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<mods:title id="B155C665F11D5F60205392713970262E">An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna</mods:title>
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<heading id="D0A91343484BFFCDEC9FFD86FAB9604A" box="[916,1298,609,633]" level="3" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">
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Tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484BFFCDECD7FD86FAB9604A" ID-CoL="8JKF2" ID-ENA="1745655" authority="Matsumura, 1917" authorityName="Matsumura" authorityYear="1917" box="[988,1298,609,633]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Prasiini">
Prasiini
<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE484BFFCDEB4AFD86FAB9604A" author="Matsumura, S." box="[1089,1298,609,633]" firstAuthor="Matsumura" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Sapporo Natural History Society" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" pagination="186 - 212" part="6" refId="ref56537" refString="Matsumura, S., 1917. A list of the Japanese and Formosan Cicadidae, with descriptions of new species and genera. Transactions of the Sapporo Natural History Society 6: 186 - 212." title="A list of the Japanese and Formosan Cicadidae, with descriptions of new species and genera" type="journal article" year="1917">Matsumura, 1917</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484BFFCDEC11FD6DFBCE60AC" ID-CoL="e483a08b-4824-4376-81c0-cd6f88e970e8" authority="Matsumura, 1917" authorityName="Matsumura" authorityYear="1917" box="[794,1125,650,671]" family="Cicadidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" rank="tribe" tribe="Prasinaria">
Prasinaria
<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE484BFFCDEC89FD6DFBCE60AC" author="Matsumura, S." box="[898,1125,650,671]" firstAuthor="Matsumura" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Sapporo Natural History Society" page="209" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" pagination="186 - 212" part="6" refId="ref56537" refString="Matsumura, S., 1917. A list of the Japanese and Formosan Cicadidae, with descriptions of new species and genera. Transactions of the Sapporo Natural History Society 6: 186 - 212." title="A list of the Japanese and Formosan Cicadidae, with descriptions of new species and genera" type="journal article" year="1917">Matsumura, 1917: 209</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4E8301484BFFCDEC11FD43FBB9608A" box="[794,1042,676,697]" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484BFFCDEC11FD43FBA6608A" ID-CoL="8JKF2" authority="Kato, 1932: 188" authorityName="Kato" authorityPageNumber="188" authorityYear="1932" box="[794,1037,676,697]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Prasiini">
Prasiini
<treatmentCitation id="0AFF823E484BFFCDEC67FD43FBA6608A" author="Kato, M" box="[876,1037,676,697]" page="188" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" year="1932">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE484BFFCDEC67FD43FBA6608A" author="Kato, M" bookContentInfo="450 pp." box="[876,1037,676,697]" firstAuthor="Kato" journalOrPublisher="San Sei Do, Tokyo" page="188" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" refId="ref55615" refString="Kato, M., 1932. Monograph of Cicadidae. San Sei Do, Tokyo. 450 pp., 32 pls. [In Japanese but partly supplemented by English.]" title="Monograph of Cicadidae." type="book" year="1932">Kato, 1932: 188</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE1A42F484BFFCDEC11FD58FB9B60E7" blockId="61.[794,1128,650,751]" box="[794,1072,703,724]" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4E8301484BFFCDEC11FD58FB9B60E7" box="[794,1072,703,724]" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">
<treatmentCitation id="0AFF823E484BFFCDEC11FD58FB9B60E7" author="Jacobi" box="[794,1072,703,724]" page="317" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" year="1941">
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484BFFCDEC11FD58FB8060E7" authority="Jacobi, 1941" authorityName="Jacobi" authorityYear="1941" box="[794,1067,703,724]" family="Cicadidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Prasiinae">
Prasiinae
<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE484BFFCDEC71FD58FB8060E7" author="Jacobi, A." box="[890,1067,703,724]" firstAuthor="Jacobi" journalOrPublisher="Nach der Expeditionsausbeute von B. Rensch. Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere" page="317" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" pagination="277 - 322" part="74" refId="ref55340" refString="Jacobi, A., 1941. Die Zikadenfauna der Kleinen sundainseln. Nach der Expeditionsausbeute von B. Rensch. Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 74: 277 - 322, pl. 5. [279 - 281, 316 - 318]" title="Die Zikadenfauna der Kleinen sundainseln" type="journal article" year="1941">Jacobi, 1941: 317</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<paragraph id="8BE1A42F484BFFCDEC11FD3DFC5560DC" blockId="61.[794,1128,650,751]" box="[794,1022,730,751]" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4E8301484BFFCDEC11FD3DFC5560DC" box="[794,1022,730,751]" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">
<treatmentCitation id="0AFF823E484BFFCDEC11FD3DFC5560DC" author="Kato, M" box="[794,1022,730,751]" page="65" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" year="1956">
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484BFFCDEC11FD3DFC5160DC" ID-CoL="8JKF2" authority="Kato, 1956: 65" authorityName="Kato" authorityPageNumber="65" authorityYear="1956" box="[794,1018,730,751]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Prasini">
Prasini
<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE484BFFCDEC6EFD3DFC5160DC" author="Kato, M" bookContentInfo="319 pp." box="[869,1018,730,751]" firstAuthor="Kato" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Cicadidae Museum" page="65" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" refId="ref55684" refString="Kato, M., 1956. The Biology of the Cicadas. [Bulletin of the Cicadidae Museum] 319 pp., 46 pls. Iwasaki Shoten, Jinbocho Kanda, Tokyo. [In Japanese; headings, subheadings, captions and index in English. Facsimile reprint, 1981, Scientist Inc., Japan.]" title="The Biology of the Cicadas" type="book" year="1956">Kato, 1956: 65</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<subSubSection id="C344F7A4484BFFCDEC11FD18FAC26124" box="[794,1385,767,791]" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BE1A42F484BFFCDEC11FD18FAC26124" blockId="61.[794,1385,767,791]" box="[794,1385,767,791]" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484BFFCDEC11FD18FC376124" bold="true" box="[794,924,767,791]" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">Type genus</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484BFFCDECA2FCE7FB8A6124" ID-CoL="8HPV8" authority="Stal" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1863" box="[937,1057,768,791]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Prasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484BFFCDECA2FCE7FC5B6124" box="[937,1008,768,791]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">Prasia</emphasis>
Stål
</taxonomicName>
(type species
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484BFFCDEBB0FCE7FAF76124" ID-CoL="4M99N" authority="Stal" authorityName="Stal" box="[1211,1372,768,791]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Prasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="faticina">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484BFFCDEBB0FCE7FA8C6124" box="[1211,1319,768,791]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">P. faticina</emphasis>
Stål
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C344F7A4484BFFCDEC11FCCFFC5C6149" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" type="taxon_list">
<paragraph id="8BE1A42F484BFFCDEC11FCCFFC5C6149" blockId="61.[794,1422,808,891]" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484BFFCDEC11FCCFFC7E6173" bold="true" box="[794,981,808,832]" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">Included genera</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484BFFCDECE8FCCEFB2F610C" authority="Distant" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" box="[995,1156,808,832]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arfaka" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484BFFCDECE8FCCEFB876173" box="[995,1068,809,832]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">Arfaka</emphasis>
Distant
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484BFFCDEB84FCCEFA9A610C" authority="Distant" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" box="[1167,1329,808,832]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Iruana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484BFFCDEB84FCCEFB736173" box="[1167,1240,809,832]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">Iruana</emphasis>
Distant
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484BFFCDEA37FCCEFCC0616E" authority="Distant" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Jacatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484BFFCDEA37FCCEFA266173" box="[1340,1421,809,832]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">Jacatra</emphasis>
Distant
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484BFFCDEC7EFCA1FBB4616E" authority="Karsch" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1890" box="[885,1055,838,861]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Lacetas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484BFFCDEC7EFCA1FC62616E" box="[885,969,838,861]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">Lacetas</emphasis>
Karsch
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484BFFCDEB22FCA1FB76616E" authority="Distant" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1892" box="[1065,1245,838,861]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Lembeja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484BFFCDEB22FCA1FB2D616E" box="[1065,1158,838,861]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">Lembeja</emphasis>
Distant
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484BFFCDEBE3FCA1FACB616E" authority="Stal" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1863" box="[1256,1376,838,861]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Prasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484BFFCDEBE3FCA1FA84616E" box="[1256,1327,838,861]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">Prasia</emphasis>
Stål
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484BFFCDEC11FC83FC5C6149" authority="Distant." authorityName="Distant." box="[794,1015,867,891]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Sapantanga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484BFFCDEC11FC83FC306148" box="[794,923,868,891]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">Sapantanga</emphasis>
Distant.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C344F7A4484BFFCDEC11FC6BFAB86545" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BE1A42F484BFFCDEC11FC6BFABE6450" blockId="61.[794,1422,908,1635]" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484BFFCDEC11FC6BFC226197" bold="true" box="[794,905,908,932]" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Head with supra-antennal plate meeting eye. Postclypeus shape in transverse cross-section angular; postclypeal ridges lacking transverse grooves towards distal ends. Pronotal collar with lateral margin confluent with adjoining pronotal sclerites; lateral tooth absent. Fore wing pterostigma present; veins C and R+Sc close together; vein RA
<subScript id="17DAA66A484BFFCDEC35FBAFFCED6664" attach="left" box="[830,838,1096,1111]" fontSize="6" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">1</subScript>
aligned closely with subcosta (Sc) for its length. Hind wing with anal lobe either broad or narrow and vein 3A either separated or adjacent to wing margin. Fore leg femoral primary spine erect. Meracanthus gradually tapering to a point, triangular or nearly so. Male opercula not completely encapsulating meracanthus and partly covering tympanal cavity. Male abdominal tergites with sides straight or convex in cross-section; tergites 2 and 3 similar in size to tergites 4–7; epipleurites reflexed to ventral surface, without an inward Vshaped kink. Timbals extend below wing bases; timbal covers absent. Pygofer with upper lobe present, thickened rather than flat; pygofer basal lobe development ill-defined, substantially confluent with pygofer margin; dorsal beak a part of chitinized pygofer. Uncus absent. Claspers large, dominating the whole 10th abdominal segment.Aedeagus with basal portion of basal plate directed forwards away from thecal shaft; ventral rib completely fused with basal plate. Theca straight or curved in a gentle arc; pseudoparameres absent; subapical cerci absent. Male and female reproductive systems unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE1A42F484BFFCDEC11F993FAB86545" blockId="61.[794,1421,1652,1910]" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484BFFCDEC11F993FBCD64BF" bold="true" box="[794,1126,1652,1676]" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">Distinguishing characters</emphasis>
. The four apomorphies identified by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE484BFFCDECBEF975FBEC649A" author="Boer, A. J. de" box="[949,1095,1682,1705]" firstAuthor="Boer" journalOrPublisher="Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" pagination="201 - 231" part="65" refId="ref51277" refString="Boer, A. J. de, 1995 b. The phylogeny and taxonomic status of the Chlorocystini (sensu stricto) (Homoptera, Tibicinidae). Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 65: 201 - 231." title="The phylogeny and taxonomic status of the Chlorocystini (sensu stricto) (Homoptera, Tibicinidae)" type="journal article" year="1995" yearSuffix="b">Boer (1995b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE484BFFCDEB5DF975FB25649A" author="Boer, A. J. de" box="[1110,1166,1682,1705]" firstAuthor="Boer" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" pagination="91 - 123" part="56" refId="ref51316" refString="Boer, A. J. de, 1997. Phylogeny and biogeography of Australian genera of Chlorocystini (Insecta: Homoptera: Tibicinidae). Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 56 (1): 91 - 123." title="Phylogeny and biogeography of Australian genera of Chlorocystini (Insecta: Homoptera: Tibicinidae)" type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
) as distinguishing the
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484BFFCDEC11F948FCC664F5" authorityName="Matsumura" authorityYear="1917" box="[794,877,1711,1734]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Prasiini">Prasiini</taxonomicName>
are not in dispute and are here accepted as defining the
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484BFFCDEC4AF92AFC3F64D7" authorityName="Matsumura" authorityYear="1917" box="[833,916,1741,1764]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Prasiini">Prasiini</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B92A783D484BFFCDEC91F92AFC7D64D7" box="[922,982,1741,1764]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE484BFFCDECD7F92AFBFD64D7" author="Jong, M. R. de" box="[988,1110,1741,1764]" firstAuthor="Jong" journalOrPublisher="Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" pagination="175 - 185" part="52" refId="ref55392" refString="Jong, M. R. de, 1982. The Australian species of the genus Lembeja Distant, 1892 (Homoptera, Tibicinidae). Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 52 (2): 175 - 185." title="The Australian species of the genus Lembeja Distant, 1892 (Homoptera, Tibicinidae)" type="journal article" year="1982">Jong (1982</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE484BFFCDEB6AF92AFB3264D7" author="Jong, M. R. de" box="[1121,1177,1741,1764]" firstAuthor="Jong" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" pagination="165 - 191" part="128" refId="ref55431" refString="Jong, M. R. de, 1985. Taxonomy and biogeography of Oriental Prasiini I: the genus Prasia Stal, 1863 (Homoptera, Tibicinidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 128 (2): 165 - 191." title="Taxonomy and biogeography of Oriental Prasiini I: the genus Prasia Stal, 1863 (Homoptera, Tibicinidae)" type="journal article" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE484BFFCDEBAFF92AFB7764D7" author="Jong, M. R. de" box="[1188,1244,1741,1764]" firstAuthor="Jong" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" pagination="141 - 180" part="129" refId="ref55473" refString="Jong, M. R. de, 1986. Taxonomy and biogeography of Oriental Prasiini. 2. The foliata group of the genus Lembeja Distant, 1892 (Homoptera, Tibicinidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 129 (5): 141 - 180." title="Taxonomy and biogeography of Oriental Prasiini. 2. The foliata group of the genus Lembeja Distant, 1892 (Homoptera, Tibicinidae)" type="journal article" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE484BFFCDEBECF92AFAB564D7" author="Jong, M. R. de" box="[1255,1310,1741,1764]" firstAuthor="Jong" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" pagination="177 - 209" part="130" refId="ref55520" refString="Jong, M. R. de, 1987. Taxonomy and biogeography of Oriental Prasiini 3: the fatiloqua and parvula groups of the genus Lembeja Distant, 1892 (Homoptera, Tibicinidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 130: 177 - 209." title="Taxonomy and biogeography of Oriental Prasiini 3: the fatiloqua and parvula groups of the genus Lembeja Distant, 1892 (Homoptera, Tibicinidae)" type="journal article" year="1987">1987</bibRefCitation>
) and
<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE484BFFCDEA52F92AFCC36532" author="Boer, A. J. de" firstAuthor="Boer" journalOrPublisher="Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" pagination="201 - 231" part="65" refId="ref51277" refString="Boer, A. J. de, 1995 b. The phylogeny and taxonomic status of the Chlorocystini (sensu stricto) (Homoptera, Tibicinidae). Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 65: 201 - 231." title="The phylogeny and taxonomic status of the Chlorocystini (sensu stricto) (Homoptera, Tibicinidae)" type="journal article" year="1995" yearSuffix="b">Boer (1995b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE484BFFCDEC7EF90DFC056532" author="Boer, A. J. de" box="[885,942,1770,1793]" firstAuthor="Boer" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" pagination="91 - 123" part="56" refId="ref51316" refString="Boer, A. J. de, 1997. Phylogeny and biogeography of Australian genera of Chlorocystini (Insecta: Homoptera: Tibicinidae). Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 56 (1): 91 - 123." title="Phylogeny and biogeography of Australian genera of Chlorocystini (Insecta: Homoptera: Tibicinidae)" type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
),
<emphasis id="B92A783D484BFFCDECC8F90DFC4A6532" box="[963,993,1770,1793]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">viz</emphasis>
. a very narrow vertex with ocelli close together; a large obconical and triangularly protruding postclypeus; a very narrow hyaline border along hind margin of hind wing; well-developed and posteriorly projecting protuberances on upper pygofer lobes of male.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C344F7A4484BFFCDEC11F860FC0765EA" pageId="61" pageNumber="436" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE1A42F484BFFCDEC11F860FC0765EA" blockId="61.[794,1421,1927,2009]" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484BFFCDEC11F860FC3F65AC" bold="true" box="[794,916,1927,1951]" pageId="61" pageNumber="436">Discussion</emphasis>
. The inclusion of the African genera here is tentative and awaits a broad assessment of the tribe and allied genera.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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