142 lines
28 KiB
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142 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="347C153F786F27235B79DB845638087E" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13745824" ID-ZooBank="AFDFAEE4-9B4A-4792-80E7-27DC9ECC23D8" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1726052091569" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Titus, Benjamin M., Bennett-Smith, Morgan F., Chiodo, Tommaso & Rodríguez, Estefanía" docDate="2024" docId="038187876453FFDD1BD2FC7CFC7B76D3" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5506.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5506 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Cryptodendrum adhaesivum" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="30" masterDocId="FFB8FFFF644EFFC01B45FF9BFFDB7179" masterDocTitle="The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide." masterLastPageNumber="34" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="30" updateTime="1726245086095" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="C0160FD5BB12ED43171B4010131990AA">
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<mods:title id="2531979A05555F3A1F38333ACDC2F1FF">The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C3435A2F63D52464FD82A1D9240C32B1">Titus, Benjamin M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0795FC9F3EC78DB4F4A9B82097FE80FD">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="485719B741F208BEBA501D820C5A5A37">Bennett-Smith, Morgan F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FACE6F9F7B89F446847AAD33FD68BD62">Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA, 02215</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="FF09F1B2CE2CBC48E7E6F048B252FDD5">Chiodo, Tommaso</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="24BAB0A4C8C3A9321E36152787460407">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1006FD2EB29A8A0D36FF3866FC16BE1D">Rodríguez, Estefanía</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C87C0B095C9BCF8F793EC236893EE697">Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="F7C02986B587B02E6FF274B82CDAB641">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="7410516330F8BB35F5B33B19292CCE84">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="978A6E976ED59A03C617AEC66D56260F">2024-09-05</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="680EF5C2229981EA95A75A11447A0453">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="2308A29E1730333F56AD811559A4573A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="C46FBEDBB44454A954D719431C48D619" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038187876453FFDD1BD2FC7CFC7B76D3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13760349" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13760349" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038187876453FFDD1BD2FC7CFC7B76D3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038187876453FFDD1BD2FC7CFC7B76D3" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<subSubSection id="C332651A6453FFDD1BD2FC7CFBD27578" box="[151,1033,999,1026]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9736916453FFDD1BD2FC7CFBD27578" blockId="29.[151,1033,999,1026]" box="[151,1033,999,1026]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<heading id="D0DF81FD6453FFDD1BD2FC7CFBD27578" bold="true" box="[151,1033,999,1026]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D126453FFDD1BD2FC7CFD067578" ID-CoL="ZX3P" authority="(Klunzinger, 1877)" baseAuthorityName="Klunzinger" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[151,733,999,1026]" class="Anthozoa" family="Thalassianthidae" genus="Cryptodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="adhaesivum">
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Cryptodendrum adhaesivum (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B606453FFDD1AB8FC7CFD0E7578" author="Klunzinger, C. B." box="[509,725,999,1025]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref16925" refString="Klunzinger, C. B. (1877) Die Korallthiere des rothen Meeres. Erster Theil: Die Alcyonarien und Malacodermen. Gutmann'schen Buchhandlung, Berlin, 98 pp." type="book" year="1877">Klunzinger, 1877</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13132A146453FFDD19A8FC7CFCB1757B" box="[749,874,999,1026]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="30.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-22@30.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 20. Representative images of Cryptodendrum adhaesivum encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Wide angle photograph capturing hard substrate microhabitat (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). B) Macro photograph highlighting distinct tentacle types (i) bulbous outer tentacles, (ii) branched inner tentacles, and (iii) branched fringing nematospheres (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Green individual with all tentacles similar in color (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). D) Individual with white peripheral tentacles (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). E) Individual with purple peripheral tentacles (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Scott Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745868/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figure 20</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13132A146453FFDD1832FC73FBDB7578" box="[887,1024,999,1026]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1752,1776]" captionTargetBox="[226,1361,181,1728]" captionTargetId="figure-22@20.[226,1361,181,1728]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 10. Representative images of the magnificent sea anemone Radianthus magnifica encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Wide-angle photograph of stereotypical R. magnifica perched prominently on exposed rocky outcrop with fully visible purple column and pedal disc (Maldives). B) Retracted individual with column curled into a ball leaving only a small tuft of tentacles visible (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea). C) Macro photograph of tentacles. Note the blunt-rounded ends that are all alike and the small “dot” present in the center of the tentacle tip (Fares-Maathodaa, Maldives). D) Cluster of at least four anemones on rocky outcrop (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). E) Large solitary individual with pink tentacle tips. Note that the oral disc is fully expanded over the substrate obscuring the column and pedal disc from view (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea. Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Benjamin Titus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745846" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745846/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figure S10</figureCitation>
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)
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C332651A6453FFDD1BD2FBABFC7B76D3" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B9736916453FFDD1BD2FBABFD537483" blockId="29.[151,1437,1072,1962]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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Among the most spectacularly colored and morphologically distinct host anemones,
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D126453FFDD1F19FBABFA477533" baseAuthorityName="Klunzinger" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1116,1436,1072,1098]" class="Anthozoa" family="Thalassianthidae" genus="Cryptodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="adhaesivum">Cryptodendrum adhaesivum</taxonomicName>
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is hard to misidentify in the field and the only host anemone within the family
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D126453FFDD1F4EFBCFFB1C7517" authorityName="Milne Edwards" authorityYear="1857" box="[1035,1223,1108,1134]" class="Anthozoa" family="Thalassianthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Thalassianthidae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13132A146453FFDD1F93FBCFFA9C7517" box="[1238,1351,1108,1134]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="30.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-22@30.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 20. Representative images of Cryptodendrum adhaesivum encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Wide angle photograph capturing hard substrate microhabitat (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). B) Macro photograph highlighting distinct tentacle types (i) bulbous outer tentacles, (ii) branched inner tentacles, and (iii) branched fringing nematospheres (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Green individual with all tentacles similar in color (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). D) Individual with white peripheral tentacles (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). E) Individual with purple peripheral tentacles (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Scott Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745868/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figure 20</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13132A146453FFDD1E16FBCFFF1D75EB" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1752,1776]" captionTargetBox="[226,1361,181,1728]" captionTargetId="figure-22@20.[226,1361,181,1728]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 10. Representative images of the magnificent sea anemone Radianthus magnifica encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Wide-angle photograph of stereotypical R. magnifica perched prominently on exposed rocky outcrop with fully visible purple column and pedal disc (Maldives). B) Retracted individual with column curled into a ball leaving only a small tuft of tentacles visible (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea). C) Macro photograph of tentacles. Note the blunt-rounded ends that are all alike and the small “dot” present in the center of the tentacle tip (Fares-Maathodaa, Maldives). D) Cluster of at least four anemones on rocky outcrop (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). E) Large solitary individual with pink tentacle tips. Note that the oral disc is fully expanded over the substrate obscuring the column and pedal disc from view (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea. Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Benjamin Titus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745846" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745846/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figure S10</figureCitation>
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). Commonly referred to as the “pizza anemone” or “adhesive anemone”
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D126453FFDD18B6FBE3FB4275EB" baseAuthorityName="Klunzinger" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1011,1177,1144,1170]" class="Anthozoa" family="Thalassianthidae" genus="Cryptodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="adhaesivum">C. adhaesivum</taxonomicName>
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bears multiple tentacle
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<typeStatus id="549388336453FFDD1BD2FB07FF0975CF" box="[151,210,1180,1206]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">types</typeStatus>
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that are highly adhesive (
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<figureCitation id="13132A146453FFDD1947FB07FD5175CF" box="[514,650,1180,1206]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="30.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-22@30.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 20. Representative images of Cryptodendrum adhaesivum encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Wide angle photograph capturing hard substrate microhabitat (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). B) Macro photograph highlighting distinct tentacle types (i) bulbous outer tentacles, (ii) branched inner tentacles, and (iii) branched fringing nematospheres (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Green individual with all tentacles similar in color (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). D) Individual with white peripheral tentacles (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). E) Individual with purple peripheral tentacles (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Scott Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745868/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figure 20B</figureCitation>
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). The outer marginal tentacles are densely packed and bulbous, and contrast strongly with the inner tentacles which are slender and may branch into five or more projections, giving the anemone an appearance that resembles a pizza with a thick crust (
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<figureCitation id="13132A146453FFDD18EAFB7FFBFA7587" box="[943,1057,1252,1278]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="30.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-22@30.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 20. Representative images of Cryptodendrum adhaesivum encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Wide angle photograph capturing hard substrate microhabitat (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). B) Macro photograph highlighting distinct tentacle types (i) bulbous outer tentacles, (ii) branched inner tentacles, and (iii) branched fringing nematospheres (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Green individual with all tentacles similar in color (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). D) Individual with white peripheral tentacles (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). E) Individual with purple peripheral tentacles (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Scott Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745868/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figure 20</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13132A146453FFDD1F6BFB7FFB747587" box="[1070,1199,1252,1278]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1752,1776]" captionTargetBox="[226,1361,181,1728]" captionTargetId="figure-22@20.[226,1361,181,1728]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 10. Representative images of the magnificent sea anemone Radianthus magnifica encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Wide-angle photograph of stereotypical R. magnifica perched prominently on exposed rocky outcrop with fully visible purple column and pedal disc (Maldives). B) Retracted individual with column curled into a ball leaving only a small tuft of tentacles visible (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea). C) Macro photograph of tentacles. Note the blunt-rounded ends that are all alike and the small “dot” present in the center of the tentacle tip (Fares-Maathodaa, Maldives). D) Cluster of at least four anemones on rocky outcrop (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). E) Large solitary individual with pink tentacle tips. Note that the oral disc is fully expanded over the substrate obscuring the column and pedal disc from view (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea. Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Benjamin Titus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745846" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745846/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figure S10</figureCitation>
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). Marginal and inner tentacles may be uniformly colored or highly contrasting in color. Immediately adjacent to the bulbous marginal tentacles are a row of branched nematospheres (spherical modified tentacles co-located with exocoelic tentacles at the oral disc margin;
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<figureCitation id="13132A146453FFDD1AE2FACBFDF27413" box="[423,553,1360,1386]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="30.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-22@30.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 20. Representative images of Cryptodendrum adhaesivum encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Wide angle photograph capturing hard substrate microhabitat (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). B) Macro photograph highlighting distinct tentacle types (i) bulbous outer tentacles, (ii) branched inner tentacles, and (iii) branched fringing nematospheres (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Green individual with all tentacles similar in color (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). D) Individual with white peripheral tentacles (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). E) Individual with purple peripheral tentacles (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Scott Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745868/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figure 20B</figureCitation>
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) that attach directly to the oral disc and give the anemone a frilly appearance when exposed. Verrucae are present, non-adhesive, and form longitudinal rows on upper column. Verrucae color is variable and can range from red, purple, or orange that may contrast highly with the column. Oral disc is usually flat and round when expanded (
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<figureCitation id="13132A146453FFDD1A8AFA27FD8E74AF" box="[463,597,1468,1494]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="30.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-22@30.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 20. Representative images of Cryptodendrum adhaesivum encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Wide angle photograph capturing hard substrate microhabitat (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). B) Macro photograph highlighting distinct tentacle types (i) bulbous outer tentacles, (ii) branched inner tentacles, and (iii) branched fringing nematospheres (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Green individual with all tentacles similar in color (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). D) Individual with white peripheral tentacles (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). E) Individual with purple peripheral tentacles (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Scott Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745868/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figure 20A</figureCitation>
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), reaching up to
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in diameter, but may also be wavy when wedged into crevices in the reef (
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<figureCitation id="13132A146453FFDD1AE9FA7BFDA77483" box="[428,636,1504,1530]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="30.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-22@30.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 20. Representative images of Cryptodendrum adhaesivum encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Wide angle photograph capturing hard substrate microhabitat (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). B) Macro photograph highlighting distinct tentacle types (i) bulbous outer tentacles, (ii) branched inner tentacles, and (iii) branched fringing nematospheres (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Green individual with all tentacles similar in color (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). D) Individual with white peripheral tentacles (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). E) Individual with purple peripheral tentacles (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Scott Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745868/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figure 20C and D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9736916453FFDD1B82F99FFAB5778F" blockId="29.[151,1437,1072,1962]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D126453FFDD1B82F99FFDD27767" baseAuthorityName="Klunzinger" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[199,521,1540,1566]" class="Anthozoa" family="Thalassianthidae" genus="Cryptodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="adhaesivum">Cryptodendrum adhaesivum</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a broad geographic distribution and is known to occur from the Red Sea, continental Africa in the Western Indian Ocean, throughout the Coral Triangle, North to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33F76016453FFDD1F29F9B3FB74773B" box="[1132,1199,1576,1602]" name="Japan" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and as far east in the South Pacific as the Marquesas (but not making it to Hawaii;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13132A146453FFDD1809F9D7FC67771F" box="[844,956,1612,1638]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="31.[152,255,751,775]" captionTargetBox="[183,1386,181,726]" captionTargetId="figure-17@31.[183,1405,181,727]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 21. Confirmed geographic range of Cryptodendrim adhaesivum in the Indo-West Pacific. Red dots represent species observations from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Blue shaded area represents shallow water habitat (60 m bathymetry)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745872" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745872/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figure 21</figureCitation>
|
||
). This species has a broad depth range and can be found in near-intertidal rocky reef habitats to depths of at least
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2EFD186453FFDD18D3F9EBFC0F77F3" box="[918,980,1648,1675]" count="25" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4CD09B746453FFDD18D3F9EBFC0B77F3" box="[918,976,1648,1675]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="25.0">25 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
On reefs,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D126453FFDD1F01F9EBFB3277F3" baseAuthorityName="Klunzinger" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1092,1257,1648,1674]" class="Anthozoa" family="Thalassianthidae" genus="Cryptodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="adhaesivum">C. adhaesivum</taxonomicName>
|
||
always attaches its pedal disc deep within hard stable substrate and is commonly found wedged in boulder fields. The column is never exposed. When disturbed,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D126453FFDD1943F923FD7677AB" baseAuthorityName="Klunzinger" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[518,685,1720,1746]" class="Anthozoa" family="Thalassianthidae" genus="Cryptodendrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="adhaesivum">C. adhaesivum</taxonomicName>
|
||
will retract rapidly into crevices and holes in the reef. This species has the most rapid contraction of any host anemone species and will completely disappear into the reef matrix.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9736916453FFDD1B82F89BFC7B76D3" blockId="29.[151,1437,1072,1962]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
This species is thought to sexually reproduce only and does not form aggregations of individuals on reefs. Although one of ten documented clownfish hosting anemones, it does not host fish in much of its range and has only ever been documented in association with Clark’s anemonefish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D126453FFDD1821F8D3FBE9761B" baseAuthorityName="Bennett" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[868,1074,1864,1890]" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarki">Amphiprion clarki</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13132A146453FFDD1F04F8D3FB64761B" box="[1089,1215,1864,1890]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1752,1776]" captionTargetBox="[226,1361,181,1728]" captionTargetId="figure-22@20.[226,1361,181,1728]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 10. Representative images of the magnificent sea anemone Radianthus magnifica encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Wide-angle photograph of stereotypical R. magnifica perched prominently on exposed rocky outcrop with fully visible purple column and pedal disc (Maldives). B) Retracted individual with column curled into a ball leaving only a small tuft of tentacles visible (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea). C) Macro photograph of tentacles. Note the blunt-rounded ends that are all alike and the small “dot” present in the center of the tentacle tip (Fares-Maathodaa, Maldives). D) Cluster of at least four anemones on rocky outcrop (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). E) Large solitary individual with pink tentacle tips. Note that the oral disc is fully expanded over the substrate obscuring the column and pedal disc from view (Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea. Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Benjamin Titus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745846" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745846/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figure S10</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the far western and eastern edges of its range, including the Red Sea, Western Indian Ocean,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33F76016453FFDD1F6BF8F7FB2D76FF" box="[1070,1270,1900,1926]" name="French Polynesia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">French Polynesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33F76016453FFDD1E7CF8F7FF3276D3" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Marshall Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
, this species has never been documented hosting clownfishes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |