138 lines
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138 lines
14 KiB
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<document id="297D1D0C1FD99A7580FF940B4C82B05C" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a15ec661-e796-4207-8509-756590c75c0e" ID-PMC="PMC4389221" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-493-1" ID-PubMed="25878545" ID-ZooBank="1FBFFA4CA71F495CAD22F2EB680FEF95" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-493-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 493" ModsDocTitle="Afrotropical Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)" checkinTime="1451244490299" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Noort, Simon van, Buffington, Matthew L. & Forshage, Mattias" docDate="2015" docId="083C593FCBEFAA46833059570BD53A26" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 493: 1-176" docOrigin="ZooKeys 493" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353" docTitle="Ibalia Latreille 1802" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="131" masterDocId="DD2DFF8EFFC4FFA2FFD7FFE4FFB46007" masterDocTitle="Afrotropical Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)" masterLastPageNumber="176" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="130" updateTime="1701316059099" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="C47268228D9E2F51A472ABB12039EB56" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="1C80A87D9C77FD73D292C4C215456496">
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<mods:title id="8E68CAD1F25C6154C0C1DFFA2FB6EB3C">Afrotropical Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="C34968C05FFC430CDA5BE3A5A74E5F82" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="D96AEE572FD892D04F28C7E913B06205">Noort, Simon van</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CAE67B648AA1F2DD39DB79B829AA647D">Buffington, Matthew L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="0539F102CF31832A5A751B192405329A" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="B2DA96983FBDA9764D53C757653F6305">Forshage, Mattias</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="53E0B6A10052482CF5552671B0D33AC5">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="8A5B7AB08371BBA3BE2925740AEA6739">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C09A507E001C3DC882AFCCD9541A7E5F">
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<mods:date id="ACEF5240C1D498B29B54DD63ADE28D5B">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="CF7512D744EB7685C588DAA90E98E050" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="AB12001433030713A5A1E1A17BDEEF27">493</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="8832315BB7534BAF600E8E0ADFB013BB">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="ECDDCA1E57B4CCA2D37094DBCC08CC7F">176</mods:end>
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<mods:location id="27A3B1658F7F12B32F43B5829AEEED89">
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<mods:url id="8390432E88B746B21673919FCD45A22F">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="7D2D9EFDF7FCD8B957AF70A7087B795F">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="3DBA2BFD98E80775D22F1084296E4F07" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4528ECFD8174344BF76636F44A6D6F03" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-493-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="314F96D98D36E3010D4254C20740DFCF" type="ZooBank">1FBFFA4CA71F495CAD22F2EB680FEF95</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="083C593FCBEFAA46833059570BD53A26" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152059227" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:083C593FCBEFAA46833059570BD53A26" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/083C593FCBEFAA46833059570BD53A26" lastPageId="130" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">
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<subSubSection id="740AE08B64824C947846A49188805986" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="70C85F28D82BF02783EC83333DCF4A18" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Ibaliidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="784293F159A94ACE6D312D9BCDB455FC" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="960CA00FCC5D0D58E36EB560889A1317" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">
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<taxonomicName id="AD1935420952244CB5BEE63C2FD79B36" ID-CoL="539M" authority="Latreille, 1802" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Ibaliidae" genus="Ibalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ibalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ibalia Latreille, 1802</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="92ED8809F1D310E49E1FA55F5ECE937D" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" type="remarks">
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<paragraph id="80CF12641187A54DF787F184567A0ED5" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EBEE6CDF84F5E60C3798DAF3CAC7E473" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">
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In the Afrotropical region, the
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<taxonomicName id="3A1D10F0CC6ECEE4FBBAC61DDDA76E16" family="Ibaliidae" lsidName="" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" rank="family">Ibaliidae</taxonomicName>
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are represented by an introduced Holarctic species. It was introduced to Australia, New Zealand and South Africa (1995-2007) to control
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<taxonomicName id="421C9F1F87EF475DF3D8EDCC380EE7A5" class="Insecta" family="Siricidae" genus="Sirex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sirex noctilio" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="noctilio">Sirex noctilio</taxonomicName>
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Fabricius, 1793, a pest in pine plantations (
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<taxonomicName id="93D1BFC7B8956EA540D75761578BD47C" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pinus radiata" order="Pinales" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="radiata">Pinus radiata</taxonomicName>
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D. Don.) (
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<bibRefCitation id="59EB1DDD362D1FA7B7F3BD08F9BB751E" author="van Noort, S" editor="Picker, M" journalOrPublisher="Struik Nature, Cape Town" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" pagination="140 - 146" title="Wasps, Bees, Ants. Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera." volumeTitle="Alien & Invasive Animals. A South African perspective" year="2011">van Noort and Picker 2011</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F1667226585BE03E219B70AFAD96BACF" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="31A8D98627C77CAA698DF06663C5F86B" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="93BEF981F1E2D017B3D2F627C7A9AC2C" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">
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Readily distinguished from all other Afrotropical
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<taxonomicName id="E065B897E515D4E80770F04DDF174AA3" lsidName="Cynipoidea" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" rank="superfamily" superfamily="Cynipoidea">Cynipoidea</taxonomicName>
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by the sheer size of this wasp. Adults easily reach 1.5 cm; the closest, by size, to this group of wasps are some species of
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<taxonomicName id="DB6621BA6E619EC7C1412C32D9FE141A" class="Insecta" family="Liopteridae" genus="Oberthuerella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oberthuerella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oberthuerella</taxonomicName>
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, especially
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<taxonomicName id="70D2B43265E5C2ABE79DE80303FC5A67" class="Insecta" family="Liopteridae" genus="Oberthuerella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oberthuerella lenticularis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lenticularis">Oberthuerella lenticularis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="18F31616E0C2D7432B32855CAD219674" class="Insecta" family="Liopteridae" genus="Oberthuerella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oberthuerella cyclopia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyclopia">Oberthuerella cyclopia</taxonomicName>
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. An additional character that readily seperates
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<taxonomicName id="B43C9A72A68AED998D316CC56F3B98E3" class="Insecta" family="Ibaliidae" genus="Ibalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ibalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ibalia</taxonomicName>
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from other cynipoids (and most other
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<taxonomicName id="E46930FCCA46C6543769DEC840AA5C9A" lsidName="Cynipoidea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
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, for that matter), is the extremely laterally flattened mesosoma. In dorsal view, the metasoma of
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<taxonomicName id="12FEFE56D0A6C7FF9DD9B34E8EA93EF7" class="Insecta" family="Ibaliidae" genus="Ibalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ibalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ibalia</taxonomicName>
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is blade-like, housing a long, coiled ovipositor. The large liopterids, mentioned above, all have a distinctly ovate metasoma, never laterally flattened. As in the case of the liopterids, ibaliids have a distinctly horizontally strigate mesoscutum, which is hypothesized to be critical in emerging from their wood-boring hosts (
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<bibRefCitation id="B1756EB3C4D0F46AD553ACAAE17150E8" author="Ronquist, F" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica Scripta" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" pagination="139 - 164" title="Phylogeny, classification and evolution of the Cynipoidea." url="10.1046/j.1463-6409.1999.00022.x" volume="28" year="1999">Ronquist 1999</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="EEC47D08A9B58C9C8E03857BD1B31CFA" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">
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<paragraph id="082F93536C3FBD3A8C6CA6DB8197A334" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">
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Figure 51.
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<taxonomicName id="21F4C7F7BEF30E4DD1E3ECD5A463ECDF" class="Insecta" family="Ibaliidae" genus="Ibalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ibalia leucospoides" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucospoides">Ibalia leucospoides</taxonomicName>
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(South Africa). A habitus lateral view B head and mesosoma dorsal view C head, anterior view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="31274AB73D1E8293CEC528B01024738B" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="E04120A94B61D25F81F6B0A6D9ACE754" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="82402F693083804E8CCBBA1859FC506D" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">
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Holarctic and transgressing into the northeast Oriental region, introduced elsewhere. Afrotropical records: South Africa (
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<bibRefCitation id="2ECF07CC0F18D9F0FDF04B02BEDD6DCE" author="Hurley, BP" journalOrPublisher="Agricultural and Forest Entomology" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" pagination="159 - 171" title="A comparison of control results for the alien invasive woodwasp, Sirexnoctilio, in the southern hemisphere." url="10.1111/j.1461-9563.2007.00340.x" volume="9" year="2007">Hurley et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DAE4A9EBC1EA01C3A00F2012856E3AC6" lastPageId="130" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" type="biology">
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<paragraph id="8BB2CCD32B9E0F275C76CB9FFB29D0D0" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="664BB408FA48455BDCFEC8FE3D52AF01" lastPageId="130" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">
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Parasitoids of woodwasps:
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<taxonomicName id="30FAAFE0C4034E95A21341203BE1F408" class="Insecta" family="Siricidae" genus="Sirex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sirex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<pageBreakToken id="E1DC3CCDAB03ACD7C674469ADD21F157" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" start="start">Sirex</pageBreakToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="A2B28D5DFECCE9F95D12AA39EBB9170F" class="Insecta" family="Siricidae" genus="Urocerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Urocerus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Urocerus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="2A72BD6157ADF623FE2C7E1A1F4E34A9" genus="Xeris" lsidName="Xeris" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" rank="genus">Xeris</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="A60C0E48A9D0B1AAF6F15E4858D0312A" family="Siricidae" lsidName="" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" rank="family">Siricidae</taxonomicName>
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) living in conifers. Males mate with females while they are laying eggs. The female inserts her ovipositor down the tunnel bored in pine trees by the host woodwasp larva, to lay an egg either into the egg of the host or into the young host larva. On hatching the ibaliid wasp larva emerges from the body of the host and feeds externally (
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<bibRefCitation id="FBC5563023794E2427222E922874BE4B" author="Hurley, BP" journalOrPublisher="Agricultural and Forest Entomology" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" pagination="159 - 171" title="A comparison of control results for the alien invasive woodwasp, Sirexnoctilio, in the southern hemisphere." url="10.1111/j.1461-9563.2007.00340.x" volume="9" year="2007">Hurley et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D233C5E7DF4C16A931037FD080F9768F" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" type="species richness">
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<paragraph id="9EFA9522D853A1B91632EF0E1D9C5C1D" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Species richness.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="44E24F86BBAAEB31F2C296A9C3217033" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">
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<taxonomicName id="1764566B335B041B59CB2EBACBFA1B41" class="Insecta" family="Ibaliidae" genus="Ibalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ibalia leucospoides" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucospoides">Ibalia leucospoides</taxonomicName>
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(Hochenwarth, 1785) (
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<taxonomicName id="D77FB65EBC0032FC695DD4F077789B93" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Ichneumon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ichneumon" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ichneumon</taxonomicName>
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) ssp.
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<taxonomicName id="55ABCD7C06F072AA6B10EFE966675883" genus="Cynipoidea" lsidName="Cynipoidea leucospoides" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" rank="subspecies" species="leucospoides" subspecies="leucospoides">leucospoides</taxonomicName>
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Hochenwarth, 1785 (South Africa; extralimital distribution throughout the Holarctic region and introduced elsewhere)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |