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110 lines
13 KiB
XML
<document id="A3D164D0C0EBF023FE114BD2B5A80DC1" ID-CLB-Dataset="7889" ID-DOI="10.1206/3864.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3bf6fc2c-fb02-4b86-a11d-6ef9255eb468" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4566088" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1614360144916" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Rozen, Jerome G. & Praz, Christophe J." docDate="2016" docId="03ED8E304A438A03ACB6FB7E1F1DFC29" docLanguage="en" docName="AmMusNovit.2016.3864.1-46.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 2016 (3864)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3864.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4.6:AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleId="26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Heriades Spinola 1808" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="39" masterDocId="FFD4F6484A668A25AD05FFA91E6FF858" masterDocTitle="Mature Larvae and Nesting Biologies of Bees Currently Assigned to the Osmiini (Apoidea: Megachilidae)" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="38" updateTime="1698931392955" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="FF11FAA35AF94FEA89FACA33C5B08B53">Mature Larvae and Nesting Biologies of Bees Currently Assigned to the Osmiini (Apoidea: Megachilidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3EFABCB7EFECBA62783BDF8C72E5AA83">Rozen, Jerome G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B1B4DCC05887EF6FF1ED01A3C6195595">Praz, Christophe J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="04C2ADBCEF5E71858ED17F4477DA93CA">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="7B490F80EBC0DDD6C834BB5F59191FDA">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D6D2EC50125D27DB0CEC28FC1CB5BA71">2016-09-27</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03ED8E304A438A03ACB6FB7E1F1DFC29" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4583833" ID-GBIF-Taxon="179990476" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4583833" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED8E304A438A03ACB6FB7E1F1DFC29" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED8E304A438A03ACB6FB7E1F1DFC29" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<subSubSection id="C35E6CAD4A438A00ACB6FB7E1DE2FCA9" box="[435,909,1239,1265]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFB3F264A438A00ACB6FB7E1DE2FCA9" blockId="37.[435,909,1239,1265]" box="[435,909,1239,1265]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<heading id="D0B3884A4A438A00ACB6FB7E1DE2FCA9" allCaps="true" box="[435,909,1239,1265]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A438A00ACB6FB7E1C47FCA9" ID-CoL="4VSY" authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1808" box="[435,552,1239,1265]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Heriades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A438A00ACB6FB7E1C47FCA9" box="[435,552,1239,1265]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">HERIADES</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A438A00AF3FFB711C38FCA9" box="[570,599,1240,1265]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">H.</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A438A00AF6CFB7E1C95FCA9" box="[617,762,1239,1265]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">TRUNCORUM</emphasis>
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(LINNAEUS)
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35E6CAD4A438A03ADADFAA61F1DFC29" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFB3F264A438A03ADADFAA61D08FB7A" blockId="37.[120,1224,1295,1769]" lastBlockId="38.[120,1225,700,1137]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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Most nests examined by J.G.R. and C.J.P. were in trap nests (fig. 54), and four of them were each 4.0 cm long and circular in cross section with a diameter of 4.0 mm. Cell partitions and nest closure were uniformly constructed with clear yellowish resin (fig. 55), which on hardening was quite brittle but easily chipped with forceps, suggesting that emerging bees could easily remove partitions and next closures with their mandibles. Cells were arranged in linear series occasionally with empty spaces between, and always with a more or less elongate space between the last cell built and the nest entrance. This tunnel was sometimes empty and other times partly filled with resin (fig. 54). Several cells of a nest in a section of bamboo were also recovered. These cells were 7.5 cm from the nest entrance stoppered by a large amount of resin, but the tunnel itself was completely resin free although the rear of the nest was a
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<quantity id="4CBC92C34A438A00A914F9F61A38FE21" box="[1041,1111,1631,1657]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
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long cylinder of solid resin. Feces (figs. 54, 55) in all nests tended to be pellets of various shades of orange, from light to dark, which seemed to be mostly exterior to the cocoon fabric and only loosely fastened to the cocoon with threads of silk. Cocoon structure was not closely examined, but did not seem unlike those of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A408A03ACFFFD151CEEFA8E" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[506,641,700,726]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A408A03ACFFFD151CEEFA8E" box="[506,641,700,726]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Chelostoma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A408A03AFA2FD151D6EFA8E" box="[679,769,700,726]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Hoplitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A408A03AFA2FD151D6EFA8E" box="[679,769,700,726]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Hoplitis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in that at the front end it bore a dense, white air-exchange portal (fig. 55) and SEM scans of the inner surface at the front end revealed the screened openings surrounded by smooth silk (figs. 56, 57).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF3B6FAE4A408A03AD7DFDB11C67FAFA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4566122" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4566122" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4566122/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" startId="38.[120,219,536,557]" targetBox="[120,1224,224,508]" targetPageId="38">
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<paragraph id="8BFB3F264A408A03AD7DFDB11C67FAFA" blockId="38.[120,1224,533,675]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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FIGURES 58–60. Adult and cocoon of
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A408A03AF17FDBF1CA2FA76" box="[530,717,534,558]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A408A03AF17FDBF1CA6FA76" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[530,713,534,558]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Hoplitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hypocrita">Hoplitis hypocrita</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A408A03AFD0FDBC1C9AFA75" bold="true" box="[725,757,533,557]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">58.</emphasis>
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Adult pinned to cocoon capsule, which had deflated when adult emerged; cocoon capsule attached to unaltered front end of cocoon, which had been constructed after larval feces discharged into anterior part of cell.
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A408A03AE1CFDF91D5DFA30" bold="true" box="[793,818,592,616]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">59</emphasis>
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. Same but with outer layer of front end tilted back to reveal pale, air-exchange portal of inner layer of front end.
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A408A03AE74FDC41DFEFADD" bold="true" box="[881,913,621,645]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">60.</emphasis>
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Close-up of figure 59. Photographs provided by Harold W. Ikerd II.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BFB3F264A408A03ADADFC841F88FBCA" blockId="38.[120,1225,700,1137]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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Nest closures observed by J.G.R. and C.J.P. were flush with the exposed surface and were not implanted with pebbles or other debris as reported by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD542D74A408A03AE3FFCF81D97FB34" author="Westrich, P." box="[826,1016,849,876]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref24301" refString="Westrich, P. 1989. Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Allgemeiner Teil: Lebensraume, Verhalten, Okologie und Schutz; Spezieller Teil: Die Gattungen und Arten. Stuttgart: Verlag Eugen Ulmer. 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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and as discussed recently by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD542D74A408A03AC04FCDE1F8CFBCA" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr. & H. H. Go" box="[257,483,887,914]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref23678" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr., and H. H. Go. 2015. Descriptions of the egg and mature larva of the bee Chelostoma (Prochelostoma) philadelphi with additional notes on nesting biology (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini). American Museum Novitates 3844: 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="2015">Rozen et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFB3F264A408A03ADADFC351F1DFC29" blockId="38.[120,1225,700,1137]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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The rest of the information correlates well with the nest descriptions provided by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD542D74A408A03A95AFC351EA8FB84" author="Westrich, P." pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref24301" refString="Westrich, P. 1989. Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Allgemeiner Teil: Lebensraume, Verhalten, Okologie und Schutz; Spezieller Teil: Die Gattungen und Arten. Stuttgart: Verlag Eugen Ulmer. 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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. Both he and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD542D74A408A03AC61FC681C2DFB84" author="Muller, A. & A. Krebs & F. Amiet" box="[356,578,961,988]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref23158" refString="Muller, A., A. Krebs, and F. Amiet. 1997. Bienen, mitteleuropaische Gattungen, Lebensweise, Beobachtung. Munchen: Naturbuch Verlag. 384 pp." type="book" year="1997">Müller et al. (1997)</bibRefCitation>
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pointed out that this species also nests in vacated beetle burrows in old wood and in stems of such plants as blackberries. They also noted that cells were arranged in linear series separated by septa of resin, sometimes with empty chambers between cells. Nest closures were also made of resin in which were implants of pebbles, wood fiber, or other debris.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |