184 lines
20 KiB
XML
184 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="DA0A1BFCDC2C6834DDF86A9ACE47D549" ID-CLB-Dataset="45370" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.215126" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7b3ca294-d1e3-48a3-973f-5f002e9d20e2" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="215126" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460444712012" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hunger, Holger & Schiel, Franz-Josef" docDate="2012" docId="039BA549FFAEFFE7FF18FE17FE5FFD1C" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03202p050.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3202" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Protallagma" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="FFA2DD31FFBAFFF2FF8FFA6BFFDEFFF3" masterDocTitle="Description of Protallagma hoffmanni sp. nov. from the Peruvian Andes (Odonata: Coenagrionidae), including description of its larva" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="28" pageNumber="48" updateTime="1698333227736" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="D4EBA1798A7991C8468943AC88B6B554">Description of Protallagma hoffmanni sp. nov. from the Peruvian Andes (Odonata: Coenagrionidae), including description of its larva</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7E6166F315FBEB1F93E3B2B5EA3C3C6D">Hunger, Holger</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="27A8C42E383D4A503A7F27AC1375927F">Schiel, Franz-Josef</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="01B41FE11C866AA8655B738ECE904F1F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="17CE8A059F0C2FBBCB7AB661F2DDCD74">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="F54FD99C5B3781432E97E0346B54D268">
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<mods:date id="8D215AF654004A59BA7F848B623DC32A">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="F703CA99A25B8F9EBC051CA1EFD2CC12" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="2B98F432ED0BFDBD3BD681AB141DF5D9">3202</mods:number>
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<treatment id="039BA549FFAEFFE7FF18FE17FE5FFD1C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5625806" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119509198" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5625806" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039BA549FFAEFFE7FF18FE17FE5FFD1C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039BA549FFAEFFE7FF18FE17FE5FFD1C" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">
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<subSubSection id="C32847D4FFAEFFE6FF18FE17FD96FB67" box="[151,584,1147,1172]" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8D145FFFAEFFE6FF18FE17FD96FB67" blockId="20.[151,1437,1147,2037]" box="[151,584,1147,1172]" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">
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<heading id="D0C5A333FFAEFFE6FF18FE17FD96FB67" bold="true" box="[151,584,1147,1172]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B946C84DFFAEFFE6FF18FE17FD96FB67" bold="true" box="[151,584,1147,1172]" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">
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Ecology of
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<taxonomicName id="4C326FDCFFAEFFE6FE94FE10FE74FB67" ID-CoL="6XCQ" box="[283,426,1147,1172]" class="Insecta" family="Coenagrionidae" genus="Protallagma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B946C84DFFAEFFE6FE94FE10FE74FB67" bold="true" box="[283,426,1147,1172]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">Protallagma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(cf.)
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<taxonomicName id="4C326FDCFFAEFFE6FE68FE10FD96FB67" box="[487,584,1147,1172]" class="Insecta" family="Coenagrionidae" genus="Protallagma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="titicacae">
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<emphasis id="B946C84DFFAEFFE6FE68FE10FD96FB67" bold="true" box="[487,584,1147,1172]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">titicacae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32847D4FFAEFFE6FF48FEF4FC18F8EF" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8D145FFFAEFFE6FF48FEF4FC18F8EF" blockId="20.[151,1437,1147,2037]" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA369AEFFAEFFE6FF48FEF4FE60FB44" box="[199,446,1183,1208]" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" refString="Garrison, R. W., von Ellenrieder, N. & Louton, J. A. (2010) Damselfly Genera of the New World: An Illustrated and Annotated Key to the Zygoptera. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 490 pp." type="book">
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Garrison
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<emphasis id="B946C84DFFAEFFE6FEBEFECAFEB2FB4B" box="[305,364,1184,1208]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
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(2010)
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</bibRefCitation>
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state: “Habitat: Lakes, ponds, pools, and seeps in high altitude Andean plateau, where they can be seen in swarms and constitute the only zygopteran present.” Hoffmann (in:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA369AEFFAEFFE6FBEEFEAFFB30FB2F" author="Corbet" box="[1121,1262,1220,1244]" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" refString="Corbet, P. S. (1999) Dragonflies. Behaviour and Ecology of Odonata. Harley Books. Colchester, 829 pp." type="book" year="1999">Corbet 1999</bibRefCitation>
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) describes habitats at
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<quantity id="4CCAB9BAFFAEFFE6FF67FE8CFE9BFB0C" box="[232,325,1255,1279]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7299999999999995" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" unit="m" value="4730.0">4,730 m</quantity>
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in the treeless Janca of the Peruvian Andes in which resident populations were found. The species seems to occur regularly in Puna
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<typeStatus id="5489AAFDFFAEFFE6FD84FF66FDE5FAD6" box="[523,571,1293,1317]" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">type</typeStatus>
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regions in protected landscapes in natural depressions characterized by small forests of
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<taxonomicName id="4C326FDCFFAEFFE6FE84FF5BFEADFABB" box="[267,371,1328,1352]" class="Diplopoda" family="Platyrhacidae" genus="Polylepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B946C84DFFAEFFE6FE84FF5BFEADFABB" box="[267,371,1328,1352]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">Polylepis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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trees. Furthermore, water and soil were often warmed by thermal streams. Adults of
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<taxonomicName id="4C326FDCFFAEFFE6FAC3FF5BFE9AFA9F" class="Insecta" family="Coenagrionidae" genus="Protallagma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="titicacae">
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<emphasis id="B946C84DFFAEFFE6FAC3FF5BFE9AFA9F" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">Protallagma titicacae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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flew close to the ground, and when clouds obscured the sun the damselfly promptly took cover in tufts of grass where they were sheltered from wind and could absorb warmth from the heated ground. Further information on the ecology of
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<taxonomicName id="4C326FDCFFAEFFE6FE4CFFF7FD67FA47" box="[451,697,1436,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Coenagrionidae" genus="Protallagma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="titicacae">
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<emphasis id="B946C84DFFAEFFE6FE4CFFF7FD67FA47" box="[451,697,1436,1460]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">Protallagma titicacae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is sparse and restricted to sites in
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<collectingCountry id="F32554CFFFAEFFE6FBC2FFF7FB54FA47" box="[1101,1162,1436,1460]" name="Chile" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">Chile</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F32554CFFFAEFFE6FB4AFFF7FAE6FA47" box="[1221,1336,1436,1460]" name="Argentina" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA369AEFFAEFFE6FACAFFF7FF3FFA24" author="Jurzitza" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" refString="Jurzitza, G. (1989) Versuch einer Zusammenfassung unserer Kenntnisse uber die Odonatenfauna Chiles. Societas Internationalis Odonatologica Rapid Communications, 9, 32 pp." type="book" year="1989">Jurzitza (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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states that
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<taxonomicName id="4C326FDCFFAEFFE6FED2FFAAFE06FA2B" box="[349,472,1473,1496]" class="Insecta" family="Coenagrionidae" genus="Protallagma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="titicacae">
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<emphasis id="B946C84DFFAEFFE6FED2FFAAFE06FA2B" box="[349,472,1473,1496]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">P. titicacae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was found in
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<collectingCountry id="F32554CFFFAEFFE6FDFAFFD4FD6CFA24" box="[629,690,1471,1495]" name="Chile" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">Chile</collectingCountry>
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in andine salt lakes (some of them above
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<quantity id="4CCAB9BAFFAEFFE6FB0CFFD4FB01FA24" box="[1155,1247,1471,1495]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" unit="m" value="4200.0">4,200 m</quantity>
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) and river shore.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA369AEFFAEFFE6FF18FF8FFEFBFA0F" author="Bulla" box="[151,293,1508,1532]" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" refString="Bulla, L. A. (1972) La ninfa de Protallagma titicacae (Calvert) (Odonata, Coenagriidae). Neotropica, 18 (57), 129 - 133." type="journal article" year="1972">Bulla (1972)</bibRefCitation>
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describes two habitats where he found larvae. The first was a small creek (maximum width
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<quantity id="4CCAB9BAFFAEFFE6FAA5FF8FFA89FA0F" box="[1322,1367,1508,1532]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
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, maximum depth
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<quantity id="4CCAB9BAFFAEFFE6FEA8FC6CFEB2F9EC" box="[295,364,1543,1567]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" unit="cm" value="60.0">60 cm</quantity>
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but often much shallower) near Copacabana (La Paz,
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<collectingCountry id="F32554CFFFAEFFE6FC58FC6CFBF0F9EC" box="[983,1070,1543,1567]" name="Bolivia" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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). Here, the larvae were found in both slow and fast flowing zones and were always associated with the dense vegetation growing in the creek. At the time of collection of the larvae (early January) the location was characterized by strong diurnal fluctuations of air temperature (25°C during the day and strong snow fall at night). The second larval habitat was a runnel discharging into the Río Vilcanota at San Jerónimo
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<quantity id="4CCAB9BAFFAEFFE6FD4CFCFCFD23F95C" box="[707,765,1687,1711]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
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south of Cuzco (
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<collectingCountry id="F32554CFFFAEFFE6FC4DFCFCFC22F95C" box="[962,1020,1687,1711]" name="Peru" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">Peru</collectingCountry>
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). This runnel formed at its mouth an inundated swamp zone (maximum water depth:
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<quantity id="4CCAB9BAFFAEFFE6FD3DFCD7FD27F927" box="[690,761,1724,1748]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" unit="cm" value="15.0">15 cm</quantity>
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) with abundant vascular plant vegetation wherein the larvae were found.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA369AEFFAEFFE6FEA8FCB4FE69F904" author="Bulla" box="[295,439,1759,1783]" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" refString="Bulla, L. A. (1974) Clave para la identificacion de los Odonata zygoptera de la republica Argentina al sur del paralelo 30 ° S (Odonata). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 34 (3 - 4), 217 - 228." type="journal article" year="1974">Bulla (1974)</bibRefCitation>
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states that
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<taxonomicName id="4C326FDCFFAEFFE6FDB6FC8AFD68F90B" box="[569,694,1761,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Coenagrionidae" genus="Protallagma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="titicacae">
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<emphasis id="B946C84DFFAEFFE6FDB6FC8AFD68F90B" box="[569,694,1761,1784]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">P. titicacae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was known in
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<collectingCountry id="F32554CFFFAEFFE6FCE9FCB4FC08F904" box="[870,982,1759,1783]" name="Argentina" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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only from Abra Pampa, Jujuy,
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<quantity id="4CCAB9BAFFAEFFE6FAB1FCB4FA42F904" box="[1342,1436,1759,1783]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" unit="m" value="4000.0">4,000 m</quantity>
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a.s.l., and was the zygopteran living at the highest altitudes in
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<collectingCountry id="F32554CFFFAEFFE6FCC0FD6FFC1CF8EF" box="[847,962,1796,1820]" name="Argentina" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32847D4FFAEFFE7FF18FD4CFE5FFD1C" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8B8D145FFFAEFFE6FF18FD4CFC83F8B3" blockId="20.[151,1437,1147,2037]" box="[151,861,1831,1856]" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis id="B946C84DFFAEFFE6FF18FD4CFC83F8B3" bold="true" box="[151,861,1831,1856]" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">
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Distribution, ecology, and biology of
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<taxonomicName id="4C326FDCFFAEFFE6FDC3FD4CFC83F8B3" box="[588,861,1831,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Coenagrionidae" genus="Protallagma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">
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<emphasis id="B946C84DFFAEFFE6FDC3FD4CFC83F8B3" bold="true" box="[588,861,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">Protallagma hoffmanni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8D145FFFAEFFE6FF48FD27FB9BF807" blockId="20.[151,1437,1147,2037]" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">
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So far,
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<taxonomicName id="4C326FDCFFAEFFE6FE96FD27FDC1F897" box="[281,543,1868,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Coenagrionidae" genus="Protallagma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">
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<emphasis id="B946C84DFFAEFFE6FE96FD27FDC1F897" box="[281,543,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">Protallagma hoffmanni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has been recorded only from one short rivulet discharging into Laguna Querococha. During our field trip from
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<date id="FF8C329FFFAEFFE6FD85FD04FCC6F874" box="[522,792,1903,1927]" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" value="2007-02-13" valueMax="2007-02-20" valueMin="2007-02-13">February 13 to 20, 2007</date>
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, we sampled several other ponds, riverine areas, and fens, and collected specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="4C326FDCFFAEFFE6FE5CFDFFFD15F85F" box="[467,715,1940,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Coenagrionidae" genus="Oxyallagma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dissidens">
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<emphasis id="B946C84DFFAEFFE6FE5CFDFFFD15F85F" box="[467,715,1940,1964]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">Oxyallagma dissidens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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at several locations, but we did not record
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<taxonomicName id="4C326FDCFFAEFFE6FB33FDFFFA96F85F" box="[1212,1352,1940,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Coenagrionidae" genus="Protallagma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B946C84DFFAEFFE6FB33FDFFFA96F85F" box="[1212,1352,1940,1964]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">Protallagma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp. at any of these sites. Therefore, collecting of
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<taxonomicName id="4C326FDCFFAEFFE6FD08FDD2FCC8F823" box="[647,790,1976,2000]" class="Insecta" family="Coenagrionidae" genus="Protallagma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="20" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">
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<emphasis id="B946C84DFFAEFFE6FD08FDD2FCC8F823" box="[647,790,1976,2000]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="48">P. hoffmanni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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at Laguna Querococha has to be restricted. We want to stress that official permits have to be issued before any collecting or other activities.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8D145FFFAFFFE7FF46FAFCFC74FE74" blockId="21.[151,1436,151,751]" pageId="21" pageNumber="49">
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Some data were gathered by Joachim Hoffmann at Laguna Querococha itself at the exact date and time when we collected the specimens on
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<date id="FF8C329FFFAFFFE7FE7BFAD7FD18FF27" box="[500,710,188,212]" pageId="21" pageNumber="49" value="2007-02-18">February 18, 2007</date>
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, 11:50: surface water temperature 14.0°C; pH 7.05, conductivity 50 S/m. However, we did not take measurements in the runnel where we found the larvae and imagos of
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<emphasis id="B946C84DFFAFFFE7FAC5FA8AFF03FEEF" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="49">P. h o f f - manni</emphasis>
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close to the mouth at Laguna Querococha. This short, winding runnel was characterised by shallow, slowflowing water with sediment dominated by dark detritus. Surrounding grassy vegetation was low, so there was no shade and insolation was very intense. Thus we suppose that the shallow water heated up, providing for a warm microclimate which is important at an altitude of almost
|
|
<quantity id="4CCAB9BAFFAFFFE7FC9CFB04FCB1FE74" box="[787,879,367,391]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="4000.0">4,000 m</quantity>
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a.s.l.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8D145FFFAFFFE7FF46FBFFFB06FE23" blockId="21.[151,1436,151,751]" pageId="21" pageNumber="49">
|
|
The
|
|
<specimenCount id="9D34DFD6FFAFFFE7FF73FBFFFEBBFE5F" box="[252,357,404,428]" pageId="21" pageNumber="49" type="larva">19 larvae</specimenCount>
|
|
collected belonged to four stadia, with the four biggest larvae in the apparent FO stadium. The four different size-classes suggest a semivoltine development probably lasting two to three years.
|
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</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph id="8B8D145FFFAFFFE7FF46FBB6FE54FD77" blockId="21.[151,1436,151,751]" pageId="21" pageNumber="49">
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|
We did not observe reproductive activity. As in most species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C326FDCFFAFFFE7FC02FBB7FC32FE07" box="[909,1004,476,500]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="21" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Odonata</taxonomicName>
|
|
males tend to concentrate at reproductive habitats, whereas females spend much time at a distance and only move to the reproductive habitats to mate and oviposit, this might indicate that neither males nor females usually move away from this runnel because other suitable habitats are extremely rare. We found almost all of them perched in the tall Ichu grass vegetation in the vicinity of the runnel.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8D145FFFAFFFE7FF46F8FBFE5FFD1C" blockId="21.[151,1436,151,751]" pageId="21" pageNumber="49">
|
|
We noted that a high percentage of the specimens taken (7 out of
|
|
<specimenCount id="9D34DFD6FFAFFFE7FC2BF8E4FC24FD54" box="[932,1018,655,679]" pageId="21" pageNumber="49" type="male">8 males</specimenCount>
|
|
and 5 out of
|
|
<specimenCount id="9D34DFD6FFAFFFE7FB01F8E4FB22FD54" box="[1166,1276,655,679]" pageId="21" pageNumber="49" type="female">9 females</specimenCount>
|
|
) were parasitized by red water mites (especially the underside of the thorax and first abdominal segments; in males around the secondary genitalia).
|
|
</paragraph>
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|
</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |