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<mods:title id="E021EB495389114D67443D58D15F9073">The genera and species of Comatulidae (Comatulida: Crinoidea): taxonomic revisions and a molecular and morphological guide</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA8A176FF66DC1B1258F899" blockId="22.[151,615,1834,1893]" box="[151,615,1834,1860]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
<heading id="D0C0D90AFFA8A176FF66DC1B1258F899" bold="true" box="[151,615,1834,1860]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA8A176FF66DC1B1258F899" authority="Carpenter, 1881" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1881" box="[151,615,1834,1860]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA8A176FF66DC1B1258F899" bold="true" box="[151,615,1834,1860]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA8A176FF66DC1B11BBF899" bold="true" box="[151,388,1834,1860]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Comaster schlegelii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA8A176FE62DC1B1260F899" author="Carpenter" box="[403,607,1834,1860]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" refString="Carpenter, P. H. (1881) The Comatulae of the Leyden Museum. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 3, 173 - 217." type="journal article" year="1881">Carpenter, 1881</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA8A176FF66DC7D1131F8B8" blockId="22.[151,615,1834,1893]" box="[151,270,1868,1893]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFA8A176FF66DC7D10E9F8B8" box="[151,214,1868,1893]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1693,1715]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1435,193,1672]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 8. Comaster. (A G) Comaster schlegelii— (A) live, exposed on sediment; (B) aboral surface, showing pentagonal centrodorsal lacking cirri; (C) live, exposed on reef; (D) paired comb teeth of equal shape, well separated and confluent with edge of pinnular, tapering to pinnule tip; (E) aboral surface, showing pentagonal centrodorsal with row of cirri; (F), live, tucked within coral structure; (G) aboral surface showing centrodorsal with ring of cirri. (H M) Comaster audax— (H I) live, exposed on reef, (J L) aboral surface showing centrodorsal with few cirri, yellow distally; (M) paired comb teeth of equal shape, well separated and confluent with edge of pinnular, tapering to pinnule tip. Madang, Papua New Guinea: A B. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8147; C. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8178; E. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8071. I, L. not vouchered, SIO-BIC E 5998 (DNA subsample). Raja Ampat, Indonesia: D, F. SIO-BIC E 6260; G. SIO-BIC E 6261; H. not vouchered. K, M. SIO-BIC E 6258. Lizard Island, Australia: J. AM J 17567, holotype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580181/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
AG
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA8A176FF66DCA413FAF877" blockId="22.[151,1098,1940,2024]" box="[151,965,1940,1962]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB274948FFA8A176FF66DCA413FAF877" box="[151,965,1940,1962]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA8A176FF66DCA41260F877" ID-CoL="8G2QX" authority="Carpenter, 1884: 110" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityPageNumber="110" authorityYear="1884" box="[151,607,1940,1962]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dissimilis">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA8A176FF66DCA41145F877" box="[151,378,1940,1962]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Actinometra dissimilis</emphasis>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0A964877FFA8A176FE76DCA51260F877" author="Carpenter" box="[391,607,1940,1962]" page="110" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" year="1884">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA8A176FE76DCA51212F877" author="Carpenter" box="[391,557,1940,1962]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" refString="Carpenter, P. H. (1884) Report on the Crinoidea collected during the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. - The Stalked Crinoids. Part XXXII. In: Thomson, C. W. &amp; Murray, J. (Eds.), Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Zoology-Vol. XI. Neill &amp; Company, Edinburgh, 442 pp." type="book chapter" year="1884">Carpenter, 1884</bibRefCitation>
: 110
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</taxonomicName>
; 1888: 337; AH
<treatmentCitation id="0A964877FFA8A176FCF6DCA513FFF877" author="Clark" box="[775,960,1940,1962]" page="439" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" year="1908">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA8A176FCF6DCA513B2F877" author="Clark" box="[775,909,1940,1962]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" refString="Clark, A. H. (1908 c) The nomenclature of the recent crinoids. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 34, 435 - 542. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.34 - 1623.435" type="journal article" year="1908" yearSuffix="c">Clark, 1908c</bibRefCitation>
: 439
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA8A176FF66DC8513FFF814" blockId="22.[151,1098,1940,2024]" box="[151,960,1971,1993]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB274948FFA8A176FF66DC8513FFF814" box="[151,960,1971,1993]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA8A176FF66DC85127BF814" ID-CoL="8G2QZ" authority="Carpenter, 1888: 335" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityPageNumber="335" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,580,1971,1993]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="duplex">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA8A176FF66DC851159F814" box="[151,358,1971,1993]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Actinometra duplex:</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A964877FFA8A176FE9DDC82127BF814" author="Carpenter" box="[364,580,1971,1993]" page="335" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" year="1888">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA8A176FE9DDC82122DF814" author="Carpenter" box="[364,530,1971,1993]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" refString="Carpenter, P. H. (1888) Report on the Crinoidea collected during the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Part II-The Comatulae. In: Thomson, C. W. &amp; Murray, J. (Eds.), Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876, Zoology-Vol. XXVI. Neill &amp; Company, Edinburgh, pp. 1 - 400." type="book chapter" year="1888">Carpenter, 1888</bibRefCitation>
: 335
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</taxonomicName>
, pl. 64, fig. 3; AH
<treatmentCitation id="0A964877FFA8A176FCF3DC821384F814" author="Clark" box="[770,955,1971,1993]" page="400" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" year="1908">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA8A176FCF3DC8213B7F814" author="Clark" box="[770,904,1971,1993]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" refString="Clark, A. H. (1908 c) The nomenclature of the recent crinoids. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 34, 435 - 542. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.34 - 1623.435" type="journal article" year="1908" yearSuffix="c">Clark, 1908c</bibRefCitation>
: 400
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA8A176FF66DCE21475F835" blockId="22.[151,1098,1940,2024]" box="[151,1098,2002,2024]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB274948FFA8A176FF66DCE21475F835" box="[151,1098,2002,2024]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA8A176FF66DCE21207F835" ID-CoL="8G2RK" authority="Carpenter, 1884: 55" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityPageNumber="55" authorityYear="1884" box="[151,568,2002,2024]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nobilis">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA8A176FF66DCE21160F835" box="[151,351,2002,2024]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Actinometra nobilis</emphasis>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0A964877FFA8A176FE9DDCE31207F835" author="Carpenter" box="[364,568,2002,2024]" page="55" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" year="1884">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA8A176FE9DDCE3122CF835" author="Carpenter" box="[364,531,2002,2024]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" refString="Carpenter, P. H. (1884) Report on the Crinoidea collected during the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. - The Stalked Crinoids. Part XXXII. In: Thomson, C. W. &amp; Murray, J. (Eds.), Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Zoology-Vol. XI. Neill &amp; Company, Edinburgh, 442 pp." type="book chapter" year="1884">Carpenter, 1884</bibRefCitation>
: 55
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 1888: 336, pl. 65, figs. 18; AH
<treatmentCitation id="0A964877FFA8A176FC7DDCE3147AF835" author="Clark" box="[908,1093,2002,2024]" page="445" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" year="1908">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA8A176FC7DDCE3142DF835" author="Clark" box="[908,1042,2002,2024]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" refString="Clark, A. H. (1908 c) The nomenclature of the recent crinoids. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 34, 435 - 542. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.34 - 1623.435" type="journal article" year="1908" yearSuffix="c">Clark, 1908c</bibRefCitation>
: 445
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA9A177FF66DBA813DAFF73" blockId="23.[151,1437,152,511]" box="[151,997,152,174]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB274948FFA9A177FF66DBA813DAFF73" box="[151,997,152,174]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA9A177FF66DBA81279FF73" ID-CoL="8G2RW" authority="Carpenter, 1888: 347" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityPageNumber="347" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,582,152,174]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regalis">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA9A177FF66DBA81157FF73" box="[151,360,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Actinometra regalis:</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A964877FFA9A177FE9FDBA91279FF73" author="Carpenter" box="[366,582,152,174]" page="347" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" year="1888">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA9A177FE9FDBA9122BFF73" author="Carpenter" box="[366,532,152,174]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refString="Carpenter, P. H. (1888) Report on the Crinoidea collected during the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Part II-The Comatulae. In: Thomson, C. W. &amp; Murray, J. (Eds.), Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876, Zoology-Vol. XXVI. Neill &amp; Company, Edinburgh, pp. 1 - 400." type="book chapter" year="1888">Carpenter, 1888</bibRefCitation>
: 347
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 68, figs. 13; AH
<treatmentCitation id="0A964877FFA9A177FCD9DBA913DEFF73" author="Clark" box="[808,993,152,174]" page="446" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" year="1908">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA9A177FCD9DBA91392FF73" author="Clark" box="[808,941,152,174]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refString="Clark, A. H. (1908 c) The nomenclature of the recent crinoids. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 34, 435 - 542. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.34 - 1623.435" type="journal article" year="1908" yearSuffix="c">Clark, 1908c</bibRefCitation>
: 446
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA9A177FF66DB8614C4FF11" blockId="23.[151,1437,152,511]" box="[151,1275,182,204]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB274948FFA9A177FF66DB8614C4FF11" box="[151,1275,182,204]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA9A177FF66DB861144FF11" ID-CoL="8G2S3" box="[151,379,182,204]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA9A177FF66DB861144FF11" box="[151,379,182,204]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Actinometra schlegelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(basionymn):
<treatmentCitation id="0A964877FFA9A177FDFEDB8712D8FF11" author="Carpenter" box="[527,743,182,204]" page="210" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" year="1881">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA9A177FDFEDB87128BFF11" author="Carpenter" box="[527,692,182,204]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refString="Carpenter, P. H. (1881) The Comatulae of the Leyden Museum. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 3, 173 - 217." type="journal article" year="1881">Carpenter, 1881</bibRefCitation>
: 210
</treatmentCitation>
; AH
<treatmentCitation id="0A964877FFA9A177FCEDDB8713E9FF11" author="Clark" box="[796,982,182,204]" page="446" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" year="1908">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA9A177FCEDDB87139CFF11" author="Clark" box="[796,931,182,204]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refString="Clark, A. H. (1908 c) The nomenclature of the recent crinoids. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 34, 435 - 542. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.34 - 1623.435" type="journal article" year="1908" yearSuffix="c">Clark, 1908c</bibRefCitation>
: 446
</treatmentCitation>
; AH
<treatmentCitation id="0A964877FFA9A177FBFADB87148AFF11" author="Clark" box="[1035,1205,182,204]" page="14" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" year="1913">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA9A177FBFADB8714ACFF11" author="Clark" box="[1035,1171,182,204]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refString="Clark, A. H. (1913 b) Notes on the Recent crinoids in the British Museum. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 61, 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="1913" yearSuffix="b">Clark, 1913b</bibRefCitation>
: 14
</treatmentCitation>
(part).
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA9A177FF66DBE4137BFF36" blockId="23.[151,1437,152,511]" box="[151,836,213,235]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB274948FFA9A177FF66DBE4137BFF36" box="[151,836,213,235]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA9A177FF66DBE411AEFF36" box="[151,401,213,235]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA9A177FF66DBE411B5FF36" box="[151,394,213,235]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="callipeplum">Comanthus callipeplum</taxonomicName>
:
</emphasis>
HL Clark, 1915: 102; HL
<treatmentCitation id="0A964877FFA9A177FD6EDBE4137FFF36" author="Clark" box="[671,832,213,235]" page="48" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" year="1946">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA9A177FD6EDBE41325FF36" author="Clark" box="[671,794,213,235]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refString="Clark, H. L. (1946) The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington, 566, 1 - 568." type="journal article" year="1946">Clark, 1946</bibRefCitation>
: 48
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFA9A177FF66DBC51277FEF5" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA9A177FF66DBC512E0FED7" blockId="23.[151,1437,152,511]" box="[151,735,244,266]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB274948FFA9A177FF66DBC512E0FED7" box="[151,735,244,266]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA9A177FF66DBC511D5FED7" box="[151,490,244,266]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nobilis" subGenus="Comanthina">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA9A177FF66DBC511D5FED7" box="[151,490,244,266]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Comanthus (Comanthina) nobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: AH
<treatmentCitation id="0A964877FFA9A177FDD3DBC512E4FED7" author="Clark" box="[546,731,244,266]" page="143" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" year="1909">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA9A177FDD3DBC51297FED7" author="Clark" box="[546,680,244,266]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refString="Clark, A. H. (1909 c) On a collection of crinoids from the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 61, 115 - 195." type="journal article" year="1909" yearSuffix="c">Clark, 1909c</bibRefCitation>
: 143
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA9A177FF66DA231277FEF5" blockId="23.[151,1437,152,511]" box="[151,584,274,296]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB274948FFA9A177FF66DA231277FEF5" box="[151,584,274,296]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA9A177FF66DA23116AFEF5" box="[151,341,274,296]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nobilis">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA9A177FF66DA23116AFEF5" box="[151,341,274,296]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Comanthus nobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: AH
<treatmentCitation id="0A964877FFA9A177FE7CDA23127BFEF5" author="Clark" box="[397,580,274,296]" page="395" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" year="1909">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA9A177FE7CDA23122EFEF5" author="Clark" box="[397,529,274,296]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refString="Clark, A. H. (1909 f) On a collection of recent crinoids from the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 36, 391 - 410." type="journal article" year="1909" yearSuffix="f">Clark, 1909f</bibRefCitation>
: 395
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFA9A177FF66DA00134EFE22" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA9A177FF66DA0012DEFE9A" blockId="23.[151,1437,152,511]" box="[151,737,305,327]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA9A177FF66DA00126AFE9A" authority="Rowe et al., 1986: 243" authorityName="Rowe et al." authorityPageNumber="243" authorityYear="1986" box="[151,597,305,327]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nobilis">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA9A177FF66DA001157FE9A" box="[151,360,305,327]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Comanthina nobilis:</emphasis>
Rowe
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA9A177FE5EDA0311DCFE9A" box="[431,483,305,327]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 1986: 243
</taxonomicName>
244, fig. 8B.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA9A177FF66DA61130FFEBB" blockId="23.[151,1437,152,511]" box="[151,816,336,358]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB274948FFA9A177FF66DA61130FFEBB" box="[151,816,336,358]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA9A177FF66DA611231FEBB" box="[151,526,336,358]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA9A177FF66DA611237FEBB" box="[151,520,336,358]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="schlegelii" subGenus="Comanthina">Comanthus (Comanthina) schlegelii</taxonomicName>
:
</emphasis>
AH
<treatmentCitation id="0A964877FFA9A177FDCEDA6112D5FEBB" author="Clark" box="[575,746,336,358]" page="91" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" year="1912">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA9A177FDCEDA6112F8FEBB" author="Clark" box="[575,711,336,358]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refString="Clark, A. H. (1912 b) The crinoids of the Indian Ocean. Echinoderma of the Indian Museum, Part VII. Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 325 pp." type="book" year="1912" yearSuffix="b">Clark, 1912b</bibRefCitation>
: 91
</treatmentCitation>
(part).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA9A177FF66DA5F12C5FE7E" blockId="23.[151,1437,152,511]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA9A177FF66DA5F11B9FE59" box="[151,390,366,388]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA9A177FF66DA5F11BFFE59" box="[151,384,366,388]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">Comanthina schlegelii</taxonomicName>
:
</emphasis>
AH
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA9A177FE4ADA5F127BFE59" author="Clark" box="[443,580,366,388]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refString="Clark, A. H. (1911 d) The recent crinoids of the Leyden Museum. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 33, 175 - 192." type="journal article" year="1911" yearSuffix="d">Clark, 1911d</bibRefCitation>
: 179; 1931: 466 (part; fig.158); AH
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA9A177FC30DA5F1473FE59" author="Clark" box="[961,1100,366,388]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refString="Clark, A. H. (1913 b) Notes on the Recent crinoids in the British Museum. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 61, 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="1913" yearSuffix="b">Clark, 1913b</bibRefCitation>
: 14 (part); 1931: 466 (part; figs. 159161); Rowe
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA9A177FE87DABF1195FE7E" box="[374,426,397,419]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 1986: 244246, figs. 2E, 8CD.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA9A177FF66DA9D1280FE1F" blockId="23.[151,1437,152,511]" box="[151,703,428,450]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA9A177FF66DA9D1141FE1F" box="[151,382,428,450]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
?
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA9A177FF51DA9D1141FE1F" box="[160,382,428,450]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">Comanthus schlegelii</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
: HL Clark, 1921: 20; 1946: 33.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA9A177FF66DAFB134EFE22" blockId="23.[151,1437,152,511]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB274948FFA9A177FF66DAFB134EFE22" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA9A177FF66DAFB1298FE3D" authority="Utinomi &amp; Kogo, 1965: 265" authorityName="Utinomi &amp; Kogo" authorityPageNumber="265" authorityYear="1965" box="[151,679,458,480]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="schlegeli">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA9A177FF66DAFB1142FE3D" box="[151,381,458,480]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Comanthina schlegeli:</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A964877FFA9A177FE75DAFB1298FE3D" author="Utinomi" box="[388,679,458,480]" page="265" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" year="1965">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA9A177FE75DAFB124AFE3D" author="Utinomi" box="[388,629,458,480]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refString="Utinomi, H. &amp; Kogo, I. (1965) On some comatulids from the coastal sea of Kii Peninsula. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 134, 263 - 286." type="journal article" year="1965">Utinomi &amp; Kogo, 1965</bibRefCitation>
: 265
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 12, fig. 1, text-figs. 2, 3; AM
<treatmentCitation id="0A964877FFA9A177FBF3DAFB14CDFE3D" author="Clark" box="[1026,1266,458,480]" page="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" year="1971">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA9A177FBF3DAFB14E5FE3D" author="Clark" box="[1026,1242,458,480]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Rowe, F. W. E. (1971) Shallow-water Indo-West Pacific Echinoderms. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 238 pp." type="book" year="1971">Clark &amp; Rowe, 1971</bibRefCitation>
: 6
</treatmentCitation>
, 16, pl. 1, fig. 6;
<treatmentCitation id="0A964877FFA9A177FF36DADB1148FE22" author="Rowe" box="[199,375,489,511]" page="204" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" year="1974">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA9A177FF36DADB117BFE22" author="Rowe" box="[199,324,489,511]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. (1974) Catalogue of the Sladen Collection in the Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter, Devon. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 6, 179 - 243." type="journal article" year="1974">Rowe, 1974</bibRefCitation>
: 204
</treatmentCitation>
, 209;
<treatmentCitation id="0A964877FFA9A177FE45DADB12E9FE22" author="Meyer" box="[436,726,489,511]" page="77" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" year="1980">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA9A177FE45DADB128CFE22" author="Meyer" box="[436,691,489,511]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refString="Meyer, D. L. &amp; Macurda, Jr., D. B. (1980) Ecology and distribution of the shallow-water crinoids of Palau and Guam. Micronesica, 16, 59 - 99." type="journal article" year="1980">Meyer &amp; Macurda, 1980</bibRefCitation>
: 77
</treatmentCitation>
(part; fig. 6D).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFA9A177FF66D91D142CFCC0" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA9A177FF66D91D142CFCC0" blockId="23.[151,1437,556,797]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<materialsCitation id="3B5F643BFFA9A177FF66D91D142CFCC0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503125112" collectionCode="COI" collectorName="AH Clark" country="Papua New Guinea" location="Madang" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Madang">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA9A177FF66D91D1134FD98" bold="true" box="[151,267,556,581]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Remarks.</emphasis>
We place
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA9A177FE62D91D1311FD99" authority="Carpenter 1884" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1884" box="[403,814,556,580]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nobilis">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA9A177FE62D91D1266FD99" box="[403,601,556,580]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Comaster nobilis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA9A177FD9FD91D131AFD99" author="Carpenter" box="[622,805,556,580]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refString="Carpenter, P. H. (1884) Report on the Crinoidea collected during the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. - The Stalked Crinoids. Part XXXII. In: Thomson, C. W. &amp; Murray, J. (Eds.), Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Zoology-Vol. XI. Neill &amp; Company, Edinburgh, 442 pp." type="book chapter" year="1884">Carpenter 1884</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
in synonymy under
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA9A177FBDFD91D15A7FD99" authority="Carpenter 1881" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1881" box="[1070,1432,556,580]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA9A177FBDFD91D14FEFD99" box="[1070,1217,556,580]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">C. schlegelii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA9A177FB27D91D15B0FD99" author="Carpenter" box="[1238,1423,556,580]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refString="Carpenter, P. H. (1881) The Comatulae of the Leyden Museum. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 3, 173 - 217." type="journal article" year="1881">Carpenter 1881</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, because specimens identified as both show less than 1.9% divergence in uncorrected pairwise distance of
<collectionCode id="ED26F6A3FFA9A177FACBD9611551FDB5" box="[1338,1390,592,616]" country="Portugal" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14498" name="University of Coimbra Botany Department" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">COI</collectionCode>
. All specimens are greater than 3.3% divergent from
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA9A177FD3BD9451466FD51" box="[714,1113,628,652]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA9A177FD3BD94513B6FD51" box="[714,905,628,652]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="audax">Comaster audax</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA9A177FC67D9451466FD51" box="[918,1113,628,652]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nobilis">Comaster nobilis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
was previously treated as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA9A177FED3D9A91191FD6D" box="[290,430,664,688]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA9A177FED3D9A91191FD6D" box="[290,430,664,688]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">C. schlegelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<collectorName id="26C20BB0FFA9A177FE29D9A9127AFD6D" box="[472,581,663,688]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
AH
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA9A177FDF6D9A6127AFD6D" author="Clark" box="[519,581,663,688]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refString="Clark, A. H. (1911 b) On a collection of unstalked crinoids made by the United States Fisheries Steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; in the vicinity of the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 36, 529 - 563. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.39 - 1798.529" type="journal article" year="1911" yearSuffix="b">Clark</bibRefCitation>
</collectorName>
(1911b,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA9A177FD59D9A912D0FD6D" author="Clark" box="[680,751,664,688]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refString="Clark, A. H. (1911 c) The recent crinoids of Australia. Australia Museum Memoir, 4, 705 - 804. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1967.4.1911.1511" type="journal article" year="1911" yearSuffix="c">1911c</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA9A177FD08D9A6137CFD6D" author="Clark" box="[761,835,663,688]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refString="Clark, A. H. (1912 b) The crinoids of the Indian Ocean. Echinoderma of the Indian Museum, Part VII. Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 325 pp." type="book" year="1912" yearSuffix="b">1912b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA9A177FCBCD9A913B7FD6D" author="Clark" box="[845,904,664,688]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refString="Clark, A. H. (1931) A monograph of the existing crinoids 1 (3). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 82, 1 - 916." type="journal article" year="1931">1931</bibRefCitation>
), but was re-elevated to species status by Rowe
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA9A177FF66D98C10EEFD09" box="[151,209,700,724]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
(1986), based on its reduced number of cirri, comb distribution, ecology, behavior, and color patterns (see also
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA9A177FF3ED9EE11BBFD25" author="Messing" box="[207,388,735,760]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refString="Messing, C. G. (1998 b) An initial re-assessment of the distribution and diversity of the East Indian shallow-water crinoid fauna. Pp. 187 - 192. In: Mooi, R. &amp; Telford, M. (eds.) Echinoderms: San Francisco. Balkema, Rotterdam." type="book chapter" year="1998" yearSuffix="b">Messing 1998b</bibRefCitation>
). Only the “
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA9A177FDEBD9D112B4FD25" box="[538,651,736,760]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nobilis">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA9A177FDEBD9D112B4FD25" box="[538,651,736,760]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">C. nobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” form without cirri has been recorded on sediment—on the Great Barrier Reef (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA9A177FEC0D835122EFCC0" author="Messing" box="[305,529,772,797]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refString="Messing, C. G., Meyer, D. L., Siebeck, U. E., Jermiin, L. S., Vaney, D. I. &amp; Rouse, G. W. (2006) A modern soft-bottom, shallowwater crinoid fauna (Echinodermata) from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs, 25, 164 - 168. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 005 - 0076 - 3" type="journal article" year="2006">
Messing
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA9A177FE69D83411EFFCC1" box="[408,464,772,796]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
) and at
<collectingRegion id="49F3A084FFA9A177FD9BD83512F6FCC0" box="[618,713,772,797]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Madang" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Madang</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFA9A177FD25D8341393FCC0" box="[724,940,772,797]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
(herein).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>