="[1239,1253,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">p</emphasis>
-value = 0.661). The non-monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4DF598A8E173FF32" box="[417,512,223,247]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
stems from its inclusion of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4F6D98A8E679FF32" authority="(Thaumatomyrmex)" baseAuthorityName="Thaumatomyrmex" box="[825,1290,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Thaumatomyrmecini">
Thaumatomyrmecini (
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E48609897E78DFF3D" box="[1076,1278,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
, a result also recovered by Brady
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4DDC9972E2B6FED9" box="[392,453,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">et al.</emphasis>
(2006). The phylogenetic position of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4FDC9973E721FED9" box="[904,1106,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4FDC9973E721FED9" box="[904,1106,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been unclear due to its bizarre structure (including pitchfork-like mandibles, widely separated frontal lobes, and unusually convex eyes; Kempf, 1975). Bolton (2003) noted that
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4E3B993BE04AFEA1" box="[623,825,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4E3B993BE04AFEA1" box="[623,825,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares several apomorphies with
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4896993BE657FEA1" box="[1218,1316,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
, including vestigial male mandibles and articulation of the petiole low on the anterior face of the first gastral segment, but maintained its separate tribal status. The genus lacks a principal synapomorphy of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E487B99E3E7FDFE69" box="[1071,1166,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
(the narrow insertion of the clypeus between the frontal lobes, and related characters; Bolton, 2003), but this character is highly modified in
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4CC399ABE212FE31" box="[151,353,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4CC399ABE212FE31" box="[151,353,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, rendering it uninformative about the phylogenetic position of the genus. Morphological data therefore imply at least a sister relationship between
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4EAE9A77E0B7FDDD" box="[762,964,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4EAE9A77E0B7FDDD" box="[762,964,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E48549988E711FDD2" box="[1024,1122,511,535]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
, and are consistent with its placement within
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4D369A53E2B7FDF9" box="[354,452,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
. The molecular results reported here suggest that
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4FA89A53E7B5FDF9" box="[1020,1222,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4FA89A53E7B5FDF9" box="[1020,1222,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is simply a highly derived member of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4DD79A30E296FD9A" box="[387,485,583,607]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
, its strange morphological traits secondarily derived as a result of extreme prey specialization (Brandão, 1991).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36E8172FF61E4C939AE7E294FC02" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
Among sequenced taxa, all sampled ponerine genera were strongly inferred to be monophyletic (BPP and BS = 1.00 for all genera except
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4D929AC2E155FD09" box="[454,550,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4D929AC2E155FD09" box="[454,550,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Myopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, for which BPP and BS both = 0.99, and
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E485A9AC3E7ABFD09" box="[1038,1240,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E485A9AC3E7ABFD09" box="[1038,1240,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, for which BS = 0.99) except
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4D7C9AAFE2B4FD35" box="[296,455,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4D7C9AAFE2B4FD35" box="[296,455,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4DA99AAFE1D4FD35" box="[509,679,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4DA99AAFE1D4FD35" box="[509,679,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Odontomachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4EE09AAFE020FD35" box="[692,851,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4EE09AAFE020FD35" box="[692,851,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was strongly inferred to be non-monophyletic (BPP of monophyletic
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4D099A8BE28FFCD1" box="[349,508,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4D099A8BE28FFCD1" box="[349,508,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&lt;0.0001; BS &lt;0.001; SH
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4F119A8AE02FFCD1" box="[837,860,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">p-</emphasis>
value &lt;0.00001), as members of this genus were broadly distributed across the phylogeny of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4EF59B68E070FCF2" box="[673,771,799,823]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
. The sampled
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4FE09B57E720FCFD" box="[948,1107,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4FE09B57E720FCFD" box="[948,1107,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species represent numerous distinct lineages which largely correspond to the boundaries of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4F309B33E770FC99" box="[868,1027,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4F309B33E770FC99" box="[868,1027,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“subgenera,” though
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E48AD9B33E250FC45" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E48AD9B33E6EBFC99" box="[1273,1432,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bothroponera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4CC39B1EE250FC45" box="[151,291,873,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesoponera</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4D0C9B1FE289FC45" box="[344,506,872,896]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4D0C9B1FE289FC45" box="[344,506,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are themselves non-monophyletic (
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4FDD9B1FE756FC45" box="[905,1061,872,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4FDD9B1FE756FC45" box="[905,1061,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Bothroponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: BPP &lt;0.001, BS = 0.014, SH
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E49D09B1EE6E1FC45" box="[1412,1426,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">p</emphasis>
- value = 0.768;
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4D149BFAE2BFFC61" box="[320,460,909,932]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4D149BFAE2BFFC61" box="[320,460,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Mesoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: BPP &lt;0.0001, BS &lt;0.001, SH
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4F149BFAE03DFC61" box="[832,846,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">p</emphasis>
-value &lt;0.00001;
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E48499BFBE7CCFC61" box="[1053,1215,908,932]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E48499BFBE7CCFC61" box="[1053,1215,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: BPP &lt;0.0001, BS &lt;0.001, SH
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4D719BC6E240FC0D" box="[293,307,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">p</emphasis>
-value &lt;0.001).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36E8172FF61E4C939BA3E0F9FA91" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4C939BA3E215FC29" box="[199,358,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4C939BA3E215FC29" box="[199,358,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the end product of heavy synonymization at the genus level, due primarily to the work of W. L. Brown, who was in the process of revising ponerine taxonomy at the time of his death. Brown’s formal revision remains unpublished, but his numerous planned synonymizations have been published elsewhere without supporting justification (Brown, 1973; Snelling, 1981; Hölldobler and Wilson, 1990; Bolton, 1994; see also Mackay and Mackay, 2010) and in practice have been generally accepted by the scientific community. The monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4D1D9CFFE29BFB65" box="[329,488,1160,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4D1D9CFFE29BFB65" box="[329,488,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is doubtful even in the absence of molecular data because the genus displays substantial morphological, ecological and behavioral diversity (reviewed in C. Schmidt and S. Shattuck, in prep.), is defined only by morphological symplesiomorphies such as triangular mandibles and paired metatibial spurs, and contains several lineages that show clear morphological similarities to other ponerine genera. This study confirms the extensive non-monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4E459D6FE1C3FAF5" box="[529,688,1304,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4E459D6FE1C3FAF5" box="[529,688,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and stresses the need for a comprehensive taxonomic revision of ponerine genera (provided in C. Schmidt and S. Shattuck, in prep.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA36E8172FF61E4C939D28E2B8F978" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
Analysis of the ALL_DATA matrix was ambiguous about
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4F349D17E779FABD" box="[864,1034,1376,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4F349D17E779FABD" box="[864,1034,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Odontomachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
monophyly, with three resolutions:
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4CC39DF2E21DFA58" authority="Roger" authorityName="Roger" box="[151,366,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coquereli">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4CC39DF2E250FA59" box="[151,291,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
<collectingCountry id="F3027678172FF61E4CC39DF2E3DDFA59" box="[151,174,1413,1436]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">O</collectingCountry>
. coquereli
</emphasis>
Roger
</taxonomicName>
sister to
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4D829DF3E139FA59" box="[470,586,1412,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4D829DF3E139FA59" box="[470,586,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Anochetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BPP = 0.58, BS = 0.37),
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4F229DF3E76CFA59" box="[886,1055,1412,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4F229DF3E76CFA59" box="[886,1055,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Odontomachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
monophyletic (BPP = 0.29, BS = 0.41), or
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4CAB9DDFE2F8FA05" box="[255,395,1448,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coquereli">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4CAB9DDFE2F8FA05" box="[255,395,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
<collectingCountry id="F3027678172FF61E4CAB9DDFE265FA7A" box="[255,278,1448,1471]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">O</collectingCountry>
. coquereli
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sister to
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4DA79DDFE11BFA05" box="[499,616,1448,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4DA79DDFE11BFA05" box="[499,616,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Anochetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ other
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4E9C9DDFE001FA05" box="[712,882,1448,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4E9C9DDFE001FA05" box="[712,882,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Odontomachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BPP = 0.13, BS = 0.22). To further address this question, a preliminary expanded data set was produced which included sequences for six additional
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E49739DBBE6EFFA21" box="[1319,1436,1484,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E49739DBBE6EFFA21" box="[1319,1436,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Anochetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
taxa and 18 additional
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4DCE9D87E137F9CD" box="[410,580,1520,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4DCE9D87E137F9CD" box="[410,580,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Odontomachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
taxa, plus data for the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI), but excluding abdA, EF1αF1, and EF1αF2 (C. Schmidt, unpublished data). Phylogenetic analyses of these data supported reciprocal monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4E789E4FE1A6F995" box="[556,725,1592,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4E789E4FE1A6F995" box="[556,725,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Odontomachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4F5A9E4FE0F1F995" box="[782,898,1592,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4F5A9E4FE0F1F995" box="[782,898,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Anochetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(results not shown), but some phylogenetically important
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4D5E9E2BE20CF9B1" box="[266,383,1628,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4D5E9E2BE20CF9B1" box="[266,383,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Anochetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (such as members of the
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E4EA49E2BE0BFF9B1" authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" box="[752,972,1628,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E4EA49E2BE005F9B1" box="[752,886,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">A. gladiator</emphasis>
(Mayr)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C154D6B172FF61E48559E2BE7E2F9B1" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" box="[1025,1169,1628,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cato">
<emphasis id="B961EAFA172FF61E48559E2BE73CF9B1" box="[1025,1103,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">A. cato</emphasis>
Forel
</taxonomicName>
species groups; Brown, 1976, 1978) were not sampled and their inclusion in future phylogenetic analyses could still reveal the nonmonophyly of either genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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