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<document id="8E5F279706DFCA72F859332424C908E6" ID-CLB-Dataset="297169" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad103" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e21d902e-2a58-4d99-aeb2-bad4034444da" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11240746" ID-ZooBank="7F78BDE9-9589-4878-94EB-852F88C8B4C9" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="jonas" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="jonas" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="jonas" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="jonas" checkinTime="1716362773568" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Goto, Ryutaro, Hirabayashi, Isao, Seike, Koji, Yamashita, Momo &amp; Shimomura, Michitaka" docDate="2024" docId="03D47D1F0F0CFFE8FF27EB36FD7BF822" docLanguage="en" docName="zlad103.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad103" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.5:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Basterotia bonelliphila Goto &amp; Hirabayashi &amp; Seike &amp; Yamashita &amp; Shimomura 2024, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="927" masterDocId="FFED05670F06FFE4FF9BEC35FF84FFEB" masterDocTitle="Living together in dead coral rocks: macrosymbiotic communities associated with Bonellia echiuran worms (Annelida: Thalassematidae: Bonelliinae), involving new commensal bivalve and amphipod species" masterLastPageNumber="939" masterPageNumber="915" pageNumber="925" updateTime="1716832604113" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="4628A8805368606F6843ED8E191EAC3F">Living together in dead coral rocks: macrosymbiotic communities associated with Bonellia echiuran worms (Annelida: Thalassematidae: Bonelliinae), involving new commensal bivalve and amphipod species</mods:title>
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<mods:role id="46A4073E80541C4CE426F09D03A5B9CA">
<mods:roleTerm id="B89840F27FC024B66E6302CF3D0328B4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="745E81A98287A560D7634484A5F38407">Goto, Ryutaro</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="8EB0A8F84811814CA7470DEBC0FF8602">Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, 459 Shirahama, Nishimuro, Wakayama 649 - 2211, Japan</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="A2FA020396A3610C942EFD395EDE4E0A" type="email">gotoryutaro@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name id="4B09599A0221066C0ABD733FE3DC5C3A" type="personal">
<mods:role id="297CA521C9B60C031A3CB60B4A428DDA">
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<mods:namePart id="911F2AD32D79DB2D17DB0764E5920C1E">Hirabayashi, Isao</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4BFBD67E5228360A14A91A6A2B0670C5">Kushimoto Marine Park Center Ltd, 1157 Arita, Kushimoto, Wakayama 649 - 3514, Japan &amp; Kuroshio Biological Research Foundation, 560 Nishidomari, Otsuki, Kochi 788 - 0333, Japan</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:role id="EAF211308644A8AEA46345AA794AE93A">
<mods:roleTerm id="009486B6187CE0C2752829986B65B83E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="09AA3400567AD4411B82B857D20AE189">Seike, Koji</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="96F2F3839800F7515D6204DF4262426D">Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1 - 1 - 1 Highashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 - 0046, Japan &amp; Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5 - 1 - 5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277 - 8563, Japan &amp; School of Science, The University of New South Wales, Northcott Drive, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:role id="B4E9712042CDC4C58AEBE11099AC816D">
<mods:roleTerm id="ED2724BAABFAF02E67E6AC24A2CFC9CF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="85E59B77B79BFD9037F90CCF0086F417">Yamashita, Momo</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="F3168A222CEEBC89801992B27C4AB661">Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1 - 1 - 1 Highashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 - 0046, Japan &amp; Center for Collections, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4 - 1 - 1 Amakubo, Tsukuba 305 - 0005, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="FE5FB2ADA9B813D4BACDE46C0948BDB0">Shimomura, Michitaka</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="BF3FCC1B2215CC49438D2FF1BE08F367">Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, 459 Shirahama, Nishimuro, Wakayama 649 - 2211, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="CE396EF6A1561148D082A1E30127600E">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="739E00753BE499D45EA5C276171CF2A1">2023-10-11</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03D47D1F0F0CFFE8FF27EB36FD7BF822" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11355353" ID-GBIF-Taxon="231564345" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11355353" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D47D1F0F0CFFE8FF27EB36FD7BF822" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D47D1F0F0CFFE8FF27EB36FD7BF822" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="927" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">
<subSubSection id="C3679F820F0CFFEEFF27EB36FD4AF8F6" box="[188,718,1794,1821]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC2CC090F0CFFEEFF27EB36FD4AF8F6" blockId="10.[188,718,1794,1821]" box="[188,718,1794,1821]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">
<heading id="D08A7B650F0CFFEEFF27EB36FD4AF8F6" bold="true" box="[188,718,1794,1821]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0CFFEEFF27EB36FD4AF8F6" bold="true" box="[188,718,1794,1821]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0CFFEEFF27EB36FDFCF8F6" ID-CoL="C5YXJ" authority="Goto &amp; Hirabayashi" authorityName="Goto &amp; Hirabayashi &amp; Seike &amp; Yamashita &amp; Shimomura" authorityYear="2024" box="[188,632,1794,1821]" class="Bivalvia" family="Basterotiidae" genus="Basterotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galeommatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bonelliphila" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0CFFEEFF27EB36FE1AF8F6" bold="true" box="[188,414,1794,1821]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Basterotia bonelliphila</emphasis>
Goto &amp; Hirabayashi
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23AAD600F0CFFEEFD19EB36FD4AF8F6" box="[642,718,1795,1821]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3679F820F0CFFEEFE8BEB07FDFDF8A7" box="[272,633,1842,1868]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BC2CC090F0CFFEEFE8BEB07FDFDF8A7" blockId="10.[272,633,1842,1868]" box="[272,633,1842,1868]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0CFFEEFE8BEB07FDFDF8A7" bold="true" box="[272,633,1842,1868]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">(New Japanese Name: Yokaze-gai)</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3679F820F0CFFEEFEC9EB54FE6DF832" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC2CC090F0CFFEEFEC9EB54FDBCF890" blockId="10.[338,568,1889,1916]" box="[338,568,1889,1916]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0CFFEEFEC9EB54FDBCF890" bold="true" box="[338,568,1889,1916]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">
(
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0CFFEEFEC7EB54FE41F897" box="[348,453,1889,1916]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1610,1634]" captionTargetBox="[146,1426,144,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-107@5.[146,1426,144,1582]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Macrosymbiotic fauna associated with Bonellia sp. aff.minor.Macrosymbionts with hosts in the burrows (A, C, E). White arrowheads indicate macrosymbionts on the host’s burrow wall (A, E) or trunk (C). Close-up view of the living specimens of each macrosymbiont (B, D, F). A, B, Basterotia bonelliphila (holotype:NSMT-Mo 79470). C, D, Leucothoe bonelliae (SMBL-V0666). E, F, Oxydromus fauveli.Scale bar = 1 mm (B, D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240754" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240754/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Figs 4A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0CFFEEFE4BEB57FE5AF897" box="[464,478,1890,1916]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,845,869]" captionTargetBox="[320,1281,144,817]" captionTargetId="graphics-290@6.[321,1281,144,818]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Bonellia sp. aff.minor and its burrow associates (Basterotia bonelliphila, Leucothoe bonelliae, and Oxydromus fauveli) in dead coral rock. The inside of the burrows is partly occupied by sandy sediments collected by Bo. sp. aff. minor." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240756/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">5</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0CFFEEFE7CEB54FDAAF890" box="[487,558,1889,1916]" captionStart-0="Figure 11" captionStart-1="Figure 12" captionStart-2="Figure 13" captionStartId-0="11.[113,178,1455,1479]" captionStartId-1="12.[129,194,1403,1427]" captionStartId-2="13.[115,180,1138,1162]" captionTargetBox-0="[146,1428,147,1426]" captionTargetBox-1="[161,1441,146,1372]" captionTargetBox-2="[146,1426,147,1107]" captionTargetId-0="figure-248@11.[145,1428,145,1428]" captionTargetId-1="figure-233@12.[158,1444,143,1375]" captionTargetId-2="figure-393@13.[143,1429,144,1110]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionTargetPageId-2="13" captionText-0="Figure 11. Basterotia bonelliphila (holotype NSMT-Mo 79470). A, B, Dorsal and ventral views. Anterior is right. C, D, External view of right and left valves. E, F, Internal view of right and left valves. The tip of the foot was removed for DNA analysis.G, H, Hinge structure of left and right valves. Abbreviations: aa, anterior adductor muscle; ac, anterior cardinal tooth; apa, anterior-venral pedal aperture; d, demibranches; dg, digestive gland; exl, external ligament; f, foot; lp, labial palps; pa, posterior adductor muscle; p2, prodissoconch II; s, exhalant and inhalant siphons. Scale bars = 1 mm (A–F), 100 µm (G, H)." captionText-1="Figure 12. Basterotia bonelliphila (paratype NSMT-Mo 79471). A, B, External view of right and left valves. C, D, Internal view of right and left valves. E, F, Hinge structure of right and left valves.G, H, Prodissoconch II of right and left valves. Abbreviations: ac, anterior cardinal tooth; exl, external ligament; p2, prodissoconch II. Scale bars = 1 mm (A–D), 100 µm (E–H)." captionText-2="Figure 13. A living individual of Basterotia bonelliphila. A, Dorsal view of an individual opening its valves and extending its inhalant and exhalant siphons from the postero-dorsal margin. Posterior is left.B, Ventral view of an individual extending its inhalant siphon.Posterior is left. C, Ventral view of an individual extending its inhalant siphon and foot. Posterior is right.D, Close-up of the inhalant siphon. Arrowheads indicate the papillae on the base of the siphon. Scale bars = 1 mm.Abbreviations:exs, exhalant siphon; ins, inhalant siphon." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240772" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240776" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240778" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/11240772/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/11240776/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/11240778/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">11–13</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC2CC090F0CFFEEFF1AEB97FE6DF832" blockId="10.[129,778,1954,2009]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0CFFEEFF1AEB97FEEEF851" box="[129,362,1954,1978]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Zoobank registration:</emphasis>
<uri id="FFECC00B0F0CFFEEFE1CEB97FE61F832" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
<uuid id="FFDBF6DC0F0CFFEEFD17EB97FE61F832" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">9D61F68C-2F66-492C-97F7-B650CB870025</uuid>
</uri>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3679F820F0CFFEEFCA2ECA5FB5BFDF0" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BC2CC090F0CFFEEFCA2ECA5FA11FE29" blockId="10.[825,1475,144,450]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0CFFEEFCA2ECA5FC7EFF43" box="[825,1018,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Material examined:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B15C6540F0CFFEEFB99ECA5FC39FECE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4867535309" collectingDate="2020-06-03" collectorName="I. Hirabayashi" country="Japan" location="Wakayama" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Wakayama" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54C672AB0F0CFFEEFB99ECA5FBE0FF43" box="[1026,1124,144,168]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0CFFEEFBECECA5FB3AFF43" box="[1143,1214,144,168]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1455,1479]" captionTargetBox="[146,1428,147,1426]" captionTargetId="figure-248@11.[145,1428,145,1428]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 11. Basterotia bonelliphila (holotype NSMT-Mo 79470). A, B, Dorsal and ventral views. Anterior is right. C, D, External view of right and left valves. E, F, Internal view of right and left valves. The tip of the foot was removed for DNA analysis.G, H, Hinge structure of left and right valves. Abbreviations: aa, anterior adductor muscle; ac, anterior cardinal tooth; apa, anterior-venral pedal aperture; d, demibranches; dg, digestive gland; exl, external ligament; f, foot; lp, labial palps; pa, posterior adductor muscle; p2, prodissoconch II; s, exhalant and inhalant siphons. Scale bars = 1 mm (A–F), 100 µm (G, H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240772" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240772/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
): NSMT-Mo 79470 [SL (shell length) 4.0 mm, SH (shell height)
<quantity id="4C8561EC0F0CFFEEFB6CEC9AFAC8FF2C" box="[1271,1356,175,199]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
, SW (shell width)
<quantity id="4C8561EC0F0CFFEEFC18ECFAFC56FF0D" box="[899,978,207,231]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.7 mm</quantity>
, Sabiura, Kushimoto,
<collectingRegion id="49B902EB0F0CFFEEFB36ECFAFA99FF0C" box="[1197,1309,207,231]" country="Japan" name="Wakayama" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Wakayama</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F36A8C990F0CFFEEFABDECFAFAE4FF0D" box="[1318,1376,207,230]" name="Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Japan</collectingCountry>
, obtained from the burrow of
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0CFFEEFB99ECDAFBA5FEED" box="[1026,1057,239,262]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Bo.</emphasis>
sp.
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0CFFEEFBDCECDBFB21FEED" authorityName="Goto" authorityYear="2017" box="[1095,1189,238,262]" class="Polychaeta" family="Bonelliidae" genus="Bonellia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiuroidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="minor">
aff.
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0CFFEEFBF0ECDAFB21FEED" box="[1131,1189,239,262]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">minor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, collected by
<collectorName id="2688A9DF0F0CFFEEFAABECDBFA3BFEED" box="[1328,1471,238,262]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">I. Hirabayashi</collectorName>
,
<date id="FFC3EAC90F0CFFEEFCA2ED38FC33FECE" box="[825,951,269,293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" value="2020-06-03">
<collectingDate id="EF8713210F0CFFEEFCA2ED38FC33FECE" box="[825,951,269,293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" value="2020-06-03">3 June 2020</collectingDate>
</date>
]
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B15C6540F0CFFEEFC5DED3BFC44FE68" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4867535301" collectingDate="2020-06-03" collectorName="I. Hirabayashi" country="Japan" location="Wakayama" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Wakayama" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="54C672AB0F0CFFEEFC5DED3BFB9BFECD" box="[966,1055,270,294]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0CFFEEFBB5ED38FBF6FECE" box="[1070,1138,269,293]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="12.[129,194,1403,1427]" captionTargetBox="[161,1441,146,1372]" captionTargetId="figure-233@12.[158,1444,143,1375]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 12. Basterotia bonelliphila (paratype NSMT-Mo 79471). A, B, External view of right and left valves. C, D, Internal view of right and left valves. E, F, Hinge structure of right and left valves.G, H, Prodissoconch II of right and left valves. Abbreviations: ac, anterior cardinal tooth; exl, external ligament; p2, prodissoconch II. Scale bars = 1 mm (A–D), 100 µm (E–H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240776" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240776/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
): NSMT-Mo 79471 (SL
<quantity id="4C8561EC0F0CFFEEFAEBED38FA3BFECE" box="[1392,1471,269,293]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" unit="mm" value="2.6">2.6 mm</quantity>
, SH
<quantity id="4C8561EC0F0CFFEEFCFEED18FC3DFEAF" box="[869,953,301,325]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
, Sabiura, Kushimoto,
<collectingRegion id="49B902EB0F0CFFEEFB38ED18FA97FEAE" box="[1187,1299,301,325]" country="Japan" name="Wakayama" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Wakayama</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F36A8C990F0CFFEEFABAED18FADFFEAF" box="[1313,1371,301,324]" name="Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Japan</collectingCountry>
, obtained from the burrow of
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0CFFEEFB99ED78FBA5FE8F" box="[1026,1057,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Bo.</emphasis>
sp.
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0CFFEEFBDCED79FB21FE8F" authorityName="Goto" authorityYear="2017" box="[1095,1189,332,356]" class="Polychaeta" family="Bonelliidae" genus="Bonellia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiuroidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="minor">
aff.
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0CFFEEFBF0ED78FB21FE8F" box="[1131,1189,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">minor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, collected by
<collectorName id="2688A9DF0F0CFFEEFAABED79FA3BFE8F" box="[1328,1471,332,356]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">I. Hirabayashi</collectorName>
,
<date id="FFC3EAC90F0CFFEEFCA2ED5EFC3CFE68" box="[825,952,363,387]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" value="2020-06-03">
<collectingDate id="EF8713210F0CFFEEFCA2ED5EFC3CFE68" box="[825,952,363,387]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" value="2020-06-03">3 June 2020</collectingDate>
</date>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B15C6540F0CFFEEFC52ED5EFA16FE29" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4867535302" collectingDate="2020-07-04" collectorName="I. Hirabayashi" country="Japan" location="Wakayama" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Wakayama">
Other material (
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0CFFEEFBF5ED5EFB37FE68" box="[1134,1203,363,387]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="13.[115,180,1138,1162]" captionTargetBox="[146,1426,147,1107]" captionTargetId="figure-393@13.[143,1429,144,1110]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 13. A living individual of Basterotia bonelliphila. A, Dorsal view of an individual opening its valves and extending its inhalant and exhalant siphons from the postero-dorsal margin. Posterior is left.B, Ventral view of an individual extending its inhalant siphon.Posterior is left. C, Ventral view of an individual extending its inhalant siphon and foot. Posterior is right.D, Close-up of the inhalant siphon. Arrowheads indicate the papillae on the base of the siphon. Scale bars = 1 mm.Abbreviations:exs, exhalant siphon; ins, inhalant siphon." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240778" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240778/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
):
<specimenCount id="9D7B07800F0CFFEEFB51ED5EFABAFE68" box="[1226,1342,363,387]" count="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
(SL
<quantity id="4C8561EC0F0CFFEEFAF4ED5EFA3AFE68" box="[1391,1470,363,387]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" unit="mm" value="4.3">4.3 mm</quantity>
, Sabiura, Kushimoto,
<collectingRegion id="49B902EB0F0CFFEEFB92EDBEFBFDFE48" box="[1033,1145,395,419]" country="Japan" name="Wakayama" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Wakayama</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F36A8C990F0CFFEEFB1BEDBEFB3EFE49" box="[1152,1210,395,418]" name="Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Japan</collectingCountry>
, obtained from the burrow of
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0CFFEEFCC8ED9EFCEAFE29" box="[851,878,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Bo</emphasis>
. sp.
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0CFFEEFC03ED9FFC71FE29" authorityName="Goto" authorityYear="2017" box="[920,1013,426,450]" class="Polychaeta" family="Bonelliidae" genus="Bonellia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiuroidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="minor">
aff.
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0CFFEEFC20ED9EFC71FE29" box="[955,1013,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">minor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, collected by
<collectorName id="2688A9DF0F0CFFEEFBE7ED9FFA8FFE29" box="[1148,1291,426,450]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">I. Hirabayashi</collectorName>
,
<date id="FFC3EAC90F0CFFEEFA88ED9FFA0EFE29" box="[1299,1418,426,450]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" value="2020-07-04">
<collectingDate id="EF8713210F0CFFEEFA88ED9FFA0EFE29" box="[1299,1418,426,450]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" value="2020-07-04">4 July 2020</collectingDate>
</date>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC2CC090F0CFFEEFCA2EDD1FB5BFDF0" blockId="10.[825,1474,483,539]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">
<materialsCitation id="3B15C6540F0CFFEEFCA2EDD1FB5FFDF0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4867535304" country="Japan" latitude="33.478783" location="Sabiura" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="135.74596" municipality="Kushimoto" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Wakayama" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0CFFEEFCA2EDD1FC50FE10" box="[825,980,483,507]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">
<typeStatus id="54C672AB0F0CFFEEFCA2EDD1FCEDFE10" box="[825,873,484,507]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
</emphasis>
<location id="8EA29AD20F0CFFEEFC69EDD6FBC5FE10" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D47D1F0F0CFFE8FF27EB36FD7BF822:8EA29AD20F0CFFEEFC69EDD6FBC5FE10" box="[1010,1089,483,507]" country="Japan" latitude="33.478783" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="135.74596" municipality="Kushimoto" name="Sabiura" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" stateProvince="Wakayama">Sabiura</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA656730F0CFFEEFBF9EDD6FB52FE10" box="[1122,1238,483,507]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Kushimoto</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingRegion id="49B902EB0F0CFFEEFB6CEDD6FAECFE10" box="[1271,1384,483,507]" country="Japan" name="Wakayama" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Wakayama</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F36A8C990F0CFFEEFA12EDD1FA46FE10" box="[1417,1474,484,507]" name="Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE49AACE0F0CFFEEFCDAEE37FC5AFDF1" box="[833,990,514,538]" degrees="33" direction="north" minutes="28" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" precision="1" seconds="43.61" value="33.478783">33°28’43.61”N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE49AACE0F0CFFEEFC73EE37FB0AFDF1" box="[1000,1166,514,538]" degrees="135" direction="east" minutes="44" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" precision="1" seconds="45.45" value="135.74596">135°44’45.45”E</geoCoordinate>
;
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0CFFEEFB0CEE36FB4BFDF0" box="[1175,1231,515,539]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[129,194,1131,1155]" captionTargetId="graphics-469@2.[400,1256,147,1061]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Geographic location of the study site (Kushimoto, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11355347" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11355347/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3679F820F0CFFEEFCA2EE08FAEAFA2A" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC2CC090F0CFFEEFCA2EE08FAEAFA2A" blockId="10.[825,1475,572,1473]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0CFFEEFCA2EE08FC2AFDBF" box="[825,942,573,596]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Description:</emphasis>
Shell length up to
<quantity id="4C8561EC0F0CFFEEFB1AEE09FB51FDB8" box="[1153,1237,572,596]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" unit="mm" value="4.3">4.3 mm</quantity>
, small for genus; shell thin, fragile, equivalve, strongly inequilateral, length/height ratio about 2.3, compressed (width/length ratio 0.43,
<typeStatus id="54C672AB0F0CFFEEFABBEE4EFA05FD78" box="[1312,1409,635,659]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
). Shell gaping from anteroventral to anterodorsal margins. Shell outline cuneate; anterodorsal margin short, sloping steeply; anterior end rounded; ventral margin straight, nearly parallel with the dorsal margin; posteroventral margin obliquely rounded-subtruncate to a point near base; ventral margin long, nearly straight, slightly curved towards anterior and posterior ends. Beaks low, small, inflexed, prosogyrous, situated at about 17–19% from anterior end. A weak, oblique ridge running from the umbo to the posteroventral corner. Shell externally white with light brown tint; shell sculpture with irregular commarginal growth lines. Hinge (
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0CFFEEFC11EFE6FB8DFC00" box="[906,1033,979,1003]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1455,1479]" captionTargetBox="[146,1428,147,1426]" captionTargetId="figure-248@11.[145,1428,145,1428]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 11. Basterotia bonelliphila (holotype NSMT-Mo 79470). A, B, Dorsal and ventral views. Anterior is right. C, D, External view of right and left valves. E, F, Internal view of right and left valves. The tip of the foot was removed for DNA analysis.G, H, Hinge structure of left and right valves. Abbreviations: aa, anterior adductor muscle; ac, anterior cardinal tooth; apa, anterior-venral pedal aperture; d, demibranches; dg, digestive gland; exl, external ligament; f, foot; lp, labial palps; pa, posterior adductor muscle; p2, prodissoconch II; s, exhalant and inhalant siphons. Scale bars = 1 mm (A–F), 100 µm (G, H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240772" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240772/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Figs 11G, H</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0CFFEEFB8CEFE6FBD8FC00" box="[1047,1116,979,1003]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="12.[129,194,1403,1427]" captionTargetBox="[161,1441,146,1372]" captionTargetId="figure-233@12.[158,1444,143,1375]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 12. Basterotia bonelliphila (paratype NSMT-Mo 79471). A, B, External view of right and left valves. C, D, Internal view of right and left valves. E, F, Hinge structure of right and left valves.G, H, Prodissoconch II of right and left valves. Abbreviations: ac, anterior cardinal tooth; exl, external ligament; p2, prodissoconch II. Scale bars = 1 mm (A–D), 100 µm (E–H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240776" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240776/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">12E, F</figureCitation>
): A projecting prominent cardinal tooth present both in right and left valves. Cardinal tooth in right valve shorter than that in left valve. Ligament external, short, posterior to umbo (opisthodetic), moderate in size. Prodissoconch II 246 to 248 µm long (
<typeStatus id="54C672AB0F0CFFEEFB9EE864FBE2FB82" box="[1029,1126,1105,1129]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
). Soft tissue (
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0CFFEEFB71E865FAD0FB83" box="[1258,1364,1104,1129]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1455,1479]" captionTargetBox="[146,1428,147,1426]" captionTargetId="figure-248@11.[145,1428,145,1428]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 11. Basterotia bonelliphila (holotype NSMT-Mo 79470). A, B, Dorsal and ventral views. Anterior is right. C, D, External view of right and left valves. E, F, Internal view of right and left valves. The tip of the foot was removed for DNA analysis.G, H, Hinge structure of left and right valves. Abbreviations: aa, anterior adductor muscle; ac, anterior cardinal tooth; apa, anterior-venral pedal aperture; d, demibranches; dg, digestive gland; exl, external ligament; f, foot; lp, labial palps; pa, posterior adductor muscle; p2, prodissoconch II; s, exhalant and inhalant siphons. Scale bars = 1 mm (A–F), 100 µm (G, H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240772" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240772/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Fig. 11E, F</figureCitation>
): Ctenidia narrow long, composed of outer and inner demibranches. Labial palps small, narrow, present anterior to foot. Mantle without tentacles, thin except for the posterior siphonal regions. Inhalant and exhalant siphons short, located at posterior end. Inhalant siphon muscular, tubular, longer than exhalant siphon (
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0CFFEEFABAE8D8FAE3FAEE" box="[1313,1383,1261,1285]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="13.[115,180,1138,1162]" captionTargetBox="[146,1426,147,1107]" captionTargetId="figure-393@13.[143,1429,144,1110]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 13. A living individual of Basterotia bonelliphila. A, Dorsal view of an individual opening its valves and extending its inhalant and exhalant siphons from the postero-dorsal margin. Posterior is left.B, Ventral view of an individual extending its inhalant siphon.Posterior is left. C, Ventral view of an individual extending its inhalant siphon and foot. Posterior is right.D, Close-up of the inhalant siphon. Arrowheads indicate the papillae on the base of the siphon. Scale bars = 1 mm.Abbreviations:exs, exhalant siphon; ins, inhalant siphon." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240778" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240778/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). Evenly separated small papillae present on the base of the inhalant siphon (
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0CFFEEFCE6E919FC57FAAF" box="[893,979,1324,1348]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="13.[115,180,1138,1162]" captionTargetBox="[146,1426,147,1107]" captionTargetId="figure-393@13.[143,1429,144,1110]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 13. A living individual of Basterotia bonelliphila. A, Dorsal view of an individual opening its valves and extending its inhalant and exhalant siphons from the postero-dorsal margin. Posterior is left.B, Ventral view of an individual extending its inhalant siphon.Posterior is left. C, Ventral view of an individual extending its inhalant siphon and foot. Posterior is right.D, Close-up of the inhalant siphon. Arrowheads indicate the papillae on the base of the siphon. Scale bars = 1 mm.Abbreviations:exs, exhalant siphon; ins, inhalant siphon." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240778" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240778/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Fig. 13D</figureCitation>
). Pedal gape situated at the anteroventral position (
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0CFFEEFCDFE97EFC1EFA88" box="[836,922,1355,1379]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="13.[115,180,1138,1162]" captionTargetBox="[146,1426,147,1107]" captionTargetId="figure-393@13.[143,1429,144,1110]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 13. A living individual of Basterotia bonelliphila. A, Dorsal view of an individual opening its valves and extending its inhalant and exhalant siphons from the postero-dorsal margin. Posterior is left.B, Ventral view of an individual extending its inhalant siphon.Posterior is left. C, Ventral view of an individual extending its inhalant siphon and foot. Posterior is right.D, Close-up of the inhalant siphon. Arrowheads indicate the papillae on the base of the siphon. Scale bars = 1 mm.Abbreviations:exs, exhalant siphon; ins, inhalant siphon." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240778" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240778/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Fig. 13C</figureCitation>
). Foot white, slender with the tip rounded (
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0CFFEEFAC0E97EFA35FA88" box="[1371,1457,1355,1379]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="13.[115,180,1138,1162]" captionTargetBox="[146,1426,147,1107]" captionTargetId="figure-393@13.[143,1429,144,1110]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 13. A living individual of Basterotia bonelliphila. A, Dorsal view of an individual opening its valves and extending its inhalant and exhalant siphons from the postero-dorsal margin. Posterior is left.B, Ventral view of an individual extending its inhalant siphon.Posterior is left. C, Ventral view of an individual extending its inhalant siphon and foot. Posterior is right.D, Close-up of the inhalant siphon. Arrowheads indicate the papillae on the base of the siphon. Scale bars = 1 mm.Abbreviations:exs, exhalant siphon; ins, inhalant siphon." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240778" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240778/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Fig. 13C</figureCitation>
). Digestive gland brownish, occupying nearly half of visceral mass (
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0CFFEEFCDFE9BFFC37FA4A" box="[836,947,1418,1442]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1455,1479]" captionTargetBox="[146,1428,147,1426]" captionTargetId="figure-248@11.[145,1428,145,1428]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 11. Basterotia bonelliphila (holotype NSMT-Mo 79470). A, B, Dorsal and ventral views. Anterior is right. C, D, External view of right and left valves. E, F, Internal view of right and left valves. The tip of the foot was removed for DNA analysis.G, H, Hinge structure of left and right valves. Abbreviations: aa, anterior adductor muscle; ac, anterior cardinal tooth; apa, anterior-venral pedal aperture; d, demibranches; dg, digestive gland; exl, external ligament; f, foot; lp, labial palps; pa, posterior adductor muscle; p2, prodissoconch II; s, exhalant and inhalant siphons. Scale bars = 1 mm (A–F), 100 µm (G, H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240772" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240772/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Fig. 11E, F</figureCitation>
). Anterior and posterior adductor muscles ovate in shape, with anterior smaller than posterior (
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0CFFEEFB6AE99CFAD9FA2B" box="[1265,1373,1449,1473]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1455,1479]" captionTargetBox="[146,1428,147,1426]" captionTargetId="figure-248@11.[145,1428,145,1428]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 11. Basterotia bonelliphila (holotype NSMT-Mo 79470). A, B, Dorsal and ventral views. Anterior is right. C, D, External view of right and left valves. E, F, Internal view of right and left valves. The tip of the foot was removed for DNA analysis.G, H, Hinge structure of left and right valves. Abbreviations: aa, anterior adductor muscle; ac, anterior cardinal tooth; apa, anterior-venral pedal aperture; d, demibranches; dg, digestive gland; exl, external ligament; f, foot; lp, labial palps; pa, posterior adductor muscle; p2, prodissoconch II; s, exhalant and inhalant siphons. Scale bars = 1 mm (A–F), 100 µm (G, H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240772" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240772/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Fig. 11E, F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3679F820F0CFFEEFCA2E9D9FA3FF915" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BC2CC090F0CFFEEFCA2E9D9FC3AF9C9" blockId="10.[825,1475,1515,1570]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0CFFEEFCA2E9D9FCEAF9E8" box="[825,878,1516,1539]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Host:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0CFFEEFC19E9DEFB84F9E9" box="[898,1024,1515,1539]" class="Polychaeta" family="Bonelliidae" genus="Bonellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiuroidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0CFFEEFC19E9DEFC55F9E8" box="[898,977,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Bonellia</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0CFFEEFB89E9DEFBFAF9E8" authorityName="Goto" authorityYear="2017" box="[1042,1150,1515,1539]" class="Polychaeta" family="Bonelliidae" genus="Bonellia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiuroidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="minor">
aff.
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0CFFEEFBDFE9D9FBFAF9E8" box="[1092,1150,1516,1539]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">minor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0CFFEEFB03E9DEFB79F9E8" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1809" box="[1176,1277,1515,1539]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="922" phylum="Annelida" rank="phylum">Annelida</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0CFFEEFA88E9DEFA3BF9E8" authorityName="Forbes &amp; Goodsir" authorityYear="1841" box="[1299,1471,1515,1539]" class="Polychaeta" family="Thalassematidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiuroidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Thalassematidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0CFFEEFCA2EA3FFC37F9C9" authorityName="Lacaze-Duthiers" authorityYear="1858" box="[825,947,1546,1570]" class="Polychaeta" family="Thalassematidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiuroidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="922" phylum="Annelida" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bonelliinae">Bonelliinae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC2CC090F0CFFEEFCA2EA7FFA3FF915" blockId="10.[825,1475,1610,1790]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0CFFEEFCA2EA7FFBC8F989" box="[825,1100,1610,1634]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Host association and biology:</emphasis>
This bivalve species lives attached by byssal threads onto the burrow wall of
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0CFFEEFB2AEA5FFB54F96A" box="[1201,1232,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Bo.</emphasis>
sp.
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0CFFEEFB6EEA5CFACAF96A" authorityName="Goto" authorityYear="2017" box="[1269,1358,1641,1665]" class="Polychaeta" family="Bonelliidae" genus="Bonellia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiuroidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="minor">
aff.
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0CFFEEFA8CEA5FFACAF96A" box="[1303,1358,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">minor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the dead coral rocks (
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0CFFEEFC28EABDFC78F94B" box="[947,1020,1672,1696]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1610,1634]" captionTargetBox="[146,1426,144,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-107@5.[146,1426,144,1582]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Macrosymbiotic fauna associated with Bonellia sp. aff.minor.Macrosymbionts with hosts in the burrows (A, C, E). White arrowheads indicate macrosymbionts on the host’s burrow wall (A, E) or trunk (C). Close-up view of the living specimens of each macrosymbiont (B, D, F). A, B, Basterotia bonelliphila (holotype:NSMT-Mo 79470). C, D, Leucothoe bonelliae (SMBL-V0666). E, F, Oxydromus fauveli.Scale bar = 1 mm (B, D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240754" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240754/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Figs 4B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0CFFEEFB93EABDFB90F94B" box="[1032,1044,1672,1696]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,845,869]" captionTargetBox="[320,1281,144,817]" captionTargetId="graphics-290@6.[321,1281,144,818]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Bonellia sp. aff.minor and its burrow associates (Basterotia bonelliphila, Leucothoe bonelliae, and Oxydromus fauveli) in dead coral rock. The inside of the burrows is partly occupied by sandy sediments collected by Bo. sp. aff. minor." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240756/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">5</figureCitation>
). The live animals actively crawl away using their foot and extend their inhalant and exhalant siphons from the posterodorsal margin by slightly opening the shells.In the aquaria, the bivalve extends its short inhalant siphon against the host body trunk.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3679F820F0CFFEEFCA2EB13FC7FF8B6" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BC2CC090F0CFFEEFCA2EB13FC7FF8B6" blockId="10.[825,1474,1830,1885]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0CFFEEFCA2EB13FC33F8D5" box="[825,951,1830,1854]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Distribution:</emphasis>
Only known from the
<typeStatus id="54C672AB0F0CFFEEFB54EB13FB79F8D5" box="[1231,1277,1830,1854]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">type</typeStatus>
locality (Sabiura,
<collectingRegion id="49B902EB0F0CFFEEFCA2EB70FC2EF8B6" box="[825,938,1861,1885]" country="Japan" name="Wakayama" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Wakayama</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F36A8C990F0CFFEEFC28EB70FC74F8B6" box="[947,1008,1861,1885]" name="Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Japan</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3679F820F0CFFEEFCA2EB4BFA46F83E" pageId="10" pageNumber="925" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BC2CC090F0CFFEEFCA2EB4BFA46F83E" blockId="10.[825,1475,1918,2005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0CFFEEFCA2EB4BFC1DF87D" box="[825,921,1918,1942]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Epifauna:</emphasis>
Dorsal marginal surface of the shells was often attached to by entoprocts (
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0CFFEEFC76EBABFBB3F85D" box="[1005,1079,1950,1974]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1610,1634]" captionTargetBox="[146,1426,144,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-107@5.[146,1426,144,1582]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Macrosymbiotic fauna associated with Bonellia sp. aff.minor.Macrosymbionts with hosts in the burrows (A, C, E). White arrowheads indicate macrosymbionts on the host’s burrow wall (A, E) or trunk (C). Close-up view of the living specimens of each macrosymbiont (B, D, F). A, B, Basterotia bonelliphila (holotype:NSMT-Mo 79470). C, D, Leucothoe bonelliae (SMBL-V0666). E, F, Oxydromus fauveli.Scale bar = 1 mm (B, D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240754" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240754/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Figs 4B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0CFFEEFBD9EBABFB08F85D" box="[1090,1164,1950,1974]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1455,1479]" captionTargetBox="[146,1428,147,1426]" captionTargetId="figure-248@11.[145,1428,145,1428]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 11. Basterotia bonelliphila (holotype NSMT-Mo 79470). A, B, Dorsal and ventral views. Anterior is right. C, D, External view of right and left valves. E, F, Internal view of right and left valves. The tip of the foot was removed for DNA analysis.G, H, Hinge structure of left and right valves. Abbreviations: aa, anterior adductor muscle; ac, anterior cardinal tooth; apa, anterior-venral pedal aperture; d, demibranches; dg, digestive gland; exl, external ligament; f, foot; lp, labial palps; pa, posterior adductor muscle; p2, prodissoconch II; s, exhalant and inhalant siphons. Scale bars = 1 mm (A–F), 100 µm (G, H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240772" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240772/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">11A–D</figureCitation>
), whereas the lateral surface of the shells was often attached to by foraminiferans (
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0CFFEEFAAAEB88FAFFF83E" box="[1329,1403,1981,2005]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1610,1634]" captionTargetBox="[146,1426,144,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-107@5.[146,1426,144,1582]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Macrosymbiotic fauna associated with Bonellia sp. aff.minor.Macrosymbionts with hosts in the burrows (A, C, E). White arrowheads indicate macrosymbionts on the host’s burrow wall (A, E) or trunk (C). Close-up view of the living specimens of each macrosymbiont (B, D, F). A, B, Basterotia bonelliphila (holotype:NSMT-Mo 79470). C, D, Leucothoe bonelliae (SMBL-V0666). E, F, Oxydromus fauveli.Scale bar = 1 mm (B, D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240754" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240754/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">Figs 4B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0CFFEEFA1EEB88FA35F83E" box="[1413,1457,1981,2005]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1455,1479]" captionTargetBox="[146,1428,147,1426]" captionTargetId="figure-248@11.[145,1428,145,1428]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 11. Basterotia bonelliphila (holotype NSMT-Mo 79470). A, B, Dorsal and ventral views. Anterior is right. C, D, External view of right and left valves. E, F, Internal view of right and left valves. The tip of the foot was removed for DNA analysis.G, H, Hinge structure of left and right valves. Abbreviations: aa, anterior adductor muscle; ac, anterior cardinal tooth; apa, anterior-venral pedal aperture; d, demibranches; dg, digestive gland; exl, external ligament; f, foot; lp, labial palps; pa, posterior adductor muscle; p2, prodissoconch II; s, exhalant and inhalant siphons. Scale bars = 1 mm (A–F), 100 µm (G, H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240772" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240772/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="925">11D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF029C810F0DFFEFFFEAE99AFDD7F9D3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240772" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11240772" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240772/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" startId="11.[113,178,1455,1479]" targetBox="[146,1428,147,1426]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BC2CC090F0DFFEFFFEAE99AFDD7F9D3" blockId="11.[113,1443,1455,1592]" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0DFFEFFFEAE99AFF52FA2C" bold="true" box="[113,214,1455,1479]" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">Figure 11.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0DFFEFFF41E985FE20FA2C" authorityName="Goto &amp; Hirabayashi &amp; Seike &amp; Yamashita &amp; Shimomura" authorityYear="2024" box="[218,420,1455,1479]" class="Bivalvia" family="Basterotiidae" genus="Basterotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galeommatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bonelliphila">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0DFFEFFF41E985FE20FA2C" box="[218,420,1455,1479]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">Basterotia bonelliphila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(holotype NSMT-Mo 79470). A, B, Dorsal and ventral views. Anterior is right. C, D, External view of right and left valves. E, F, Internal view of right and left valves. The tip of the foot was removed for DNA analysis. G, H, Hinge structure of left and right valves. Abbreviations: aa, anterior adductor muscle; ac, anterior cardinal tooth; apa, anterior-venral pedal aperture; d, demibranches; dg, digestive gland; exl, external ligament; f, foot; lp, labial palps; pa, posterior adductor muscle; p2, prodissoconch II; s, exhalant and inhalant siphons. Scale bars = 1 mm (A–F), 100 µm (G, H).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3679F820F0DFFEFFFEAEA52FE64F974" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BC2CC090F0DFFEFFFEAEA52FE64F974" blockId="11.[113,762,1639,1695]" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0DFFEFFFEAEA52FF65F994" box="[113,225,1639,1663]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">Etymology:</emphasis>
The new species is named after its commensal association with the spoon worm
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0DFFEFFE10EAB2FE64F974" box="[395,480,1671,1695]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0DFFEFFE10EAB2FE59F974" authorityName="Rorlando" authorityYear="1822" box="[395,477,1671,1695]" class="Polychaeta" family="Bonelliidae" genus="Bonellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiuroidea" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Bonellia</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3679F820F0DFFE8FFEAEAF5FD7BF822" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="927" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC2CC090F0DFFEFFFEAEAF5FB7BF872" blockId="11.[113,763,1728,2003]" lastBlockId="11.[810,1460,1639,2008]" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0DFFEFFFEAEAF5FF49F933" box="[113,205,1728,1752]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">Remarks:</emphasis>
Species of
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0DFFEFFED5EAF4FE2AF933" authorityName="M. Hornes" authorityYear="1859" box="[334,430,1729,1752]" class="Bivalvia" family="Basterotiidae" genus="Basterotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galeommatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0DFFEFFED5EAF4FE2AF933" box="[334,430,1729,1752]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">Basterotia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known to inhabit the burrows of the thalassematin echiurans in sediment bottoms (
<bibRefCitation id="EFECB1F80F0DFFEFFD27EAEAFF58F8FC" author="Anker A &amp; Murina G-V &amp; Lira C" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" pagination="157 - 90" refId="ref13208" refString="Anker A, Murina G-V, Lira C et al. Macrofauna associated with echiuran burrows: a review with new observations of the innkeeper worm, Ochetostoma erythrogrammon Leuckart and Ruppel, in Venezuela. Zoological Studies 2005; 44: 157 - 90." type="journal article" year="2005">
Anker
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0DFFEFFFEAEACAFF26F8FC" box="[113,162,1791,1815]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFECB1F80F0DFFEFFF71EACAFE16F8FC" author="Goto R &amp; Hamamura Y &amp; Kato M" box="[234,402,1791,1815]" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" pagination="225 - 34" refId="ref13772" refString="Goto R, Hamamura Y, Kato M. Morphological and ecological adaptation of Basterotia bivalves (Galeommatoidea: Sportellidae) to symbiotic association with burrowing echiuran worms. Zoological Science 2011; 28: 225 - 34." type="journal article" year="2011">
Goto
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0DFFEFFEBCEACAFEDCF8FC" box="[295,344,1791,1815]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFECB1F80F0DFFEFFE3BEACAFE57F8FC" author="Goto R &amp; Ishikawa H &amp; Hamamura Y" box="[416,467,1791,1815]" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" pagination="1447 - 54" refId="ref13855" refString="Goto R, Ishikawa H, Hamamura Y. The enigmatic bivalve genus Paramya (Myoidea: Myidae): Symbiotic association of an East Asian species with spoon worms (Echiura) and its transfer to the family Basterotiidae (Galeommatoidea). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2017; 97: 1447 - 54." type="journal article" year="2017">2017</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFECB1F80F0DFFEFFE7BEACAFD33F8FC" author="Goto R &amp; Kato M" box="[480,695,1791,1815]" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" pagination="319 - 30" refId="ref13737" refString="Goto R, Kato M. Geographic mosaic of mutually exclusive dominance of obligate commensals in symbiotic communities associated with a burrowing echiuran worm. Marine Biology 2012; 159: 319 - 30." type="journal article" year="2012">Goto and Kato 2012</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFECB1F80F0DFFEFFD5EEACAFF20F8DD" author="Goto R &amp; Ishikawa H &amp; Hamamura Y" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" pagination="1447 - 54" refId="ref13855" refString="Goto R, Ishikawa H, Hamamura Y. The enigmatic bivalve genus Paramya (Myoidea: Myidae): Symbiotic association of an East Asian species with spoon worms (Echiura) and its transfer to the family Basterotiidae (Galeommatoidea). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2017; 97: 1447 - 54." type="journal article" year="2017">Goto 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0DFFEFFF20EB2AFE14F8DD" authorityName="Goto &amp; Hirabayashi &amp; Seike &amp; Yamashita &amp; Shimomura" authorityYear="2024" box="[187,400,1822,1846]" class="Bivalvia" family="Basterotiidae" genus="Basterotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galeommatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bonelliphila">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0DFFEFFF20EB2AFE14F8DD" box="[187,400,1822,1846]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">Basterotia bonelliphila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinct among the genus with its small, elongate shells and in inhabiting the burrows of
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0DFFEFFD36EB08FF73F89E" authority="(Bonelliinae)" baseAuthorityName="Bonelliinae" class="Polychaeta" family="Bonelliidae" genus="Bonellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiuroidea" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0DFFEFFD36EB08FD7EF8BE" box="[685,762,1853,1877]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">Bonellia</emphasis>
(Bonelliinae)
</taxonomicName>
in the dead coral rocks (
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0DFFEFFE67EB68FDCFF89E" box="[508,587,1885,1909]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1610,1634]" captionTargetBox="[146,1426,144,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-107@5.[146,1426,144,1582]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Macrosymbiotic fauna associated with Bonellia sp. aff.minor.Macrosymbionts with hosts in the burrows (A, C, E). White arrowheads indicate macrosymbionts on the host’s burrow wall (A, E) or trunk (C). Close-up view of the living specimens of each macrosymbiont (B, D, F). A, B, Basterotia bonelliphila (holotype:NSMT-Mo 79470). C, D, Leucothoe bonelliae (SMBL-V0666). E, F, Oxydromus fauveli.Scale bar = 1 mm (B, D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240754" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240754/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">Figs 4A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0DFFEFFDC2EB68FDE2F89E" box="[601,614,1885,1909]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,845,869]" captionTargetBox="[320,1281,144,817]" captionTargetId="graphics-290@6.[321,1281,144,818]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Bonellia sp. aff.minor and its burrow associates (Basterotia bonelliphila, Leucothoe bonelliae, and Oxydromus fauveli) in dead coral rock. The inside of the burrows is partly occupied by sandy sediments collected by Bo. sp. aff. minor." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240756/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">5</figureCitation>
). Probably, its small shell size and elongate shell shape are adaptations to the
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0DFFEFFFEAEBAEFF3AF858" box="[113,190,1947,1971]" class="Polychaeta" family="Bonelliidae" genus="Bonellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiuroidea" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0DFFEFFFEAEBAEFF3AF858" box="[113,190,1947,1971]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">Bonellia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’s narrow burrow. Some congeneric species [e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0DFFEFFD01EBA9FF09F839" class="Bivalvia" family="Basterotiidae" genus="Basterotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galeommatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0DFFEFFD01EBA9FD7EF858" box="[666,762,1948,1971]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">Basterotia</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
from Rodrigues Island in
<bibRefCitation id="EFECB1F80F0DFFEFFE1DEB8EFD0AF838" author="Oliver PG &amp; Holmes AM" box="[390,654,1979,2003]" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" pagination="23 - 24" refId="ref14941" refString="Oliver PG, Holmes AM. Cryptic bivalves with descriptions of new species from the Rodrigues Lagoon. Journal of Natural History 2004; 38: 23 - 24." type="journal article" year="2004">Oliver and Holmes (2004)</bibRefCitation>
] and some species belonging to other basterotiin genera [e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0DFFEFFADCEA5DFB98F974" authority="Coan, 1999" authorityName="Coan" authorityYear="1999" class="Bivalvia" family="Basterotiidae" genus="Basterotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galeommatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rectangularis">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0DFFEFFADCEA5DFC27F974" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">Basterotina rectangularis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFECB1F80F0DFFEFFC33EAB2FB98F974" author="Coan EV" box="[936,1052,1671,1695]" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" pagination="132 - 51" refId="ref13408" refString="Coan EV. The Eastern Pacific Sportellidae (Bivalvia). The Veliger 1999; 42: 132 - 51." type="journal article" year="1999">Coan, 1999</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0DFFEFFBD7EAB2FC21F955" authority="W. K. Emerson &amp; Puffer, 1957" authorityName="W. K. Emerson &amp; Puffer" authorityYear="1957" class="Bivalvia" family="Basterotiidae" genus="Ensitellops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galeommatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hertleini">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0DFFEFFBD7EAB2FA87F974" box="[1100,1283,1671,1695]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">Ensitellops hertleini</emphasis>
W.K. Emerson &amp; Puffer,
<quantity id="4C8561EC0F0DFFEFFCE9EA93FC21F955" box="[882,933,1702,1726]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9707799999999995" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" unit="in" value="1957.0">1957</quantity>
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="EFECB1F80F0DFFEFFC5FEA93FA91F955" author="Coan EV &amp; Valentich-Scott P" box="[964,1301,1702,1726]" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" refId="ref13429" refString="Coan EV, Valentich-Scott P. Bivalve Seashells of Tropical West America. Marine Bivalve Mollusks from Baja California to Northern Peru. Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Press, 2012." type="book" year="2012">Coan and Valentich-Scott (2012)</bibRefCitation>
] have relatively similar elongate, small shells. Although the biology of these species remains unknown, they may also inhabit the narrow burrows of
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0DFFEFFCDEEB31FC16F8F7" box="[837,914,1796,1820]" class="Polychaeta" family="Bonelliidae" genus="Bonellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiuroidea" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0DFFEFFCDEEB31FC16F8F7" box="[837,914,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">Bonellia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or other echiurans in the hard substrata. The shells of
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0DFFEFFCB1EB11FC12F8D0" authorityName="Coan" authorityYear="1999" box="[810,918,1828,1851]" class="Bivalvia" family="Basterotiidae" genus="Basterotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galeommatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0DFFEFFCB1EB11FC12F8D0" box="[810,918,1828,1851]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">Basterotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are different from those of
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0DFFEFFB21EB11FA9EF8D0" authorityName="M. Hornes" authorityYear="1859" box="[1210,1306,1828,1851]" class="Bivalvia" family="Basterotiidae" genus="Basterotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galeommatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0DFFEFFB21EB11FA9EF8D0" box="[1210,1306,1828,1851]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">Basterotia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having low, non-projecting hinge teeth (
<bibRefCitation id="EFECB1F80F0DFFEFFBD5EB76FB45F8B0" author="Coan EV" box="[1102,1217,1859,1883]" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" pagination="132 - 51" refId="ref13408" refString="Coan EV. The Eastern Pacific Sportellidae (Bivalvia). The Veliger 1999; 42: 132 - 51." type="journal article" year="1999">Coan 1999</bibRefCitation>
), whereas the shells of
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0DFFEFFCB1EB57FC0AF891" authorityName="Olsson &amp; Harbison" authorityYear="1953" box="[810,910,1890,1914]" class="Bivalvia" family="Basterotiidae" genus="Ensitellops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galeommatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0DFFEFFCB1EB57FC0AF891" box="[810,910,1890,1914]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">Ensitellops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are more elongate and possess a usual internal ligament (
<bibRefCitation id="EFECB1F80F0DFFEFFCAFEBB4FBEFF872" author="Coan EV &amp; Valentich-Scott P" box="[820,1131,1921,1945]" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" refId="ref13429" refString="Coan EV, Valentich-Scott P. Bivalve Seashells of Tropical West America. Marine Bivalve Mollusks from Baja California to Northern Peru. Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Press, 2012." type="book" year="2012">Coan and Valentich-Scott 2012</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFECB1F80F0DFFEFFBEDEBB4FB6BF872" author="Huber M" box="[1142,1263,1921,1945]" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" refId="ref14158" refString="Huber M. Compendium of Bivalves 2. A Full-Color Guide to the Remaining Seven Families. A Systematic Listing of 8 ' 500 Bivalve Species and 10 ' 500 Synonyms. Harxheim: ConchBooks, 2015." type="book" year="2015">Huber 2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC2CC090F0DFFE8FCDEEB94FEF6F924" blockId="11.[810,1460,1639,2008]" lastBlockId="12.[129,778,1531,1994]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="927" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">
The outline of this species changes from subtrapezoidal to subelliptical as it grows. Young individuals of
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0DFFEFFA8DEBF4FA37F833" authorityName="Goto &amp; Hirabayashi &amp; Seike &amp; Yamashita &amp; Shimomura" authorityYear="2024" box="[1302,1459,1984,2008]" class="Bivalvia" family="Basterotiidae" genus="Basterotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galeommatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="926" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bonelliphila">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0DFFEFFA8DEBF4FA37F833" box="[1302,1459,1984,2008]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="926">Ba. bonelliphila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.
<typeStatus id="54C672AB0F0AFFE8FF29E9C9FE89F9FF" box="[178,269,1532,1556]" pageId="12" pageNumber="927" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, SL ~
<quantity id="4C8561EC0F0AFFE8FEDDE9CEFE1DF9F8" box="[326,409,1531,1555]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="12" pageNumber="927" unit="mm" value="2.6">2.6 mm</quantity>
,
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0AFFE8FE38E9CEFE6DF9F8" box="[419,489,1531,1555]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="12.[129,194,1403,1427]" captionTargetBox="[161,1441,146,1372]" captionTargetId="figure-233@12.[158,1444,143,1375]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 12. Basterotia bonelliphila (paratype NSMT-Mo 79471). A, B, External view of right and left valves. C, D, Internal view of right and left valves. E, F, Hinge structure of right and left valves.G, H, Prodissoconch II of right and left valves. Abbreviations: ac, anterior cardinal tooth; exl, external ligament; p2, prodissoconch II. Scale bars = 1 mm (A–D), 100 µm (E–H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240776" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240776/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="927">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
) are relatively similar to the type of
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0AFFE8FF4FEA2EFD27F9D8" authority="(Gatliff &amp; Gabriel, 1910)" baseAuthorityName="Gatliff &amp; Gabriel" baseAuthorityYear="1910" box="[212,675,1562,1587]" class="Bivalvia" family="Basterotiidae" genus="Basterotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galeommatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="927" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="subalata">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0AFFE8FF4FEA2EFE15F9D9" box="[212,401,1562,1586]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="927">Basterotia subalata</emphasis>
(Gatliff &amp; Gabriel, 1910)
</taxonomicName>
(SL ~
<quantity id="4C8561EC0F0AFFE8FD73EA2FFF28F9B9" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="927" unit="mm" value="7.5">7.5 mm</quantity>
) from southern
<collectingCountry id="F36A8C990F0AFFE8FEC8EA0FFE34F9B9" box="[339,432,1594,1618]" name="Australia" pageId="12" pageNumber="927">Australia</collectingCountry>
, the type of
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0AFFE8FDABEA0EFE86F99A" authority="(Dall, 1899)" baseAuthorityName="Dall" baseAuthorityYear="1899" class="Bivalvia" family="Basterotiidae" genus="Basterotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galeommatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="927" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="corbuloidea">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0AFFE8FDABEA0EFC8DF9B9" box="[560,777,1594,1618]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="927">Basterotia corbuloidea</emphasis>
(Dall, 1899)
</taxonomicName>
(SL ~
<quantity id="4C8561EC0F0AFFE8FEDFEA6CFE13F99A" box="[324,407,1625,1649]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="927" unit="mm" value="6.5">6.5 mm</quantity>
) from North Carolina, or
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0AFFE8FD3CEA6FFE04F97A" authority="E. A. Smith, 1890" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1890" class="Bivalvia" family="Basterotiidae" genus="Basterotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galeommatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="927" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="oblonga">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0AFFE8FD3CEA6FFF49F97B" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="927">Basterotia oblonga</emphasis>
E.A. Smith, 1890
</taxonomicName>
(SL ~
<quantity id="4C8561EC0F0AFFE8FE25EA4DFD8BF97A" box="[446,527,1656,1681]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="927" unit="mm" value="8.5">8.5 mm</quantity>
) from
<collectingCountry id="F36A8C990F0AFFE8FDC8EA4CFD3FF97B" box="[595,699,1656,1681]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="12" pageNumber="927">St. Helena</collectingCountry>
in shell shape. However, the large individuals of
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0AFFE8FDBAEAACFD3EF95B" authorityName="Goto &amp; Hirabayashi &amp; Seike &amp; Yamashita &amp; Shimomura" authorityYear="2024" box="[545,698,1688,1712]" class="Bivalvia" family="Basterotiidae" genus="Basterotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galeommatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="927" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bonelliphila">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0AFFE8FDBAEAACFD3EF95B" box="[545,698,1688,1712]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="927">Ba. bonelliphila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not similar to those species.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF029C810F0AFFE8FF1AE94EFC31FA20" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240776" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11240776" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240776/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="927" startId="12.[129,194,1403,1427]" targetBox="[161,1441,146,1372]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BC2CC090F0AFFE8FF1AE94EFC31FA20" blockId="12.[129,1456,1403,1484]" pageId="12" pageNumber="927">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0AFFE8FF1AE94EFF61FA78" bold="true" box="[129,229,1403,1427]" pageId="12" pageNumber="927">Figure 12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0AFFE8FF72E949FE37FA78" authorityName="Goto &amp; Hirabayashi &amp; Seike &amp; Yamashita &amp; Shimomura" authorityYear="2024" box="[233,435,1403,1427]" class="Bivalvia" family="Basterotiidae" genus="Basterotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galeommatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="927" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bonelliphila">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0AFFE8FF72E949FE37FA78" box="[233,435,1403,1427]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="927">Basterotia bonelliphila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(paratype NSMT-Mo 79471). A, B, External view of right and left valves. C, D, Internal view of right and left valves. E, F, Hinge structure of right and left valves. G, H, Prodissoconch II of right and left valves. Abbreviations: ac, anterior cardinal tooth; exl, external ligament; p2, prodissoconch II. Scale bars = 1 mm (A–D), 100 µm (E–H).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC2CC090F0AFFE8FF07EAE3FD36F8C6" blockId="12.[129,778,1531,1994]" pageId="12" pageNumber="927">
The siphons of
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0AFFE8FEA0EAE2FE19F905" authorityName="M. Hornes" authorityYear="1859" box="[315,413,1751,1774]" class="Bivalvia" family="Basterotiidae" genus="Basterotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galeommatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="927" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0AFFE8FEA0EAE2FE19F905" box="[315,413,1751,1774]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="927">Basterotia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are often surrounded by numerous tentacles (
<bibRefCitation id="EFECB1F80F0AFFE8FF72EAC3FE0EF8E5" author="Goto R &amp; Hamamura Y &amp; Kato M" box="[233,394,1782,1806]" pageId="12" pageNumber="927" pagination="225 - 34" refId="ref13772" refString="Goto R, Hamamura Y, Kato M. Morphological and ecological adaptation of Basterotia bivalves (Galeommatoidea: Sportellidae) to symbiotic association with burrowing echiuran worms. Zoological Science 2011; 28: 225 - 34." type="journal article" year="2011">
Goto
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0AFFE8FEBFEAC2FED6F8E5" box="[292,338,1782,1806]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="927">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFECB1F80F0AFFE8FE0FEAC3FE4CF8E5" author="Goto R &amp; Ishikawa H &amp; Hamamura Y" box="[404,456,1782,1806]" pageId="12" pageNumber="927" pagination="1447 - 54" refId="ref13855" refString="Goto R, Ishikawa H, Hamamura Y. The enigmatic bivalve genus Paramya (Myoidea: Myidae): Symbiotic association of an East Asian species with spoon worms (Echiura) and its transfer to the family Basterotiidae (Galeommatoidea). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2017; 97: 1447 - 54." type="journal article" year="2017">2017</bibRefCitation>
). However,
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0AFFE8FDDFEAC2FD58F8E5" authorityName="Goto &amp; Hirabayashi &amp; Seike &amp; Yamashita &amp; Shimomura" authorityYear="2024" box="[580,732,1782,1806]" class="Bivalvia" family="Basterotiidae" genus="Basterotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galeommatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="927" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bonelliphila">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0AFFE8FDDFEAC2FD58F8E5" box="[580,732,1782,1806]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="927">Ba. bonelliphila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lack such tentacles except for very short papillae (
<figureCitation id="1346D08C0F0AFFE8FDD2EB20FD25F8C6" box="[585,673,1813,1837]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="13.[115,180,1138,1162]" captionTargetBox="[146,1426,147,1107]" captionTargetId="figure-393@13.[143,1429,144,1110]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 13. A living individual of Basterotia bonelliphila. A, Dorsal view of an individual opening its valves and extending its inhalant and exhalant siphons from the postero-dorsal margin. Posterior is left.B, Ventral view of an individual extending its inhalant siphon.Posterior is left. C, Ventral view of an individual extending its inhalant siphon and foot. Posterior is right.D, Close-up of the inhalant siphon. Arrowheads indicate the papillae on the base of the siphon. Scale bars = 1 mm.Abbreviations:exs, exhalant siphon; ins, inhalant siphon." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11240778" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11240778/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="927">Fig. 13D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC2CC090F0AFFE8FF07EB00FD7BF822" blockId="12.[129,778,1531,1994]" pageId="12" pageNumber="927">
In
<taxonomicName id="4C7DB78A0F0AFFE8FF23EB00FE9EF8A7" authorityName="M. Hornes" authorityYear="1859" box="[184,282,1845,1868]" class="Bivalvia" family="Basterotiidae" genus="Basterotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galeommatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="927" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0AFFE8FF23EB00FE9EF8A7" box="[184,282,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="927">Basterotia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bivalves, small juveniles often attach to the ventral margin of larger individuals (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EFECB1F80F0AFFE8FE69EB61FD16F887" author="Goto R &amp; Hamamura Y &amp; Kato M" box="[498,658,1876,1900]" pageId="12" pageNumber="927" pagination="225 - 34" refId="ref13772" refString="Goto R, Hamamura Y, Kato M. Morphological and ecological adaptation of Basterotia bivalves (Galeommatoidea: Sportellidae) to symbiotic association with burrowing echiuran worms. Zoological Science 2011; 28: 225 - 34." type="journal article" year="2011">
Goto
<emphasis id="B909101B0F0AFFE8FDB7EB60FDDFF887" box="[556,603,1876,1900]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="927">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
). However, we did not find such small individuals in this study. Our sampling was limited to early summer (June and July). Thus, the settlement of juveniles of this species may occur in different seasons.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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