155 lines
22 KiB
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155 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="19F4384D48A9E736FC29043FB420410F">The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0C7C083CC91A240E41872BD2DBE75507">Titus, Benjamin M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="23BBEDB07726D2BAD38B08FE7F514EC4">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C6AE1730B71D9B3D10BC279E088AC682">Bennett-Smith, Morgan F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B7E46104EF06D3677E40418F0FDC274F">Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA, 02215</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="41EF215FB18E77DCCC1F3F33D0CCEA58">Chiodo, Tommaso</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="157F23D040B64870D75FB638280E4534">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9F5B69D6413074D5C7881A5F485C51C9">Rodríguez, Estefanía</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="283B343DB2213D40155B2A21DEA29BBA">Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="F76B79B96AF1931AA9BD6052B0438F68">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="7B032CB96FFAAFD7AF79C6DEF5FEF2CB">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E0468301F60A4465A290DCEA9738A1F0">2024-09-05</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03818787644AFFC51BD2FB54FAC371AC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13760321" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13760321" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03818787644AFFC51BD2FB54FAC371AC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03818787644AFFC51BD2FB54FAC371AC" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<subSubSection id="C332651A644AFFC41BD2FB54FC897590" box="[151,850,1231,1258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B973691644AFFC41BD2FB54FC897590" blockId="4.[151,850,1231,1258]" box="[151,850,1231,1258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<heading id="D0DF81FD644AFFC41BD2FB54FC897590" bold="true" box="[151,850,1231,1258]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">
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Notes on
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12644AFFC41A4EFB54FDC37593" ID-CoL="52J2B" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Saville-Kent" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[267,536,1231,1258]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haddoni">Stichodactyla haddoni</taxonomicName>
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&
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12644AFFC41905FB54FC897590" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[576,850,1231,1258]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gigantea">Stichodactyla gigantea</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C332651A644AFFC51BD2FA8CFAC371AC" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B973691644AFFC41BD2FA8CFC107798" blockId="4.[151,1437,1303,2014]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Among the most complicated nomenclatural problems to arise among the clownfish-hosting sea anemones is the one that involves the species that have long been recognized by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B60644AFFC418C6FAA7FBCE742C" author="Dunn, D. F." box="[899,1045,1339,1366]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="3 - 115" refId="ref16180" refString="Dunn, D. F. (1981) The clownfish sea anemones: Stichodactylidae (Coelenterata: Actiniaria) and other sea anemones symbiotic with pomacentrid fishes. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 71 (1), 3 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006382" type="journal article" year="1981">Dunn (1981)</bibRefCitation>
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and the broader community as
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12644AFFC41EC2FAA0FE047400" authority="(Saville-Kent, 1893)" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Saville-Kent" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haddoni">
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S. haddoni (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B60644AFFC41A44FAC4FE0C7400" author="Saville-Kent, W." box="[257,471,1375,1401]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref17557" refString="Saville-Kent, W. (1893) The Great Barrier Reef of Australia; its Products and Potentialities. W. H. Allen & Co., London, 387 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58247" type="book" year="1893">Saville-Kent, 1893</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12644AFFC41950FAC4FC887403" authority="(Forsskal, 1775)" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[533,851,1375,1402]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gigantea">
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S. gigantea (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B60644AFFC419E5FAC4FC917403" author="Forsskal, P." box="[672,842,1375,1402]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref16453" refString="Forsskal, P. (1775) Descriptiones Animalium. Molleri, Hauniae, 164 pp." type="book" year="1775">Forsskål, 1775</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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. Recently,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B60644AFFC41889FAC4FB247400" author="Bennett-Smith, M. F. & Majoris, J. E. & Titus, B. M. & Berumen, M. L." box="[972,1279,1375,1401]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref15764" refString="Bennett-Smith, M. F., Majoris, J. E., Titus, B. M. & Berumen, M. L. (2021) Clownfish hosting anemones (Anthozoa, Actiniaria) of the Red Sea: new associations and distributions, historical misidentifications, and morphological variability. Marine Biodiversity Records, 14 (1), 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 41200 - 021 - 00216 - 6" type="journal article" year="2021">Bennett-Smith et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
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demonstrated that what
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B60644AFFC41A4DFA1FFE4274E4" author="Dunn, D. F." box="[264,409,1411,1438]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="3 - 115" refId="ref16180" refString="Dunn, D. F. (1981) The clownfish sea anemones: Stichodactylidae (Coelenterata: Actiniaria) and other sea anemones symbiotic with pomacentrid fishes. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 71 (1), 3 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006382" type="journal article" year="1981">Dunn (1981)</bibRefCitation>
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recognized as
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12644AFFC41900FA18FD1F74E4" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[581,708,1411,1437]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gigantea">S. gigantea</taxonomicName>
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does not occur in the Red Sea, nor in the broader Indian Ocean West of the Bay of Bengal. Their conclusion was that the species currently recognized as
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12644AFFC41FE0FA3CFAFD74B8" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[1189,1318,1447,1473]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gigantea">S. gigantea</taxonomicName>
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has never occurred in the Red Sea, and thus,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B60644AFFC4195CFA57FD72749C" author="Dunn, D. F." box="[537,681,1483,1510]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="3 - 115" refId="ref16180" refString="Dunn, D. F. (1981) The clownfish sea anemones: Stichodactylidae (Coelenterata: Actiniaria) and other sea anemones symbiotic with pomacentrid fishes. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 71 (1), 3 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006382" type="journal article" year="1981">Dunn (1981)</bibRefCitation>
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had misattributed
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B60644AFFC4183CFA50FBF2749F" author="Forsskal, P." box="[889,1065,1483,1510]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref16453" refString="Forsskal, P. (1775) Descriptiones Animalium. Molleri, Hauniae, 164 pp." type="book" year="1775">Forsskål’s 1775</bibRefCitation>
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description of
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12644AFFC41F95FA57FA47749C" authorityName="Forsskal" authorityYear="1775" box="[1232,1436,1484,1509]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Priapus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="giganteus">Priapus giganteus</taxonomicName>
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to the wrong clownfish-hosting sea anemone species.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B60644AFFC419B7FA74FBFE7770" author="Bennett-Smith, M. F. & Majoris, J. E. & Titus, B. M. & Berumen, M. L." box="[754,1061,1519,1545]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref15764" refString="Bennett-Smith, M. F., Majoris, J. E., Titus, B. M. & Berumen, M. L. (2021) Clownfish hosting anemones (Anthozoa, Actiniaria) of the Red Sea: new associations and distributions, historical misidentifications, and morphological variability. Marine Biodiversity Records, 14 (1), 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 41200 - 021 - 00216 - 6" type="journal article" year="2021">Bennett-Smith et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
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document two clownfish-hosting species from the Red Sea in the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12644AFFC41917F988FD317754" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[594,746,1555,1581]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Stichodactyla</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12644AFFC419BFF988FCA87754" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Saville-Kent" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[762,883,1555,1581]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haddoni">S. haddoni</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12644AFFC418E9F988FBEA7754" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[940,1073,1555,1581]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mertensii">S. mertensii</taxonomicName>
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. Unfortunately, as
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B60644AFFC41E4EF98FFA477754" author="Dunn, D. F." box="[1291,1436,1555,1582]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="3 - 115" refId="ref16180" refString="Dunn, D. F. (1981) The clownfish sea anemones: Stichodactylidae (Coelenterata: Actiniaria) and other sea anemones symbiotic with pomacentrid fishes. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 71 (1), 3 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006382" type="journal article" year="1981">Dunn (1981)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B60644AFFC41B82F9ACFE267728" author="Bennett-Smith, M. F. & Majoris, J. E. & Titus, B. M. & Berumen, M. L." box="[199,509,1591,1617]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref15764" refString="Bennett-Smith, M. F., Majoris, J. E., Titus, B. M. & Berumen, M. L. (2021) Clownfish hosting anemones (Anthozoa, Actiniaria) of the Red Sea: new associations and distributions, historical misidentifications, and morphological variability. Marine Biodiversity Records, 14 (1), 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 41200 - 021 - 00216 - 6" type="journal article" year="2021">Bennett-Smith et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
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both noted, Forsskål’s description is not diagnostic and the
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<typeStatus id="54938833644AFFC41FE7F9A3FB09772B" box="[1186,1234,1592,1618]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
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specimen has not been found.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B60644AFFC41A66F9C7FE68770C" author="Dunn, D. F." box="[291,435,1627,1654]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="3 - 115" refId="ref16180" refString="Dunn, D. F. (1981) The clownfish sea anemones: Stichodactylidae (Coelenterata: Actiniaria) and other sea anemones symbiotic with pomacentrid fishes. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 71 (1), 3 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006382" type="journal article" year="1981">Dunn (1981)</bibRefCitation>
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ultimately elevated Forsskål as the authority of the species she recognizes as
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12644AFFC41E5BF9C0FA47770C" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[1310,1436,1627,1653]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gigantea">S. gigantea</taxonomicName>
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based on Forsskål’s comment on the extreme adhesiveness of the tentacles. Both
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12644AFFC41F6EF9E4FB7F77E0" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Saville-Kent" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[1067,1188,1663,1689]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haddoni">S. haddoni</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12644AFFC41F9EF9E4FABB77E0" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[1243,1376,1663,1689]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mertensii">S. mertensii</taxonomicName>
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have adhesive tentacles where they co-occur in the Red Sea and combined with the lack of diagnostic description from Forsskål, the name
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12644AFFC41A34F95CFE347798" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[369,495,1735,1761]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gigantea">S. gigantea</taxonomicName>
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could equally be applied to either species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B973691644AFFC51B82F970FAC371AC" blockId="4.[151,1437,1303,2014]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Further complicating matters is Dunn’s nomenclature for these three taxa in the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12644AFFC41FC8F970FAFE767C" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[1165,1317,1771,1797]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Stichodactyla</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been consistently applied in the scientific community for over 30 years, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D12644AFFC418F8F894FBED7650" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Saville-Kent" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[957,1078,1807,1833]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haddoni">S. haddoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an especially popular animal in the ornamental aquarium trade. Swapping and synonymizing species names for two animals that have long been recognized as clownfish-hosting sea anemones does not foster nomenclatural stability and will likely serve to further the long-standing confusion surrounding the taxonomy and identification of these anemones in the literature and among aquarium trade hobbyists. As such, we have petitioned the ICZN to retain
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B60644AFFC41F2FF804FAD576C0" author="Dunn, D. F." box="[1130,1294,1951,1977]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="3 - 115" refId="ref16180" refString="Dunn, D. F. (1981) The clownfish sea anemones: Stichodactylidae (Coelenterata: Actiniaria) and other sea anemones symbiotic with pomacentrid fishes. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 71 (1), 3 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006382" type="journal article" year="1981">Dunn’s (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
usage for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D12644AFFC41EC2F804FE3D76A4" authority="(Saville-Kent, 1893)" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Saville-Kent" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haddoni">
|
||
S. haddoni (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B60644AFFC41A40F858FE0576A4" author="Saville-Kent, W." box="[261,478,1987,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref17557" refString="Saville-Kent, W. (1893) The Great Barrier Reef of Australia; its Products and Potentialities. W. H. Allen & Co., London, 387 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58247" type="book" year="1893">Saville-Kent, 1893</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D12644AFFC41967F858FCB376A7" authority="(Forsskal, 1775)" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[546,872,1987,2014]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
S. gigantea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B60644AFFC419F0F858FC8476A7" author="Forsskal, P." box="[693,863,1987,2014]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref16453" refString="Forsskal, P. (1775) Descriptiones Animalium. Molleri, Hauniae, 164 pp." type="book" year="1775">Forsskål, 1775</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Rodríguez et al. in press: case 3885). This will maintain nomenclatural stability at the species level while minimizing the number of species-level name changes among these close relatives until a thorough revision of morphological and genomic data is completed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |