150 lines
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150 lines
24 KiB
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<document id="D87EAEACD95C711433E7C6F327286865" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13745824" ID-ZooBank="AFDFAEE4-9B4A-4792-80E7-27DC9ECC23D8" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1726052091569" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Titus, Benjamin M., Bennett-Smith, Morgan F., Chiodo, Tommaso & Rodríguez, Estefanía" docDate="2024" docId="038187876459FFD71BD2FC3BFE15761B" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5506.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5506 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Stichodactyla gigantea " docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="FFB8FFFF644EFFC01B45FF9BFFDB7179" masterDocTitle="The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide." masterLastPageNumber="34" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="24" updateTime="1726245086095" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="081BBFF75E290945164ECAE7AA293EEA">The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0ED62EFA4AB05C59C8C1F8E04069A849">Titus, Benjamin M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DE9016D5F9F0152B7EF6DA694CA2498A">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="66B90C27484150F3F51D4A2DA3BC6BE8">Bennett-Smith, Morgan F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B04FB0FCB7D66E546D7B0C178EBC1CFE">Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA, 02215</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="1176D301C5BD7AB3050EB826A77F9DA1" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="67BE0C795A1EE51CDFC09C885EAEDB2E">Chiodo, Tommaso</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D7876FA269380A773F87CFC366187784">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="493D4796DAC781782BF73FDDF2A62E5F">Rodríguez, Estefanía</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B6A8B3DDC84F85CCC443E701B012C51A">Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="2867288F80CA32642540B1E275F05B9C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="301003E1619A80B05465CBE0DC08621F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="FC06CEBFE68BF243C83A8CA4F184CF48">
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<mods:date id="B0C83A9F351C78682905269B39C00471">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C9987873031CC1AD53F0D7B9E85C5564">2024-09-05</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="D4C7FE3E63E3DCF66EFACB6A5C375A34">5506</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="0466133991F8E4DBAB3B046DA3859CB1">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="038187876459FFD71BD2FC3BFE15761B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13760339" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13760339" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038187876459FFD71BD2FC3BFE15761B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038187876459FFD71BD2FC3BFE15761B" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<subSubSection id="C332651A6459FFD71BD2FC3BFC4D72C3" box="[151,918,927,955]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9736916459FFD71BD2FC3BFC4D72C3" blockId="23.[151,918,927,955]" box="[151,918,927,955]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<heading id="D0DF81FD6459FFD71BD2FC3BFC4D72C3" bold="true" box="[151,918,927,955]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D126459FFD71BD2FC3BFDA272C3" ID-CoL="6ZRSH" authority="(Forsskal, 1775)" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[151,633,927,955]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gigantea">
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Stichodactyla gigantea (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B606459FFD71AFCFC04FDAA72C3" author="Forsskal, P." box="[441,625,927,954]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref16453" refString="Forsskal, P. (1775) Descriptiones Animalium. Molleri, Hauniae, 164 pp." type="book" year="1775">Forsskål, 1775</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13132A146459FFD719CCFC3BFCDD72C3" box="[649,774,928,954]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="24.[152,255,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[215,1373,181,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-22@24.[215,1373,181,1763]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 14. Representative images of Stichodactyla gigantea encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Wide-angle photograph of S. gigantea in shallow water habitat surrounded by stony corals. Note the strongly wavy oral disc and visible mouth (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea). B) Individual with rare vibrant blue/violet body coloration (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea). C) Macro photograph of S. gigantea column, tentacles, and verrucae. Note the thin tentacles, slightly tapered tentacle tips, and verrucae (arrow) that contrast in color with surrounding column (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea. D) Common tan colored individual (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea). E) Macro photograph of S. gigantea tentacles highlighting tapered tentacle tips (Palawan, Philippines). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745856" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745856/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 14</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13132A146459FFD71856FC3BFC5672C3" box="[787,909,928,954]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,1137,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-455@16.[189,1397,1137,1681]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Confirmed geographic range of Radianthus crispa in the Indo-West Pacific. Red dots represent species observations from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Blue shaded area represents shallow water habitat (60 m bathymetry)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745838/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure S7</figureCitation>
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)
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C332651A6459FFD71BD2FC72FE15761B" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B9736916459FFD71BD2FC72FDAA7767" blockId="23.[151,1437,1000,1891]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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Contrary to its name, the “giant carpet” anemone
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D126459FFD719A9FC73FC28757B" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[748,1011,1000,1026]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gigantea">Stichodactyla gigantea</taxonomicName>
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is not the largest clownfish-hosting anemone species, and not even the largest of the “carpet” anemones in the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D126459FFD71F07FB97FB01755F" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[1090,1242,1036,1062]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Stichodactyla</taxonomicName>
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. Although largebodied, this species rarely reaches
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<quantity id="4CD09B746459FFD71964FBABFDA47532" box="[545,639,1072,1099]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="500.0">500 mm</quantity>
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in oral disc diameter and is generally exceeded in size by
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D126459FFD71E52FBAAFA477533" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[1303,1436,1073,1099]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mertensii">S. mertensii</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D126459FFD71B8DFBCEFE827516" baseAuthorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[200,345,1109,1135]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Radianthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="magnifica">R. magnifica</taxonomicName>
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. This species is characterized by a deeply folded oral disc, which is covered by densely packed tentacles. Tentacles are typically short (
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<quantity id="4CD09B746459FFD7190AFBE2FD1F75EA" box="[591,708,1145,1171]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="15.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="10.0">10-20 mm</quantity>
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in length), thin, and taper to a blunt point (
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<figureCitation id="13132A146459FFD71FE6FBE3FAC875EA" box="[1187,1299,1144,1171]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="24.[152,255,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[215,1373,181,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-22@24.[215,1373,181,1763]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 14. Representative images of Stichodactyla gigantea encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Wide-angle photograph of S. gigantea in shallow water habitat surrounded by stony corals. Note the strongly wavy oral disc and visible mouth (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea). B) Individual with rare vibrant blue/violet body coloration (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea). C) Macro photograph of S. gigantea column, tentacles, and verrucae. Note the thin tentacles, slightly tapered tentacle tips, and verrucae (arrow) that contrast in color with surrounding column (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea. D) Common tan colored individual (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea). E) Macro photograph of S. gigantea tentacles highlighting tapered tentacle tips (Palawan, Philippines). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745856" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745856/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 14</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13132A146459FFD71E5AFBE3FA5475EA" box="[1311,1423,1144,1171]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,1137,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-455@16.[189,1397,1137,1681]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Confirmed geographic range of Radianthus crispa in the Indo-West Pacific. Red dots represent species observations from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Blue shaded area represents shallow water habitat (60 m bathymetry)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745838/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure S7</figureCitation>
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). The tapered tentacle tips represent one important diagnostic character to differentiate
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D126459FFD71F1CFB06FB0375CF" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[1113,1240,1181,1207]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gigantea">S. gigantea</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D126459FFD71E58FB06FA4375CF" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Saville-Kent" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[1309,1432,1180,1207]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haddoni">S. haddoni</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D126459FFD71BD2FB5AFEFB75A3" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[151,288,1217,1243]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mertensii">S. mertensii</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D126459FFD71A18FB5AFE3575A2" baseAuthorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[349,494,1217,1243]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Radianthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="magnifica">R. magnifica</taxonomicName>
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. The density and thickness of the tentacles give the anemone a “furry” appearance like a shag carpet. Tentacle color is typically tan but can also be tipped with purple or blue. Some individuals are a vibrant blue or violet color (
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<figureCitation id="13132A146459FFD71AA9FA93FDA9745A" box="[492,626,1288,1315]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="24.[152,255,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[215,1373,181,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-22@24.[215,1373,181,1763]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 14. Representative images of Stichodactyla gigantea encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Wide-angle photograph of S. gigantea in shallow water habitat surrounded by stony corals. Note the strongly wavy oral disc and visible mouth (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea). B) Individual with rare vibrant blue/violet body coloration (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea). C) Macro photograph of S. gigantea column, tentacles, and verrucae. Note the thin tentacles, slightly tapered tentacle tips, and verrucae (arrow) that contrast in color with surrounding column (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea. D) Common tan colored individual (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea). E) Macro photograph of S. gigantea tentacles highlighting tapered tentacle tips (Palawan, Philippines). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745856" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745856/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 14B</figureCitation>
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). Tentacles are most densely packed surrounding the margin of the oral disc, and typically stop just shy of the mouth (
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<figureCitation id="13132A146459FFD719DDFAB7FCC6743E" box="[664,797,1324,1351]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="24.[152,255,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[215,1373,181,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-22@24.[215,1373,181,1763]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 14. Representative images of Stichodactyla gigantea encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Wide-angle photograph of S. gigantea in shallow water habitat surrounded by stony corals. Note the strongly wavy oral disc and visible mouth (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea). B) Individual with rare vibrant blue/violet body coloration (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea). C) Macro photograph of S. gigantea column, tentacles, and verrucae. Note the thin tentacles, slightly tapered tentacle tips, and verrucae (arrow) that contrast in color with surrounding column (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea. D) Common tan colored individual (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea). E) Macro photograph of S. gigantea tentacles highlighting tapered tentacle tips (Palawan, Philippines). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745856" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745856/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 14A</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13132A146459FFD7186DFAB7FC76743E" box="[808,941,1324,1351]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,1137,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-455@16.[189,1397,1137,1681]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Confirmed geographic range of Radianthus crispa in the Indo-West Pacific. Red dots represent species observations from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Blue shaded area represents shallow water habitat (60 m bathymetry)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745838/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure S7D</figureCitation>
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). Tentacles are extremely sticky to the touch and will tear off easily, some always twitching even in calm waters. The column is usually short and can contrast in color with the tentacles. Column color typically ranges from tan to yellow to pink but can also take on brownishgreen hues. Longitudinal rows of verrucae occupy the upper portion of the column only, and contrast in color from the surrounding column (
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<figureCitation id="13132A146459FFD71AF7FA27FDEC74AE" box="[434,567,1468,1495]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="24.[152,255,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[215,1373,181,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-22@24.[215,1373,181,1763]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 14. Representative images of Stichodactyla gigantea encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Wide-angle photograph of S. gigantea in shallow water habitat surrounded by stony corals. Note the strongly wavy oral disc and visible mouth (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea). B) Individual with rare vibrant blue/violet body coloration (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea). C) Macro photograph of S. gigantea column, tentacles, and verrucae. Note the thin tentacles, slightly tapered tentacle tips, and verrucae (arrow) that contrast in color with surrounding column (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea. D) Common tan colored individual (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea). E) Macro photograph of S. gigantea tentacles highlighting tapered tentacle tips (Palawan, Philippines). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745856" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745856/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 14C</figureCitation>
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). Verrucae are not strongly adherent and do not hold debris. Verrucae color is typically blue, maroon, or purple. The pedal disc and lower portion of column are typically obscured from view and burrowed in sand pockets or reef crevices.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9736916459FFD71B82F9B3FE1B77AB" blockId="23.[151,1437,1000,1891]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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This species occupies calm, shallow-water habitats and may become exposed at low tides. It occupies both sandy and rocky microhabitats. Molecular evidence suggests this species is capable of asexual reproduction (Gatis 2014). Among the three species of clownfish-hosting sea anemones in the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D126459FFD71F63F9EBFB6577F3" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[1062,1214,1648,1674]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Stichodactyla</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D126459FFD71F88F9EAFA9777F3" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[1229,1356,1649,1675]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gigantea">S. gigantea</taxonomicName>
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can be easily differentiated from
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D126459FFD71AF3F90EFDE277D7" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[438,569,1685,1711]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mertensii">S. mertensii</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D126459FFD71928F90EFD3F77D7" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Saville-Kent" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[621,740,1684,1711]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haddoni">S. haddoni</taxonomicName>
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by its tapered tentacle tips, more deeply folded/wavy oral disc, and shallow-water habitat.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9736916459FFD71B82F947FE15761B" blockId="23.[151,1437,1000,1891]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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Geographically, this species ranges from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Eastern Indian Ocean, throughout the Coral Triangle, Northern
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<collectingCountry id="F33F76016459FFD71920F89BFD147663" box="[613,719,1792,1818]" name="Australia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Australia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F33F76016459FFD7199EF89BFCF67663" box="[731,813,1792,1818]" name="Taiwan" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
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and Southern Japanese Archipelago, and as far east as
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<collectingCountry id="F33F76016459FFD71BD2F8BEFE9E7647" box="[151,325,1828,1855]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F33F76016459FFD71A3FF8BEFE0D7646" box="[378,470,1829,1855]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
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in the South Pacific and
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<collectingCountry id="F33F76016459FFD719AAF8BFFCB67647" box="[751,877,1828,1854]" name="Micronesia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Micronesia</collectingCountry>
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in the North Pacific (
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<figureCitation id="13132A146459FFD71F1BF8BFFB147646" box="[1118,1231,1828,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="25.[152,255,747,771]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,181,723]" captionTargetId="figure-17@25.[189,1398,181,723]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 15. Confirmed geographic range of Stichodactyla gigantea in the Indo-West Pacific. Red dots represent species observations from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Blue shaded area represents shallow water habitat (60 m bathymetry)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745858" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745858/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 15</figureCitation>
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). It does not reach
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<collectingCountry id="F33F76016459FFD71BD2F8D3FF65761B" box="[151,190,1864,1890]" name="Fiji" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fiji</collectingCountry>
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or the
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<collectingCountry id="F33F76016459FFD71A48F8D3FE11761B" box="[269,458,1864,1890]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Marshall Islands</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |