treatments-xml/data/48/AA/8A/48AA8A848422CFF2584FC96A39735F37.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.13.3447" ID-PMC="PMC3391714" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-13-15" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFED28136708FFECFFF8FFBEBC040C4E" ID-PubMed="22787424" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576126" ModsDocID="1314-2003-13-15" checkinTime="1451252010157" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Oppenheimer, Hank &amp; Lorence, David H." docDate="2012" docId="48AA8A848422CFF2584FC96A39735F37" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 13: 15-23" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 13" docPubDate="2012-06-20" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.13.3447" docTitle="Cyanea kauaulaensis H. Oppenheimer &amp; Lorence 2012, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="FFED28136708FFECFFF8FFBEBC040C4E" lastPageNumber="22" masterDocId="FFED28136708FFECFFF8FFBEBC040C4E" masterDocTitle="A new species of Cyanea (Campanulaceae, Lobelioideae) from Maui, Hawaiian Islands" masterLastPageNumber="23" masterPageNumber="15" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1668139483787" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A new species of Cyanea (Campanulaceae, Lobelioideae) from Maui, Hawaiian Islands</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Oppenheimer, Hank</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Plant Extinction Prevention Program, Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawaii, P. O Box 909, Makawao, HI 96768, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Lorence, David H.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>National Tropical Botanical Garden, 3530 Papalina Road, Kalaheo, HI 96741, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">lorence@ntbg.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2012-06-20</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>13</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>15</mods:start>
<mods:end>23</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.13.3447</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.13.3447</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-13-15</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFED28136708FFECFFF8FFBEBC040C4E</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576126</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152024267" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:48AA8A848422CFF2584FC96A39735F37" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/48AA8A848422CFF2584FC96A39735F37" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="17">
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName LSID="48AA8A84-8422-CFF2-584F-C96A39735F37" authority="H. Oppenheimer &amp; Lorence" authorityName="H. Oppenheimer &amp; Lorence" authorityYear="2012" class="Scyphozoa" family="Cyaneidae" genus="Cyanea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyanea kauaulaensis" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="2" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kauaulaensis" status="sp. nov.">Cyanea kauaulaensis H. Oppenheimer &amp; Lorence</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="17">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Cyanea kauaulaensis. A habit, with Steve Perlman (Oppenheimer &amp; Perlman H 120806) B base of plants showing new stems arising from decumbent branch (Oppenheimer &amp; Perlman H 120806) C juvenile plant (Oppenheimer &amp; Wood H 20928) D flowering stem (Oppenheimer &amp; Perlman H 120806); photos by H. Oppenheimer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10097" pageId="2" pageNumber="17">Figures 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Cyanea kauaulaensis. A inflorescence (Oppenheimer &amp; Perlman H 120806) B fruiting stem (Oppenheimer et al. H 40919) C infructescences (Oppenheimer et al. H 40919) D old infructescences becoming lateral shoots (Oppenheimer &amp; Wood H 20928); photos by H. Oppenheimer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10098" pageId="2" pageNumber="17">, 3</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="17" type="latin">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="17">Latin.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="17">
Species allied to Cyanea profuga C. Forbes, differs in its narrower leaves 5-7 cm wide, inflorescences with more numerous flowers (up to 20); flowers with smaller, lanceolate to linear calyx lobes 2-3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5-0.7mm, apex acute to acuminate, shorter than the hypanthium, comparatively shorter corolla lobes 1/3-2/5 as long as the tube, and subglobose to obovoid orange fruits
</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="17" type="type">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="17">Type.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="17">USA.</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="17">HAWAIIAN ISLANDS:</emphasis>
West Maui: Lahaina District, N fork of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua`ula">Kaua'ula</normalizedToken>
Valley, 910m (3000 ft), 2 Dec 2008, H. Oppenheimer &amp; S. Perlman H120806(Holotype PTBG-058138 [+ spirit collection]!; Isotypes BISH!, US!).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="17" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="17">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="17">Unarmed shrubs</emphasis>
2-4 m high, many-branched from the base with many basal shoots, stems light brown, erect to arching, up to 6m long, sometimes leaning on adjacent vegetation, often rooting where in contact with soil, leaf scars subcircular to broadly obovate-depressed; latex white. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="17">Leaves</emphasis>
clustered near the end of the branches, when fresh light green on both surfaces, fleshy, the adaxial surface moderately glossy, drying membranaceous to chartaceous, glabrous on both surfaces, in juvenile plants occasionally minutely muricate adaxially along costa, elliptic, oblong, or elliptic-oblong, in adult plants blade 19-30 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
5-7 cm, base attenuate to cuneate, often asymmetrical, apex attenuate, acuminate, or cuspidate, margins entire to minutely serrulate-dentate, often undulate when fresh, sometimes coarsely serrate-dentate in juvenile plants; petioles 5-10 cm long, glabrous. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="17">Inflorescences</emphasis>
axillary and on leafless nodes, developing along stems after leaves have fallen on well developed individuals, up to 30 per stem, mostly perpendicular to the stem, 5-20 flowered, peduncles 15-70 mm long, glabrous. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="17">Flowers</emphasis>
on pedicels (4) 8-12 mm long, filiform, glabrous, subtended by caducous linear-subulate to linear bracts 12-20 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3 mm, margins minutely serrulate, glabrous, pedicels with 2-3 glabrous subulate-oblong bracteoles 0.3-0.6 mm long; hypanthium 4-5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.5-4 mm, broadly ellipsoid to obovoid-obconic; calyx lobes 2-3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5-0.7 mm, lanceolate to linear, apex acute to acuminate, caducous in fruit; 
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="18" start="start">corolla</pageBreakToken>
white, tubular, round in cross section, gently curved to suberect, 28-35 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-4 mm, externally glabrous, internally minutely papillose, the tube 23-27 mm long, the lobes 5-10 mm 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5-0.9 mm medially, linear-subulate, reflexed, initially 1/3 to 2/5 as long as the tube but eventually splitting more deeply; staminal column glabrous, anthers 6-7 mm long, glabrous, the lower 2 with apical tufts of white hairs 3-4 mm long. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="18">Fruits</emphasis>
bright orange when ripe, 8-10 mm in diameter, globose to obovoid, smooth, apex crowned by an apicular ring, calyx lobes caducous very early when fruits still small and green; old infructescences often producing leaves and continuing to develop as lateral shoots. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="18">Seeds</emphasis>
numerous, embedded in translucent pulp, ovoid-ellipsoid, 0.5-0.6 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.35-0.4 mm, testa brown, shiny, smooth with faint striations.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="18" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="18">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="18">Known only from West Maui, Hawaiian Islands.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" type="habitat and ecology">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="18">Habitat and ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Oppenheimer &amp; Lorence" authorityYear="2012" class="Scyphozoa" family="Cyaneidae" genus="Cyanea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kauaulaensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="18">Cyanea kauaulaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in riparian sites, on talus or basalt boulder-strewn slopes along perennial streams at elevations of 732 to 914 m. The plant community represents a 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Metrosideros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="18">Metrosideros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Banks ex Gaertn. lowland wet forest. The most common associated woody elements are species of 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Antidesma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Geraniales" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="18">Antidesma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., 
<taxonomicName authorityName="N.J.Jacquin" authorityYear="1760" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Urticaceae" genus="Boehmeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Urticales" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="18">Boehmeria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Jacq., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hydrangeaceae" genus="Broussaisia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Cornales" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="18">Broussaisia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gaud., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Cheirodendron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Apiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="18">Cheirodendron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nutt. ex Seem., 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Clermontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="18">Clermontia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gaud., 
<taxonomicName class="Rosopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="18">Coprosma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="19" start="start">J</pageBreakToken>
.R. Forst. &amp; G. Forst., 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Gesneriaceae" genus="Cyrtandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="4" pageNumber="19" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">Cyrtandra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
J.R. Forst. &amp; G. Forst., 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Dodonaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Sapindales" pageId="4" pageNumber="19" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">Dodonaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Mill., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Dubautia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">Dubautia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gaud., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Aquifoliaceae" genus="Ilex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Aquifoliales" pageId="4" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">Ilex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Kadua" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="4" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">Kadua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Cham. &amp; Schltdl., 
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Perrottetia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="4" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">Perrottetia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kunth, 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pipturus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Urticales" pageId="4" pageNumber="19" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">Pipturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Wedd., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="4" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">Psychotria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., 
<taxonomicName class="Equisetopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Urera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Rosales" pageId="4" pageNumber="19" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">Urera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gaud., and 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Flacourtiaceae" genus="Xylosma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Violales" pageId="4" pageNumber="19" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">Xylosma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
G. Forst. Ferns including species of 
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Aspleniaceae" genus="Asplenium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="19" phylum="Polypodiopsida" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="19">Asplenium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kaulfuss" authorityYear="1820" class="Filicopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Cibotium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="20" start="start">Cibotium</pageBreakToken>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kaulf., 
<taxonomicName class="Filicopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Cyclosorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Link, 
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Deparia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Polypodiophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Deparia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hook. &amp; Grev., 
<taxonomicName class="Equisetopsida" family="Woodsiaceae" genus="Diplazium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Magnolipsida" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Diplazium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sw., 
<taxonomicName class="Pteridopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Dryopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Filicales" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Polypodiophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Dryopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Adans., 
<taxonomicName class="Filicopsida" family="Elaphoglossaceae" genus="Elaphoglossum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Aspidiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Elaphoglossum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Schott ex J. Sm., 
<taxonomicName class="Pteridopsida" family="Dennstaedtiaceae" genus="Microlepia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Filicales" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Polypodiophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Microlepia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
C. Presl, 
<taxonomicName class="Pteridopsida" family="Pteridaceae" genus="Pteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Filicales" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Polypodiophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Pteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., 
<taxonomicName class="Demospongea" family="Hindiidae" genus="Sadleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lithistida" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Sadleria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kaulf., 
<taxonomicName class="Equisetopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Tectaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Magnolipsida" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Tectaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Cav., and 
<taxonomicName class="Filicopsida" family="Hymenophyllaceae" genus="Vandenboschia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Hymenophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Vandenboschia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Copel. are prevalent. 
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Freycinetia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Pandanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="arborea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Freycinetia arborea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gaud. is a widespread liana, and several herbaceous species of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Peperomia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Piperales" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Peperomia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Ruiz &amp; Pav. are also present. The sedge genera 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Machaerina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Machaerina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Vahl. and 
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Rhynchospora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Cyperales" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Rhynchospora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Vahl are also frequent. Soil is of typical basaltic origin. The average annual rainfall is approximately 3000 mm. Due to the steep canyon walls, often 700 m tall, direct sunlight is restricted to midday, and varies seasonally. Plants occur on both sides of the streams, with no apparent preference. Adult plants are clumped (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Cyanea kauaulaensis. A habit, with Steve Perlman (Oppenheimer &amp; Perlman H 120806) B base of plants showing new stems arising from decumbent branch (Oppenheimer &amp; Perlman H 120806) C juvenile plant (Oppenheimer &amp; Wood H 20928) D flowering stem (Oppenheimer &amp; Perlman H 120806); photos by H. Oppenheimer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10097" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
) and often many branched from the base, the decumbent branches often rooting when in contact with the ground and forming 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“runners”">&quot;runners&quot;</normalizedToken>
, often with erect shoots (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Cyanea kauaulaensis. A habit, with Steve Perlman (Oppenheimer &amp; Perlman H 120806) B base of plants showing new stems arising from decumbent branch (Oppenheimer &amp; Perlman H 120806) C juvenile plant (Oppenheimer &amp; Wood H 20928) D flowering stem (Oppenheimer &amp; Perlman H 120806); photos by H. Oppenheimer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10097" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
). Stems are erect to ascending or vine-like, to 6m long, often leaning on and tangled with adjacent vegetation, growing on lower talus slopes in riparian areas along perennial streams. On some stems old infructescences were observed to produce leaves and continue to grow as lateral shoots (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Cyanea kauaulaensis. A inflorescence (Oppenheimer &amp; Perlman H 120806) B fruiting stem (Oppenheimer et al. H 40919) C infructescences (Oppenheimer et al. H 40919) D old infructescences becoming lateral shoots (Oppenheimer &amp; Wood H 20928); photos by H. Oppenheimer." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10098" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
). This may represent a mechanism for producing lateral branches.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10097" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Oppenheimer &amp; Lorence" authorityYear="2012" class="Scyphozoa" family="Cyaneidae" genus="Cyanea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kauaulaensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Cyanea kauaulaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">A</emphasis>
habit, with Steve Perlman (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Oppenheimer &amp; Perlman H120806</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">B</emphasis>
base of plants showing new stems arising from decumbent branch (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Oppenheimer &amp; Perlman H120806</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">C</emphasis>
juvenile plant (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Oppenheimer &amp; Wood H20928</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">D</emphasis>
flowering stem (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Oppenheimer &amp; Perlman H120806</emphasis>
); photos by H. Oppenheimer.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10098" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Figure 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Oppenheimer &amp; Lorence" authorityYear="2012" class="Scyphozoa" family="Cyaneidae" genus="Cyanea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kauaulaensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Cyanea kauaulaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">A</emphasis>
inflorescence (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Oppenheimer &amp; Perlman H120806</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">B</emphasis>
fruiting stem (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Oppenheimer et al. H40919</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">C</emphasis>
infructescences (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Oppenheimer et al. H40919</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">D</emphasis>
old infructescences becoming lateral shoots (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Oppenheimer &amp; Wood H20928)</emphasis>
; photos by H. Oppenheimer.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="20" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Oppenheimer &amp; Lorence" authorityYear="2012" class="Scyphozoa" family="Cyaneidae" genus="Cyanea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kauaulaensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Cyanea kauaulaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been observed flowering from late summer through January, followed by fruits maturing in March and April. Sporadically, some individuals may possess a few flowers or fruits earlier in summer.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="20" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="20">
The specific name honors 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua`ula">Kaua'ula</normalizedToken>
Valley, a large, amphitheatre-headed valley on leeward Mauna Kahalawai (aka West Maui). 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Lit</emphasis>
., the red rain (
<bibRefCitation author="Pukui, MK" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Science" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" refId="B11" refString="Pukui, MK, Elbert, SH, Mookini, ET, 1966. Place names of Hawai'i.University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu." title="Place names of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu." year="1966">Pukui et al. 1966</bibRefCitation>
), + Latin suffix 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">-ensis</emphasis>
, indicating a place of origin or growth. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua`ula">Kaua'ula</normalizedToken>
Valley is an important site not only botanically, but economically (as a water source) as well as culturally and spiritually for Native Hawaiians.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" type="conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Oppenheimer &amp; Lorence" authorityYear="2012" class="Scyphozoa" family="Cyaneidae" genus="Cyanea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kauaulaensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Cyanea kauaulaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be considered Critically Endangered due to its limited range, low population numbers, lack of population structure and poor seedling recruitment, probable loss of most or all of its avian pollinators and dispersal agents, landslides, flooding, herbivory by alien slugs and rats, and competition with alien plants such as 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Ageratina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="adenophora">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Ageratina adenophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Sprengel) R.M. King &amp; H. Rob., 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Buddleia asiatica</emphasis>
Lour., 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Coffea arabica</emphasis>
L., 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Cortaderia jubata</emphasis>
(Lemoine ex 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Carrière">Carriere</normalizedToken>
) Stapf, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Erigeron karvinskianus</emphasis>
DC, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Macaranga tanarius</emphasis>
(L.) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müll">Muell</normalizedToken>
. Arg., 
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Poaceae" genus="Melinis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Graminales" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="minutiflora">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Melinis minutiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
P. Beauv., 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Rubus rosifolius</emphasis>
Smith, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Setaria palmifolia</emphasis>
(J. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="König">Koenig</normalizedToken>
) Stapf. and 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Meliaceae" genus="Toona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Rutales" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="ciliata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Toona ciliata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
M. Roem. Approximately 45 plants plus four seedlings were observed during the recent visits in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua`ula">Kaua'ula</normalizedToken>
Valleys north fork, three in the south fork, and 12 in Waikapu Valley. Recently, a new species of the endemic Hawaiian genus 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Stenogyne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Stenogyne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Bentham (
<taxonomicName genus="Lamiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" rank="genus">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
) was described from elsewhere in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua`ula">Kaua'ula</normalizedToken>
Valley (
<bibRefCitation author="Wood, KR" journalOrPublisher="Novon" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" pagination="544 - 549" publicationUrl="10.3417/2008053" refId="B15" refString="Wood, KR, Oppenheimer, H, 2008. Stenogyne kauaulaensis (Lamiaceae), a new species from Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Novon 18: 544 - 549, 10.3417/2008053" title="Stenogyne kauaulaensis (Lamiaceae), a new species from Maui, Hawaiian Islands." url="10.3417/2008053" volume="18" year="2008">Wood and Oppenheimer 2008</bibRefCitation>
). Additionally, an undescribed taxon in 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Tetramolopium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Tetramolopium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nees (
<taxonomicName genus="Asteraceae" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" rank="genus">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
) is also under study and is known from only 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua`ula">Kaua'ula</normalizedToken>
Valley and one additional site, also on West Maui.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">
When evaluated using the IUCN Red List criteria 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Oppenheimer &amp; Lorence" authorityYear="2012" class="Scyphozoa" family="Cyaneidae" genus="Cyanea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kauaulaensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="20">Cyanea kauaulaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
falls into the Critically Endangered (CR) category, a designation reserved for species facing the greatest risk of extinction in the wild, as it fulfills the following criteria: B) Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km² or area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km²; 2c) Continuing decline observed in area, extent and/or quality 
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="21" start="start">of</pageBreakToken>
habitat; 2c(iv) Continuing decline observed in number of mature individuals; C) Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals and C2a(1) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 50 mature individuals. This species has a known range of less than 100 km², and an area of occupancy of less than 10 km² currently known from three populations, two in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua`ula">Kaua'ula</normalizedToken>
Valley and one in Waikapu Valley, both on West Maui. Furthermore, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Oppenheimer &amp; Lorence" authorityYear="2012" class="Scyphozoa" family="Cyaneidae" genus="Cyanea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kauaulaensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">Cyanea kauaulaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be considered by the US Fish &amp; Wildlife Service as a Candidate for listing as Endangered under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, and a Recovery Plan written, funded, and implemented.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="21">
The Maui Invasive Species Committee (MISC) has been working to control the 
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Poaceae" genus="Cortaderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Graminales" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">Cortaderia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
infestation in both valleys on the surrounding, vertical cliffs. The region has escaped the ravages of introduced feral ungulates due to the extremely rugged topography. This new species is a target of the Plant Extinction Prevention Program (PEPP), with efforts made to collect seeds from every individual plant, propagation of nursery stock, restoration outplanting into appropriate habitat, and 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">ex situ</emphasis>
seed storage. In April of 2009 seeds from 32 of the 45 plants in the north fork subpopulation were collected. The south fork subpopulation was sampled in 2004 and the population seemed stable with twelve plants. It was revisited in October 2010. Only three individuals remained, and the habitat had been significantly degraded by dense stands of 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coffea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="arabica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">Coffea arabica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Plants have been successfully grown at Lyon Arboretum, Honolulu, the National Tropical Botanical Garden, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua`i">Kaua'i</normalizedToken>
, and the Olinda Rare Plant Facility on Maui. In October 2010 84 plants from seeds collected in the north fork were planted in the south fork, in the hopes of augmenting the diminishing population there. In September of 2011, 16 plants from the north fork of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua`ula">Kaua'ula</normalizedToken>
Valley were planted adjacent to the Waikapu population.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="21" type="specimens examined">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="21">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">USA.</emphasis>
Hawaiian Islands. Maui [West Maui]: Lahaina District, AMFAC survey by TNCH, Kauaula Valley, back of valley near streambed, 27 Oct 1989, Perlman &amp; Gon 10841 (F, BISH, PTBG, US); back of Kauaula Valley on west side, 866 m, 2 Dec 2008, Perlman &amp; Oppenheimer 21284 (PTBG, BISH, NY, US), east side fork, 18 Jan. 1995, Perlman et al. 14626 (F, MO, NY, PTBG), 2700 ft. (823m), Perlman et al. 18875 (OSH, PTBG); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua`ula">Kaua'ula</normalizedToken>
Valley, N fork, 3000 ft (914m), 6 Apr 2009 (fr), Oppenheimer et al. H40919 (BISH, PTBG [+ spirit coll.]), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua`ula">Kaua'ula</normalizedToken>
Valley, N fork, 3000 ft (914m), 18 Feb 2009, Oppenheimer &amp; Wood H20928 (PTBG), 2950 ft (899m), 1 July 2009, Oppenheimer &amp; Perlman H70901 (PTBG); North fork headwaters, 2780 ft (847m), 26 Sep 2009, Oppenheimer &amp; Kia 90914 (PTBG), Kauaula Valley, upper south fork below Helu, 2700 ft (823m), 18 Jan 1995, Wood et al. 3940 (PTBG); Wailuku District, Waikapu Valley, north fork, 2400 ft (732m), Jul 2011, Oppenheimer &amp; Bustamente H71103 (BISH, PTBG).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="21">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">
Several attempts have been made to divide 
<taxonomicName class="Scyphozoa" family="Cyaneidae" genus="Cyanea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">Cyanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into sections (
<bibRefCitation author="Hillebrand, W" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" refId="B4" refString="Hillebrand, W, 1888. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. 1965 reprint, Hafner Publishing Co., New York &amp; London, 1-673." title="Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. 1965 reprint, Hafner Publishing Co., New York &amp; London, 1 - 673." year="1888">Hillebrand 1888</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Rock, JF" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Science" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" refId="B12" refString="Rock, JF, 1919. A monographic study of the Hawaiian species of the tribe Lobelioideae, Family Campanulaceae.Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1977 reprint, Krauss Reprint Co., Millwood, New York." title="A monographic study of the Hawaiian species of the tribe Lobelioideae, Family Campanulaceae. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1977 reprint, Krauss Reprint Co., Millwood, New York." year="1919">Rock 1919</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Wimmer, FE" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Science" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" refId="B14" refString="Wimmer, FE, 1943. Campanulaceae-Lobelioideae. I. Pflanzenreich IV. 276b (Heft 106): 1-260." title="Campanulaceae-Lobelioideae. I. Pflanzenreich IV. 276 b (Heft 106): 1 - 260." year="1943">Wimmer 1943</bibRefCitation>
; St. John 1969, Stone 1967, 
<bibRefCitation author="Lammers, TG" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" refId="B5" refString="Lammers, TG, 1990. Campanulaceae. In: WL Wagner, DR Herbst, SH Sohmer. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press &amp; Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, 420-489." title="Campanulaceae. In: WL Wagner, DR Herbst, SH Sohmer. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press &amp; Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, 420 - 489." year="1990">Lammers 1990</bibRefCitation>
), but none successfully arranges the genus into clear-cut phylogenetic entities. 
<bibRefCitation author="Givnish, TJ" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" refId="B2" refString="Givnish, TJ, Sytsma, KJ, Smith, JF, Hahn, WJ, 1995. Molecular evolution, adaptive radiation, and geographic speciation in Cyanea (Campanulaceae, Lobelioideae). In: Wagner WL, Funk VA, Hawaiian biogeography, evolution on a hot spot archipelago. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London, 288-337." title="Molecular evolution, adaptive radiation, and geographic speciation in Cyanea (Campanulaceae, Lobelioideae). In: Wagner WL, Funk VA, Hawaiian biogeography, evolution on a hot spot archipelago. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London, 288 - 337." year="1995">Givnish et al. (1995)</bibRefCitation>
divide the genus into two distinct clades: one with purple fruits and another with orange fruits. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Oppenheimer &amp; Lorence" authorityYear="2012" class="Scyphozoa" family="Cyaneidae" genus="Cyanea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kauaulaensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">Cyanea kauaulaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to a lineage that previously has not been represented on Maui. Based on its glabrous leaves and similar floral 
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="22" start="start">morphology</pageBreakToken>
, the new species appears to be most closely related to the rare 
<taxonomicName authorityName="C. N. Forbes" authorityYear="1916" class="Scyphozoa" family="Cyaneidae" genus="Cyanea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="profuga">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Cyanea profuga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
C. Forbes of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Moloka`i">Moloka'i</normalizedToken>
, which was placed by 
<bibRefCitation author="Rock, JF" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Science" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" refId="B12" refString="Rock, JF, 1919. A monographic study of the Hawaiian species of the tribe Lobelioideae, Family Campanulaceae.Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1977 reprint, Krauss Reprint Co., Millwood, New York." title="A monographic study of the Hawaiian species of the tribe Lobelioideae, Family Campanulaceae. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1977 reprint, Krauss Reprint Co., Millwood, New York." year="1919">Rock (1919)</bibRefCitation>
in his section Genuinae. The latter differs from the new species in having inflorescences with fewer (9-12) flowers, flowers with larger linear-elliptic or oblong calyx lobes 5-9 mm long and 1.2-2 mm wide, longer than the hypanthium, its comparatively longer corolla lobes 
<normalizedToken originalValue="¼">1/4</normalizedToken>
to almost 
<normalizedToken originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
as long as the tube, and ellipsoid-cylindrical fruits which also ripen orange. Seedlings of both species grown together at the Olinda Rare Plant Facility are virtually indistinguishable from one another. The islands of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Moloka`i">Moloka'i</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lana`i">Lana'i</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaho`olawe">Kaho'olawe</normalizedToken>
, and Maui were once a single, large land mass, referred to as Maui Nui, and their biota shares many components (
<bibRefCitation author="Price, JP" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Science" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" pagination="27 - 45" publicationUrl="10.1353/psc.2004.0008" refId="B10" refString="Price, JP, Elliott-Fisk, D, 2004. Topographic history of the Maui Nui complex, Hawai'i, and its implications for biogeography. Pacific Science 58: 27 - 45, 10.1353/psc.2004.0008" title="Topographic history of the Maui Nui complex, Hawai'i, and its implications for biogeography." url="10.1353/psc.2004.0008" volume="58" year="2004">Price and Elliott-Fisk 2004</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="22">
The following couplets can be inserted into the most recent revision of 
<taxonomicName class="Scyphozoa" family="Cyaneidae" genus="Cyanea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Cyanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Lammers in Wagner et al. 1990) to separate 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Oppenheimer &amp; Lorence" authorityYear="2012" class="Scyphozoa" family="Cyaneidae" genus="Cyanea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kauaulaensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Cyanea kauaulaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="C. N. Forbes" authorityYear="1916" class="Scyphozoa" family="Cyaneidae" genus="Cyanea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="profuga">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Cyanea profuga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="22">
<table inLine="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="22">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rowspan="1">15(13)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rowspan="1">Leaf margins irregularly lobed or cleft; Mo</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rowspan="1">
11 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rock" authorityYear="1919" class="Scyphozoa" family="Cyaneidae" genus="Cyanea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dunbariae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Cyanea dunbariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="22">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rowspan="1">15</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rowspan="1">Leaf margins callose-toothed, erose, entire or minutely serrulate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rowspan="1">(15')</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="22">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rowspan="1">15'(15)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rowspan="1">Leaf margins entire or minutely serrulate; calyx lobes lanceolate to linear, apex acute to acuminate; M</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Oppenheimer &amp; Lorence" authorityYear="2012" class="Scyphozoa" family="Cyaneidae" genus="Cyanea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kauaulaensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Cyanea kauaulaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="22">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rowspan="1">15'</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rowspan="1">Leaf margins callose-toothed or erose</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rowspan="1">(16)</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="22">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rowspan="1">16(15')</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rowspan="1">Calyx lobes oblong, apex rounded and apiculate; Mo</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rowspan="1">
38 
<taxonomicName authorityName="C. N. Forbes" authorityYear="1916" class="Scyphozoa" family="Cyaneidae" genus="Cyanea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="profuga">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Cyanea profuga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="22">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rowspan="1">16</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rowspan="1">Calyx lobes dentiform or triangular, apex acute to acuminate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" rowspan="1">(17)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>