treatments-xml/data/03/93/87/039387AB8B4FFFA058BFFE58FE987047.xml

<document id="C8B43A3B7AB78FB40A9CE0F67450E747" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3889.3.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="69f8e322-7223-4610-ba3c-2b7d214522ba" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="229025" ID-ZooBank="EB84D779-C330-4B93-BE69-47D8CEBE312F" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460989415948" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Reiswig, Henry M. &amp; Araya, Juan Francisco" docDate="2014" docId="039387AB8B4FFFA058BFFE58FE987047" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03889p428.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3889 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Caulophacus (Caulophacus) chilense Reiswig &amp; Araya, 2014, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="423" masterDocId="FFAAFFD38B4AFFA95828FFF5FFB4725F" masterDocTitle="A review of the Hexactinellida (Porifera) of Chile, with the first record of Caulophacus Schulze, 1885 (Lyssacinosida: Rossellidae) from the Southeastern Pacific Ocean" masterLastPageNumber="428" masterPageNumber="414" pageNumber="419" updateTime="1698560999481" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="29956BCB03EF2D4C4EE407C66472E95B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="F9DDC3DA54EEB78A1CFA2CEA797B5341">
<mods:title id="86B46E5DF3D4517A8E7AA99C974A5073">A review of the Hexactinellida (Porifera) of Chile, with the first record of Caulophacus Schulze, 1885 (Lyssacinosida: Rossellidae) from the Southeastern Pacific Ocean</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="60787A2CAA14957C98CABF5E1703358D" type="personal">
<mods:role id="6B3FEB095B8A864B8F7043A8881CC3E3">
<mods:roleTerm id="FC80EA7DD10168650C409A0F85D47BCD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="7516286AB270448A3524F9EB26EAD779">Reiswig, Henry M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="C1F1F6757A56784DC68DDABEAEB5F05B" type="personal">
<mods:role id="513B2BA92104A5D760DCC8D82FF2818A">
<mods:roleTerm id="54C267F79BB4885B563ED20CC2E4719D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="9DE4E17110C6AEF49DDC305FC99D0ED3">Araya, Juan Francisco</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="FA587F69CF83E3C3A04FD7067E8FF0A7">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="BC89A9CAAF2B11A248B70C2DB2BC0212" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="0567DD5D764FCEC224F4484A321C9018">
<mods:title id="78DBC7CE509E4EF666CE2A02BE1A586C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="4148689B26B6649847156BD8EF417C40">
<mods:date id="A9BB764DE09C6336A3086F359866EB91">2014</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="21C7119738EC2B86AB811E8276FE5586" type="volume">
<mods:number id="311DA24ECBE4643D24BF9E57156AEAAA">3889</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="BC6294427AD7E7D604CF8405C559461B" type="issue">
<mods:number id="FFE08C7711B6BB6035DA0DF9819BA303">3</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="CFFA994459B376DEE0F628BF57FC1BE2" unit="page">
<mods:start id="029DD2566929E3D6ED21E19BB4FF1183">414</mods:start>
<mods:end id="5FFED79A0E58BB0E4D9C46118C9FFFAC">428</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="1C6AA092A797D6A651C495BCE45EF5DD">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="A8001796990DE1FF68171A5FB44BA2AC" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3889.3.4</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="948A0EFED5188D1CAD15F00B6DD26090" type="GBIF-Dataset">69f8e322-7223-4610-ba3c-2b7d214522ba</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="6CCE384599EC8D852E1B85B7B86FFB35" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="9C1CE7909C1642BAFF74A4C11DA3F4A0" type="Zenodo-Dep">229025</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="EFEA983852E5A8CB242C5C1A6EC4E9BB" type="ZooBank">EB84D779-C330-4B93-BE69-47D8CEBE312F</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="039387AB8B4FFFA058BFFE58FE987047" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5685621" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119596018" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5685621" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039387AB8B4FFFA058BFFE58FE987047" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039387AB8B4FFFA058BFFE58FE987047" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="423" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">
<subSubSection id="C32065368B4FFFAC58BFFE58FE3C73B7" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8536BD8B4FFFAC58BFFE58FD117398" blockId="5.[151,677,429,488]" box="[151,677,429,455]" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">
<heading id="D0CD81D18B4FFFAC58BFFE58FD117398" bold="true" box="[151,677,429,455]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4FFFAC58BFFE58FD117398" bold="true" box="[151,677,429,455]" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B4FFFAC58BFFE58FDEF7398" ID-CoL="86WRL" box="[151,603,429,455]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="chilense" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Caulophacus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4FFFAC58BFFE58FDEF7398" bold="true" box="[151,603,429,455]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">Caulophacus (Caulophacus) chilense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27D57D48B4FFFAC5A4BFE58FD117398" box="[611,677,429,455]" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8536BD8B4FFFAC58BFFE3AFE3C73B7" blockId="5.[151,677,429,488]" box="[151,392,463,488]" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">
(
<figureCitation id="13012A388B4FFFAC58B7FE3AFF5873B7" box="[159,236,463,488]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1541,1563]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1517]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,195,1517]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Caulophacus chilense sp. nov. A. The holotype, dried. B. The upper body. C. Surface of the atrial or top surface. D. Close-up image of the irregular atrial lattice. E. Surface of the derma or lower body surface with radiating subdermal strands of diactins. F. Close-up of the more regular dermal lattice of pinular hexactins supported by a coarser lattice of hypodermal pentactins." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229026/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="13012A388B4FFFAC5938FE25FE9473B7" box="[272,288,464,488]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[198,1369,193,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[198,1369,193,1786]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2. Caulophacus chilense sp. nov. spicules. A. Three dermal pinules including two normal hexactine forms and one uncommon pentactine form (all pinules to same scale). B. Two atrial hexactine pinules. C. A choanosome diactin, whole and enlargements of the tip and center. D. Hypodermal pentactin, whole and enlarged tangential ray end. E. Two whole hypoatrial pentactins showing different lengths of proximal rays, and enlargements of the ray ends. F. Choanosomal hexactin, whole and enlargement of a ray end and the coarsely spined central area. G. Discohexactin and enlarged ray end (all whole microscleres at same scale). H. Hemidiscohexaster. I. Discohexaster A. J. Small thin-rayed discohexaster B shown from LM since this form was not encountered in SEM surveys." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229027/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">2</figureCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="C6B803068B4FFFAC5904FE3AFEC973B7" box="[300,381,463,488]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1306,234,1910]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="TABLE 1. Spicule dimensions of Caulophacus chilense, sp. nov., MNHNCl-POR 101, from Caldera, Region of Atacama, Chile (dimensions in µm)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF4566358B4CFFAF58BFFF6DFDAF7290" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" tableUuid="DF4566358B4CFFAF58BFFF6DFDAF7290">Table 1</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32065368B4FFFAC58BFFDE0FB94700F" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8536BD8B4FFFAC58BFFDE0FB94700F" blockId="5.[151,1437,533,1979]" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4FFFAC58BFFDE0FE317071" bold="true" box="[151,389,533,558]" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">Material examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="5481881F8B4FFFAC59B8FDE0FE497071" box="[400,509,533,558]" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: MNHNCL-POR100, FV Juan Antonio, 0 
<date id="FF84107D8B4FFFAC5BC3FDE3FB167071" box="[1003,1186,534,558]" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" value="2014-01-07">7 January 2014</date>
, about 
<quantity id="4CC29B588B4FFFAC5CD2FDE0FAF27071" box="[1274,1350,533,558]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" unit="km" value="50.0">50 km</quantity>
NO of Caldera, Atacama Region, 
<collectingCountry id="F32D762D8B4FFFAC59EDFDC2FDB1700F" box="[453,517,567,592]" name="Chile" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">Chile</collectingCountry>
. 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0E507A8B4FFFAC5A38FDC2FD2A700F" box="[528,670,567,592]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" precision="15" value="-26.733334">26°44’00” S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0E507A8B4FFFAC5A82FDCDFCF57010" box="[682,833,568,592]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" precision="15" value="-71.11667">71°07’00” W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4CC29B588B4FFFAC5B64FDCDFC5D7010" box="[844,1001,568,592]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" unit="m" value="1550.0" valueMax="1800.0" valueMin="1300.0">1300–1800 m</quantity>
, dry.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32065368B4FFFAC58EFFDAFFCB975E4" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8536BD8B4FFFAC58EFFDAFFC9771B0" blockId="5.[151,1437,533,1979]" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4FFFAC58EFFDAFFEED702C" bold="true" box="[199,345,602,627]" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">Description.</emphasis>
The 
<typeStatus id="5481881F8B4FFFAC59BBFDAFFE41702C" box="[403,501,602,627]" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="13012A388B4FFFAC5A2DFDAFFDF7702C" box="[517,579,602,627]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1541,1563]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1517]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,195,1517]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Caulophacus chilense sp. nov. A. The holotype, dried. B. The upper body. C. Surface of the atrial or top surface. D. Close-up image of the irregular atrial lattice. E. Surface of the derma or lower body surface with radiating subdermal strands of diactins. F. Close-up of the more regular dermal lattice of pinular hexactins supported by a coarser lattice of hypodermal pentactins." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229026/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A) is 
<quantity id="4CC29B588B4FFFAC5AAEFDAEFD50702D" box="[646,740,603,627]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" unit="mm" value="320.0">320 mm</quantity>
in total length composed of an intact basal plate, 
<date id="FF84107D8B4FFFAC5D3CFDAEFADD702C" box="[1300,1385,602,627]" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" value="1951-10-30">
30 x 
<quantity id="4CC29B588B4FFFAC5D65FDAFFADD702C" box="[1357,1385,602,627]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" unit="mm" value="51.0">51</quantity>
</date>
mm in widths, which was attached to hard substratum, a thin hollow curved stem 
<quantity id="4CC29B588B4FFFAC5BD5FD8BFBEE70CA" box="[1021,1114,638,662]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.77" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" unit="mm" value="277.0">277 mm</quantity>
long, surmounted by a body 
<quantity id="4CC29B588B4FFFAC58BFFD55FF5C70E8" box="[151,232,672,696]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" unit="mm" value="28.0">28 mm</quantity>
in height. The stem varies in diameter from 5.0 mm near the basal attachment to 
<quantity id="4CC29B588B4FFFAC5CB2FD55FB4670E8" box="[1178,1266,672,696]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" unit="mm" value="8.4">8.4 mm</quantity>
just below the body; the lumen at the broken point 
<quantity id="4CC29B588B4FFFAC5A03FD36FDD57085" box="[555,609,707,731]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" unit="cm" value="9.0">9 cm</quantity>
above the base is 2.0 mm in diameter and the wall is 
<quantity id="4CC29B588B4FFFAC5C9DFD37FABE7085" box="[1205,1290,706,731]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
in thickness. Loose spicules are absent from a few mm below the body attachment to its base. The body (
<figureCitation id="13012A388B4FFFAC5C86FD10FB5B70A1" box="[1198,1263,741,766]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1541,1563]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1517]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,195,1517]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Caulophacus chilense sp. nov. A. The holotype, dried. B. The upper body. C. Surface of the atrial or top surface. D. Close-up image of the irregular atrial lattice. E. Surface of the derma or lower body surface with radiating subdermal strands of diactins. F. Close-up of the more regular dermal lattice of pinular hexactins supported by a coarser lattice of hypodermal pentactins." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229026/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
B) is a shallow funnel, 
<date id="FF84107D8B4FFFAC58C4FCFDFEA87140" box="[236,284,776,800]" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" value="1981-10">81 x</date>
<quantity id="4CC29B588B4FFFAC590BFCF2FEC57140" box="[291,369,775,800]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
in diameters with a central depression of 
<quantity id="4CC29B588B4FFFAC5B68FCFDFC127140" box="[832,934,776,800]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.04" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" unit="mm" value="10.4">10.4 mm</quantity>
. It is two mm thick at its rounded margin and 
<quantity id="4CC29B588B4FFFAC58BFFCDEFF53711D" box="[151,231,811,835]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
thick at the center. The upper (atrial) body surface (
<figureCitation id="13012A388B4FFFAC5B15FCDFFCC9711C" box="[829,893,810,835]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1541,1563]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1517]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,195,1517]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Caulophacus chilense sp. nov. A. The holotype, dried. B. The upper body. C. Surface of the atrial or top surface. D. Close-up image of the irregular atrial lattice. E. Surface of the derma or lower body surface with radiating subdermal strands of diactins. F. Close-up of the more regular dermal lattice of pinular hexactins supported by a coarser lattice of hypodermal pentactins." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229026/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C) is relatively smooth, covered by a very fine, inconspicuous, felt-like lattice of atrial spicules (
<figureCitation id="13012A388B4FFFAC5AC0FCB8FC847139" box="[744,816,845,870]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1541,1563]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1517]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,195,1517]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Caulophacus chilense sp. nov. A. The holotype, dried. B. The upper body. C. Surface of the atrial or top surface. D. Close-up image of the irregular atrial lattice. E. Surface of the derma or lower body surface with radiating subdermal strands of diactins. F. Close-up of the more regular dermal lattice of pinular hexactins supported by a coarser lattice of hypodermal pentactins." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229026/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
D). The lateral (dermal) surface (
<figureCitation id="13012A388B4FFFAC5CE5FCB8FAA77139" box="[1229,1299,845,870]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1541,1563]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1517]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,195,1517]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Caulophacus chilense sp. nov. A. The holotype, dried. B. The upper body. C. Surface of the atrial or top surface. D. Close-up image of the irregular atrial lattice. E. Surface of the derma or lower body surface with radiating subdermal strands of diactins. F. Close-up of the more regular dermal lattice of pinular hexactins supported by a coarser lattice of hypodermal pentactins." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229026/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
E) is more transparent, with a conspicuous network of white strands of upward radiating choanosomal diactins surrounding large inhalant canals seen through the surface lattice (
<figureCitation id="13012A388B4FFFAC5AD8FC67FC9B71F4" box="[752,815,914,939]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1541,1563]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1517]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,195,1517]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Caulophacus chilense sp. nov. A. The holotype, dried. B. The upper body. C. Surface of the atrial or top surface. D. Close-up image of the irregular atrial lattice. E. Surface of the derma or lower body surface with radiating subdermal strands of diactins. F. Close-up of the more regular dermal lattice of pinular hexactins supported by a coarser lattice of hypodermal pentactins." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229026/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
E). The overlying lattice of dermalia and hypodermalia (
<figureCitation id="13012A388B4FFFAC58B7FC40FF6B7191" box="[159,223,949,974]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1541,1563]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1517]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,195,1517]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Caulophacus chilense sp. nov. A. The holotype, dried. B. The upper body. C. Surface of the atrial or top surface. D. Close-up image of the irregular atrial lattice. E. Surface of the derma or lower body surface with radiating subdermal strands of diactins. F. Close-up of the more regular dermal lattice of pinular hexactins supported by a coarser lattice of hypodermal pentactins." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229026/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
F) is thin and quite regular in arrangement. A marginal fringe is not evident at the junction of dermal and atrial surfaces. Color of the dry specimen is very light tan.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8536BD8B4FFFAC58EFFC0FFCC6743F" blockId="5.[151,1437,533,1979]" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">
Megascleres are dermal pinular hexactins and rare pentactins, atrial pinular hexactins and rare pentactins, choanosomal and stalk diactins, hypodermal and hypoatrial pentactins, and choanosomal hexactins. Spicule dimensions are given in 
<tableCitation id="C6B803068B4FFFAC5984FBCAFDB47607" box="[428,512,1087,1112]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1306,234,1910]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="TABLE 1. Spicule dimensions of Caulophacus chilense, sp. nov., MNHNCl-POR 101, from Caldera, Region of Atacama, Chile (dimensions in µm)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF4566358B4CFFAF58BFFF6DFDAF7290" pageId="5" pageNumber="419" tableUuid="DF4566358B4CFFAF58BFFF6DFDAF7290">Table 1</tableCitation>
. Dermalia are pinular hexactins and rare pentactins (
<figureCitation id="13012A388B4FFFAC5C7DFBCAFB2C7607" box="[1109,1176,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[198,1369,193,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[198,1369,193,1786]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2. Caulophacus chilense sp. nov. spicules. A. Three dermal pinules including two normal hexactine forms and one uncommon pentactine form (all pinules to same scale). B. Two atrial hexactine pinules. C. A choanosome diactin, whole and enlargements of the tip and center. D. Hypodermal pentactin, whole and enlarged tangential ray end. E. Two whole hypoatrial pentactins showing different lengths of proximal rays, and enlargements of the ray ends. F. Choanosomal hexactin, whole and enlargement of a ray end and the coarsely spined central area. G. Discohexactin and enlarged ray end (all whole microscleres at same scale). H. Hemidiscohexaster. I. Discohexaster A. J. Small thin-rayed discohexaster B shown from LM since this form was not encountered in SEM surveys." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229027/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A) with bushy spindleshaped distal ray and entirely rough tangential and proximal rays. The pinular ray is quite variable in shape with a few ovoid in profile. Maximum thickness occurs at 65% of the distance from the axial cross. About 4% of these are pentactins. Atrialia (
<figureCitation id="13012A388B4FFFAC5956FB52FE70769F" box="[382,452,1191,1216]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[198,1369,193,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[198,1369,193,1786]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2. Caulophacus chilense sp. nov. spicules. A. Three dermal pinules including two normal hexactine forms and one uncommon pentactine form (all pinules to same scale). B. Two atrial hexactine pinules. C. A choanosome diactin, whole and enlargements of the tip and center. D. Hypodermal pentactin, whole and enlarged tangential ray end. E. Two whole hypoatrial pentactins showing different lengths of proximal rays, and enlargements of the ray ends. F. Choanosomal hexactin, whole and enlargement of a ray end and the coarsely spined central area. G. Discohexactin and enlarged ray end (all whole microscleres at same scale). H. Hemidiscohexaster. I. Discohexaster A. J. Small thin-rayed discohexaster B shown from LM since this form was not encountered in SEM surveys." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229027/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B) are similar but slightly smaller than dermalia in mean dimensions and especially in maximum width of the pinular ray. The pinular rays of both dermalia and atrialia lack apical spines, their tips being gently rounded in profile. Choanosomal diactins of the body (
<figureCitation id="13012A388B4FFFAC5B5AFB18FC0D7759" box="[882,953,1261,1286]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[198,1369,193,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[198,1369,193,1786]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2. Caulophacus chilense sp. nov. spicules. A. Three dermal pinules including two normal hexactine forms and one uncommon pentactine form (all pinules to same scale). B. Two atrial hexactine pinules. C. A choanosome diactin, whole and enlargements of the tip and center. D. Hypodermal pentactin, whole and enlarged tangential ray end. E. Two whole hypoatrial pentactins showing different lengths of proximal rays, and enlargements of the ray ends. F. Choanosomal hexactin, whole and enlargement of a ray end and the coarsely spined central area. G. Discohexactin and enlarged ray end (all whole microscleres at same scale). H. Hemidiscohexaster. I. Discohexaster A. J. Small thin-rayed discohexaster B shown from LM since this form was not encountered in SEM surveys." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229027/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C) are slightly curved and have rounded, occasionally inflated, rough terminal ends with smooth caps. The central swelling is generally inconspicuous. The diactins of the stalk are fused by synapticula to form a rigid framework; they are larger than the free body diactins but otherwise similar. Hypodermalia (
<figureCitation id="13012A388B4FFFAC5A60FAA0FD397731" box="[584,653,1365,1390]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[198,1369,193,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[198,1369,193,1786]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2. Caulophacus chilense sp. nov. spicules. A. Three dermal pinules including two normal hexactine forms and one uncommon pentactine form (all pinules to same scale). B. Two atrial hexactine pinules. C. A choanosome diactin, whole and enlargements of the tip and center. D. Hypodermal pentactin, whole and enlarged tangential ray end. E. Two whole hypoatrial pentactins showing different lengths of proximal rays, and enlargements of the ray ends. F. Choanosomal hexactin, whole and enlargement of a ray end and the coarsely spined central area. G. Discohexactin and enlarged ray end (all whole microscleres at same scale). H. Hemidiscohexaster. I. Discohexaster A. J. Small thin-rayed discohexaster B shown from LM since this form was not encountered in SEM surveys." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229027/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
D) are large regular oxypentactins, some of which bear macrospines near the base of their tapered rays: of 42 spicules examined, 45% were entirely smooth, 19% bore such spines only on proximal rays and 36% had spines on both tangential and proximal rays. Rays end with subterminal roughness behind a smooth rounded cap. Hypoatrialia (
<figureCitation id="13012A388B4FFFAC5AB9FA48FD617789" box="[657,725,1469,1494]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[198,1369,193,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[198,1369,193,1786]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2. Caulophacus chilense sp. nov. spicules. A. Three dermal pinules including two normal hexactine forms and one uncommon pentactine form (all pinules to same scale). B. Two atrial hexactine pinules. C. A choanosome diactin, whole and enlargements of the tip and center. D. Hypodermal pentactin, whole and enlarged tangential ray end. E. Two whole hypoatrial pentactins showing different lengths of proximal rays, and enlargements of the ray ends. F. Choanosomal hexactin, whole and enlargement of a ray end and the coarsely spined central area. G. Discohexactin and enlarged ray end (all whole microscleres at same scale). H. Hemidiscohexaster. I. Discohexaster A. J. Small thin-rayed discohexaster B shown from LM since this form was not encountered in SEM surveys." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229027/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
E) are much smaller, mean tangential rays are 62% of those of dermalia. These spicules have macrospines on all tangential and proximal rays. Tangential ray ends are sharply pointed and rough. Choanosomal hexactins (
<figureCitation id="13012A388B4FFFAC5AA5F9F7FD647444" box="[653,720,1538,1563]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[198,1369,193,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[198,1369,193,1786]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2. Caulophacus chilense sp. nov. spicules. A. Three dermal pinules including two normal hexactine forms and one uncommon pentactine form (all pinules to same scale). B. Two atrial hexactine pinules. C. A choanosome diactin, whole and enlargements of the tip and center. D. Hypodermal pentactin, whole and enlarged tangential ray end. E. Two whole hypoatrial pentactins showing different lengths of proximal rays, and enlargements of the ray ends. F. Choanosomal hexactin, whole and enlargement of a ray end and the coarsely spined central area. G. Discohexactin and enlarged ray end (all whole microscleres at same scale). H. Hemidiscohexaster. I. Discohexaster A. J. Small thin-rayed discohexaster B shown from LM since this form was not encountered in SEM surveys." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229027/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
F) are larger than the hypodermalia and hypoatrialia. Their rays generally all bear macrospines (96% of 168) but a few have them restricted to one short ray (1%) and some bear no macrospines at all (2%). Ray tips are rough and abruptly pointed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8536BD8B4FFFAC58EFF99FFCB975E4" blockId="5.[151,1437,533,1979]" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">
Microscleres are discohexactins (91% of 200), hemidiscohexasters (5.5%) and two forms of discohexasters (together 3.5%). The discohexactins (
<figureCitation id="13012A388B4FFFAC5A7AF978FD2E74F9" box="[594,666,1677,1702]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[198,1369,193,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[198,1369,193,1786]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2. Caulophacus chilense sp. nov. spicules. A. Three dermal pinules including two normal hexactine forms and one uncommon pentactine form (all pinules to same scale). B. Two atrial hexactine pinules. C. A choanosome diactin, whole and enlargements of the tip and center. D. Hypodermal pentactin, whole and enlarged tangential ray end. E. Two whole hypoatrial pentactins showing different lengths of proximal rays, and enlargements of the ray ends. F. Choanosomal hexactin, whole and enlargement of a ray end and the coarsely spined central area. G. Discohexactin and enlarged ray end (all whole microscleres at same scale). H. Hemidiscohexaster. I. Discohexaster A. J. Small thin-rayed discohexaster B shown from LM since this form was not encountered in SEM surveys." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229027/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
G) are generally regular with thorned rays ending in large semianchorate tips with 5–6 marginal claws. Occasionally one ray is bent back and very rarely the terminal disc is reduced to a single pointed hook. The hemidiscohexasters (
<figureCitation id="13012A388B4FFFAC5B68F927FC3174B4" box="[832,901,1746,1771]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[198,1369,193,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[198,1369,193,1786]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2. Caulophacus chilense sp. nov. spicules. A. Three dermal pinules including two normal hexactine forms and one uncommon pentactine form (all pinules to same scale). B. Two atrial hexactine pinules. C. A choanosome diactin, whole and enlargements of the tip and center. D. Hypodermal pentactin, whole and enlarged tangential ray end. E. Two whole hypoatrial pentactins showing different lengths of proximal rays, and enlargements of the ray ends. F. Choanosomal hexactin, whole and enlargement of a ray end and the coarsely spined central area. G. Discohexactin and enlarged ray end (all whole microscleres at same scale). H. Hemidiscohexaster. I. Discohexaster A. J. Small thin-rayed discohexaster B shown from LM since this form was not encountered in SEM surveys." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229027/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
H) are similar to the discohexactins but one or more rarely two or three rays are divided near their origin into two terminal rays. Discohexasters A (
<figureCitation id="13012A388B4FFFAC5CD7F900FAF67551" box="[1279,1346,1781,1806]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[198,1369,193,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[198,1369,193,1786]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2. Caulophacus chilense sp. nov. spicules. A. Three dermal pinules including two normal hexactine forms and one uncommon pentactine form (all pinules to same scale). B. Two atrial hexactine pinules. C. A choanosome diactin, whole and enlargements of the tip and center. D. Hypodermal pentactin, whole and enlarged tangential ray end. E. Two whole hypoatrial pentactins showing different lengths of proximal rays, and enlargements of the ray ends. F. Choanosomal hexactin, whole and enlargement of a ray end and the coarsely spined central area. G. Discohexactin and enlarged ray end (all whole microscleres at same scale). H. Hemidiscohexaster. I. Discohexaster A. J. Small thin-rayed discohexaster B shown from LM since this form was not encountered in SEM surveys." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229027/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">
Fig. 
<date id="FF84107D8B4FFFAC5D1BF903FAF67551" box="[1331,1346,1782,1806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">2</date>
</figureCitation>
I) are as robust as the discohexactins but rare (0.2%); each primary ray is divided near its origin into two or three terminal rays. Discohexasters B (
<figureCitation id="13012A388B4FFFAC5983F8CFFE5B750C" box="[427,495,1850,1875]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[198,1369,193,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[198,1369,193,1786]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2. Caulophacus chilense sp. nov. spicules. A. Three dermal pinules including two normal hexactine forms and one uncommon pentactine form (all pinules to same scale). B. Two atrial hexactine pinules. C. A choanosome diactin, whole and enlargements of the tip and center. D. Hypodermal pentactin, whole and enlarged tangential ray end. E. Two whole hypoatrial pentactins showing different lengths of proximal rays, and enlargements of the ray ends. F. Choanosomal hexactin, whole and enlargement of a ray end and the coarsely spined central area. G. Discohexactin and enlarged ray end (all whole microscleres at same scale). H. Hemidiscohexaster. I. Discohexaster A. J. Small thin-rayed discohexaster B shown from LM since this form was not encountered in SEM surveys." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229027/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
G) are much smaller and thinner than all other microscleres, are rare (3%) and are restricted to the atrial side of the body. They have short primary rays divided into 2–5 straight terminal rays ending in small discs with 4–6 marginal claws. This spicule was not located in SEM preparations hence a light micrograph (
<figureCitation id="13012A388B4FFFAC58B7F857FF5675E4" box="[159,226,1954,1979]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[198,1369,193,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[198,1369,193,1786]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2. Caulophacus chilense sp. nov. spicules. A. Three dermal pinules including two normal hexactine forms and one uncommon pentactine form (all pinules to same scale). B. Two atrial hexactine pinules. C. A choanosome diactin, whole and enlargements of the tip and center. D. Hypodermal pentactin, whole and enlarged tangential ray end. E. Two whole hypoatrial pentactins showing different lengths of proximal rays, and enlargements of the ray ends. F. Choanosomal hexactin, whole and enlargement of a ray end and the coarsely spined central area. G. Discohexactin and enlarged ray end (all whole microscleres at same scale). H. Hemidiscohexaster. I. Discohexaster A. J. Small thin-rayed discohexaster B shown from LM since this form was not encountered in SEM surveys." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229027/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="419">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
J) is used to document their occurrence and form.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF4566358B4CFFAF58BFFF6DFDAF7290" ID-Table-UUID="DF4566358B4CFFAF58BFFF6DFDAF7290" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF4566358B4CFFAF58BFFF6DFDAF7290" pageId="6" pageNumber="420" targetBox="[159,1306,234,1910]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8B8536BD8B4CFFAF58BFFF6DFDAF7290" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,207]" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4CFFAF58BFFF6DFEA572F0" bold="true" box="[151,273,152,175]" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Spicule dimensions of 
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4CFFAF5A0FFF62FC9472F0" box="[551,800,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B4CFFAF5A0FFF62FCA872F0" box="[551,796,151,175]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="420" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="chilense" status="sp. nov.">Caulophacus chilense</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4CFFAF5B06FF6DFC3E72F0" bold="true" box="[814,906,152,175]" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27D57D48B4CFFAF5B06FF6DFC3E72F0" box="[814,906,152,175]" pageId="6" pageNumber="420" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, MNHNCl-POR101, from Caldera, Region of Atacama, Chile (dimensions in µm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8536BD8B4CFFAF58B7FF1EFAA77529" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<table id="F93AC41D8B4C005658B7FF1FFAAE7529" box="[159,1306,234,1910]" gridcols="5" gridrows="41" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FF1FFAAE735F" box="[159,1306,234,256]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FF1FFDA2735F" box="[159,534,234,256]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">parameter</th>
<th id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FF1FFD64735F" box="[665,720,234,256]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">mean</th>
<th id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFF1FFCDA735F" box="[834,878,234,256]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">s.d.</th>
<th id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FF1FFBEA735F" box="[1003,1118,234,256]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">range</th>
<th id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FF1FFAAE735F" box="[1274,1306,234,256]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">no.</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FEE1FAAE7375" box="[159,1306,276,298]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FEE1FDA27375" box="[159,534,276,298]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">Dermal pinule, pinule ray length</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FEE1FD647375" box="[665,720,276,298]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">205</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFEE1FCDA7375" box="[834,878,276,298]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">31</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FEE1FBEA7375" box="[1003,1118,276,298]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">126–299</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FEE1FAAE7375" box="[1274,1306,276,298]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FEC8FAAE730C" box="[159,1306,317,339]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FEC8FDA2730C" box="[159,534,317,339]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">pinule ray basal width</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FEC8FD64730C" box="[665,720,317,339]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">12.8</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFEC8FCDA730C" box="[834,878,317,339]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">2.4</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FEC8FBEA730C" box="[1003,1118,317,339]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">7.8–17.2</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FEC8FAAE730C" box="[1274,1306,317,339]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FE93FAAE7323" box="[159,1306,358,380]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FE93FDA27323" box="[159,534,358,380]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">pinule ray maximum width</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FE93FD647323" box="[665,720,358,380]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">37.7</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFE93FCDA7323" box="[834,878,358,380]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">5.5</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FE93FBEA7323" box="[1003,1118,358,380]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">26.5–48.4</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FE93FAAE7323" box="[1274,1306,358,380]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FE65FAAE73F9" box="[159,1306,400,422]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FE65FDA273F9" box="[159,534,400,422]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">tangential ray length</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FE65FD6473F9" box="[665,720,400,422]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">116</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFE65FCDA73F9" box="[834,878,400,422]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">14</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FE65FBEA73F9" box="[1003,1118,400,422]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">82–143</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FE65FAAE73F9" box="[1274,1306,400,422]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FE4CFAAE7390" box="[159,1306,441,463]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FE4CFDA27390" box="[159,534,441,463]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">tangential ray width</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FE4CFD647390" box="[665,720,441,463]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">9.9</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFE4CFCDA7390" box="[834,878,441,463]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">1.3</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FE4CFBEA7390" box="[1003,1118,441,463]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">7,1–12.7</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FE4CFAAE7390" box="[1274,1306,441,463]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FE17FAAE73A7" box="[159,1306,482,504]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FE17FDA273A7" box="[159,534,482,504]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">proximal ray length</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FE17FD6473A7" box="[665,720,482,504]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">113</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFE17FCDA73A7" box="[834,878,482,504]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">10</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FE17FBEA73A7" box="[1003,1118,482,504]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">89–138</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FE17FAAE73A7" box="[1274,1306,482,504]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FDF9FAAE707D" box="[159,1306,524,546]" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FDF9FDA2707D" box="[159,534,524,546]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">proximal ray width</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FDF9FD64707D" box="[665,720,524,546]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">10.0</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFDF9FCDA707D" box="[834,878,524,546]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">1.5</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FDF9FBEA707D" box="[1003,1118,524,546]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">6.6–12.8</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FDF9FAAE707D" box="[1274,1306,524,546]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FDC0FAAE7014" box="[159,1306,565,587]" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FDC0FDA27014" box="[159,534,565,587]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">Atrial pinule, pinule ray length</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FDC0FD647014" box="[665,720,565,587]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">191</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFDC0FCDA7014" box="[834,878,565,587]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">41</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FDC0FBEA7014" box="[1003,1118,565,587]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">77–316</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FDC0FAAE7014" box="[1274,1306,565,587]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FDABFAAE702B" box="[159,1306,606,628]" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FDABFDA2702B" box="[159,534,606,628]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">pinule ray basal width</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FDABFD64702B" box="[665,720,606,628]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">10.8</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFDABFCDA702B" box="[834,878,606,628]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">1.7</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FDABFBEA702B" box="[1003,1118,606,628]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">7.1–15.4</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FDABFAAE702B" box="[1274,1306,606,628]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FD7DFAAE70C1" box="[159,1306,648,670]" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FD7DFDA270C1" box="[159,534,648,670]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">pinule ray maximum width</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FD7DFD6470C1" box="[665,720,648,670]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">27.9</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFD7DFCDA70C1" box="[834,878,648,670]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">5.5</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FD7DFBEA70C1" box="[1003,1118,648,670]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">16.8–42.4</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FD7DFAAE70C1" box="[1274,1306,648,670]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FD44FAAE7098" box="[159,1306,689,711]" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FD44FDA27098" box="[159,534,689,711]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">tangential ray length</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FD44FD647098" box="[665,720,689,711]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">105</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFD44FCDA7098" box="[834,878,689,711]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">14</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FD44FBEA7098" box="[1003,1118,689,711]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">79–152</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FD44FAAE7098" box="[1274,1306,689,711]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FD2FFAAE70AF" box="[159,1306,730,752]" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FD2FFDA270AF" box="[159,534,730,752]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">tangential ray width</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FD2FFD6470AF" box="[665,720,730,752]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">8.8</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFD2FFCDA70AF" box="[834,878,730,752]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">1.2</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FD2FFBEA70AF" box="[1003,1118,730,752]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">6.3–11.6</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FD2FFAAE70AF" box="[1274,1306,730,752]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FCF1FAAE7145" box="[159,1306,772,794]" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FCF1FDA27145" box="[159,534,772,794]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">proximal ray length</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FCF1FD647145" box="[665,720,772,794]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">99</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFCF1FCDA7145" box="[834,878,772,794]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">16</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FCF1FBEA7145" box="[1003,1118,772,794]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">57–139</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FCF1FAAE7145" box="[1274,1306,772,794]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">47</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FCD8FAAE711C" box="[159,1306,813,835]" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FCD8FDA2711C" box="[159,534,813,835]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">proximal ray width</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FCD8FD64711C" box="[665,720,813,835]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">9.2</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFCD8FCDA711C" box="[834,878,813,835]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">1.5</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FCD8FBEA711C" box="[1003,1118,813,835]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">6.1–13.6</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FCD8FAAE711C" box="[1274,1306,813,835]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">47</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FCA3FAAE7133" box="[159,1306,854,876]" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FCA3FDA27133" box="[159,534,854,876]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">Choanosomal diactin length</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FCA3FD647133" box="[665,720,854,876]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">2112</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFCA3FCDA7133" box="[834,878,854,876]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">408</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FCA3FBEA7133" box="[1003,1118,854,876]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">1043–2879</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FCA3FAAE7133" box="[1274,1306,854,876]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FC75FAAE71C9" box="[159,1306,896,918]" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FC75FDA271C9" box="[159,534,896,918]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">width</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FC75FD6471C9" box="[665,720,896,918]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">10.3</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFC75FCDA71C9" box="[834,878,896,918]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">2.3</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FC75FBEA71C9" box="[1003,1118,896,918]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">6.8–15.6</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FC75FAAE71C9" box="[1274,1306,896,918]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FC5CFAAE71E0" box="[159,1306,937,959]" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FC5CFDA271E0" box="[159,534,937,959]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">Stalk top diactin length</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FC5CFD6471E0" box="[665,720,937,959]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">3996</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFC5CFCDA71E0" box="[834,878,937,959]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">821</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FC5CFBEA71E0" box="[1003,1118,937,959]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">2603–5156</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FC5CFAAE71E0" box="[1274,1306,937,959]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">27</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FC27FAAE71B7" box="[159,1306,978,1000]" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FC27FDA271B7" box="[159,534,978,1000]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">width</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FC27FD6471B7" box="[665,720,978,1000]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">13.1</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFC27FCDA71B7" box="[834,878,978,1000]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">3.8</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FC27FBEA71B7" box="[1003,1118,978,1000]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">7.4–24.2</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FC27FAAE71B7" box="[1274,1306,978,1000]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">27</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FC09FAAE764D" box="[159,1306,1020,1042]" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FC09FDA2764D" box="[159,534,1020,1042]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">Hypodermalia tangential ray length</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FC09FD64764D" box="[665,720,1020,1042]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">528</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFC09FCDA764D" box="[834,878,1020,1042]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">111</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FC09FBEA764D" box="[1003,1118,1020,1042]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">313–728</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FC09FAAE764D" box="[1274,1306,1020,1042]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FBD0FAAE7664" box="[159,1306,1061,1083]" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FBD0FDA27664" box="[159,534,1061,1083]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">width</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FBD0FD647664" box="[665,720,1061,1083]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">27.6</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFBD0FCDA7664" box="[834,878,1061,1083]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">6.3</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FBD0FBEA7664" box="[1003,1118,1061,1083]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">14.0–43.0</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FBD0FAAE7664" box="[1274,1306,1061,1083]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FBBBFAAE763B" box="[159,1306,1102,1124]" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FBBBFDA2763B" box="[159,534,1102,1124]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">proximal ray length</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FBBBFD64763B" box="[665,720,1102,1124]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">623</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFBBBFCDA763B" box="[834,878,1102,1124]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">182</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FBBBFBEA763B" box="[1003,1118,1102,1124]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">251–1018</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FBBBFAAE763B" box="[1274,1306,1102,1124]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">46</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FB8DFAAE76D1" box="[159,1306,1144,1166]" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FB8DFDA276D1" box="[159,534,1144,1166]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">width</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FB8DFD6476D1" box="[665,720,1144,1166]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">26.9</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFB8DFCDA76D1" box="[834,878,1144,1166]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">5.4</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FB8DFBEA76D1" box="[1003,1118,1144,1166]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">16.8–39.0</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FB8DFAAE76D1" box="[1274,1306,1144,1166]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">46</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FB54FAAE76E8" box="[159,1306,1185,1207]" gridrow="23" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FB54FDA276E8" box="[159,534,1185,1207]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">Hypoatrialia tangential ray length</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FB54FD6476E8" box="[665,720,1185,1207]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">327</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFB54FCDA76E8" box="[834,878,1185,1207]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">118</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FB54FBEA76E8" box="[1003,1118,1185,1207]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">164–721</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FB54FAAE76E8" box="[1274,1306,1185,1207]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FB3FFAAE76BF" box="[159,1306,1226,1248]" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FB3FFDA276BF" box="[159,534,1226,1248]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">width</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FB3FFD6476BF" box="[665,720,1226,1248]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">17.3</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFB3FFCDA76BF" box="[834,878,1226,1248]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">4.5</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FB3FFBEA76BF" box="[1003,1118,1226,1248]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">9.3–27.4</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FB3FFAAE76BF" box="[1274,1306,1226,1248]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FB01FAAE7755" box="[159,1306,1268,1290]" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FB01FDA27755" box="[159,534,1268,1290]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">proximal ray length</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FB01FD647755" box="[665,720,1268,1290]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">334</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFB01FCDA7755" box="[834,878,1268,1290]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">124</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FB01FBEA7755" box="[1003,1118,1268,1290]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">171–732</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FB01FAAE7755" box="[1274,1306,1268,1290]" gridcol="4" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FAE8FAAE776C" box="[159,1306,1309,1331]" gridrow="26" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FAE8FDA2776C" box="[159,534,1309,1331]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">width</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FAE8FD64776C" box="[665,720,1309,1331]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">18.0</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFAE8FCDA776C" box="[834,878,1309,1331]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">4.8</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FAE8FBEA776C" box="[1003,1118,1309,1331]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">11.6–32.6</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FAE8FAAE776C" box="[1274,1306,1309,1331]" gridcol="4" gridrow="26" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FAB3FAAE7703" box="[159,1306,1350,1372]" gridrow="27" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FAB3FDA27703" box="[159,534,1350,1372]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">Choanosomal hexactin ray length</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FAB3FD647703" box="[665,720,1350,1372]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">816</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFAB3FCDA7703" box="[834,878,1350,1372]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">190</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FAB3FBEA7703" box="[1003,1118,1350,1372]" gridcol="3" gridrow="27" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">357–1194</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FAB3FAAE7703" box="[1274,1306,1350,1372]" gridcol="4" gridrow="27" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FA85FAAE77D9" box="[159,1306,1392,1414]" gridrow="28" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FA85FDA277D9" box="[159,534,1392,1414]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">width</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FA85FD6477D9" box="[665,720,1392,1414]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">36.8</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFA85FCDA77D9" box="[834,878,1392,1414]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">7.8</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FA85FBEA77D9" box="[1003,1118,1392,1414]" gridcol="3" gridrow="28" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">16.4–50.6</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FA85FAAE77D9" box="[1274,1306,1392,1414]" gridcol="4" gridrow="28" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FA6CFAAE77F0" box="[159,1306,1433,1455]" gridrow="29" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FA6CFDA277F0" box="[159,534,1433,1455]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">Discohexactin diameter</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FA6CFD6477F0" box="[665,720,1433,1455]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">190</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFA6CFCDA77F0" box="[834,878,1433,1455]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">27</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FA6CFBEA77F0" box="[1003,1118,1433,1455]" gridcol="3" gridrow="29" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">114–249</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FA6CFAAE77F0" box="[1274,1306,1433,1455]" gridcol="4" gridrow="29" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FA37FAAE7787" box="[159,1306,1474,1496]" gridrow="30" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FA37FDA27787" box="[159,534,1474,1496]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">terminal disc diameter</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FA37FD647787" box="[665,720,1474,1496]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">17.7</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFA37FCDA7787" box="[834,878,1474,1496]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">2.9</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FA37FBEA7787" box="[1003,1118,1474,1496]" gridcol="3" gridrow="30" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">10.8–22.7</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FA37FAAE7787" box="[1274,1306,1474,1496]" gridcol="4" gridrow="30" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7FA19FAAE745D" box="[159,1306,1516,1538]" gridrow="31" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7FA19FDA2745D" box="[159,534,1516,1538]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">minimum ray width</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1FA19FD64745D" box="[665,720,1516,1538]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">6.6</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AFA19FCDA745D" box="[834,878,1516,1538]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">1.0</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3FA19FBEA745D" box="[1003,1118,1516,1538]" gridcol="3" gridrow="31" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">4.2–8.7</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2FA19FAAE745D" box="[1274,1306,1516,1538]" gridcol="4" gridrow="31" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7F9E0FAAE7474" box="[159,1306,1557,1579]" gridrow="32" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7F9E0FDA27474" box="[159,534,1557,1579]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">Hemidiscohexaster diameter</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1F9E0FD647474" box="[665,720,1557,1579]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">154</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AF9E0FCDA7474" box="[834,878,1557,1579]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">28</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3F9E0FBEA7474" box="[1003,1118,1557,1579]" gridcol="3" gridrow="32" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">104–204</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2F9E0FAAE7474" box="[1274,1306,1557,1579]" gridcol="4" gridrow="32" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7F9CBFAAE740B" box="[159,1306,1598,1620]" gridrow="33" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7F9CBFDA2740B" box="[159,534,1598,1620]" gridcol="0" gridrow="33" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">primary ray length</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1F9CBFD64740B" box="[665,720,1598,1620]" gridcol="1" gridrow="33" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">6.5</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AF9CBFCDA740B" box="[834,878,1598,1620]" gridcol="2" gridrow="33" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">3.2</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3F9CBFBEA740B" box="[1003,1118,1598,1620]" gridcol="3" gridrow="33" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">1.6–19.2</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2F9CBFAAE740B" box="[1274,1306,1598,1620]" gridcol="4" gridrow="33" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7F99DFAAE7421" box="[159,1306,1640,1662]" gridrow="34" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7F99DFDA27421" box="[159,534,1640,1662]" gridcol="0" gridrow="34" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">secondary ray length</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1F99DFD647421" box="[665,720,1640,1662]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">69.3</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AF99DFCDA7421" box="[834,878,1640,1662]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">14.1</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3F99DFBEA7421" box="[1003,1118,1640,1662]" gridcol="3" gridrow="34" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">31.4–93.9</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2F99DFAAE7421" box="[1274,1306,1640,1662]" gridcol="4" gridrow="34" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7F964FAAE74F8" box="[159,1306,1681,1703]" gridrow="35" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7F964FDA274F8" box="[159,534,1681,1703]" gridcol="0" gridrow="35" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">Discohexaster A (thick ray) diameter</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1F964FD6474F8" box="[665,720,1681,1703]" gridcol="1" gridrow="35" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">111</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AF964FCDA74F8" box="[834,878,1681,1703]" gridcol="2" gridrow="35" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">na</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3F964FBEA74F8" box="[1003,1118,1681,1703]" gridcol="3" gridrow="35" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">93–132</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2F964FAAE74F8" box="[1274,1306,1681,1703]" gridcol="4" gridrow="35" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7F94FFAAE748F" box="[159,1306,1722,1744]" gridrow="36" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7F94FFDA2748F" box="[159,534,1722,1744]" gridcol="0" gridrow="36" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">primary ray length</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1F94FFD64748F" box="[665,720,1722,1744]" gridcol="1" gridrow="36" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">3.8</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AF94FFCDA748F" box="[834,878,1722,1744]" gridcol="2" gridrow="36" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">na</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3F94FFBEA748F" box="[1003,1118,1722,1744]" gridcol="3" gridrow="36" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">3.3-4.1</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2F94FFAAE748F" box="[1274,1306,1722,1744]" gridcol="4" gridrow="36" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7F911FAAE74A5" box="[159,1306,1764,1786]" gridrow="37" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7F911FDA274A5" box="[159,534,1764,1786]" gridcol="0" gridrow="37" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">secondary ray length</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1F911FD6474A5" box="[665,720,1764,1786]" gridcol="1" gridrow="37" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">51.8</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AF911FCDA74A5" box="[834,878,1764,1786]" gridcol="2" gridrow="37" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">na</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3F911FBEA74A5" box="[1003,1118,1764,1786]" gridcol="3" gridrow="37" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">44.2–63.3</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2F911FAAE74A5" box="[1274,1306,1764,1786]" gridcol="4" gridrow="37" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7F8F8FAAE757C" box="[159,1306,1805,1827]" gridrow="38" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7F8F8FDA2757C" box="[159,534,1805,1827]" gridcol="0" gridrow="38" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">Discohexaster B (thin ray) diameter</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1F8F8FD64757C" box="[665,720,1805,1827]" gridcol="1" gridrow="38" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">81</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AF8F8FCDA757C" box="[834,878,1805,1827]" gridcol="2" gridrow="38" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">19</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3F8F8FBEA757C" box="[1003,1118,1805,1827]" gridcol="3" gridrow="38" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">38–124</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2F8F8FAAE757C" box="[1274,1306,1805,1827]" gridcol="4" gridrow="38" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7F8C3FAAE7513" box="[159,1306,1846,1868]" gridrow="39" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7F8C3FDA27513" box="[159,534,1846,1868]" gridcol="0" gridrow="39" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">primary ray length</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1F8C3FD647513" box="[665,720,1846,1868]" gridcol="1" gridrow="39" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">4.4</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AF8C3FCDA7513" box="[834,878,1846,1868]" gridcol="2" gridrow="39" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">1.0</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3F8C3FBEA7513" box="[1003,1118,1846,1868]" gridcol="3" gridrow="39" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">1.9–6.7</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2F8C3FAAE7513" box="[1274,1306,1846,1868]" gridcol="4" gridrow="39" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A34FF8B4C005658B7F895FAAE7529" box="[159,1306,1888,1910]" gridrow="40" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">
<th id="76DB5D838B4C005658B7F895FDA27529" box="[159,534,1888,1910]" gridcol="0" gridrow="40" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">secondary ray length</th>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565AB1F895FD647529" box="[665,720,1888,1910]" gridcol="1" gridrow="40" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">36.6</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565B6AF895FCDA7529" box="[834,878,1888,1910]" gridcol="2" gridrow="40" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">9.3</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565BC3F895FBEA7529" box="[1003,1118,1888,1910]" gridcol="3" gridrow="40" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">15.5–57.2</td>
<td id="76DB5D838B4C00565CD2F895FAAE7529" box="[1274,1306,1888,1910]" gridcol="4" gridrow="40" pageId="6" pageNumber="420">50</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4566358B4DFFAE58BFF9F0FEB17427" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229026/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" targetBox="[151,1436,195,1517]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8B8536BD8B4DFFAE58BFF9F0FEB17427" blockId="7.[151,1437,1541,1656]" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4DFFAE58BFF9F0FEA77444" bold="true" box="[151,275,1541,1563]" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B4DFFAE5932F9F0FE4E7444" box="[282,506,1541,1563]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="chilense" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4DFFAE5932F9F0FE4E7444" box="[282,506,1541,1563]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">Caulophacus chilense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4DFFAE5A29F9F0FDE67444" bold="true" box="[513,594,1541,1563]" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27D57D48B4DFFAE5A29F9F0FDE67444" box="[513,594,1541,1563]" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A. The holotype, dried. B. The upper body. C. Surface of the atrial or top surface. D. Close-up image of the irregular atrial lattice. E. Surface of the derma or lower body surface with radiating subdermal strands of diactins. F. Close-up of the more regular dermal lattice of pinular hexactins supported by a coarser lattice of hypodermal pentactins.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C32065368B4DFFAE58EFF96AFBD574E7" box="[199,1121,1695,1720]" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B8536BD8B4DFFAE58EFF96AFBD574E7" blockId="7.[151,1436,1695,2008]" box="[199,1121,1695,1720]" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4DFFAE58EFF96AFEFA74E7" bold="true" box="[199,334,1695,1720]" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species name, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B4DFFAE5A01F96AFD3174E8" box="[553,645,1695,1719]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="chilense">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4DFFAE5A01F96AFD3174E8" box="[553,645,1695,1719]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">chilense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, refers to the location of collection: 
<collectingCountry id="F32D762D8B4DFFAE5C35F96AFBE974E7" box="[1053,1117,1695,1720]" name="Chile" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">Chile</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32065368B4DFFA058EFF936FE987047" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="423" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8536BD8B4DFFA058EFF936FE8D73F2" blockId="7.[151,1436,1695,2008]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,536]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="423" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4DFFAE58EFF936FE8F7483" bold="true" box="[199,315,1731,1756]" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">Remarks.</emphasis>
The new specimen described here lacks onychoidal and oxyoidal microscleres and thus is excluded from the subgenera 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B4DFFAE5950F912FD3374A0" authority="Ijima 1927" authorityName="Ijima" authorityYear="1927" box="[376,647,1767,1792]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulodiscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4DFFAE5950F912FDB774A0" box="[376,515,1767,1791]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">Caulodiscus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B4C8B4DFFAE5A22F912FD3374A0" author="Ijima" box="[522,647,1767,1792]" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" refString="Ijima, I. (1927) The Hexactinellida of the Siboga Expedition. In: Weber, M. (Ed.), Siboga-Expeditie. Uitkomsten op zoologisch, botanisch, oceanographisch en geologisch gebied verzameld in Nederlandsch Oost-Indie 1899 - 1900 aan boord H. M. ' Siboga' onder commando van Luitenant ter zee le kl. G. F. Tydeman. 106 (Monographie VI). (E. J. Brill: Leiden), i - viii, 1 - 383. [plates. I - XXVI]" type="journal article" year="1927">Ijima 1927</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B4DFFAE5ABCF912FC4574A0" authority="Janussen et al. 2004" authorityName="Janussen et al." authorityYear="2004" box="[660,1009,1767,1792]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Oxydiscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4DFFAE5ABCF912FCB374A0" box="[660,775,1767,1791]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">Oxydiscus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B4C8B4DFFAE5B26F91DFC4574A0" author="Janussen" box="[782,1009,1767,1792]" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" refString="Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R. &amp; Tendal, O. S. (2004) Deep-sea Hexactinellida (Porifera) of the Weddell Sea. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 51 (14), 1857 - 1882. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2004.07.018" type="journal article" year="2004">Janussen et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B4DFFAE5C00F912FA23755F" authority="Lendenfeld 1915" authorityName="Lendenfeld" authorityYear="1915" box="[1064,1431,1767,1792]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4DFFAE5C00F912FB7974A0" box="[1064,1229,1767,1791]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">Caulophacella</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B4C8B4DFFAE5CFDF912FA23755F" author="Lendenfeld" box="[1237,1431,1767,1792]" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" refString="Lendenfeld, R. von (1915) Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition to the Eastern Tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, from October, 1904, to March, 1905, Lieut. Commander L. M. Garrett, U. S. N., Commanding, and of other expeditions of the Albatross, 1891 - 1899. (29). The Sponges. 3. Hexactinellida. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 42 (2), 1 - 396. [plates. 1 - 109]" type="journal article" year="1915">Lendenfeld 1915</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; it is assignable only to subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B4DFFAE5A34F8FEFCEC757B" authority="Schulze 1885" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1885" box="[540,856,1803,1828]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4DFFAE5A34F8FEFD04757C" box="[540,688,1803,1827]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">Caulophacus</emphasis>
Schulze 1885
</taxonomicName>
. Within the subgenus, it cannot be assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B4DFFAE5DAAF8F9FDC57518" authority="Schulze and Kirkpatrick 1910" authorityName="Schulze and Kirkpatrick" authorityYear="1910" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4DFFAE5DAAF8F9FEA07518" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">C. antarcticus</emphasis>
Schulze and Kirkpatrick 1910
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B4DFFAE5A56F8C5FC197517" authority="Levi 1964" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1964" box="[638,941,1839,1864]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="basispinosus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4DFFAE5A56F8C5FC9A7518" box="[638,814,1839,1863]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">C. basispinosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B4C8B4DFFAE5B1FF8DAFC197517" author="Levi" box="[823,941,1839,1864]" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" refString="Levi, C. (1964) Spongiaires des zones bathyale, abyssale et hadale. Galathea Report 7. Scientific Results of The Danish Deep- Sea Expedition Round the World, 1950 - 52, 63 - 112. [plates. II - XI]" type="book chapter" year="1964">Lévi 1964</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, or 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B4DFFAE5BF1F8C5FB6C7517" authority="Levi 1964" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1964" box="[985,1240,1839,1864]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="galathea">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4DFFAE5BF1F8C5FBE97518" box="[985,1117,1839,1863]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">C. galathea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B4C8B4DFFAE5C4DF8DAFB6C7517" author="Levi" box="[1125,1240,1839,1864]" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" refString="Levi, C. (1964) Spongiaires des zones bathyale, abyssale et hadale. Galathea Report 7. Scientific Results of The Danish Deep- Sea Expedition Round the World, 1950 - 52, 63 - 112. [plates. II - XI]" type="book chapter" year="1964">Lévi 1964</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
since these three species lack discohexasters. It is excluded from 13 species which possess lophodiscohexasters characterized by having four or more terminal rays on each primary ray: 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B4DFFAE5B39F88DFBF775CF" authority="Hansen, 1885" authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1885" box="[785,1091,1911,1936]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="arcticus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4DFFAE5B39F88DFC3F75D0" box="[785,907,1912,1935]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">C. arcticus</emphasis>
(Hansen, 1885)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B4DFFAE5C67F88DFE8575EB" authority="Boury-Esnault and De Vos 1988" authorityName="Boury-Esnault and De Vos" authorityYear="1988" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cyanae">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4DFFAE5C67F88DFB7475D0" box="[1103,1216,1912,1935]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">C. cyanae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B4C8B4DFFAE5CE0F882FE8575EB" author="Boury-Esnault" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. &amp; De Vos, L. (1988) Caulophacus cyanae n. sp., a new hexactinellid sponge from hydrothermal vents. Biogeography of the genus Caulophacus Schulze, 1887. Oceanologica Acta, Volume special 8, 51 - 60." type="journal article" year="1988">Boury-Esnault and De Vos 1988</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B4DFFAE5968F869FCB775EB" authority="Janussen et al.2004" authorityName="Janussen et al." authorityYear="2004" box="[320,771,1947,1972]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="discohexactinus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4DFFAE5968F869FDA375EC" box="[320,535,1947,1971]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">C. discohexactinus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B4C8B4DFFAE5A09F869FCB775EB" author="Janussen" box="[545,771,1947,1972]" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" refString="Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R. &amp; Tendal, O. S. (2004) Deep-sea Hexactinellida (Porifera) of the Weddell Sea. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 51 (14), 1857 - 1882. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2004.07.018" type="journal article" year="2004">Janussen et al.2004</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4DFFAE5B3BF869FC6675EC" box="[787,978,1947,1971]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">C, discohexaster</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B4C8B4DFFAE5BF4F86EFAA775EB" author="Tabachnick" box="[988,1299,1947,1972]" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" refString="Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R. &amp; Tendal, O. S. (2004) Deep-sea Hexactinellida (Porifera) of the Weddell Sea. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 51 (14), 1857 - 1882. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2004.07.018" type="journal article" year="2004">Tabachnick and Lévi 2004</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B4DFFAE5D0AF869FE847587" authority="Schulze 1885" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1885" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="elegans">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4DFFAE5D0AF869FA2F75EC" box="[1314,1435,1947,1971]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">C. elegans</emphasis>
Schulze 1885
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B4DFFAE5914F835FD9F7587" authority="Levi 1964" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1964" box="[316,555,1983,2008]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hadalis">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4DFFAE5914F835FE1B7588" box="[316,431,1983,2007]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">C. hadalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B4C8B4DFFAE599EF84AFD9F7587" author="Levi" box="[438,555,1983,2008]" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" refString="Levi, C. (1964) Spongiaires des zones bathyale, abyssale et hadale. Galathea Report 7. Scientific Results of The Danish Deep- Sea Expedition Round the World, 1950 - 52, 63 - 112. [plates. II - XI]" type="book chapter" year="1964">Lévi 1964</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B4DFFAE5A1EF835FCEA7588" authority="Topsent 1910" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1910" box="[566,862,1983,2007]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="instabilis">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4DFFAE5A1EF835FD097588" box="[566,701,1983,2007]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">C. instabilis</emphasis>
Topsent 1910
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B4DFFAE5B41F835FBD57587" authority="Schulze 1886" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1886" box="[873,1121,1983,2008]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="latus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4DFFAE5B41F835FC747588" box="[873,960,1983,2007]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">C. latus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B4C8B4DFFAE5BEFF84AFBD57587" author="Schulze" box="[967,1121,1983,2008]" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" refString="Schulze, F. E. (1886) Uber den Bau und das System der Hexactinelliden. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Physikalisch-Mathematische Classe), 1886, 1 - 97." type="journal article" year="1886">Schulze 1886</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B4DFFAE5C44F835FA2C7587" authority="Schulze 1886" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1886" box="[1132,1432,1983,2008]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="oviformis">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B4DFFAE5C44F835FB437588" box="[1132,1271,1983,2007]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="421">C. oviformis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B4C8B4DFFAE5CD5F84AFA2C7587" author="Schulze" box="[1277,1432,1983,2008]" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" refString="Schulze, F. E. (1886) Uber den Bau und das System der Hexactinelliden. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Physikalisch-Mathematische Classe), 1886, 1 - 97." type="journal article" year="1886">Schulze 1886</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B43FFA058BFFF6DFE7672EF" authority="Schulze 1886" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1886" box="[151,450,151,176]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="423" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pipetta">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B43FFA058BFFF6DFEBD72F0" box="[151,265,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="423">C. pipetta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B4C8B43FFA05932FF62FE0F72EF" author="Schulze" box="[282,443,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="423" refString="Schulze, F. E. (1886) Uber den Bau und das System der Hexactinelliden. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Physikalisch-Mathematische Classe), 1886, 1 - 97." type="journal article" year="1886">Schulze 1886</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B43FFA059F9FF6DFD5B72EF" authority="Wilson 1904" authorityName="Wilson" authorityYear="1904" box="[465,751,151,176]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="423" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schulzei">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B43FFA059F9FF6DFDFB72EF" box="[465,591,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="423">C. schulzei</emphasis>
Wilson 1904
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B43FFA05AD5FF6DFBA172EF" authority="Topsent 1910" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1910" box="[765,1045,152,176]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="423" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="scotiae">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B43FFA05AD5FF6DFCC472F0" box="[765,880,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="423">C. scotiae</emphasis>
Topsent 1910
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B43FFA05C7AFF6DFA2C72EF" authority="Tabachnick 1988" authorityName="Tabachnick" authorityYear="1988" box="[1106,1432,151,176]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="423" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="variens">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B43FFA05C7AFF6DFB7372F0" box="[1106,1223,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="423">C. variens</emphasis>
Tabachnick 1988
</taxonomicName>
. Since the discohexactins of the new form are considerably less than 200 µm, it cannot be a member of the two species 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B43FFA058C6FF15FD2772A7" authority="Reiswig and Stone 2013" authorityName="Reiswig and Stone" authorityYear="2013" box="[238,659,223,248]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="423" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="adakensis">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B43FFA058C6FF15FEC872A7" box="[238,380,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="423">C. adakensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B4C8B43FFA059ACFF2AFD2772A7" author="Reiswig" box="[388,659,223,248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="423" refString="Reiswig, H. M. &amp; Stone, R. P. (2013) New glass sponges (Porifera: Hexactinellida) from deep waters of the central Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Zootaxa, 3628 (1), 1 - 64. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3628.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Reiswig and Stone 2013</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B43FFA05A9FFF15FC6772A7" authority="Schulze 1899" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1899" box="[695,979,223,248]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="423" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agassizi">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B43FFA05A9FFF15FC8572A8" box="[695,817,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="423">C. agassizi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B4C8B43FFA05B10FF2AFC6772A7" author="Schulze" box="[824,979,223,248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="423" refString="Schulze, F. E. (1899) Amerikanische Hexactinelliden, nach dem Materiale der Albatross-Expedition. (Fischer: Jena), 126 pp. [plates. I - XIX] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85189" type="book" year="1899">Schulze 1899</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Finally, it is separated from 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B43FFA05D3DFF15FEE27343" authority="Tabachnick 1990" authorityName="Tabachnick" authorityYear="1990" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="423" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssalis">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B43FFA05D3DFF15FA2872A7" box="[1301,1436,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="423">C. abyssalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B4C8B43FFA058BFFEF1FEE27343" author="Tabachnick" box="[151,342,260,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="423" refString="Tabachnick, K. R. (1990) Hexactinellid sponges from the Nasca and Sala-y-Gomez. Trudi of the Institute of Oceanology, Academy of Sciences of USSR, 124, 161 - 173." type="journal article" year="1990">Tabachnick 1990</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by the pinular rays of dermalia differing drastically in shape in the two forms and having a single length range instead of two size classes of those rays (126–299 µm in the new form vs 100–180 µm and 320–400 µm in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B43FFA058CAFEB9FEDE733B" box="[226,362,332,356]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="423" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="abyssalis">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B43FFA058CAFEB9FEDE733B" box="[226,362,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="423">C. abyssalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Based upon these and many other differences from the presently recognized members of the subgenus, it is clear that the form described here is a new species designated here as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B43FFA05C72FE85FF4773F3" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="423" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="chilense" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Caulophacus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B43FFA05C72FE85FF4773F3" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="423">Caulophacus (Caulophacus) chilense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B43FFA058D2FE61FE8D73F2" bold="true" box="[250,313,404,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="423">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27D57D48B43FFA058D2FE61FE8D73F2" box="[250,313,404,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="423" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4566358B42FFA158BFF8F8FDA27584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229027/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="422" targetBox="[198,1369,193,1784]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8B8536BD8B42FFA158BFF8F8FDA27584" blockId="8.[151,1436,1805,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="422">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B42FFA158BFF8F8FEA0757C" bold="true" box="[151,276,1805,1827]" pageId="8" pageNumber="422">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B42FFA15933F8F8FE4F757C" box="[283,507,1805,1827]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="422" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="chilense" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B42FFA15933F8F8FE4F757C" box="[283,507,1805,1827]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="422">Caulophacus chilense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B42FFA15A2BF8F8FDE0757C" bold="true" box="[515,596,1805,1827]" pageId="8" pageNumber="422">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27D57D48B42FFA15A2BF8F8FDE0757C" box="[515,596,1805,1827]" pageId="8" pageNumber="422" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
spicules. A. Three dermal pinules including two normal hexactine forms and one uncommon pentactine form (all pinules to same scale). B. Two atrial hexactine pinules. C. A choanosome diactin, whole and enlargements of the tip and center. D. Hypodermal pentactin, whole and enlarged tangential ray end. E. Two whole hypoatrial pentactins showing different lengths of proximal rays, and enlargements of the ray ends. F. Choanosomal hexactin, whole and enlargement of a ray end and the coarsely spined central area. G. Discohexactin and enlarged ray end (all whole microscleres at same scale). H. Hemidiscohexaster. I. Discohexaster A. J. Small thin-rayed discohexaster B shown from LM since this form was not encountered in SEM surveys.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8536BD8B43FFA058EFFE42FE987047" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="423">
Associated fauna only include the verrucid cirripedian 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B43FFA05B1EFE4DFC58738F" box="[822,1004,440,464]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Gibbosaverruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="9" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B43FFA05B1EFE4DFC58738F" box="[822,1004,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="423">Gibbosaverruca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., with three specimens growing on the stalk of the new 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D3E8B43FFA059ACFE29FDAC73AB" box="[388,536,476,500]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="423" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B43FFA059ACFE29FDAC73AB" box="[388,536,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="423">Caulophacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species; these barnacles are currently under description (Araya &amp; Newman 
<emphasis id="B94EEAAF8B43FFA05DAEFE28FEA87048" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="423">in preparation</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>