169 lines
19 KiB
XML
169 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="4B3A1C194AFA1AD78F5211EAAFA401E0" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3673.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="dcf48cdc-ea07-4b0b-b067-01ffa4a3fb2d" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="283950" ID-ZooBank="2D0CEAB4-5CC6-42B6-8388-FBA7113C87C2" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460635251232" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Dennis, Steve, Barnes, Jeffrey K. & Knutson, Lloyd" docDate="2013" docId="03B587DBFF9A1D0904B2F8BDFC03980F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03673p064.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3673 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Laphriinae" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="7" masterDocId="FF8CFFA3FF9F1D0F0425FFC6FFD19C1E" masterDocTitle="Review and analysis of information on the biology and morphology of immature stages of robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae)" masterLastPageNumber="64" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1698335181600" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="FE092BCA3D813DC0D540A258AE2D3BEE">
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<mods:title id="782DD72C30E7C06203220683B64DADDE">Review and analysis of information on the biology and morphology of immature stages of robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="8633A30F685D8E3F09562C9E07C8A9C3" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="5AC286065329C2F949F0AB790F39CADB">Dennis, Steve</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A3BAC6619296916FFE166AF5C5B113D9">Barnes, Jeffrey K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D1907ED5431B0544B2C8402F5B08D09E">Knutson, Lloyd</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="3A022B9ABD85AD7EB99FF383B27A3ADA">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="E68BE425167A1BBF6AF3100EB7356070">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0C28FD5E5C603D1F570CF0F11472B229">
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<mods:date id="CAC2E61C2131079C4C9DA8A7A936BB7F">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="514352F15728EFBCCB4BCA44998BBFB8" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="7250EBCC107CA7CE627072D8F5A4E821">3673</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="B512707D2182F019DBFD74CF94FEDA5F">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="94C7FC8E1310834A1430A0F78B38A7B3" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3673.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B587DBFF9A1D0904B2F8BDFC03980F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6146376" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127664395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6146376" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B587DBFF9A1D0904B2F8BDFC03980F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B587DBFF9A1D0904B2F8BDFC03980F" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<subSubSection id="C3066546FF9A1D0904B2F8BDFC03980F" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA336CDFF9A1D0A04B2F8BDFE4E9B8A" blockId="5.[151,1436,1915,2012]" box="[151,415,1915,1940]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<heading id="D0EB81A1FF9A1D0A04B2F8BDFE4E9B8A" bold="true" box="[151,415,1915,1940]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFF9A1D0A04B2F8BDFE4E9B8A" bold="true" box="[151,415,1915,1940]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF9A1D0A053CF8BDFE4E9B8A" ID-CoL="87CJ8" ID-ENA="50680" box="[281,415,1915,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Laphriinae">Laphriinae</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA336CDFF9A1D0904B2F866FC679D7A" blockId="5.[151,1436,1915,2012]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,1041]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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The majority of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF9A1D0A0544F866FE0B9BA6" box="[353,474,1952,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Laphriinae">Laphriinae</taxonomicName>
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females deposit 2 to
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<specimenCount id="9D1AFD44FF9A1D0A06CCF866FCD49BA6" box="[745,773,1952,1976]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="egg">18</specimenCount>
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eggs in dead tree trunks or other wood.
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF9A1D0A0124F866FEB69BC2" authority="Say" authorityName="Say" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Andrenosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicaudum">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFF9A1D0A0124F866FEF39BC2" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Andrenosoma fulvicaudum</emphasis>
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(Say)
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</taxonomicName>
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oviposits primarily on pinyon pine trees (
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF9A1D0A076BF803FB0B9BC2" authority="Torr. and Frem." authorityName="Torr. and Frem." box="[846,1242,1988,2012]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="monophylla">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFF9A1D0A076BF803FBCD9BC2" box="[846,1052,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pinus monophylla</emphasis>
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Torr. and Frem.
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</taxonomicName>
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) still smoldering from fires and the females have sensory organs (“cercal organs”) on their ovipositors that aid in the selection of oviposition sites such as
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF991D090594FF7AFDFD9CCA" box="[433,556,188,212]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
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burrows.
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF991D0906BBFF7BFC359CCA" authority="Curran" authorityName="Curran" box="[670,996,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Cerotainia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albipilosa">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFF991D0906BBFF7BFC5F9CCA" box="[670,910,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cerotainia albipilosa</emphasis>
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Curran
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</taxonomicName>
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oviposits on vegetation.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFF991D090125FF7AFA469CCA" author="Londt" box="[1280,1431,188,212]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Londt, J. G. H. (1994) Afrotropical Asilidae (Diptera) 26. Ethological observations, and a possible ecological classification based on habitats. Annals of the Natal Museum, 35, 97 - 122." type="journal article" year="1994">Londt (1994)</bibRefCitation>
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, based on the morphology of the ovipositor, speculated that some genera might drop eggs onto the ground. Eggs of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF991D0904B2FEC2FEC19D02" box="[151,272,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Laphriinae">Laphriinae</taxonomicName>
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species are bright amber, brown or reddish brown. They are usually oval, but can be round or elongate. The oval to round eggs range in length from 0.29 to 0.50 mm and width from 0.25 to 0.48 mm; more elongate eggs range in length from 0.75 to 0.93 mm and width from 0.55 to 0.60 mm.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA336CDFF991D0904EBFEB6FE329DEA" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1041]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Most
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF991D09052BFEA9FE569D99" box="[270,391,367,391]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Laphriinae">Laphriinae</taxonomicName>
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eggs have surface features consisting of different shapes of polygons, often with raised ridges and reticulate sculpturing. Some also have pimples or spine-like structures on the surface. Most genera have aeropyles, some of which are cone-shaped. There are one or two micropyles located in broad, smooth areas or in narrow areas with low ridges.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA336CDFF991D0904E2FE39FB749EB9" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1041]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFF991D0904E2FE39FE8E9E09" author="Fisher" box="[199,351,511,535]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Fisher, E. M. (1986) A reclassification of the robber fly tribe Andrenosomini with a revision of the genus Dasyllis Loew (Diptera: Asilidae). Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, University of California, Riverside, California, 361 pp." type="book" year="1986">Fisher (1986)</bibRefCitation>
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indicated that no completely smooth eggs have been reported for the tribe Andrenosomatini (as Andrenosomini), but some other
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF991D090634FDE2FD5B9E22" box="[529,650,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Laphriinae">Laphriinae</taxonomicName>
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have smooth eggs. The chorion features or sculpturing begins at the edge of the smooth micropyle area or posterior to it if there is a “corona” of pale, flocculent or scaly material. These features are usually most distinct in the apical half of the egg, with the remaining half patterned or smooth, although some species have eggs with a chorion that is completely covered with sculpturing.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA336CDFF991D0904E2FD72FC4F9EF1" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1041]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Under laboratory conditions at a constant temperature of 25 °C, the egg stage of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF991D090095FD72FEC19EF1" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Andrenosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atrum">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFF991D090095FD72FA4D9ED2" box="[1200,1436,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Andrenosoma atrum</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus)
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</taxonomicName>
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lasts up to 50 to 56 days (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFF991D090611FD11FD129EF1" author="Musso" box="[564,707,727,751]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Musso, J. J. (1978) Recherches sur le developpement, la nutrition et l'ecologie des Asilidae (Diptera-Brachycera). Doctoral Dissertation, Universite de Droit, d'Economie et des Sciences d'Aix-Marseille, 312 pp." type="book" year="1978">Musso 1978</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFF991D0906EBFD11FCC79EF1" author="Musso" box="[718,790,727,751]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Musso, J. J. (1981 b) Morphology and development of the immature stages of some robber flies. (Diptera: Brachycera: Asilidae). Entomologia Generalis, 7, 89 - 104." type="journal article" year="1981" yearSuffix="b">1981b</bibRefCitation>
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, as
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF991D090765FD1EFC5F9EEE" box="[832,910,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Mallophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atra">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFF991D090765FD1EFC5F9EEE" box="[832,910,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A. atra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA336CDFF991D0904E2FD3AFCC09F42" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1041]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF991D0904E2FD3AFE919F0A" box="[199,320,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Laphriinae">Laphriinae</taxonomicName>
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larvae and pupae are usually found in decaying trees and tree stumps, or under scorched bark of pinyon pine trees (
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF991D090550FCE6FD749F26" box="[373,677,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Andrenosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicaudum">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFF991D090550FCE6FD749F26" box="[373,677,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Andrenosoma fulvicaudum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). The larvae are reported to feed on
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF991D090047FCD9FB0C9F29" box="[1122,1245,799,823]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
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larvae from the families
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF991D0904DDFC82FE509F42" box="[248,385,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Buprestidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Buprestidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF991D0905A9FC82FDE09F42" box="[396,561,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cerambycidae</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF991D09064EFC82FCDC9F42" box="[619,781,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Curculionidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA336CDFF991D0904E2FCA1FA4D9F9E" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1041]" box="[199,1436,871,896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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The larval stage for
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF991D090587FCAEFDC89F9E" box="[418,537,872,896]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Choerades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFF991D090587FCAEFDC89F9E" box="[418,537,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Choerades</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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lasts for up to 2 years. No information was found on the length of the pupal stage.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA336CDFF991D0904F3FC4AFC03980F" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1041]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Detailed morphological information is available on a number of species, in particular in the genera
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF991D0904B2FC76FEE39FD6" box="[151,306,944,968]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Andrenosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFF991D0904B2FC76FEE39FD6" box="[151,306,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Andrenosoma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF991D090548FC76FE169FD6" box="[365,455,944,968]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Laphria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFF991D090548FC76FE169FD6" box="[365,455,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Laphria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The most detailed descriptions of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF991D090747FC76FC2C9FD6" box="[866,1021,944,968]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Andrenosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFF991D090747FC76FC2C9FD6" box="[866,1021,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Andrenosoma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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larvae are in
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFF991D0900BAFC76FAE69FD9" author="Musso" box="[1183,1335,943,967]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Musso, J. J. (1978) Recherches sur le developpement, la nutrition et l'ecologie des Asilidae (Diptera-Brachycera). Doctoral Dissertation, Universite de Droit, d'Economie et des Sciences d'Aix-Marseille, 312 pp." type="book" year="1978">Musso (1978</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFF991D090163FC69FA5E9FD9" author="Musso" box="[1350,1423,943,967]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Musso, J. J. (1981 b) Morphology and development of the immature stages of some robber flies. (Diptera: Brachycera: Asilidae). Entomologia Generalis, 7, 89 - 104." type="journal article" year="1981" yearSuffix="b">1981b</bibRefCitation>
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). The most detailed pupal case descriptions with figures are in
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFF991D090775FC12FBB99FF2" author="Dennis" box="[848,1128,980,1004]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Dennis, D. S. & Barnes, J. K. (2012) The pupal case of a Palearctic robber fly, Andrenosoma atrum (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Asilidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 114, 16 - 23. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4289 / 0013 - 8797.114.1.16" type="journal article" year="2012">Dennis & Barnes (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFF991D090051FC12FAB69FF2" box="[1140,1383,980,1004]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Dennis, D. S., Barnes, J. K. & Knutson, L. (2008 a) Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). Zootaxa, 1868, 1 - 98." type="journal article">
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Dennis
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFF991D0900E9FC13FAD49FF2" box="[1228,1285,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
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(2008a)
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</bibRefCitation>
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, and
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFF991D0904B2FC3FFE949811" author="Musso" box="[151,325,1015,1040]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Musso, J. J. (1981 b) Morphology and development of the immature stages of some robber flies. (Diptera: Brachycera: Asilidae). Entomologia Generalis, 7, 89 - 104." type="journal article" year="1981" yearSuffix="b">Musso (1981b)</bibRefCitation>
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. There is general descriptive information for other genera.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |