227 lines
31 KiB
XML
227 lines
31 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="72F7194A3691E9867D101A8F6A4B1915">Designation of a neotype for the dendrochirotid holothuroid, Thyone fusus (Müller) (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Thyonidae)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03C687C6FF90FFBF3AAF60F624FA35AB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10168515" ID-GBIF-Taxon="217741893" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10168515" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C687C6FF90FFBF3AAF60F624FA35AB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687C6FF90FFBF3AAF60F624FA35AB" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="587" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">
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<subSubSection id="C375655BFF90FFBC3AAF60F6269D358F" box="[151,479,439,466]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD036D0FF90FFBC3AAF60F6269D358F" blockId="1.[151,479,439,466]" box="[151,479,439,466]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">
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<heading id="D09881BCFF90FFBC3AAF60F6269D358F" bold="true" box="[151,479,439,466]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B91BEAC2FF90FFBC3AAF60F6269D358F" bold="true" box="[151,479,439,466]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D53FF90FFBC3AD660F6269D358F" ID-CoL="7Q4FF" authority="Oken, 1815" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1815" box="[238,479,439,466]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Thyonidae" genus="Thyone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91BEAC2FF90FFBC3AD660F6260B358C" bold="true" box="[238,329,439,466]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">Thyone</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B21FF90FFBC3B6960F6269D358F" author="Oken, L." box="[337,479,439,465]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" refId="ref3840" refString="Oken, L. (1815) Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte. Part 3. Zoologie. Bei Carl Heinrich Reclam, Leipzig, xxviii + 850 + xviii pp." type="book" year="1815">Oken, 1815</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C375655BFF90FFBC3AAF60BD2558360F" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BD036D0FF90FFBC3AAF60BD2635366C" blockId="1.[151,1436,507,593]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7F11FEFF90FFBC3AAF60BD2635366C" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACE10C1FF90FFBC3AAF60BD26DC364D" author="Oken, L." box="[151,414,507,532]" page="351" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" year="1815">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D53FF90FFBC3AAF60BD26DC364D" ID-CoL="7Q4FF" authority="Oken, 1815: 351" authorityName="Oken" authorityPageNumber="351" authorityYear="1815" box="[151,414,507,532]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Thyonidae" genus="Thyone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91BEAC2FF90FFBC3AAF60BD27A0364A" box="[151,226,508,532]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">Thyone</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B21FF90FFBC3AD360BD26DC364D" author="Oken, L." box="[235,414,507,532]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" refId="ref3840" refString="Oken, L. (1815) Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte. Part 3. Zoologie. Bei Carl Heinrich Reclam, Leipzig, xxviii + 850 + xviii pp." type="book" year="1815">Oken, 1815: 351</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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; Jaeger, 1833: 8;
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACE10C1FF90FFBC386360BD245B364D" author="Panning, A." box="[603,793,507,532]" page="467" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" year="1949">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B21FF90FFBC386360BD245B364D" author="Panning, A." box="[603,793,507,532]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" pagination="404 - 470" refId="ref3870" refString="Panning, A. (1949) Versuch einer Neuordnung der Familie Cucumariidae Holothurioidea, Dendrochirota). Zoologische Jahrbucher Abtheilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, 78, 404 - 470." type="journal article" year="1949">Panning 1949: 467</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACE10C1FF90FFBC391E60BD2314364A" author="Pawson, D. L. & Miller, J. E." box="[806,1110,508,532]" page="394" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" year="1981">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B21FF90FFBC391E60BD2314364A" author="Pawson, D. L. & Miller, J. E." box="[806,1110,508,532]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" pagination="391 - 403" refId="ref4012" refString="Pawson, D. L. & Miller, J. E. (1981) Western Atlantic sea cucumbers of the genus Thyone, with descriptions of two new species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 94 (2), 391 - 403." type="journal article" year="1981">Pawson & Miller, 1981: 394</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; Thandar, 1990: 211;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B21FF90FFBC3F0460BD2630366C" author="Paulay, G. & O'Loughlin, P. M." pageId="1" pageNumber="586" pagination="276 - 278" refId="ref3906" refString="Paulay, G. & O'Loughlin, P. M. (2012) Case 3598 Thyone Oken, 1815 and Psolus Oken, 1815 (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): proposed reinstatement as available names. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 69 (4), 276 - 278. https: // doi. org / 10.21805 / bzn. v 69 i 4. a 7" type="journal article" year="2012">Paulay & O’loughlin, 2012</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD036D0FF90FFBC3AAF63782558360F" blockId="1.[151,1436,507,593]" box="[151,538,569,593]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D53FF90FFBC3AAF637826F8360F" ID-CoL="7NNZ9" authority="Troschel, 1846: 60" authorityName="Troschel" authorityPageNumber="60" authorityYear="1846" box="[151,442,569,593]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Anaperus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91BEAC2FF90FFBC3AAF637827BA360E" box="[151,248,569,592]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">Anaperus</emphasis>
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Troschel, 1846: 60
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</taxonomicName>
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(partim).
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C375655BFF90FFBC3AAF633E24F337CB" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BD036D0FF90FFBC3AAF633E236636C7" blockId="1.[151,1437,639,1998]" box="[151,1060,639,665]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">
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<emphasis id="B91BEAC2FF90FFBC3AAF633E264836C7" bold="true" box="[151,266,639,665]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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(after
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B21FF90FFBC3B6D633E26B136C7" author="Panning, A." box="[341,499,639,665]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" pagination="404 - 470" refId="ref3870" refString="Panning, A. (1949) Versuch einer Neuordnung der Familie Cucumariidae Holothurioidea, Dendrochirota). Zoologische Jahrbucher Abtheilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, 78, 404 - 470." type="journal article" year="1949">Panning 1949</bibRefCitation>
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, Thandar 1990,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B21FF90FFBC389F633E241F36C7" author="McKenzie, J. D." box="[679,861,639,665]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" pagination="123 - 171" refId="ref3671" refString="McKenzie, J. D. (1991) The taxonomy and natural history of north European dendrochirote holothurians (Echinodermata). Journal of Natural History, 25, 123 - 171. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939100770091" type="journal article" year="1991">McKenzie 1991</bibRefCitation>
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, amended herein)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD036D0FF90FFBC3AFF63E224F337CB" blockId="1.[151,1437,639,1998]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">
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Small to medium-sized dendrochirotid holothuroids, reaching a length of?
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||
<quantity id="4C979B35FF90FFBC3E2563E223C236E0" box="[1053,1152,675,702]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" unit="mm" value="200.0">200 mm</quantity>
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, according to
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B21FF90FFBC3F1C63E527A036BF" author="Mortensen, T." pageId="1" pageNumber="586" refId="ref3767" refString="Mortensen, T. (1927) Handbook of the Echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, Oxford, ix + 471 pp., 269 text-figs. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841" type="book" year="1927">Mortensen (1927)</bibRefCitation>
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but usually much shorter. Tube feet numerous, distributed throughout the body, more numerous in ambulacra, scattered in interambulacra, often more crowded ventrally; in young individuals restricted to ambulacra. Tentacles 10, ventral pair reduced. Calcareous ring tubular, radial and interradial plates sub-divided; radials with long, paired subdivided posterior processes. Body wall ossicles comprise only two-pillared tables or the like, often reduced with age or absent. Introvert variously supported: tables only, rosettes only, tables and rosettes, tables and plates (?reduced tables), plates only, or introvert deposits absent or unknown.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C375655BFF90FFBC3AFF62DE226D30EB" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BD036D0FF90FFBC3AFF62DE267637E7" blockId="1.[151,1437,639,1998]" box="[199,308,927,953]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">
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||
<emphasis id="B91BEAC2FF90FFBC3AFF62DE267637E7" bold="true" box="[199,308,927,953]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">Remarks</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BD036D0FF90FFBC3AFF6285226D30EB" blockId="1.[151,1437,639,1998]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B21FF90FFBC3AFF628526A13783" author="Pawson, D. L. & Miller, J. E." box="[199,483,963,990]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" pagination="391 - 403" refId="ref4012" refString="Pawson, D. L. & Miller, J. E. (1981) Western Atlantic sea cucumbers of the genus Thyone, with descriptions of two new species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 94 (2), 391 - 403." type="journal article" year="1981">Pawson & Miller (1981)</bibRefCitation>
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commented that Oken’s work (1815–1816) was listed under the Official Index of Rejected Works by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (opinion 417, 1956). They then suggested that the genus
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D53FF90FFBC3B93654A26BF307B" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1815" box="[427,509,1035,1061]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Phyllophoridae" genus="Thyone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAC2FF90FFBC3B93654A26BF307B" box="[427,509,1035,1061]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">Thyone</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
must therefore be attributed to Jaeger (1833) who was the first to validate the genus in accordance with the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). This step was followed by a.o Thandar (1990) but the genus name continued to be attributed to
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B21FF90FFBC3E17651223833030" author="Oken, L." box="[1071,1217,1107,1134]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" refId="ref3840" refString="Oken, L. (1815) Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte. Part 3. Zoologie. Bei Carl Heinrich Reclam, Leipzig, xxviii + 850 + xviii pp." type="book" year="1815">Oken (1815)</bibRefCitation>
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||
. In order to resolve this nomenclatural issue,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B21FF90FFBC3B8B653625B830CF" author="Paulay, G. & O'Loughlin, P. M." box="[435,762,1143,1169]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" pagination="276 - 278" refId="ref3906" refString="Paulay, G. & O'Loughlin, P. M. (2012) Case 3598 Thyone Oken, 1815 and Psolus Oken, 1815 (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): proposed reinstatement as available names. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 69 (4), 276 - 278. https: // doi. org / 10.21805 / bzn. v 69 i 4. a 7" type="journal article" year="2012">Paulay & O’Loughlin (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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||
, submitted an appeal to the ICZN, resulting in the validation of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B21FF90FFBC3A8E65DA261430E8" author="Oken, L." box="[182,342,1179,1206]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" refId="ref3840" refString="Oken, L. (1815) Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte. Part 3. Zoologie. Bei Carl Heinrich Reclam, Leipzig, xxviii + 850 + xviii pp." type="book" year="1815">Oken’s (1815)</bibRefCitation>
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publication under opinion 3598. Therefore, the genus must again be attributed to Oken.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C375655BFF90FFBC3AFF65FE23DE3087" box="[199,1180,1215,1242]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="8BD036D0FF90FFBC3AFF65FE23DE3087" blockId="1.[151,1437,639,1998]" box="[199,1180,1215,1242]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">
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||
<emphasis id="B91BEAC2FF90FFBC3AFF65FE26193087" bold="true" box="[199,347,1215,1241]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">
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||
<typeStatus id="54D48872FF90FFBC3AFF65FE26403087" box="[199,258,1215,1241]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">Type</typeStatus>
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species
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</emphasis>
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||
:
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D53FF90FFBC3B5265FE25803087" authority="Muller, 1776" authorityName="O. F. Muller" authorityYear="1776" box="[362,706,1215,1241]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fusus">
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<emphasis id="B91BEAC2FF90FFBC3B5265FE25653087" box="[362,551,1215,1241]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">Holothuria fusus</emphasis>
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Müller, 1776
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</taxonomicName>
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, by subsequent designation Jaeger (1833).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C375655BFF90FFBF3AFF65A224FA35AB" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="587" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BD036D0FF90FFBC3AFF65A2267630A3" blockId="1.[151,1437,639,1998]" box="[199,308,1251,1277]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">
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||
<emphasis id="B91BEAC2FF90FFBC3AFF65A2267630A3" bold="true" box="[199,308,1251,1277]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">Remarks</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD036D0FF90FFBC3AFF644623073347" blockId="1.[151,1437,639,1998]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">
|
||
After transferring some species to other genera,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B21FF90FFBC38E7644624ED317F" author="Arumugam, P." box="[735,943,1287,1313]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" refId="ref3444" refString="Arumugam, P. (2011) A critical assessment of the dendrochirotid subfamilies, Sclerodactylinae and Thyoninae, with taxonomic management of the ' supergenus' Thyone (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). M. Sc. Dissertation, Unpublished, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, xvi + 229 pp." type="book" year="2011">Arumugam (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
attempted to separate the remaining species on the bases of introvert ossicles, where known, a character introduced by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B21FF90FFBC39DC646A23D7311B" author="Panning, A." box="[996,1173,1323,1349]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" pagination="404 - 470" refId="ref3870" refString="Panning, A. (1949) Versuch einer Neuordnung der Familie Cucumariidae Holothurioidea, Dendrochirota). Zoologische Jahrbucher Abtheilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, 78, 404 - 470." type="journal article" year="1949">Panning (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. According to WoRMS (2023)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D53FF90FFBC3AD2640E267E3137" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1815" box="[234,316,1359,1385]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Phyllophoridae" genus="Thyone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAC2FF90FFBC3AD2640E267E3137" box="[234,316,1359,1385]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">Thyone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
now contains some 67 nominal species. Hence, the genus still remains a “supergenus”.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B21FF90FFBC3F19640E267731D3" author="Thandar, A. S. & Rajpal, V." pageId="1" pageNumber="586" pagination="415" refId="ref4201" refString="Thandar, A. S. & Rajpal, V. (1999) Some thoughts about the " Supergenus " Thyone Jaeger (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). In: Candia Carnevali, M. D. & Bonasoro, F. (Ed.), Echinoderms Research 1998: Proceedings of the 5 th European Echinoderm Conference. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 415 [abstract]" type="book chapter" year="1999">Thandar & Rajpal (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, at the 5
|
||
<superScript id="7C1A9B98FF90FFBC3BAE643226E131DF" attach="left" box="[406,419,1395,1409]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">th</superScript>
|
||
European Echinoderm Conference in Milan, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B21FF90FFBC39EF643223CB31D3" author="Thandar, A. S." box="[983,1161,1395,1421]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" pagination="377" refId="ref4133" refString="Thandar, A. S. (2001) Correlation between the calcareous rings and zoogeographic distributions of Thyone species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) with the proposed management of the genus. In: Barker, M. (Ed.), Abstract in Echinoderms 2000: Proceedings of the 10 th International Conference, Dunedin. Balkema Press, Rotterdam, pp. 377." type="book chapter" year="2001">Thandar (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, at the 10
|
||
<superScript id="7C1A9B98FF90FFBC3EC16432224431DF" attach="left" box="[1273,1286,1395,1409]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">th</superScript>
|
||
International Echinoderm Conference in Dunedin reported on some differences in the gross structure of the calcareous ring.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B21FF90FFBC3AAF64FA260E318B" author="Thandar, A. S." box="[151,332,1467,1493]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" pagination="377" refId="ref4133" refString="Thandar, A. S. (2001) Correlation between the calcareous rings and zoogeographic distributions of Thyone species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) with the proposed management of the genus. In: Barker, M. (Ed.), Abstract in Echinoderms 2000: Proceedings of the 10 th International Conference, Dunedin. Balkema Press, Rotterdam, pp. 377." type="book chapter" year="2001">Thandar (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, reported some evidence of geographic variations in the gross structure of the calcareous ring, based on the following three characters: a) dorsal radial plates posteriorly prolonged before bifurcating into paired processes, b) dorsal radial plates bifurcate at the posterior border of the interradial plates and c) dorsal radial plates bifurcate well before the posterior border on the interradial plates (producing posteriorly cleft or deeply incised radial plates. He reported certain geographic variations in the structure of the ring: e.g. in the Indo-West Pacific region, including southern Africa, all
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D69FD59FF90FFBC3870672E258632D4" box="[584,708,1647,1674]" count="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" type="generic" typeStatus="types">three types</specimenCount>
|
||
of ring exist, whereas in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3787640FF90FFBC39D6672E233532D7" box="[1006,1143,1647,1673]" name="Madagascar" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, including the Mascarene Islands, and the North East Atlantic waters, including the Mediterranean and North Seas, only the former
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D69FD59FF90FFBC3F0867D522DE32F0" box="[1328,1436,1684,1710]" count="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
|
||
are prevalent, with some exceptions, while in the West Atlantic and East Pacific waters, with a couple of exceptions from the West Atlantic, only the third
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D48872FF90FFBC3807679D252D32A8" box="[575,623,1756,1782]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">type</typeStatus>
|
||
predominates. However, relating these differences in the calcareous ring to the ossicles of the general body wall, introvert and tentacles proved unsuccessful.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD036D0FF90FFBF3AFF666224CB348B" blockId="1.[151,1437,639,1998]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,501]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="587" pageId="1" pageNumber="586">
|
||
The diagnosis of the genus is here amended, now based upon our better knowledge of the species it contains and the varied forms of its introvert ossicles. The taxonomic classification follows that of Smirnov (2012), who elevated the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D53FF90FFBC3BAF662A25F733DB" authority="Panning, 1949" authorityName="Panning" authorityYear="1949" box="[407,693,1899,1925]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thyoninae">
|
||
Thyoninae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B21FF90FFBC382C662A25F733DB" author="Panning, A." box="[532,693,1899,1925]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" pagination="404 - 470" refId="ref3870" refString="Panning, A. (1949) Versuch einer Neuordnung der Familie Cucumariidae Holothurioidea, Dendrochirota). Zoologische Jahrbucher Abtheilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, 78, 404 - 470." type="journal article" year="1949">Panning, 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to full family status. Although this system has not yet been adopted by WoRMS² (accessed
|
||
<date id="FFD11010FF90FFBC3B9D66CE256A33F7" box="[421,552,1935,1961]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" value="2023-09-21">21/09/2023</date>
|
||
), it proposes it as an alternative classification. Smirnov’s (2012) system was used by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B21FF90FFBC3ACE66F226E43393" author="Thandar, A. S." box="[246,422,1971,1997]" pageId="1" pageNumber="586" pagination="57 - 85" refId="ref4272" refString="Thandar, A. S. (2018) On some miscellaneous sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in the collections of the South African Museum, with three new species. Zootaxa, 4532 (1), 57 - 85, https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4532.1.3" type="journal article" year="2018">Thandar (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for his paper on some miscellaneous holothuroids in the South African Museum and also in his subsequent papers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B21FF93FFBF3B8761D6252034EF" author="Thandar, A. S." box="[447,610,151,177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="587" pagination="507 - 526" refId="ref4328" refString="Thandar, A. S. (2021) Nomenclatural changes in some sea cucumbers with the erection of a new genus and description of a Thyone? juvenile (? n. sp.) from the Gulf of California (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Zootaxa, 5026 (4), 507 - 526. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5026.4.3" type="journal article" year="2021">Thandar 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B21FF93FFBF384861D624FA34EF" author="Thandar, A. S. & Arumugam, P." box="[624,952,151,177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="587" pagination="65 - 71" refId="ref4400" refString="Thandar, A. S. & Arumugam, P. (2022) Referral of Thyone neofusus Deichmann, 1941, Thyone adinopoda (Pawson & Miller, 1981 and Havelockia obunca (Lampert, 1885) to the genus Sclerothyone Thandar, 1990, and a replacement name for the preoccupied genus Neothyone Deichmann, 1941 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Zootaxa, 5219 (1), 65 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5219.1.3" type="journal article" year="2022">Thandar & Arumugam 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and more recently, in his comprehensive monograph of the southern African sea cucumbers (Thandar 2022).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD036D0FF93FFBF3AFF619E24FA35AB" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,501]" pageId="2" pageNumber="587">
|
||
When reporting on the holothuroids of the Norwegian Sea and adjacent waters,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B21FF93FFBF3E57619E22DE34A7" author="Madsen, F. J. & Hansen, B." box="[1135,1436,223,249]" pageId="2" pageNumber="587" refId="ref3637" refString="Madsen, F. J. & Hansen, B. (1994) Marine Invertebrates of Scandinavia Number 9. Echinodermata. Holothuroidea. Scandinavian University Press, Oslo, 141 pp." type="book" year="1994">Madsen & Hansen (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
erroneously attributed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D53FF93FFBF3BA5604226B43543" authorityName="O. F. Muller" authorityYear="1776" box="[413,502,259,285]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="2" pageNumber="587" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fusus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAC2FF93FFBF3BA5604226B43543" box="[413,502,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="587">T. fusus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D53FF93FFBF380C604225F13543" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1898" box="[564,691,259,285]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Phyllophoridae" genus="Thyone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="587" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gadeana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAC2FF93FFBF380C604225F13543" box="[564,691,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="587">T. gadeana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D53FF93FFBF3958604223433543" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1894" box="[864,1025,259,285]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="587" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Cucumariidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although they stated that the type material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D53FF93FFBF3B2660662634351F" authorityName="O. F. Muller" authorityYear="1776" box="[286,374,295,321]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="2" pageNumber="587" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fusus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAC2FF93FFBF3B2660662634351F" box="[286,374,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="587">T. fusus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is in all probability lost, they made no attempt to designate a
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D48872FF93FFBF3E6C606623EF351F" box="[1108,1197,295,321]" pageId="2" pageNumber="587" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
with ample material at hand.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B21FF93FFBF3AC3600A2681353B" author="McKenzie, J. D." box="[251,451,331,357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="587" pagination="123 - 171" refId="ref3671" refString="McKenzie, J. D. (1991) The taxonomy and natural history of north European dendrochirote holothurians (Echinodermata). Journal of Natural History, 25, 123 - 171. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939100770091" type="journal article" year="1991">McKenzie (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also shied away from this prerogative in his revision of north Atlantic dendrochirotid fauna. Our attempt to trace the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D48872FF93FFBF3BC5602E251D35D7" box="[509,607,367,393]" pageId="2" pageNumber="587" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
from German museums proved unsuccessful. Thus, the establishment of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D48872FF93FFBF3AF960D2265835F3" box="[193,282,403,429]" pageId="2" pageNumber="587" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is imperative since this species is the type species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D53FF93FFBF394A60D2248635F3" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1815" box="[882,964,403,429]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Phyllophoridae" genus="Thyone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="587" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEAC2FF93FFBF394A60D2248635F3" box="[882,964,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="587">Thyone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and has been confused several times with many of its congeners, especially those coming from the North Atlantic, Adriatic and Mediterranean waters. This omission is here rectified from material obtained from the type locality.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |