290 lines
33 KiB
XML
290 lines
33 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6BE16147DB63CFFFFC20F4A3926DCE78">Review of the moray eels (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="4917F6838E512F50765787DB84E5DA84" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="BB945CCE1308600161EDBCF18E863D25">Smith, David G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0A81576E827E0A1A019DB8A47213BDB4">Bogorodsky, Sergey V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0B8F37CA03A56F9BD21563066C86240B">Mal, Ahmad O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F04F841F8E1E21C1F07C49085BC67581">Alpermann, Tilman J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="15D8D713A0B2BFD300B3B92F223C8722">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="AB37995DC5B15B944AD6C2012AC6B1ED">
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<mods:date id="E74229C8DD4C7ECA42A88A88798279BA">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="522B7C70E81346F9FAA728920D30D957">4704</mods:number>
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<treatment id="A84F87BCFF8E6937FF5AFB8EFDA6FD5B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7314702" ID-GBIF-Taxon="160630847" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7314702" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A84F87BCFF8E6937FF5AFB8EFDA6FD5B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A84F87BCFF8E6937FF5AFB8EFDA6FD5B" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<subSubSection id="68FC6521FF8E6928FF5AFB8EFCCEFBEB" box="[151,780,1053,1080]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="205936AAFF8E6928FF5AFB8EFCCEFBEB" blockId="15.[151,780,1053,1115]" box="[151,780,1053,1080]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<heading id="7B1181C6FF8E6928FF5AFB8EFCCEFBEB" bold="true" box="[151,780,1053,1080]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="1292EAB8FF8E6928FF5AFB8EFCCEFBEB" bold="true" box="[151,780,1053,1080]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<taxonomicName id="E7E64D29FF8E6928FF5AFB8EFD86FBEB" ID-CoL="3HSV2" authority="(Shaw 1797)" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1797" box="[151,580,1053,1080]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Muraenidae" genus="Gymnomuraena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zebra">
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<emphasis id="1292EAB8FF8E6928FF5AFB8EFE67FBE4" bold="true" box="[151,421,1053,1080]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Gymnomuraena zebra</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="44774B5BFF8E6928FE79FB8EFDFEFBEB" author="Shaw, G. & Nodder, F. P." box="[436,572,1053,1079]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref55676" refString="Shaw, G. & Nodder, F. P. (1797) The Naturalist's Miscellany, or coloured figures of natural objects; drawn and described from nature. Printed for Nodder & Co., London, unpaginated." type="book" year="1797">Shaw 1797</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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—Zebra
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<collectingRegion id="E222F848FF8E6928FD7AFB8EFCCEFBEB" box="[695,780,1053,1079]" country="United Kingdom" name="Moray" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Moray</collectingRegion>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="68FC6521FF8E6928FF5AFBD2FECAFB87" box="[151,264,1089,1115]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
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<paragraph id="205936AAFF8E6928FF5AFBD2FECAFB87" blockId="15.[151,780,1053,1115]" box="[151,264,1089,1115]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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(
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<figureCitation id="B8DD2A2FFF8E6928FF52FBD2FEC2FB87" box="[159,256,1089,1115]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1411,1436]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,680,1360]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,680,1360]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Gymnomuraena zebra, Dahab, Egypt. Photo by A. Ryanskiy." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563590" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563590/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figure 7</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="68FC6521FF8E6928FF5AFB16FF2AFAEB" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="205936AAFF8E6928FF5AFB16FCD0FB60" blockId="15.[151,1437,1156,1335]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="00F61184FF8E6928FF5AFB16FA5EFB41" box="[151,1436,1156,1181]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<taxonomicName id="E7E64D29FF8E6928FF5AFB16FD75FB41" ID-CoL="6L7MB" authority="Shaw in Shaw & Nodder 1797: 4" authorityName="Shaw in Shaw & Nodder" authorityPageNumber="4" authorityYear="1797" box="[151,695,1156,1181]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Muraenidae" genus="Gymnothorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zebra">
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<emphasis id="1292EAB8FF8E6928FF5AFB16FEA3FB41" box="[151,353,1157,1181]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Gymnothorax zebra</emphasis>
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Shaw in
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<treatmentCitation id="A14710BBFF8E6928FE72FB17FD75FB41" author="Shaw, G. & Nodder, F. P." box="[447,695,1156,1181]" page="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="1797">
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<bibRefCitation id="44774B5BFF8E6928FE72FB17FD75FB41" author="Shaw, G. & Nodder, F. P." box="[447,695,1156,1181]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref55676" refString="Shaw, G. & Nodder, F. P. (1797) The Naturalist's Miscellany, or coloured figures of natural objects; drawn and described from nature. Printed for Nodder & Co., London, unpaginated." type="book" year="1797">Shaw & Nodder 1797: 4</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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unnum. pp., pl. 322 (
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<collectingRegion id="E222F848FF8E6928FC42FB16FC25FB41" box="[911,999,1157,1181]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="58F1763AFF8E6928FC3CFB17FB91FB41" box="[1009,1107,1156,1181]" name="Indonesia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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[erroneously given originally as
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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American seas]).
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<typeStatus id="FF5D8808FF8E6928FEB4FB30FE15FB60" box="[377,471,1187,1212]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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(unique), BMNH 1977.4.22.4.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="205936AAFF8E6928FF5AFB50FDE9FB07" blockId="15.[151,1437,1156,1335]" box="[151,555,1218,1243]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<taxonomicName id="E7E64D29FF8E6928FF5AFB50FDE5FB07" ID-CoL="44L7N" authority=": Klunzinger, 1871: 620" authorityName="Klunzinger" authorityPageNumber="620" authorityYear="1871" box="[151,551,1218,1243]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Muraenidae" genus="Muraena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zebra">
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<emphasis id="1292EAB8FF8E6928FF5AFB50FEF0FB06" box="[151,306,1218,1242]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Muraena zebra</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="44774B5BFF8E6928FE8DFB51FDE5FB07" author="Klunzinger, C. B." box="[320,551,1218,1243]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="441 - 688" refId="ref53847" refString="Klunzinger, C. B. (1871) Synopsis der Fische des Rothen Meeres. II. Theil. Verhandlungen der K. - K. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 21, 441 - 688. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1148" type="journal article" year="1871">Klunzinger, 1871: 620</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="205936AAFF8E6928FF5AFB72FA8BFB25" blockId="15.[151,1437,1156,1335]" box="[151,1353,1248,1273]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<taxonomicName id="E7E64D29FF8E6928FF5AFB72FE2CFB25" ID-CoL="38FF6" authority=": Fowler 1945: 119" authorityName="Fowler" authorityPageNumber="119" authorityYear="1945" box="[151,494,1248,1273]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Muraenidae" genus="Echidna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zebra">
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<emphasis id="1292EAB8FF8E6928FF5AFB72FEE8FB25" box="[151,298,1249,1273]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Echidna zebra</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="44774B5BFF8E6928FEF5FB73FE2CFB25" author="Fowler, H. W." box="[312,494,1248,1273]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="113 - 137" refId="ref52869" refString="Fowler, H. W. (1945) The fishes of the Red Sea. Sudan Notes and Records, 26, 113 - 137." type="journal article" year="1945">Fowler 1945: 119</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="44774B5BFF8E6928FE35FB73FD0EFB25" author="Clark, E. & Ben-Tuvia, A. & Steinitz, H." box="[504,716,1248,1273]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="15 - 31" refId="ref52642" refString="Clark, E., Ben-Tuvia, A. & Steinitz, H. (1968) Observations on a coastal fish community, Dahlak Archipelago, Red Sea. Report of Israel South Red Sea Expedition, 30, 15 - 31." type="journal article" year="1968">
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Clark
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<emphasis id="1292EAB8FF8E6928FDFAFB71FDA1FB25" box="[567,611,1249,1273]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
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. 1968: 21
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="44774B5BFF8E6928FD1AFB71FCA2FB25" author="Dor, M." box="[727,864,1249,1273]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref52775" refString="Dor, M. (1984) CLOFRES, Checklist of the Fishes of the Red Sea. Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, 437 pp." type="book" year="1984">Dor 1984: 27</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="44774B5BFF8E6928FCA6FB72FB85FB25" author="Goren, M. & Dor, M." box="[875,1095,1249,1273]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref53184" refString="Goren, M. & Dor, M. (1994) An updated checklist of the fishes of the Red Sea; CLOFRES II. Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, XII + 120 pp." type="book" year="1994">Goren & Dor 1994: 7</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="44774B5BFF8E6928FB9EFB73FA86FB25" author="Khalaf, M. A. & Disi, A. M." box="[1107,1348,1248,1273]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref53786" refString="Khalaf, M. A. & Disi, A. M. (1997) Fishes of the Gulf of Aqaba. Marine Science Station Aqaba, Jordan, 252 pp." type="book" year="1997">Khalaf & Disi 1997: 39</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="205936AAFF8E6928FF5AFA93FF2AFAEB" blockId="15.[151,1437,1156,1335]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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||
<taxonomicName id="E7E64D29FF8E6928FF5AFA93FDECFAC4" ID-CoL="3HSV2" authority=": Khalaf 2004: 37" authorityName=": Khalaf" authorityPageNumber="37" authorityYear="2004" box="[151,558,1279,1304]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Muraenidae" genus="Gymnomuraena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zebra">
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<emphasis id="1292EAB8FF8E6928FF5AFA93FEBBFAC4" box="[151,377,1280,1304]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Gymnomuraena zebra</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="44774B5BFF8E6928FE4AFB6CFDECFAC4" author="Khalaf, M. A." box="[391,558,1279,1304]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="23 - 50" refId="ref53740" refString="Khalaf, M. A. (2004) Fish fauna of the Jordanian coast, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Marine Science, 15, 23 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.4197 / mar. 15 - 1.2" type="journal article" year="2004">Khalaf 2004: 37</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="44774B5BFF8E6928FDF4FB6CFC9FFAC4" author="Randall, J. E. & Golani, D." box="[569,861,1279,1304]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="849 - 880" refId="ref54991" refString="Randall, J. E. & Golani, D. (1995) Review of the moray eels (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) of the Red Sea. Bulletin of Marine Science, 56 (3), 849 - 880." type="journal article" year="1995">Randall & Golani 1995: 853</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="44774B5BFF8E6928FCAAFB6CFB69FAC4" author="Golani, D. & Bogorodsky, S. V." box="[871,1195,1279,1304]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 135" refId="ref53080" refString="Golani, D. & Bogorodsky, S. V. (2010) The fishes of the Red Sea-reappraisal and updated checklist. Zootaxa, 2463, 1 - 135. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2463.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Golani & Bogorodsky 2010: 10</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="44774B5BFF8E6928FB7BFB6CFA5FFAC4" author="Golani, D. & Fricke, R." box="[1206,1437,1279,1304]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 215" refId="ref53124" refString="Golani, D. & Fricke, R. (2018) Checklist of the Red Sea fishes with delineation of the Gulf of Suez, Gulf of Aqaba, endemism and Lessepsian migrants. Zootaxa, 4509 (1), 1 - 215." type="journal article" year="2018">Golani & Fricke 2018:</bibRefCitation>
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20.
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="68FC6521FF8E6928FF5AFAF6FD35F9D3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="205936AAFF8E6928FF5AFAF6FF29FA7F" blockId="15.[151,1437,1380,1983]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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||
<emphasis id="1292EAB8FF8E6928FF5AFAF6FEAFFAA3" bold="true" box="[151,365,1380,1407]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Red Sea material.</emphasis>
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||
<materialsCitation id="908E3CF7FF8E6928FEB9FAF6FBF3FAA3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464587746" box="[372,1073,1380,1407]" collectionCode="HUJ, USNM" country="Egypt" location="Egypt" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="1">
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<emphasis id="1292EAB8FF8E6928FEB9FAF6FE75FAA3" bold="true" box="[372,439,1381,1407]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<collectingCountry id="58F1763AFF8E6928FEB9FAF6FE75FAA3" box="[372,439,1381,1407]" name="Egypt" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Egypt</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
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:
|
||
<collectionCode id="46F7AE6FFF8E6928FE0AFAF6FE38FAA3" box="[455,506,1381,1407]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">HUJ</collectionCode>
|
||
15143 (1, 495), Ras Muhammad.
|
||
<emphasis id="1292EAB8FF8E6928FCB3FAF6FC12FAA3" bold="true" box="[894,976,1381,1407]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="58F1763AFF8E6928FCB3FAF6FC12FAA3" box="[894,976,1381,1407]" name="Eritrea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectionCode id="46F7AE6FFF8E6928FC2DFAF6FBF3FAA3" box="[992,1073,1381,1407]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
312170 (2, 545–547), Isola Delemme.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="205936AAFF8E6928FF0AFA3FFD35F9D3" blockId="15.[151,1437,1380,1983]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="1292EAB8FF8E6928FF0AFA3FFD0DFA1B" bold="true" box="[199,719,1452,1479]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Comparative material.
|
||
<emphasis id="1292EAB8FF8E6928FE2FFA3FFD0DFA1B" bold="true" box="[482,719,1452,1479]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Chagos Archipelago</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<materialsCitation id="908E3CF7FF8E6928FD12FA3EFC31FA14" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464587791" box="[735,1011,1453,1480]" collectionCode="USNM" country="Indonesia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="USNM 306603" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="70409ED1FF8E6928FD12FA3EFC4FFA1B" box="[735,909,1453,1479]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">USNM 306603</specimenCode>
|
||
(1, 362)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="908E3CF7FF8E6928FBCCFA3EFAD7FA1B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464587722" box="[1025,1301,1453,1479]" collectionCode="USNM" country="Indonesia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="USNM 312169" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="70409ED1FF8E6928FBCCFA3EFB6DFA1B" box="[1025,1199,1453,1479]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">USNM 312169</specimenCode>
|
||
(1, 370)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="908E3CF7FF8E6928FAEFFA3FFE6FFA37" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464587688" collectionCode="BMNH" country="Indonesia" location="Sumatra" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="BMNH 1977.4" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sumatera Utara">
|
||
<emphasis id="1292EAB8FF8E6928FAEFFA3FFA57FA1B" bold="true" box="[1314,1429,1452,1479]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="58F1763AFF8E6928FAEFFA3FFA57FA1B" box="[1314,1429,1452,1479]" name="Indonesia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E222F848FF8E6928FF5AFA42FF3BFA37" box="[151,249,1489,1515]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode id="70409ED1FF8E6928FECEFA42FE6FFA37" box="[259,429,1489,1515]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">BMNH 1977.4</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.22.4 (1, 732,
|
||
<typeStatus id="FF5D8808FF8E6928FD8AFA42FD6CFA30" box="[583,686,1489,1516]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="1292EAB8FF8E6928FD0DFA42FCD6FA37" bold="true" box="[704,788,1489,1515]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hawaii</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<materialsCitation id="908E3CF7FF8E6928FCEEFA42FBF3FA37" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464587696" box="[803,1073,1489,1515]" collectionCode="USNM" country="Panama" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="USNM 108807" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="70409ED1FF8E6928FCEEFA42FC0DFA37" box="[803,975,1489,1515]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">USNM 108807</specimenCode>
|
||
(1, 499)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="908E3CF7FF8E6928FBF0FA42FA89FA30" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464587710" box="[1085,1355,1489,1516]" collectionCode="USNM" country="Panama" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="USNM 402389" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="70409ED1FF8E6928FBF0FA42FB2BFA37" box="[1085,1257,1489,1515]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">USNM 402389</specimenCode>
|
||
(1, 663)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="908E3CF7FF8E6928FA9BFA42FE1AF9CC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464587681" collectionCode="USNM" country="Panama" location="Panama" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="USNM 318328" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="1292EAB8FF8E6928FA9BFA42FF79F9D3" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="58F1763AFF8E6928FA9BFA42FF79F9D3" name="Panama" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode id="70409ED1FF8E6928FF07FA66FEB4F9D3" box="[202,374,1525,1551]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">USNM 318328</specimenCode>
|
||
(1, 386)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="908E3CF7FF8E6928FE29FA66FD52F9D3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464587695" box="[484,656,1524,1551]" collectionCode="USNM" country="Panama" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="USNM 361595" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="70409ED1FF8E6928FE29FA66FD52F9D3" box="[484,656,1524,1551]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">USNM 361595</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
(1, 165).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="68FC6521FF8E6937FF0AF98BFC51FEC3" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="205936AAFF8E6928FF0AF98BFDF9F9A7" blockId="15.[151,1437,1380,1983]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="1292EAB8FF8E6928FF0AF98BFE9BF9EF" bold="true" box="[199,345,1560,1587]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
In TL: preanal length 1.4–1.5, head length 8.3–11, body depth at anus 16–22. In head length: snout length 5.4–7.4, eye diameter 10–12, upper-jaw length 2.5–3.3. Pores: LL 2, SO 3, IO 4, POM 6. Vertebrae: predorsal 13–17, preanal 82–86, total 127–134.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="205936AAFF8E6928FF0AF916FC70F8D7" blockId="15.[151,1437,1380,1983]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Body moderately stout; anus well behind mid-length; tail blunt; dorsal fin begins slightly behind gill opening; anal fin begins immediately behind anus, fins largely concealed externally by thick skin. Head relatively deep, snout short. Eye well developed, over middle of upper jaw. Gill opening small, low on side. Anterior nostril tubular, relatively short; posterior nostril in a short tube, above anterior part of eye.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="205936AAFF8E6928FF0AF886FE8AF863" blockId="15.[151,1437,1380,1983]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Teeth large, blunt, molariform. Intermaxillary teeth in an oval patch, about 4–5 teeth across, outer teeth smaller than inner. Maxillary teeth small, in a short row, one to two series. Dentary teeth biserial, with a few small teeth anteriorly forming a third row, anterior teeth in main series somewhat larger anteriorly. Vomerine teeth large and prominent, in an elliptical patch, narrowing to a single tooth posteriorly, two teeth anteriorly, confluent with intermaxillary teeth.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="205936AAFF916937FF0AFF0AFE0EFF27" blockId="16.[151,1437,153,647]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="1292EAB8FF916937FF0AFF0AFECAFF6F" box="[199,264,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Color</emphasis>
|
||
: dark brown to orange-brown, with numerous narrow pale yellowish or white bars on head and body; number of bars varying from about
|
||
<quantity id="E71E9B4FFF916937FDFCFF2FFDAEFF0B" box="[561,620,188,215]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="in" value="25.0">25 in</quantity>
|
||
small individuals to about
|
||
<quantity id="E71E9B4FFF916937FC69FF2EFC2FFF0B" box="[932,1005,189,215]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="in" value="100.0">100 in</quantity>
|
||
large adults, some bars interrupted in adults; anterior nostril pale.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="205936AAFF916937FF0AFE96FC51FEC3" blockId="16.[151,1437,153,647]" box="[199,915,260,287]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Commonly grows to about
|
||
<quantity id="E71E9B4FFF916937FE37FE96FDE7FEC3" box="[506,549,261,287]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
|
||
in length, occasionally to
|
||
<quantity id="E71E9B4FFF916937FC81FE97FC4DFEC3" box="[844,911,260,287]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1.5">1.5 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="68FC6521FF916937FF0AFEBBFB42FE57" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="205936AAFF916937FF0AFEBBFB42FE57" blockId="16.[151,1437,153,647]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="1292EAB8FF916937FF0AFEBBFE35FE9F" bold="true" box="[199,503,296,323]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Distribution and habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Across the entire Indo-Pacific, from the Indian Ocean including
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E222F848FF916937FB27FEBAFA8BFE9F" box="[1258,1353,297,323]" country="Sudan" name="Al Bahr al Ahmar" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Red Sea</collectingRegion>
|
||
to Hawaiian Islands,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E222F848FF916937FE84FEDEFDDFFEBB" box="[329,541,333,359]" country="French Polynesia" name="Iles Marquises" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Marquesas Islands</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and Central America. Occurs in shallow water and on coral reefs at depths of
|
||
<quantity id="E71E9B4FFF916937FF5AFEE3FF2DFE57" box="[151,239,368,395]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="25.5" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="1.0">1–50 m</quantity>
|
||
; feeds mainly on crabs, also on molluscs and sea urchins; rarely seen in the open.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="68FC6521FF916937FF0AFE06FDA6FD5B" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="205936AAFF916937FF0AFE06FDA6FD5B" blockId="16.[151,1437,153,647]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="1292EAB8FF916937FF0AFE06FEF9FE73" bold="true" box="[199,315,405,431]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
This species has sometimes been placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7E64D29FF916937FCE1FE06FC4BFE73" box="[812,905,405,431]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Muraenidae" genus="Echidna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1292EAB8FF916937FCE1FE06FC4BFE73" box="[812,905,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Echidna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because of its blunt, molariform teeth, but it is distinguished by the posterior position of the anus, well behind mid-length. There is a slight difference in the number of vertebrae between the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E222F848FF916937FE11FE4EFDF5FE2B" box="[476,567,477,503]" country="Sudan" name="Al Bahr al Ahmar" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Red Sea</collectingRegion>
|
||
(127–130, N = 2) and elsewhere (129–134, N = 6). Genetic samples were not available from the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E222F848FF916937FEA1FD92FE0EFDC7" box="[364,460,513,539]" country="Sudan" name="Al Bahr al Ahmar" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Red Sea</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and, as in the multigene phylogeny by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="44774B5BFF916937FC5CFD92FBA9FDC7" author="Reece, J. S. & Bowen, B. W. & Smith, D. G. & Larson, A." box="[913,1131,513,539]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="829 - 835" refId="ref55080" refString="Reece, J. S., Bowen, B. W., Smith, D. G. & Larson, A. (2010) Molecular phylogenetics of moray eels (Muraenidae) demonstrates multiple origins of a shell-crushing jaw (Gymnomuraena, Echidna) and multiple colonizations of the Atlantic Ocean. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 57, 829 - 835. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2010.07.013" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Reece
|
||
<emphasis id="1292EAB8FF916937FC10FD91FBD4FDC7" box="[989,1046,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2010)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the species does not show a close affiliation with other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7E64D29FF916937FD9AFDB6FD1FFDE3" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[599,733,549,575]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Muraenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Muraeninae">Muraeninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the COI-based phylogeny (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B8DD2A2FFF916937FBF8FDB6FB49FDE3" box="[1077,1163,549,575]" captionStart="FIGURE 48" captionStartId="74.[151,250,152,177]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[367,1221,179,1955]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 48. Unrooted maximum likelihood phylogeny of Indo-Pacific moray eels (Muraenidae) based on partial mitochondrial COI. Branch support values were obtained by 100 bootstrapped replicates; only bootstrap values above 50 percent are shown. The scale bar represents average number of nucleotide substitutions. (A) = specimen sequenced in this study; (B) = sequence retrieved from BOLD; (C) sequence retrieved from CRIOBE; (G) = sequence retrieved from GenBank; (R) = sequence retrieved from Reece et al. (2010); (ID) = species ID re-assigned herein; (ID-H) = specimen re-assigned as of Huang et al. (2019); (SAU) = collected in Saudi Arabia; (ISR) = collected in Israel." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3615487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3615487/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
|
||
). A study on the genetic differentiation within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7E64D29FF916937FE42FDDAFE32FDBF" authorityName=": Khalaf" authorityYear="2004" box="[399,496,585,611]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Muraenidae" genus="Gymnomuraena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zebra">
|
||
<emphasis id="1292EAB8FF916937FE42FDDAFE32FDBF" box="[399,496,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">G. zebra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
across the Indo-Pacific showed no marked intra-specific genetic variation in mitochondrial haplotypes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="44774B5BFF916937FE5DFDFEFD9AFD5B" author="Reece, J. S. & Bowen, B. W. & Smith, D. G. & Larson, A." box="[400,600,621,647]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="269 - 277" refId="ref55161" refString="Reece, J. S., Bowen, B. W., Smith, D. G. & Larson, A. (2011) Comparative phylogeography of four Indo-Pacific moray eel species (Muraenidae) reveals comparable ocean-wide genetic connectivity despite five-fold differences in available adult habitat. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 437, 269 - 277. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 09248" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Reece
|
||
<emphasis id="1292EAB8FF916937FE10FDFDFDCCFD5B" box="[477,526,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |