282 lines
35 KiB
XML
282 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="CC8FB153F4E40BB849C2DD64F0BD0C04" ID-DOI="10.1080/002229300299598" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5279466" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630026311652" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Esteban, G. F., Finlay, B. J., Olmo, J. L. & Tyler, P. A." docDate="2000" docId="03C687FCFFEBFFE0FEE58C22FD00F908" docLanguage="en" docName="JNatHist.34.2.159-189.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 34 (2)" docSource="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299598" docStyle="DocumentStyle:B6EF65DE5B4D2965D4D236BA736D172F.2:JNatHist.2000-2002.journal_article.2cover" docStyleId="B6EF65DE5B4D2965D4D236BA736D172F" docStyleName="JNatHist.2000-2002.journal_article.2cover" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Pleuroplites australis Foissner 1988" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="182" masterDocId="FFFFFF84FFFDFFF9FF8C8E2CFFC8FFA8" masterDocTitle="Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia" masterLastPageNumber="189" masterPageNumber="159" pageNumber="179" updateTime="1699137907665" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="63339854892DBB2CD59175F5F40A4594">Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="28C093BA4C2DE56C54F1086635E3CD03">Esteban, G. F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1BAEC23132E88548AFE5E28F5C72A29E">Finlay, B. J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9F329B760352B7713751E84E642FBD25">Olmo, J. L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="63D7C7AA0CC0D874D54775C3805E523B">Tyler, P. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="99063317DD7F33558D35AD2A504F9C19">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B843B28F5DBB41F0515F391895E3B7E8">2000</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03C687FCFFEBFFE0FEE58C22FD00F908" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5281396" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5281396" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C687FCFFEBFFE0FEE58C22FD00F908" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687FCFFEBFFE0FEE58C22FD00F908" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="182" pageId="22" pageNumber="179">
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<subSubSection id="C3756561FFEBFFEFFEE58C22FD41FDEE" pageId="22" pageNumber="179" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD036EAFFEBFFEFFEE58C22FD37FD8E" blockId="22.[361,767,526,582]" box="[361,767,526,550]" pageId="22" pageNumber="179">
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<heading id="D0988186FFEBFFEFFEE58C22FD37FD8E" box="[361,767,526,550]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="22" pageNumber="179" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFEBFFEFFEE58C22FD37FD8E" ID-CoL="4KC9S" authority="Foissner, 1988" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="1988" box="[361,767,526,550]" class="Prostomatea" family="Pleuroplitidae" genus="Pleuroplites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Prostomatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="179" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFEBFFEFFEE58C22FD9BFD8E" bold="true" box="[361,595,526,550]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="179">Pleuroplites australis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B1BFFEBFFEFFDD08C22FD37FD8E" author="FOISSNER, W." box="[604,767,526,550]" pageId="22" pageNumber="179" pagination="133" refId="ref12764" refString="FOISSNER, W., 1988, Gemeinsame Arten in der terricolen Ciliatenfauna (Protozoa: Ciliophora) von Australien und Afrika, Stap ® a, 17, 85 ± 133." type="journal article" year="1988">Foissner, 1988</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="8BD036EAFFEBFFEFFE528C02FD41FDEE" blockId="22.[361,767,526,582]" box="[478,649,558,582]" pageId="22" pageNumber="179">(®gures 38±45)</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3756561FFEBFFE0FFF38C42FD00F908" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="182" pageId="22" pageNumber="179" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD036EAFFEBFFEEFFF38C42FCA8F9C8" blockId="22.[86,1042,622,742]" lastBlockId="23.[86,1042,1513,1697]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="180" pageId="22" pageNumber="179">
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The living ciliates of this and related genera are very variable in shape, number of nuclei, mode and degree of silver impregnation, cell size, and in the number of somatic kineties. These ciliates are well known as rapacious carnivores (see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B1BFFEBFFEFFC308C82FF43FD4E" author="CORLISS, J. O." pageId="22" pageNumber="179" refId="ref11842" refString="CORLISS, J. O., 1979, T he Ciliated Protozoa: Characterization, Classi ® cation, and Guide to the L iterature, 2 nd edn (Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press)." type="book" year="1979">Corliss, 1979</bibRefCitation>
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). Starved cells are normally elongate with the oral aperture at the top of the anterior end (®gures 38±45), and with no obvious caudal cilia. A large number of very similar nominal species (an example is shown in ®gure 45) have been described, with di erences between them as slight as the number of macronuclei. Taxonomic revision of the genera involved falls outside the scope of this paper.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF106662FFEBFFEFFFDA8810FC1CF908" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5279494" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5279494" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5279494/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="179" startId="22.[86,102,1596,1617]" targetBox="[161,966,830,1539]" targetPageId="22">
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<paragraph id="8BD036EAFFEBFFEFFFDA8810FC1CF908" blockId="22.[86,1041,1595,1696]" pageId="22" pageNumber="179">
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FIG. 38.
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFEBFFEFFF328817FE46F9F9" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="1988" box="[190,398,1595,1617]" class="Prostomatea" family="Pleuroplitidae" genus="Pleuroplites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Prostomatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="179" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFEBFFEFFF328817FE46F9F9" box="[190,398,1595,1617]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="179">Pleuroplites australis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Morphological variants, and arrangement of the infraciliature. Note the disposition of the mitochondria (Mt) in longitudinal rows, and the variation in the number of macronuclei. C, clavate cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; E, extrusomes; K, circumoral kinety; Ma, macronucleus; mi, micronucleus; Mt, mitochondria.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="DF106662FFEAFFEEFFDA8ACFFD01FA1B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5280461" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5280461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5280461/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="180" startId="23.[86,102,1251,1272]" targetBox="[95,1032,139,1213]" targetPageId="23">
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<paragraph id="8BD036EAFFEAFFEEFFDA8ACFFD01FA1B" blockId="23.[86,1043,1251,1459]" pageId="23" pageNumber="180">
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FIGS 39±44.
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFEAFFEEFF688ACFFE71FB51" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="1988" box="[228,441,1251,1273]" class="Prostomatea" family="Pleuroplitidae" genus="Pleuroplites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Prostomatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="180" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFEAFFEEFF688ACFFE71FB51" box="[228,441,1251,1273]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="180">Pleuroplites australis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; (39) cultured organisms in an oxygen gradient (the air bubble is at the top margin of the photograph). The organisms accumulate at some distance from oxygen-saturated water, i.e. at the oxic-anoxic boundary. Arrows to some conjugating individuals; (40, 44) two di erent cell shapes, each with two macronuclei. Arrows in (44) to the clavate cilia; (41±43) silver-impregnated specimens: (41, 43) silver-carbonate impregnation; (42) protargol. CV, contractile vacuole; E, extrusomes; FV, food vacuole; K, circumoral kinety; Ma, macronucleus; arrowheads in (43) at the somatic kineties that bear clavate cilia.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BD036EAFFEAFFE0FFF38845FF00FE63" blockId="23.[86,1042,1513,1697]" lastBlockId="25.[86,1043,142,1696]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="182" pageId="23" pageNumber="180">
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The amount of food ingested, and the stage of the life cycle, dictate the shape and size of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFEAFFEEFF5688A5FE90F908" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="1988" box="[218,344,1672,1696]" class="Prostomatea" family="Pleuroplitidae" genus="Pleuroplites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Prostomatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="180" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFEAFFEEFF5688A5FE90F908" box="[218,344,1672,1696]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="180">P. australis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(®gure 38). It varies between 45 and
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60
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<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFEAFFEEFCA888A4FCFAF908" bold="true" box="[804,818,1672,1696]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="180">m</emphasis>
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</quantity>
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m long, and 17 and
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25
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<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE5FFE1FFFA8B85FF4CFA69" bold="true" box="[118,132,1449,1473]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="181">m</emphasis>
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m wide although very small cells were occasionally observed. The full morphological diversity of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFE5FFE1FE918BE6FE54FA49" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="1988" box="[285,412,1481,1505]" class="Prostomatea" family="Pleuroplitidae" genus="Pleuroplites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Prostomatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="181" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE5FFE1FE918BE6FE54FA49" box="[285,412,1481,1505]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="181">P. australis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was assessed by preparing di erent cultures and using
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFE5FFE1FFDA8BC5FEE1F9A8" baseAuthorityName="O. F. MuEller" baseAuthorityYear="1786" box="[86,297,1513,1536]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Uronematidae" genus="Uronema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="181" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="nigricans">
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<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE5FFE1FFDA8BC5FEE1F9A8" box="[86,297,1513,1536]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="181">Uronema nigricans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as food (®gure 39). The shape can be ellipsoidal (e.g.
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45
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<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE5FFE1FC3F8BC5FC09F9A9" bold="true" box="[947,961,1513,1537]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="181">m</emphasis>
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</quantity>
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m long by
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<quantity id="4C979B0FFFE5FFE1FFF18825FF62F989" box="[125,170,1545,1569]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="24" pageNumber="181" unit="m" value="23.0">
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23
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<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE5FFE1FF108825FF62F989" bold="true" box="[156,170,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="181">m</emphasis>
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m wide); elongate, tapering towards the posterior end (e.g.
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<quantity id="4C979B0FFFE5FFE1FCE68825FC50F989" box="[874,920,1545,1569]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="181" unit="m" value="60.0">
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60
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<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE5FFE1FC068825FC50F989" bold="true" box="[906,920,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="181">m</emphasis>
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m long by 17.5
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<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE5FFE1FF068805FF50F9E9" bold="true" box="[138,152,1577,1601]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="181">m</emphasis>
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m wide); pear-shaped with broader anterior part of the cell, pointed at the anterior end and rounded at the posterior; or with a protruding cytostome (®gure 38).
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFE5FFE1FFDA8845FEF6F929" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="1988" box="[86,318,1641,1665]" class="Prostomatea" family="Pleuroplitidae" genus="Pleuroplites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Prostomatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="181" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE5FFE1FFDA8845FEF6F929" box="[86,318,1641,1665]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="181">Pleuroplites australis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
has the characteristics of the family
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFE5FFE1FD518845FCAFF929" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1838" box="[733,871,1641,1665]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Enchelyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Haptorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="181" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="family">Enchelyidae</taxonomicName>
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(as established by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B1BFFE5FFE1FFF388A4FED0F908" author="CORLISS, J. O." box="[127,280,1672,1696]" pageId="24" pageNumber="181" refId="ref11842" refString="CORLISS, J. O., 1979, T he Ciliated Protozoa: Characterization, Classi ® cation, and Guide to the L iterature, 2 nd edn (Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press)." type="book" year="1979">Corliss, 1979</bibRefCitation>
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): there is a ®eld of clavate sensory cilia, and the toxicysts are localized, typically in or near the oral area.
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFE4FFE0FDC08EA2FCFDFF0E" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="1988" box="[588,821,142,166]" class="Prostomatea" family="Pleuroplitidae" genus="Pleuroplites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Prostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="182" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE4FFE0FDC08EA2FCFDFF0E" box="[588,821,142,166]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">Pleuroplites australis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has sparse somatic cilia and no obvious caudal cilia, although the cilia in that area do appear straighter than the rest (®gure 38). There is a single group of extrusomes (toxicysts?) gathered in a circle close to the oral aperture at the anterior part of the cell (®gures 41±43). This structure is detectable in silver-impregnated specimens, but hard to observe in living organisms (even in immobilized cells). In our experience, and assuming a good silver impregnation (either protargol or silver carbonate), this feature is observable only in one out of ®ve cells. There are other extrusomes scattered in the cytoplasm (®gure 41), which, again, were evident in only a few of the silver-impregnated cells examined.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD036EAFFE5FFE1FFDA8AE2FD6AFAC0" blockId="24.[86,1043,1230,1384]" pageId="24" pageNumber="181">
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FIG. 45. Closely related genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFE5FFE1FE588AE2FD61FB4C" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="1988" box="[468,681,1230,1252]" class="Prostomatea" family="Pleuroplitidae" genus="Pleuroplites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Prostomatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="181" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE5FFE1FE588AE2FD61FB4C" box="[468,681,1230,1252]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="181">Pleuroplites australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFE5FFE1FD618AE2FCAAFB4C" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="1988" box="[749,866,1230,1252]" class="Prostomatea" family="Pleuroplitidae" genus="Pleuroplites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Prostomatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="181" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE5FFE1FD618AE2FCAAFB4C" box="[749,866,1230,1252]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="181">P. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B1BFFE5FFE1FF2A8AC4FE82FB55" author="FOISSNER, W." box="[166,330,1256,1278]" pageId="24" pageNumber="181" pagination="133" refId="ref12764" refString="FOISSNER, W., 1988, Gemeinsame Arten in der terricolen Ciliatenfauna (Protozoa: Ciliophora) von Australien und Afrika, Stap ® a, 17, 85 ± 133." type="journal article" year="1988">Foissner (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. (A)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFE5FFE1FE1D8AC4FD42FB56" authorityName="Song and Wilbert" authorityYear="1989" box="[401,650,1256,1278]" class="Litostomatea" family="Trachelophyllidae" genus="Foissnerides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Haptorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="181" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="heliophagus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE5FFE1FE1D8AC4FD42FB56" box="[401,650,1256,1278]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="181">Foissnerides heliophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B1BFFE5FFE1FD558AC4FC13FB56" author="SONG, W. & WILBERT, N." box="[729,987,1256,1278]" pageId="24" pageNumber="181" pagination="223" refId="ref13478" refString="SONG, W. and WILBERT, N., 1989, Taxonomische Untersuchungen an Aufwuchsciliaten (Protozoa, Ciliophora) im Poppelsdorfer Weiher, Bonn, L auterbornia, 3, 1 ± 223." type="journal article" year="1989">Song and Wilbert, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. (B)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFE5FFE1FF2A8B2FFE5DFAB1" box="[166,405,1283,1305]" class="Prostomatea" family="Prorodontidae" genus="Pseudoprorodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Prostomatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="181" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="emmae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE5FFE1FF2A8B2FFE5DFAB1" box="[166,405,1283,1305]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="181">Pseudoprorodon emmae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B1BFFE5FFE1FE548B2FFD03FAB1" author="SONG, W. & WILBERT, N." box="[472,715,1283,1305]" pageId="24" pageNumber="181" pagination="223" refId="ref13478" refString="SONG, W. and WILBERT, N., 1989, Taxonomische Untersuchungen an Aufwuchsciliaten (Protozoa, Ciliophora) im Poppelsdorfer Weiher, Bonn, L auterbornia, 3, 1 ± 223." type="journal article" year="1989">Song and Wilbert, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. (C)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFE5FFE1FC888B2FFC1CFAB1" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="1988" box="[772,980,1283,1305]" class="Prostomatea" family="Pleuroplitidae" genus="Pleuroplites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Prostomatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="181" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE5FFE1FC888B2FFC1CFAB1" box="[772,980,1283,1305]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="181">Pleuroplites australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B1BFFE5FFE1FF2A8B31FEFEFA9B" author="FOISSNER, W." box="[166,310,1309,1331]" pageId="24" pageNumber="181" pagination="133" refId="ref12764" refString="FOISSNER, W., 1988, Gemeinsame Arten in der terricolen Ciliatenfauna (Protozoa: Ciliophora) von Australien und Afrika, Stap ® a, 17, 85 ± 133." type="journal article" year="1988">Foissner 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. C, clavate cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; E, extrusomes; FV, food vacuole; Ma, macronucleus; mi, micronucleus. Note the continuous variation in the morphology of the organisms shown in (A)±(C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD036EAFFE4FFE0FFF38FFFFC61FC7B" blockId="25.[86,1043,142,1696]" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">
|
||
The somatic kineties are bipolar and dimorphic (®gures 38, 43). Half of them bear sensory bristles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B1BFFE4FFE0FEC08FDFFE17FDA3" author="CORLISS, J. O." box="[332,479,499,523]" pageId="25" pageNumber="182" refId="ref11842" refString="CORLISS, J. O., 1979, T he Ciliated Protozoa: Characterization, Classi ® cation, and Guide to the L iterature, 2 nd edn (Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press)." type="book" year="1979">Corliss, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and therefore the infraciliature of these kineties di ers from that of the other half (see below). In our population, the number of somatic kineties varied between 17 and 19, each kinety with few kinetids. Approximately half of the somatic kineties contain dikinetids with clavate cilia (about 1.9±
|
||
<quantity id="4C979B0FFFE4FFE0FF538C5AFF37FD26" box="[223,255,630,654]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="182" unit="m" value="2.0">
|
||
2
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE4FFE0FF7D8C5AFF37FD26" bold="true" box="[241,255,630,654]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">m</emphasis>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
m long, ®gure 44) along their entire bipolar length, and these are easier to di erentiate in the area around the oral region. These clavate cilia constitute the sensory bristles (usually inaccurately termed`brosse’ in the literature), and the ciliates can bend them. The kinetids in these kineties are closer to each other at the anterior end of the cell (®gures 38, 43). The arrangement of the clavate cilia within a kinety varies between individuals and among kineties of the same specimen (®gure 38). It can be two clavate cilia together per kinetid, such as those around the oral aperture; one clavate cilium per kinetid; two clavate cilia plus a longer cilium (~
|
||
<quantity id="4C979B0FFFE4FFE0FFF68D57FF7EFC3A" box="[122,182,890,914]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="182" unit="m" value="7.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="7.0">
|
||
7±8
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE4FFE0FF248D56FF7EFC3A" bold="true" box="[168,182,890,914]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">m</emphasis>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
m long) per kinetid; or one clavate cilium with one normal cilium per kinetid. The remaining somatic kineties bear single, scattered kinetosomes. The circular ®eld of extrusomes lies on this side of the cell (®gures 38, 42, 43).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD036EAFFE4FFE0FFF38DF0FE04FB50" blockId="25.[86,1043,142,1696]" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">
|
||
The oral region is encircled by the circumoral kinety which has 17±19 paired kinetosomes lying side by side within each pair (®gures 38, 42, 43). The nematodesmata in the mouth are inconspicuous. In some living cells the mitochondria were observed arranged in bipolar rows, between the kineties (®gure 38). The contractile vacuole can appear round, elongate, or triangular, and situated at the cell posterior end. The number and shape of the macronuclei is variable too (®gure 38), the number varying from one to four macronuclei, although there is only one micronucleus.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFE4FFE0FF308AECFE6EFB70" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="1988" box="[188,422,1216,1240]" class="Prostomatea" family="Pleuroplitidae" genus="Pleuroplites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Prostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="182" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE4FFE0FF308AECFE6EFB70" box="[188,422,1216,1240]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">Pleuroplites australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has previously been reported from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F378767AFFE4FFE0FCCA8AECFC58FB70" box="[838,912,1216,1240]" name="Kenya" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F378767AFFE4FFE0FC2D8AECFBC1FB70" box="[929,1033,1216,1240]" name="Australia" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F378767AFFE4FFE0FF068ACCFECAFB50" box="[138,258,1248,1272]" name="Antarctica" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B1BFFE4FFE0FE9A8ACCFE72FB50" author="FOISSNER, W." box="[278,442,1248,1272]" pageId="25" pageNumber="182" pagination="235" refId="ref12889" refString="FOISSNER, W., 1998, An updated compilation of world soil ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora), with ecological notes, new records, and descriptions of new species, European Journal of Protistolology, 34, 195 ± 235." type="journal article" year="1998">Foissner, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD036EAFFE4FFE0FFF38B2DFD00F908" blockId="25.[86,1043,142,1696]" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">
|
||
Living cells of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFE4FFE0FEBE8B2EFE7BFAB1" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="1988" box="[306,435,1281,1305]" class="Prostomatea" family="Pleuroplitidae" genus="Pleuroplites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Prostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="182" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE4FFE0FEBE8B2EFE7BFAB1" box="[306,435,1281,1305]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">P. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are indistinguishable from ciliates of the following genera:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFE4FFE0FF398B0DFE50FA91" authority=", Enchelys" authorityName="Enchelys" box="[181,408,1313,1337]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Acropisthiidae" genus="Coriplites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Haptorida" pageId="25" pageNumber="182" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE4FFE0FF398B0DFEE9FA91" box="[181,289,1313,1337]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">Coriplites</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE4FFE0FEBA8B0DFE50FA91" box="[310,408,1313,1337]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">Enchelys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFE4FFE0FE208B0DFDFFFA91" authorityName="Claparede & Lachmann" authorityYear="1859" box="[428,567,1313,1337]" class="Litostomatea" family="Trachelophyllidae" genus="Enchelyodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Haptorida" pageId="25" pageNumber="182" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE4FFE0FE208B0DFDFFFA91" box="[428,567,1313,1337]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">Enchelyodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFE4FFE0FDC18B0DFD1BFA91" authorityName="Song & Wilbert" authorityYear="1989" box="[589,723,1313,1337]" class="Litostomatea" family="Trachelophyllidae" genus="Foissnerides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Haptorida" pageId="25" pageNumber="182" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE4FFE0FDC18B0DFD1BFA91" box="[589,723,1313,1337]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">Foissnerides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFE4FFE0FD6A8B0DFC98FA91" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="1983" box="[742,848,1313,1337]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Acropisthiidae" genus="Fuscheria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Haptorida" pageId="25" pageNumber="182" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE4FFE0FD6A8B0DFC98FA91" box="[742,848,1313,1337]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">Fuscheria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFE4FFE0FCE98B0DFBC0FA91" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="1996" box="[869,1032,1313,1337]" class="Prostomatea" family="Pleuroplitidae" genus="Pleuroplitoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Prostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="182" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE4FFE0FCE98B0DFBC0FA91" box="[869,1032,1313,1337]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">Pleuroplitoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from some of Kahl’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFE4FFE0FEDF8B6EFDE1FAF2" box="[339,553,1346,1370]" class="Litostomatea" family="Spathidiidae" genus="Spathidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Haptorida" pageId="25" pageNumber="182" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE4FFE0FEDF8B6EFE06FAF2" box="[339,462,1346,1370]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">Spathidium</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFE4FFE0FD3D8B6EFC17FAF2" authority="(Kahl, 1926)" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[689,991,1346,1370]" class="Prostomatea" family="Prorodontidae" genus="Placus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Prostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="182" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="ovum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE4FFE0FD3D8B6EFCF6FAF2" box="[689,830,1346,1370]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">Placus ovum</emphasis>
|
||
(Kahl, 1926)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As stated above, a thorough revision of all these genera goes beyond the scope of this article. However, the peculiarity of the infraciliature of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFE4FFE0FD518BA8FC95FA33" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="1988" box="[733,861,1411,1435]" class="Prostomatea" family="Pleuroplitidae" genus="Pleuroplites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Prostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="182" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE4FFE0FD518BA8FC95FA33" box="[733,861,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">P. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with a ®eld of clavate cilia that involves more than half of the somatic kineties, and the existence of a localized group of toxicysts, resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFE4FFE0FDCA8BE8FCE6FA74" box="[582,814,1476,1500]" class="Prostomatea" family="Prorodontidae" genus="Pseudoprorodon" kingdom="Chromista" order="Prostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="182" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE4FFE0FDCA8BE8FD3FFA74" box="[582,759,1476,1500]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">Pseudoprorodon</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see ®gure 45). The infraciliature of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFE4FFE0FE828BCAFE42FA55" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="1988" box="[270,394,1509,1533]" class="Prostomatea" family="Pleuroplitidae" genus="Pleuroplites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Prostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="182" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE4FFE0FE828BCAFE42FA55" box="[270,394,1509,1533]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">P. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also nearly identical to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFE4FFE0FC888BC9FEA4F9B5" authority="Song and Wilbert, 1989" authorityName="Song and Wilbert" authorityYear="1989" class="Litostomatea" family="Trachelophyllidae" genus="Foissnerides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Haptorida" pageId="25" pageNumber="182" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="heliophagus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE4FFE0FC888BC9FBDAFA55" box="[772,1042,1509,1533]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">Foissnerides heliophagus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B1BFFE4FFE0FFDA8829FEA4F9B5" author="SONG, W. & WILBERT, N." box="[86,364,1541,1565]" pageId="25" pageNumber="182" pagination="223" refId="ref13478" refString="SONG, W. and WILBERT, N., 1989, Taxonomische Untersuchungen an Aufwuchsciliaten (Protozoa, Ciliophora) im Poppelsdorfer Weiher, Bonn, L auterbornia, 3, 1 ± 223." type="journal article" year="1989">Song and Wilbert, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see ®gure 45, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B1BFFE4FFE0FDDF8829FCA0F9B5" author="SONG, W. & WILBERT, N." box="[595,872,1541,1565]" pageId="25" pageNumber="182" pagination="223" refId="ref13478" refString="SONG, W. and WILBERT, N., 1989, Taxonomische Untersuchungen an Aufwuchsciliaten (Protozoa, Ciliophora) im Poppelsdorfer Weiher, Bonn, L auterbornia, 3, 1 ± 223." type="journal article" year="1989">Song and Wilbert, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with a single group of localized toxicysts near the oral aperture standing as the only di erence between the two.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B1BFFE4FFE0FEAF886BFD8AF9F7" author="SONG, W. & WILBERT, N." box="[291,578,1607,1631]" pageId="25" pageNumber="182" pagination="223" refId="ref13478" refString="SONG, W. and WILBERT, N., 1989, Taxonomische Untersuchungen an Aufwuchsciliaten (Protozoa, Ciliophora) im Poppelsdorfer Weiher, Bonn, L auterbornia, 3, 1 ± 223." type="journal article" year="1989">Song and Wilbert (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
made no mention of this structure (but note that in our preparations it was observable in one out of ®ve silver-impregnated cells).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D69FFE4FFE0FF2D88A4FE78F908" authorityName="Song and Wilbert" authorityYear="1989" box="[161,432,1672,1696]" class="Litostomatea" family="Trachelophyllidae" genus="Foissnerides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Haptorida" pageId="25" pageNumber="182" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="heliophagus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAF8FFE4FFE0FF2D88A4FE78F908" box="[161,432,1672,1696]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">Foissnerides heliophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F378767AFFE4FFE0FDDB88A4FD09F908" box="[599,705,1672,1696]" name="Germany" pageId="25" pageNumber="182">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |