182 lines
19 KiB
XML
182 lines
19 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="7E6B2FD61ED9517B4DC4CFD9347949CE">Erethizontidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D20F5FE40D4F9401C31D914606705857">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="52A6C792AB4ED13B0257ABF29CA4237D">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="7B99AD43AEE7BD2737B795B18B9F5E17" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="8162F9D9493F5F9A19C6ACB8A170E23C">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="99CC54AF75413A2527FBF5B2607D07C2">2016</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="A7252A28B6085D5B5B08EDCBAB1B4F2D" type="pubDate">2016-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="093176CD54283298A3F3D6F456455A15">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="7203C9208A421720BE2DADEBF4F3DABF">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="9028DA697A3E43D25D1A424DF3C6C92C">
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<mods:title id="8592302B5A8E9B5FB216774652B86076">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I</mods:title>
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<treatment id="7347878F8F373E43FF77F183F8BEF946" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6603154" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195729087" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6603154" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7347878F8F373E43FF77F183F8BEF946" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7347878F8F373E43FF77F183F8BEF946" lastPageNumber="377" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">
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<subSubSection id="B3F465128F373E43FF77F183FF77F50A" box="[190,221,2721,2767]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="FB5136998F373E43FF77F183FF77F50A" blockId="5.[188,1138,2721,2845]" box="[190,221,2721,2767]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">
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<heading id="A01981F58F373E43FF77F183FF77F50A" box="[190,221,2721,2767]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">
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<figureCitation id="63D52A1C8F373E43FF77F183FF77F50A" box="[190,221,2721,2767]" captionStart="Plate 23: Erethizontidae" captionStartId="2.[100,130,3339,3360]" captionTargetBox="[13,2734,16,3644]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Broomstraw-spined Porcupine (Chaetomys subspinosus), 2. North American Porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum), 3. Brazilian Porcupine (Coendou prehensilis), 4. Mexican Hairy Porcupine (Coendou mexicanus), 5. Stump-tailed Porcupine (Coendou rufescens), 6. Quichua Porcupine (Coendou quichua), 7. Bicolor-spined Porcupine (Coendou bicolor), 8. Eastern Amazonian Dwarf Porcupine (Coendou nycthemera), 9. Paraguayan Hairy Dwart Porcupine (Coendou spinosus), 10. Bahian Hairy Dwarf Porcupine (Coendou insidiosus), 11. Pernambuco Dwarf Porcupine (Coendou speratus), 12. Baturite Porcupine (Coendou baturitensis), 13. Blackish Hairy Dwarf Porcupine (Coendou vestitus), 14. Frosted Porcupine (Coendou pruinosus), 15. Western Amazonian Dwarf Porcupine (Coendow ichillus), 16. Roosmalen’s Porcupine (Coendou roosmalenorum), 17. Black-tailed Porcupine (Coendou melanurus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6603304" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6603304/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">7.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B3F465128F373E43FF27F183FCAAF50A" box="[238,768,2721,2767]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="FB5136998F373E43FF27F183FCAAF50A" blockId="5.[188,1138,2721,2845]" box="[238,768,2721,2767]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">
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<heading id="A01981F58F373E43FF27F183FCAAF50A" box="[238,768,2721,2767]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">
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<vernacularName id="75ED46B78F373E43FF27F183FCAAF50A" box="[238,768,2721,2767]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">Bicolor-spined Porcupine</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B3F465128F373E43FC84F183FBC8F50A" box="[845,1122,2721,2767]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="FB5136998F373E43FC84F183FBC8F50A" blockId="5.[188,1138,2721,2845]" box="[845,1122,2721,2767]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">
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<heading id="A01981F58F373E43FC84F183FBC8F50A" box="[845,1122,2721,2767]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">
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<taxonomicName id="3CEE4D1A8F373E43FC84F183FBC8F50A" ID-CoL="WTYR" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1844" box="[845,1122,2721,2767]" class="Mammalia" family="Erethizontidae" genus="Coendou" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
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<emphasis id="C99AEA8B8F373E43FC84F183FBC8F50A" box="[845,1122,2721,2767]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">Coendou bicolor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B3F465128F373E43FF74F1C3FD66F4D8" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="FB5136998F373E43FF74F1C3FBD8F533" blockId="5.[188,1138,2721,2845]" box="[189,1138,2785,2806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">
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<heading id="A01981F58F373E43FF74F1C3FBD8F533" box="[189,1138,2785,2806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">
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<emphasis id="C99AEA8B8F373E43FF74F1C3FEA2F533" bold="true" box="[189,264,2785,2806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="75ED46B78F373E43FED8F1C3FE6AF533" box="[273,448,2785,2806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">Coendou bicolore</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="C99AEA8B8F373E43FE1DF1C3FD85F533" bold="true" box="[468,559,2785,2806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="75ED46B78F373E43FDF1F1C3FC9EF533" box="[568,820,2785,2806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">Stidamerika-Greifstachler</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="C99AEA8B8F373E43FC81F1C3FC09F533" bold="true" box="[840,931,2785,2806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="75ED46B78F373E43FC67F1C3FBD8F533" box="[942,1138,2785,2806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">Puercoespin bicolor</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FB5136998F373E43FF75F02AFD66F4D8" blockId="5.[188,1138,2721,2845]" box="[188,716,2824,2845]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">
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<heading id="A01981F58F373E43FF75F02AFD66F4D8" box="[188,716,2824,2845]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">
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<emphasis id="C99AEA8B8F373E43FF75F02AFE18F4D8" bold="true" box="[188,434,2824,2845]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="75ED46B78F373E43FE74F02AFD66F4D8" box="[445,716,2824,2845]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">Bicolored-spined Porcupine</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B3F465128F373E43FCD4F077FCCDF450" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="FB5136998F373E43FCD4F077FCCDF450" blockId="5.[792,1392,2901,3319]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">
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<emphasis id="C99AEA8B8F373E43FCD4F077FC12F4AB" bold="true" box="[797,952,2901,2926]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="3CEE4D1A8F373E43FC13F077FCC8F450" authority="Tschudi, 1844" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1844" class="Mammalia" family="Erethizontidae" genus="Sphingurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">Sphingurus bicolor Tschudi, 1844</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B3F465128F373E43FCB5F056FC6FF426" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="FB5136998F373E43FCB5F056FC6FF426" blockId="5.[792,1392,2901,3319]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">
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<materialsCitation id="4B863CC48F373E43FCB5F056FC6FF426" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3802853302" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">“in den Urwaldern zwischen den Flassen Tullumayo und Chanchamayo,” Junin, Peru.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B3F465128F373E43FCD7F0C8FEFDF281" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="FB5136998F373E43FCD7F0C8FAC1F2DB" blockId="5.[792,1392,2901,3319]" lastBlockId="5.[186,1389,3329,3476]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">
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Recent phylogenetic analysis based on cytochrome-b sequence data suggests that
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<taxonomicName id="3CEE4D1A8F373E43FCE9F71FFC32F39F" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1844" box="[800,920,3133,3162]" class="Mammalia" family="Erethizontidae" genus="Coendou" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="394" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">C. bicolor</taxonomicName>
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is the sister species of
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<taxonomicName id="3CEE4D1A8F373E43FB14F71FFCEFF344" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" class="Mammalia" family="Erethizontidae" genus="Coendou" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nycthemera">C. nycthemera</taxonomicName>
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. Although early studies recognized distinct subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="3CEE4D1A8F373E43FBFAF7AAFB00F36C" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1844" box="[1075,1194,3208,3241]" class="Mammalia" family="Erethizontidae" genus="Coendou" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="394" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">C. bicolor</taxonomicName>
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, more recent systematic work justifies placement of C. b.
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<taxonomicName id="3CEE4D1A8F373E43FCA5F7F4FC78F332" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1899" box="[876,978,3286,3319]" class="Mammalia" family="Erethizontidae" genus="Coendou" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quichua">quichua</taxonomicName>
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and C. b. richardsoni together as a valid species,
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<taxonomicName id="3CEE4D1A8F373E43FE2EF623FDD9F2DB" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1899" box="[487,627,3329,3358]" class="Mammalia" family="Erethizontidae" genus="Coendou" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quichua">C. quichua</taxonomicName>
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, and C. b. sanctaemartae as a synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="3CEE4D1A8F373E43FB76F623FACDF2DB" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1215,1383,3329,3358]" class="Mammalia" family="Erethizontidae" genus="Coendou" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="396" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prehensilis">C. prehensilis</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FB5136998F373E43FF72F605FEFDF281" blockId="5.[186,1389,3329,3476]" box="[187,343,3367,3396]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">Monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B3F465128F373E43FF73F672F8EEFE79" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" type="distribution">
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<caption id="AF9166118F373E43FF73F672F8EEFE79" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6603240" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6603240" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6603240/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" targetBox="[183,773,2897,3311]" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph id="FB5136998F373E43FF73F672F8EEFE79" blockId="5.[186,1389,3329,3476]" lastBlockId="5.[1464,2675,294,1667]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">
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<emphasis id="C99AEA8B8F373E43FF73F672FEC0F2A8" bold="true" box="[186,362,3408,3437]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">Distribution.</emphasis>
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E Andean foothills and adjacent Amazonian lowland forests from N Peru (San Martin Region) S to W Bolivia and some isolated populations in relictual montane forests on the W slope of the Andes in N Peru (Cajamarca Region); first recorded in W Brazil in 2013 (Acre State) and possibly in NW Argentina (Jujuy Province). Earlier reports from Amazonas in Peru, Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela are based on misidentifications.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B3F465128F373E43FA74FAE6F865FBC9" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" type="description">
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<paragraph id="FB5136998F373E43FA74FAE6F865FBC9" blockId="5.[1464,2675,294,1667]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">
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<emphasis id="C99AEA8B8F373E43FA74FAE6F968FE20" bold="true" box="[1469,1730,452,485]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 378-500 mm, tail 335-540 mm; weight 3.4-4.7 kg. The Bicolor-spined Porcupine is large and generally blackish. Because it lacks emergent fur, it appears spiny; usually bicolored quills are white toward base and black or brown toward distal one-half. Tips ofspines, if present, are pale and always much shorter than black part of spine. Quills of nape, shoulders, and upper back are longer (¢.80-90 mm) than quills on lower back and rump (smaller or equal to 50 mm). Blackish parts of long anterior quills conceal these lighter colors, resulting in an apparent black mantle and yellowish rump. Sides, tail, legs, and face of the Bicolor-spined Porcupine are usually speckled with pale yellow or white but can be entirely black or dark brown. Tail lengths are ¢.90-105% of head-body length. Ventral side of body is covered with stiff spines and is pale gray-brown, as are feet, although feet also show some white. Frontal sinuses are inflated in most adults, and dorsal roof of external auditory meatus is smooth. Lowland Bicolorspined Porcupines have relatively longer tails, larger hindfeet, and wider nasal apertures than montane individuals.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B3F465128F373E43FA72FF30F7B2FBF6" box="[1467,2072,1042,1075]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="FB5136998F373E43FA72FF30F7B2FBF6" blockId="5.[1464,2675,294,1667]" box="[1467,2072,1042,1075]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">
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<emphasis id="C99AEA8B8F373E43FA72FF30F980FBF6" bold="true" box="[1467,1578,1042,1075]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Lowland and montane rainforests.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B3F465128F373E43FA72FF18F6D5FB9E" box="[1467,2431,1082,1115]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="FB5136998F373E43FA72FF18F6D5FB9E" blockId="5.[1464,2675,294,1667]" box="[1467,2431,1082,1115]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">
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||
<emphasis id="C99AEA8B8F373E43FA72FF18F96AFB9E" bold="true" box="[1467,1728,1082,1115]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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There is no information available for this species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B3F465128F373E43FA72FF43F6AAFB47" box="[1467,2304,1121,1154]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="FB5136998F373E43FA72FF43F6AAFB47" blockId="5.[1464,2675,294,1667]" box="[1467,2304,1121,1154]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">
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<emphasis id="C99AEA8B8F373E43FA72FF43F9EBFB47" bold="true" box="[1467,1601,1121,1154]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">Breeding.</emphasis>
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There is no information available for this species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B3F465128F373E43FA70FFA8F68AFB14" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="FB5136998F373E43FA70FFA8F68AFB14" blockId="5.[1464,2675,294,1667]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">
|
||
<emphasis id="C99AEA8B8F373E43FA70FFA8F902FB6E" bold="true" box="[1465,1704,1162,1195]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
There is no specific information available for this species, but Bicolor-spined Porcupines are probably nocturnal and arboreal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B3F465128F373E43FA73FFFEF9A0FA50" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB5136998F373E43FA73FFFEF9A0FA50" blockId="5.[1464,2675,294,1667]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">
|
||
<emphasis id="C99AEA8B8F373E43FA73FFFEF72BFB3C" bold="true" box="[1466,2177,1244,1273]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Bicolor-spined Porcupines nest in sleeping sites located in holes or concavities of trees or in entanglements of climbers, vines, epiphytes, and other dense foliage, similar to other arboreal and nocturnal mammals with which they may compete for shelter. Adult pairs den together in tree holes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B3F465128F373E43FA73FEBFF782F9C9" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB5136998F373E43FA73FEBFF782F9C9" blockId="5.[1464,2675,294,1667]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">
|
||
<emphasis id="C99AEA8B8F373E43FA73FEBFF8B7FA7B" bold="true" box="[1466,1821,1437,1470]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Bicolorspined Porcupine is considered rare by some researchers based on its restricted distribution and occurrence at low densities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B3F465128F373E43FA73FD3EF8BEF946" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB5136998F373E43FA73FD3EF8BEF946" blockId="5.[1464,2675,294,1667]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">
|
||
<emphasis id="C99AEA8B8F373E43FA73FD3EF9F9F9F0" bold="true" box="[1466,1619,1564,1589]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Aquino & Encarnacion (1986), Arita et al. (1990), Azevedo-Ramos et al. (2006), Barquez et al. (2006), Dobson & Yu Jinping (1993), Emmons (1997a), de Freitas et al. (2013), Voss (2011, 2015), Voss et al. (2013), Wilson & Reeder (2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |