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<mods:title id="2318F8D2E47E664BF74D883F9F089A2E">Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the Neotropical forest lizards (Squamata, Diploglossidae)</mods:title>
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Genus 
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<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCDFFEA0D880E6B0707D12F" bold="true" box="[238,339,1596,1623]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">Celestus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFCDFFEA0C3D0E6A07B0D12F" author="Gray, J. E." box="[347,484,1597,1623]" pageId="19" pageNumber="220" pagination="331 - 337" refId="ref22745" refString="Gray, J. E. (1839) Catalogue of the slender-tongued saurians, with descriptions of many new genera and species. Annals &amp; Magazine of Natural History, Series 1, 2 (11), 331 - 337. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933909512395" type="journal article" year="1839">Gray, 1839</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="52700B06FFCDFFEA0DF10E3607F3D103" blockId="19.[151,484,1596,1695]" box="[151,423,1633,1659]" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">Jamaican Forest Lizards</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="52700B06FFCDFFEA0DF10ED2074FD1E7" blockId="19.[151,484,1596,1695]" box="[151,283,1669,1695]" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">
<figureCitation id="CAF41783FFCDFFEA0DF10ED2074FD1E7" box="[151,283,1669,1695]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 10" captionStart-1="FIGURE 11" captionStart-2="FIGURE 12" captionStart-3="FIGURE 13" captionStart-4="FIGURE 14" captionStartId-0="20.[151,250,1390,1414]" captionStartId-1="21.[151,250,1793,1817]" captionStartId-2="23.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionStartId-3="24.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionStartId-4="25.[151,250,712,736]" captionTargetBox-0="[164,1423,181,1366]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,181,1769]" captionTargetBox-2="[244,1344,182,1920]" captionTargetBox-3="[197,1389,182,1920]" captionTargetBox-4="[151,1436,181,689]" captionTargetId-0="figure-26@20.[164,1423,181,1366]" captionTargetId-1="figure-17@21.[151,1436,181,1769]" captionTargetId-2="figure-17@23.[244,1344,181,1920]" captionTargetId-3="figure-26@24.[197,1390,181,1920]" captionTargetId-4="figure-17@25.[151,1436,181,689]" captionTargetPageId-0="20" captionTargetPageId-1="21" captionTargetPageId-2="23" captionTargetPageId-3="24" captionTargetPageId-4="25" captionText-0="FIGURE 10. Images of (A) live adult Celestus barbouri (USNM 328151, SVL 78.4 mm), (B) live adult Celestus crusculus (USNM 328170, SVL 45.3 mm), (C) live adult Celestus duquesneyi, (D) live juvenile Celestus macrotus (ANSP 38506, SVL 42.1 mm), (E) Celestus microblepharis (MCZ R-55764, SVL 87.0 mm), and (F) Celestus molesworthi (MCZ R-45184, SVL 85.0 mm). Photographs by Byron S. Wilson (C) and S. B. Hedges (all others)." captionText-1="FIGURE 11. (A–H) Celestus striatus (BMNH 1946.8.8.3, holotype), SVL 145 mm. White lines in (D) depict outline of a single large frontonasal scale missing, and dashed lines depict pseudosutures in the underlying integument. Photographs by S. B. Hedges." captionText-2="FIGURE 12. (A–G) Celestus macrolepis (BMNH 1946.8.3.82, holotype), SVL 248 mm. Photographs by S. B. Hedges." captionText-3="FIGURE 13. (A–F) Celestus occiduus (BMNH XV.118A, holotype) from Jamaica. Photographs by S. B. Hedges." captionText-4="FIGURE 14. The distribution of Celestus in Jamaica and Haiti." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4775477" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4775479" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4775481" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4775485" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4775487" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4775477/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4775479/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4775481/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4775485/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/4775487/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">Figs. 10–14</figureCitation>
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<paragraph id="52700B06FFCDFFEA0DF10E930222D1A4" blockId="19.[151,1317,1732,1787]" box="[151,1142,1732,1757]" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="72DF2C28FFCDFFEA0DF10E930222D1A4" box="[151,1142,1732,1757]" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">
<treatmentCitation id="D36E2D17FFCDFFEA0DF10E9307C7D1A4" author="Gray, J. E." box="[151,403,1732,1756]" page="288" pageId="19" pageNumber="220" year="1839">
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCDFFEA0DF10E9307C7D1A4" authority="Gray, 1839: 288" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="288" authorityYear="1839" box="[151,403,1732,1756]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="220" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCDFFEA0DF10E9306B9D1A4" box="[151,237,1732,1756]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">Celestus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFCDFFEA0D950E9307C7D1A4" author="Gray, J. E." box="[243,403,1732,1756]" pageId="19" pageNumber="220" pagination="331 - 337" refId="ref22745" refString="Gray, J. E. (1839) Catalogue of the slender-tongued saurians, with descriptions of many new genera and species. Annals &amp; Magazine of Natural History, Series 1, 2 (11), 331 - 337. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933909512395" type="journal article" year="1839">Gray, 1839:288</bibRefCitation>
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. 
<typeStatus id="8D74B5A4FFCDFFEA0CFB0E92079BD1A5" box="[413,463,1733,1757]" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">Type</typeStatus>
species: 
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<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCDFFEA0F4A0E93052ED1A4" authority="Gray, 1839: 288" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="288" authorityYear="1839" box="[556,890,1732,1756]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="220" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCDFFEA0F4A0E930480D1A4" box="[556,724,1732,1756]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">Celestus striatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFCDFFEA0FBD0E93052ED1A4" author="Gray, J. E." box="[731,890,1732,1756]" pageId="19" pageNumber="220" pagination="331 - 337" refId="ref22745" refString="Gray, J. E. (1839) Catalogue of the slender-tongued saurians, with descriptions of many new genera and species. Annals &amp; Magazine of Natural History, Series 1, 2 (11), 331 - 337. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933909512395" type="journal article" year="1839">Gray, 1839:288</bibRefCitation>
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, by original designation.
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<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCDFFEA0DF10EB407A7D183" authority="Werner, 1901: 299" authorityName="Werner" authorityPageNumber="299" authorityYear="1901" box="[151,499,1763,1787]" class="Squamata" family="Diploglossidae" genus="Macrogongylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="220" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCDFFEA0DF10EB40761D183" box="[151,309,1763,1787]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">Macrogongylus</emphasis>
Werner, 1901:299
</taxonomicName>
. 
<typeStatus id="8D74B5A4FFCDFFEA0C9B0EB4047BD183" box="[509,559,1763,1787]" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">Type</typeStatus>
species 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCDFFEA0FE30EB4027ED183" authority="Werner, 1901: 299" authorityName="Werner" authorityPageNumber="299" authorityYear="1901" box="[645,1066,1763,1787]" class="Squamata" family="Diploglossidae" genus="Macrogongylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="220" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brauni">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCDFFEA0FE30EB40539D183" box="[645,877,1763,1787]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">Macrogongylus brauni</emphasis>
Werner, 1901:299
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation.
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<subSubSection id="1AD5588DFFCDFFED0DF10F7402D2D007" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="221" pageId="19" pageNumber="220" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="52700B06FFCDFFEA0DF10F74072DD089" blockId="19.[151,1437,1827,2034]" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCDFFEA0DF10F740746D045" bold="true" box="[151,274,1827,1853]" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Species of 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCDFFEA0CF60F7307BBD046" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[400,495,1828,1854]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="220" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCDFFEA0CF60F7307BBD046" box="[400,495,1828,1854]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">Celestus</emphasis>
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have (1) claw sheath, absent, (2) contact between the nasal and rostral scales, absent, (3) scales in contact with the nasal scale, four, (4) postnasal scales, one, (5) position of the nostril in the nasal scale, central, (6) keels on dorsal body scales, present or absent, (7) digits per limb, five, (8) longest toe lamellae, 10–23, (9) dorsal scale rows, 82–140, (10) relative head width, 11.8–20.0, (11) relative rostral height, 47.6–66.5, (12) relative frontonasal length, 2.12–3.94, (13) relative interparietal distance, 0–0.953, (14) relative axilla-groin distance, 60.9–66.3.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="52700B06FFCAFFED0DF10D3905F9D28B" blockId="20.[151,1436,1390,1523]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED0DF10D390776D2FF" bold="true" box="[151,290,1390,1415]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
Images of (A) live adult 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED0F4A0D3804B0D2FF" baseAuthorityName="Grant" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[556,740,1391,1415]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbouri">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED0F4A0D3804B0D2FF" box="[556,740,1391,1415]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Celestus barbouri</emphasis>
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(USNM 328151, SVL 78.4 mm), (B) live adult 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED09BB0D3803C8D2FF" baseAuthorityName="Garman" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[1245,1436,1391,1415]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crusculus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED09BB0D3803C8D2FF" box="[1245,1436,1391,1415]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Celestus crusculus</emphasis>
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(USNM 328170, SVL 45.3 mm), (C) live adult 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED0FE70DC40505D2D3" baseAuthorityName="Grant" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[641,849,1427,1451]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="duquesneyi">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED0FE70DC40505D2D3" box="[641,849,1427,1451]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Celestus duquesneyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (D) live juvenile 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED09690DC4029DD2D2" baseAuthorityName="Thomas &amp; Hedges" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[1039,1225,1427,1451]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED09690DC4029DD2D2" box="[1039,1225,1427,1451]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Celestus macrotus</emphasis>
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(ANSP 38506, SVL 42.1 mm), (E) 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED0C540DE0047ED2B7" baseAuthorityName="Underwood" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[306,554,1463,1487]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microblepharis">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED0C540DE0047ED2B7" box="[306,554,1463,1487]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Celestus microblepharis</emphasis>
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(MCZ R-55764, SVL 87.0 mm), and (F) 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED0EBA0DE002E3D2B7" baseAuthorityName="Grant" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[988,1207,1463,1487]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molesworthi">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED0EBA0DE002E3D2B7" box="[988,1207,1463,1487]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Celestus molesworthi</emphasis>
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(MCZ R-45184, SVL 85.0 mm). Photographs by Byron S. Wilson (C) and S. B. Hedges (all others).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="52700B06FFCAFFED0DA10E760735D040" blockId="20.[151,1437,1569,2027]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
From 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED0C6B0E760738D143" authority="Schools &amp; Hedges, 2021" authorityName="Schools &amp; Hedges" authorityYear="2021" box="[269,364,1569,1595]" class="Reptilia" family="Diploglossidae" genus="Advenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED0C6B0E760738D143" box="[269,364,1569,1595]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Advenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED0C130E7607B4D143" bold="true" box="[373,480,1569,1595]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7B886A6FFFCAFFED0C130E7607B4D143" box="[373,480,1569,1595]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, we distinguish 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED0FF80E7604A9D143" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[670,765,1569,1595]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED0FF80E7604A9D143" box="[670,765,1569,1595]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Celestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the claw sheath (absent versus its presence in 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED085B0E7603C8D143" authority="Schools &amp; Hedges, 2021" authorityName="Schools &amp; Hedges" authorityYear="2021" box="[1341,1436,1569,1595]" class="Reptilia" family="Diploglossidae" genus="Advenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED085B0E7603C8D143" box="[1341,1436,1569,1595]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Advenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED0DF10E120754D127" bold="true" box="[151,256,1605,1631]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7B886A6FFFCAFFED0DF10E120754D127" box="[151,256,1605,1631]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
) and the relative axilla-groin distance (60.9–66.3 versus 60.0). From 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED096B0E12022FD127" authority="Schools &amp; Hedges, 2021" authorityName="Schools &amp; Hedges" authorityYear="2021" box="[1037,1147,1605,1631]" class="Reptilia" family="Diploglossidae" genus="Caribicus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED096B0E12022FD127" box="[1037,1147,1605,1631]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Caribicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED09E40E1202BFD127" bold="true" box="[1154,1259,1605,1631]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7B886A6FFFCAFFED09E40E1202BFD127" box="[1154,1259,1605,1631]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, we distinguish 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED0DF10E3E06A2D1FB" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[151,246,1641,1667]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED0DF10E3E06A2D1FB" box="[151,246,1641,1667]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Celestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the relative axilla-groin distance (60.9–66.3 versus 67.1–69.1). From 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED097B0E3E02D5D1FB" authority="Schools &amp; Hedges, 2021" authorityName="Schools &amp; Hedges" authorityYear="2021" box="[1053,1153,1641,1667]" class="Reptilia" family="Diploglossidae" genus="Comptus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED097B0E3E02D5D1FB" box="[1053,1153,1641,1667]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Comptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED09E10E3E02BAD1FB" bold="true" box="[1159,1262,1641,1667]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7B886A6FFFCAFFED09E10E3E02BAD1FB" box="[1159,1262,1641,1667]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, we distinguish 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED0DF10EDA06A2D1DF" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[151,246,1677,1703]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED0DF10EDA06A2D1DF" box="[151,246,1677,1703]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Celestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the relative axilla-groin distance (60.9–66.3 versus 51.9–60.0). From 
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED09730EDA02C7D1DF" box="[1045,1171,1677,1703]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED09730EDA02C4D1DF" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[1045,1168,1677,1703]" class="Squamata" family="Diploglossidae" genus="Panolopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Panolopus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
we distinguish 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED085B0EDA03C8D1DF" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[1341,1436,1677,1703]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED085B0EDA03C8D1DF" box="[1341,1436,1677,1703]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Celestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the relative axilla-groin distance (60.9–66.3 versus 49.7–59.6). From 
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED0EB70EE6026DD1B3" box="[977,1081,1713,1739]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED0EB70EE60261D1B3" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1852" box="[977,1077,1713,1739]" class="Squamata" family="Diploglossidae" genus="Sauresia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sauresia</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
we distinguish 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED09880EE60319D1B3" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[1262,1357,1713,1739]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED09880EE60319D1B3" box="[1262,1357,1713,1739]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Celestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the claw sheath (absent versus its presence in 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED0F0A0E820499D197" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1852" box="[620,717,1749,1775]" class="Squamata" family="Diploglossidae" genus="Sauresia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED0F0A0E820499D197" box="[620,717,1749,1775]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Sauresia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and the digits per limb (five versus four). From 
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED09970E810321D197" box="[1265,1397,1750,1775]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED09970E810325D197" authorityName="Cochran" authorityYear="1927" box="[1265,1393,1750,1775]" class="Squamata" family="Diploglossidae" genus="Wetmorena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Wetmorena</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
we distinguish 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED0C7C0EAE072DD06B" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[282,377,1785,1811]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED0C7C0EAE072DD06B" box="[282,377,1785,1811]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Celestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the absences of the claw sheath (versus its presence in 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED09690EAD02D8D06B" authorityName="Cochran" authorityYear="1927" box="[1039,1164,1786,1811]" class="Squamata" family="Diploglossidae" genus="Wetmorena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED09690EAD02D8D06B" box="[1039,1164,1786,1811]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Wetmorena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and the digits per limb (five versus four).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="52700B06FFCAFFED0DA10F1602D2D007" blockId="20.[151,1437,1569,2027]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED0DA10F16077BD023" bold="true" box="[199,303,1857,1883]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Content.</emphasis>
Eleven species (
<tableCitation id="1F4D3EBDFFCAFFED0C8F0F160414D023" box="[489,576,1857,1883]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="14.[151,239,1291,1315]" captionTargetBox="[163,1425,1404,2011]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="TABLE 3. Classification and distribution of lizards of the family Diploglossidae (55 species). For common names we use modifying words from literature sources, in some cases modified for consistency following guidelines (Hedges et al. 2019). The IUCN Redlist threat status is indicated in parentheses (NA = not assessed)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/06B05B8EFFD0FFF70DF10D5C0264D214" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" tableUuid="06B05B8EFFD0FFF70DF10D5C0264D214">Table 3</tableCitation>
): 
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED0F300F160587D007" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED0F300F160576D023" baseAuthorityName="Grant" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[598,802,1857,1883]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbouri">Celestus barbouri</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED0E4B0F1605E8D023" baseAuthorityName="Garman" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[813,956,1857,1883]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crusculus">C. crusculus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED0EA10F16023DD023" baseAuthorityName="Grant" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[967,1129,1857,1883]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="duquesneyi">C. duquesneyi</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED09120F1602B2D023" baseAuthorityName="Schwartz" baseAuthorityYear="1971" box="[1140,1254,1857,1883]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fowleri">C. fowleri</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED09970F160323D023" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[1265,1399,1857,1883]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hewardii">C. hewardii</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED08E50F160741D007" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1845" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">C. macrolepis</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED0C470F3207FFD007" baseAuthorityName="Thomas &amp; Hedges" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[289,427,1893,1919]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotus">C. macrotus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED0CD00F3204D0D007" baseAuthorityName="Underwood" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[438,644,1893,1919]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microblepharis">C. microblepharis</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED0FE90F320569D007" baseAuthorityName="Grant" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[655,829,1893,1919]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molesworthi">C. molesworthi</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED0E2E0F32059BD007" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[840,975,1893,1919]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occiduus">C. occiduus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED096C0F3202D2D007" box="[1034,1158,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED096C0F3202D7D007" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[1034,1155,1893,1919]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">C. striatus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1AD5588DFFCAFFED0DA10FDE0416D093" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="52700B06FFCAFFED0DA10FDE0416D093" blockId="20.[151,1437,1569,2027]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED0DA10FDE0735D0DB" bold="true" box="[199,353,1929,1955]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED0C0F0FDE079CD0DB" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[361,456,1929,1955]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED0C0F0FDE079CD0DB" box="[361,456,1929,1955]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Celestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs almost entirely on 
<collectingCountry id="2AD84B96FFCAFFED0F9C0FDE0503D0DB" box="[762,855,1929,1955]" name="Jamaica" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
, with a single species (
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED09040FDE02B8D0DB" baseAuthorityName="Thomas &amp; Hedges" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[1122,1260,1929,1955]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED09040FDE02B8D0DB" box="[1122,1260,1929,1955]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">C. macrotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) on Hispaniola (
<figureCitation id="CAF41783FFCAFFED0DC60FFA06A0D0BF" box="[160,244,1965,1991]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="25.[151,250,712,736]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,689]" captionTargetId="figure-17@25.[151,1436,181,689]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 14. The distribution of Celestus in Jamaica and Haiti." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4775487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4775487/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
). The map does not include the distributions of 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED0E7C0FFA05A8D0BF" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[794,1020,1965,1991]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED0E7C0FFA05A8D0BF" box="[794,1020,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Celestus macrolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCAFFED09500FFA02F9D0BF" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[1078,1197,1965,1991]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCAFFED09500FFA02F9D0BF" box="[1078,1197,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">C. striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which are unknown other than being restricted to 
<collectingCountry id="2AD84B96FFCAFFED0C860F86046AD093" box="[480,574,2001,2027]" name="Jamaica" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="06B05B8EFFCBFFEC0DF10F56075CD019" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4775479" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4775479" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4775479/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" startId="21.[151,250,1793,1817]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1769]" targetPageId="21">
<paragraph id="52700B06FFCBFFEC0DF10F56075CD019" blockId="21.[151,1436,1793,1889]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCBFFEC0DF10F560775D061" bold="true" box="[151,289,1793,1817]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
(A–H) 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCBFFEC0C100F560475D061" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[374,545,1793,1817]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCBFFEC0C100F560475D061" box="[374,545,1793,1817]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Celestus striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BMNH 1946.8.8.3, holotype), SVL 145 mm. White lines in (D) depict outline of a single large frontonasal scale missing, and dashed lines depict pseudosutures in the underlying integument. Photographs by S. B. Hedges.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="1AD5588DFFCBFFEC0DA10FC7023FD0B6" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="52700B06FFCBFFEC0DA10FC7023FD0B6" blockId="21.[151,1437,1935,2034]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCBFFEC0DA10FC7071AD0D2" bold="true" box="[199,334,1936,1962]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Etymology.</emphasis>
Not defined in the original description, but a masculine noun probably from the Latin 
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCBFFEC085A0FD803C8D0D1" box="[1340,1436,1935,1961]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">caelestis</emphasis>
(heavenly), in reference to the “silvery” color of the 
<typeStatus id="8D74B5A4FFCBFFEC0F850FE30547D0B6" box="[739,787,1972,1998]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">type</typeStatus>
species noted by 
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFCBFFEC0EBC0FE30233D0B6" author="Gray, J. E." box="[986,1127,1972,1998]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" pagination="331 - 337" refId="ref22745" refString="Gray, J. E. (1839) Catalogue of the slender-tongued saurians, with descriptions of many new genera and species. Annals &amp; Magazine of Natural History, Series 1, 2 (11), 331 - 337. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933909512395" type="journal article" year="1839">Gray (1839)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1AD5588DFFCBFFE00DA10F8F07C1D1A9" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="226" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="52700B06FFCBFFEF0DA10F8F05C1D61E" blockId="21.[151,1437,1935,2034]" lastBlockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="223" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCBFFEC0DA10F8F076FD08A" bold="true" box="[199,315,2008,2034]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFCBFFEC0C270F8007F4D089" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[321,416,2007,2033]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFCBFFEC0C270F8007F4D089" box="[321,416,2007,2033]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Celestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a monophyletic clade that has a support value of 100% in Bayesian and ML analyses (
<figureCitation id="CAF41783FFCBFFEF08090F8006FCD7C9" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1748,1772]" captionTargetBox="[175,1412,181,1725]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[175,1412,181,1725]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree of diploglossid lizards based on sequences of nine genes: four mitochondrial genes (CytB, ND2, 12S rRNA, and 16S rRNA) and five nuclear genes (AMEL, BDNF, PLPR, RAG1, and ZFP36). Maximum likelihood tree obtained from the nine-gene dataset (59 individuals; 6,949 sites).A scale bar indicates 5% sequence divergence. The numbers at nodes are ML bootstrap values, followed by Bayesian posterior probabilities; asterisks indicate significant (≥ 95%) support, and a dash or zero value indicates weak (&lt;50%) support. The tree is rooted with Pseudopus apodus (Anguidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4775446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4775446/files/figure.png" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="223" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Our phylogenies include five of the eleven species of 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0E7008C00521D7C9" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[790,885,151,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0E7008C00521D7C9" box="[790,885,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Celestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0EE308C00775D7AD" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0EE308C00205D7C9" baseAuthorityName="Grant" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[901,1105,151,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbouri">Celestus barbouri</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF093B08C002BFD7C9" baseAuthorityName="Garman" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[1117,1259,151,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crusculus">C. crusculus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF099108C003CCD7C9" baseAuthorityName="Grant" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[1271,1432,151,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="duquesneyi">C. duquesneyi</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0DF108EC0748D7AD" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[151,284,187,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hewardii">C. hewardii</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0C3008EC0789D7AC" baseAuthorityName="Thomas &amp; Hedges" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[342,477,187,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0C3008EC0789D7AC" box="[342,477,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">C. macrotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Our trees show that the two subspecies of 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0EAE08EC02CCD7AD" baseAuthorityName="Garman" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[968,1176,187,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crusculus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0EAE08EC02CCD7AD" box="[968,1176,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Celestus crusculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF09CE08EC0319D7AD" box="[1192,1357,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">
C. 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF09AE08EC0319D7AD" baseAuthorityName="Garman" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[1224,1357,187,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crusculus">c. crusculus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF08E508EC075BD781" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">C. c. cundalli</emphasis>
) are not related, indicating that 
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0F1B0888048DD781" box="[637,729,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">cundalli</emphasis>
warrants species recognition (Schools &amp; Hedges, unpubl.). In addition, 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0C6609540414D665" authority="crusculus" box="[256,576,259,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="crusculus" subSpecies="crusculus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0C6609540414D665" box="[256,576,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Celestus crusculus crusculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not monophyletic and includes populations with deep divergences (3.7–6.7 Mya; 
<figureCitation id="CAF41783FFC8FFEF0DBF09700749D639" box="[217,285,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1680,1704]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-26@10.[152,1436,181,1656]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Timetree of Diploglossidae based on sequences of nine genes: four mitochondrial genes (CytB, ND2, 12S rRNA, and 16S rRNA) and five nuclear genes (AMEL, BDNF, PLPR, RAG1, and ZFP36). Nodes show divergence times in millions of years. A scale bar indicates time (6 million years ago, Mya). We show Bayesian credibility ranges as gray bars at nodes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4775450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4775450/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). These results, together with other molecular and morphological data, indicate that the genus 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF085B097003C8D639" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[1341,1436,295,321]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF085B097003C8D639" box="[1341,1436,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Celestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
includes at least six additional species (Schools &amp; Hedges, unpubl.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="52700B06FFC8FFEF0DA1093804C4D5D1" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">
The origin and classification of 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0F53093804A5D6F0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[565,753,367,393]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0F53093804A5D6F0" box="[565,753,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Celestus striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the type species of the genus, are unresolved, even though the original describer indicated a general locality “West Indies” (
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC8FFEF0EE509C40255D6D5" author="Gray, J. E." box="[899,1025,402,429]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" refId="ref22798" refString="Gray, J. E. (1845) Catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collections of the British Museum. British Museum, London, xxvii + 289 pp." type="book" year="1845">Gray 1845</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC8FFEF097609C4029ED6D5" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[1040,1226,402,429]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" refId="ref21251" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1885) Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum. Vol. 2. Taylor &amp; Francis, London, 497 pp." type="book" year="1885">Boulenger 1885</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC8FFEF098609C403C8D6D6" author="Schwartz, A." box="[1248,1436,403,430]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" pagination="1 - 57" refId="ref24915" refString="Schwartz, A. (1964) Diploglossus costatus Cope (Sauria, Anguidae) and its relatives in Hispaniola. Reading Public Museum and Art Gallery, 13, 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1964">Schwartz (1964)</bibRefCitation>
examined photographs of the type of 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0F2A09E0055CD6A8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[588,776,439,465]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0F2A09E0055CD6A8" box="[588,776,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Celestus striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and concluded that it was not from the Caribbean based on its large size (
<quantity id="9537A6E3FFC8FFEF0C3C098D07EDD68D" box="[346,441,474,501]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" unit="mm" value="145.0">145 mm</quantity>
SVL), low midbody scale count (41) and, that it had three prefrontal scales—this latter condition being virtually unknown among West Indian taxa. 
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC8FFEF0E5609A80238D561" author="Strahm, M. H. &amp; Schwartz, A." box="[816,1132,511,537]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" pagination="58 - 72" refId="ref25519" refString="Strahm, M. H. &amp; Schwartz, A. (1977) Osteoderms in the anguid lizard subfamily Diploglossinae and their taxonomic importance. Biotropica, 9, 58 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2387862" type="journal article" year="1977">Strahm and Schwartz (1977)</bibRefCitation>
“provisionally” considered 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0DF10A74075FD544" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[151,267,547,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0DF10A74075FD544" box="[151,267,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">C. striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be Central American based on its unusual scalation. 
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC8FFEF0E140A740206D545" author="Savage, J. M. &amp; Lips, K. R. &amp; Ibanez, D." box="[882,1106,547,573]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" pagination="845 - 859" refId="ref24829" refString="Savage, J. M., Lips, K. R. &amp; Ibanez, D. (2008) A new species of Celestus from west-central Panama, with consideration of the status of the genera of the Anguidae: Diploglossinae (Squamata). Revista de Biologia Tropical, 56, 845 - 859." type="journal article" year="2008">
Savage 
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0EAF0A740255D545" box="[969,1025,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
(2008)
</bibRefCitation>
did not examine the 
<typeStatus id="8D74B5A4FFC8FFEF085C0A7403C8D545" box="[1338,1436,547,573]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0DD00A100724D518" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[182,368,583,609]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0DD00A100724D518" box="[182,368,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Celestus striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but followed 
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC8FFEF0F680A10048FD51A" author="Schwartz, A." box="[526,731,583,610]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" pagination="1 - 57" refId="ref24915" refString="Schwartz, A. (1964) Diploglossus costatus Cope (Sauria, Anguidae) and its relatives in Hispaniola. Reading Public Museum and Art Gallery, 13, 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1964">Schwartz’s (1964)</bibRefCitation>
characterization of its head scalation (one frontonasal and two prefrontals in the terminology of Savage 
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0F020A3C04C1D5FD" box="[612,661,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">et al</emphasis>
.). However they did not readily accept a Central American origin for 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0DF10AD80758D5D0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[151,268,655,681]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0DF10AD80758D5D0" box="[151,268,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">C. striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, leaving its provenance a mystery.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="52700B06FFC8FFEF0DA10AE40571D4B1" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">
One of us (S.B.H.) examined the 
<typeStatus id="8D74B5A4FFC8FFEF0F270AE40425D5B5" box="[577,625,691,717]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">type</typeStatus>
specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0E6F0AE40597D5B4" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[777,963,691,717]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0E6F0AE40597D5B4" box="[777,963,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Celestus striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Natural History Museum (London) and found that it is missing the frontonasal scale (
<figureCitation id="CAF41783FFC8FFEF0FDA0A800558D589" box="[700,780,727,753]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1793,1817]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-17@21.[151,1436,181,1769]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 11. (A–H) Celestus striatus (BMNH 1946.8.8.3, holotype), SVL 145 mm. White lines in (D) depict outline of a single large frontonasal scale missing, and dashed lines depict pseudosutures in the underlying integument. Photographs by S. B. Hedges." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4775479" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4775479/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). Instead, the underlying integument shows pseudosutures, which apparently led Schwartz to conclude, based on only a photograph, that there were three scales present instead of one, an easy error to make. We have available the photograph used by Schwartz and it shows the same pseudosutures, confirming that the specimen is missing the frontonasal scale. 
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC8FFEF09470B1402B1D425" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[1057,1253,834,861]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" refId="ref21251" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1885) Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum. Vol. 2. Taylor &amp; Francis, London, 497 pp." type="book" year="1885">Boulenger (1885</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 16, fig. 1a) illustrated that specimen showing a single large frontonasal scale, apparently before it fell off. Now, with this correction, the head scalation is consistent with the notation by 
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC8FFEF0E090BDC05AED4DD" author="Gray, J. E." box="[879,1018,906,933]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" refId="ref22798" refString="Gray, J. E. (1845) Catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collections of the British Museum. British Museum, London, xxvii + 289 pp." type="book" year="1845">Gray (1845)</bibRefCitation>
that the specimen is from the “West Indies,” where a single large frontonasal scale is common.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="52700B06FFC8FFEF0DA10B84032BD3BD" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0DA10B8407D4D494" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[199,384,979,1005]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0DA10B8407D4D494" box="[199,384,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Celestus striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has all three diagnostic characters of the subfamily 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0EA60B840261D495" authorityName="Schools &amp; Hedges" authorityYear="2021" box="[960,1077,979,1005]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Celestinae">Celestinae</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="1F4D3EBDFFC8FFEF09240B8402CDD495" box="[1090,1177,979,1005]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,239,1340,1364]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 2. Taxonomic summary of diagnostic morphological variation for lizards of the family Diploglossidae. We show sample sizes along with diagnostic characteristics used to distinguish the genera and subfamilies. The traits are: (1) claw sheath, (2) contact between the nasal and rostral scales, (3) scales in contact with the nasal scale, (4) postnasal scales, (5) position of the nostril in the nasal scale, (6) medial keel on dorsal body scales, (7) digits per limb, (8) longest toe lamellae, (9) dorsal scale rows, (10) relative head width, (11) relative rostral height, (12) relative frontonasal length, (13) relative interparietal distance, and (14) relative axilla-groin distance. Abbreviations: a (absent), c (central), n/a (not applicable), p (present), and po (posterior). Traits only from literature sources have an asterisk (*) in the sample size column. A dash indicates that no value was obtained for that trait." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/06B05B8EFFDAFFFD0DF10D6B04F3D128" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" tableUuid="06B05B8EFFDAFFFD0DF10D6B04F3D128">Table 2</tableCitation>
). Within the 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF084E0B8403C9D495" authority="Caribicus" authorityName="Schools &amp; Hedges" authorityYear="2021" box="[1320,1437,979,1005]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Celestinae">Celestinae</taxonomicName>
it differs from 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0C5D0BA007CED369" authority="Caribicus" authorityName="Schools &amp; Hedges" authorityYear="2021" box="[315,410,1015,1041]" class="Reptilia" family="Diploglossidae" genus="Advenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0C5D0BA007CED369" box="[315,410,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Advenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in lacking a claw sheath. Also, its combination of large size (
<quantity id="9537A6E3FFC8FFEF092F0BA102E9D369" box="[1097,1213,1014,1041]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4449999999999998" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" unit="mm" value="144.5">144.5 mm</quantity>
SVL), high relative axilla-groin distance (89.0 mm = 61.6%), low midbody scale count, and high number of toe lamellae distinguish it from all genera in the family except 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0F520C6804C7D321" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[564,659,1087,1113]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0F520C6804C7D321" box="[564,659,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Celestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is restricted to 
<collectingCountry id="2AD84B96FFC8FFEF0EF30C6805BBD321" box="[917,1007,1087,1113]" name="Jamaica" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
and Hispaniola. The single species of 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0DF10C3406A2D305" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[151,246,1123,1149]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0DF10C3406A2D305" box="[151,246,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Celestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Hispaniola, 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0CC60C340473D304" baseAuthorityName="Thomas &amp; Hedges" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[416,551,1123,1149]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0CC60C340473D304" box="[416,551,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">C. macrotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, differs in many ways from 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0E040C340582D304" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[866,982,1123,1149]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0E040C340582D304" box="[866,982,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">C. striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="1F4D3EBDFFC8FFEF0E820C34026DD305" box="[996,1081,1123,1149]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,239,1340,1364]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 2. Taxonomic summary of diagnostic morphological variation for lizards of the family Diploglossidae. We show sample sizes along with diagnostic characteristics used to distinguish the genera and subfamilies. The traits are: (1) claw sheath, (2) contact between the nasal and rostral scales, (3) scales in contact with the nasal scale, (4) postnasal scales, (5) position of the nostril in the nasal scale, (6) medial keel on dorsal body scales, (7) digits per limb, (8) longest toe lamellae, (9) dorsal scale rows, (10) relative head width, (11) relative rostral height, (12) relative frontonasal length, (13) relative interparietal distance, and (14) relative axilla-groin distance. Abbreviations: a (absent), c (central), n/a (not applicable), p (present), and po (posterior). Traits only from literature sources have an asterisk (*) in the sample size column. A dash indicates that no value was obtained for that trait." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/06B05B8EFFDAFFFD0DF10D6B04F3D128" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" tableUuid="06B05B8EFFDAFFFD0DF10D6B04F3D128">Table 2</tableCitation>
) and therefore 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF09850C3403C8D304" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[1251,1436,1123,1149]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF09850C3403C8D304" box="[1251,1436,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Celestus striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most likely a Jamaican species, which also makes sense from historical considerations, in that 
<collectingCountry id="2AD84B96FFC8FFEF09820CD0036AD3D9" box="[1252,1342,1159,1185]" name="Jamaica" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
was the major British colony in the West Indies and source of BMNH herpetological specimens in the early 19 
<superScript id="A5BAA64EFFC8FFEF08740CFD034BD3C0" attach="left" box="[1298,1311,1194,1208]" fontSize="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">th</superScript>
century.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="52700B06FFC8FFEF0DA10C9807F9D171" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC8FFEF0DA10C98072CD391" author="Barbour, T." box="[199,376,1231,1257]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" pagination="273 - 301" refId="ref21018" refString="Barbour, T. (1910) Notes on the herpetology of Jamaica. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 52, 273 - 301." type="journal article" year="1910">Barbour (1910)</bibRefCitation>
is one of the few researchers, besides us, to have considered that 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF09E70C98036BD390" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[1153,1343,1231,1257]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF09E70C98036BD390" box="[1153,1343,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Celestus striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is from 
<collectingCountry id="2AD84B96FFC8FFEF0DF10CA406A1D275" box="[151,245,1267,1293]" name="Jamaica" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
. He placed that species and 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0F5C0CA40494D275" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[570,704,1267,1293]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hewardii">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0F5C0CA40494D275" box="[570,704,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">C. hewardii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the synonymy of the Jamaican species 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF09C30CA4037FD275" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[1189,1323,1267,1293]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occiduus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF09C30CA4037FD275" box="[1189,1323,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">C. occiduus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Both are diagnosable from 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0C060D4007B1D249" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[352,485,1303,1329]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occiduus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0C060D4007B1D249" box="[352,485,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">C. occiduus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and most authors since have treated 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0EE30D40025CD249" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[901,1032,1303,1329]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hewardii">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0EE30D40025CD249" box="[901,1032,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">C. hewardii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a distinct species. However, after the status of 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0C4C0D6C07F4D22C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[298,416,1339,1365]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0C4C0D6C07F4D22C" box="[298,416,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">C. striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was placed in limbo following confusion over the frontonasal scale (
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC8FFEF09D10D6C0331D22E" author="Schwartz, A." box="[1207,1381,1339,1366]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" pagination="1 - 57" refId="ref24915" refString="Schwartz, A. (1964) Diploglossus costatus Cope (Sauria, Anguidae) and its relatives in Hispaniola. Reading Public Museum and Art Gallery, 13, 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1964">Schwartz 1964</bibRefCitation>
), the species became forgotten and was not listed in any major checklist or synthesis of West Indian herpetology, even as a synonym (
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC8FFEF0C460DD4041DD2E5" author="Schwartz, A. &amp; Thomas, R." box="[288,585,1410,1437]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" pagination="1 - 216" refId="ref25192" refString="Schwartz, A. &amp; Thomas, R. (1975) A check-list of West Indian amphibians and reptiles Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication, 1, 1 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.199" type="journal article" year="1975">Schwartz &amp; Thomas 1975</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC8FFEF0F320DD405CFD2E5" author="Schwartz, A. &amp; Henderson, R. W." box="[596,923,1411,1437]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" pagination="1 - 264" refId="ref25063" refString="Schwartz, A. &amp; Henderson, R. W. (1988) West Indian amphibians and reptiles: a check-list. Milwaukee Public Museum Contributions to Biology and Geology, 74, 1 - 264." type="journal article" year="1988">Schwartz &amp; Henderson 1988</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC8FFEF0EC10DD405B6D2E5" author="Schwartz, A. &amp; Henderson, R. W." box="[935,994,1411,1437]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" refId="ref25101" refString="Schwartz, A. &amp; Henderson, R. W. (1991) Amphibians and reptiles of the West Indies: descriptions, distributions, and natural history. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida, 720 pp." type="book" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC8FFEF0E880DD40375D2E5" author="Henderson, R. W. &amp; Powell, R." box="[1006,1313,1411,1437]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" refId="ref23573" refString="Henderson, R. W. &amp; Powell, R. (2009) Natural history of West Indian amphibians and reptiles. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 495 pp." type="book" year="2009">Henderson &amp; Powell, 2009</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC8FFEF084B0DD406A3D2B9" author="Hedges, S. B. &amp; Powell, R. &amp; Henderson, R. W. &amp; Hanson, S. &amp; Murphy, J. C." pageId="22" pageNumber="223" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref23400" refString="Hedges, S. B., Powell, R., Henderson, R. W., Hanson, S. &amp; Murphy, J. C. (2019) Definition of the Caribbean Islands biogeographic region, with checklist and recommendations for standardized common names of amphibians and reptiles. Caribbean Herpetology, 67, 1 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.31611 / ch. 67" type="journal article" year="2019">
Hedges 
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF08EE0DD406F9D2B9" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">et al</emphasis>
. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
). The Reptile Database (
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC8FFEF0F640DF004E1D2B9" author="Uetz, P. &amp; Freed, P. &amp; Hosek, J." box="[514,693,1447,1473]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" refId="ref25831" refString="Uetz, P., Freed, P. &amp; Hosek, J. (2020) The Reptile Database. Available from: http: // www. reptile-database. org (accessed 21 October 2020)" type="url" year="2020">
Uetz 
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0F590DF0043AD2B9" box="[575,622,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">et al</emphasis>
. 2020
</bibRefCitation>
) lists it as a synonym of the Hispaniolan species 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF09AB0DF003C1D2B8" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[1229,1429,1447,1473]" class="Reptilia" family="Diploglossidae" genus="Comptus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stenurus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF09AB0DF003C1D2B8" box="[1229,1429,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Comptus stenurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from which it differs in many ways, as noted above. Also, 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0E560D9C05BFD29C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[816,1003,1483,1509]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0E560D9C05BFD29C" box="[816,1003,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Celestus striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an older name so it should not be a synonym of that species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="52700B06FFC8FFEF0DA10E440239D009" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0DA10E4407D7D154" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[199,387,1555,1581]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0DA10E4407D7D154" box="[199,387,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Celestus striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from all other species in the genus by a combination of its large size, lack of a claw sheath, absence of a median keel on the dorsal scales, a high number of toe lamellae (24–26), a rounded tail (not laterally flattened as in 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0CF80E0C0477D10D" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[414,547,1627,1653]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occiduus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0CF80E0C0477D10D" box="[414,547,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">C. occiduus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and a pale (golden) coloration noted when it was described. The head shape is unusually flattened and the snout acuminate from above, resembling the head of the arboreal Jamaican species 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF08E50E2806B2D1C5" baseAuthorityName="Schwartz" baseAuthorityYear="1971" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fowleri">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF08E50E2806B2D1C5" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">C. fowleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. That species differs from 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0F680EF404D6D1C4" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[526,642,1699,1725]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0F680EF404D6D1C4" box="[526,642,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">C. striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having a claw sheath but both are similar in their low midbody scale count and high number of toe lamellae, suggesting that they might be related and that 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF09070E900282D198" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[1121,1238,1735,1761]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF09070E900282D198" box="[1121,1238,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">C. striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might be another arboreal species. Presumably, the introduction of the mongoose to 
<collectingCountry id="2AD84B96FFC8FFEF0EED0EBC05B1D07D" box="[907,997,1771,1797]" name="Jamaica" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
in 1872 (
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC8FFEF09350EBC0319D07D" author="Hedges, S. B. &amp; Conn, C. E." box="[1107,1357,1771,1797]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" pagination="1 - 244" refId="ref23100" refString="Hedges, S. B. &amp; Conn, C. E. (2012) A new skink fauna from Caribbean islands (Squamata, Mabuyidae, Mabuyinae). Zootaxa, 3288 (1), 1 - 244. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3288.1.1" type="journal article" year="2012">Hedges &amp; Conn 2012</bibRefCitation>
) either severely decimated 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0C100F5807B8D050" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[374,492,1807,1833]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0C100F5807B8D050" box="[374,492,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">C. striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or caused it to go extinct. This is not unexpected considering that another Jamaican species, 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0D910F640729D035" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[247,381,1843,1869]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occiduus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0D910F640729D035" box="[247,381,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">C. occiduus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, has not been seen since the 19 
<superScript id="A5BAA64EFFC8FFEF0F850F6504A4D038" attach="left" box="[739,752,1842,1856]" fontSize="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">th</superScript>
century, and several other Jamaican species are exceedingly rare, all attributed to the mongoose introduction (
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC8FFEF0FDB0F000509D009" author="Barbour, T." box="[701,861,1879,1905]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" pagination="273 - 301" refId="ref21018" refString="Barbour, T. (1910) Notes on the herpetology of Jamaica. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 52, 273 - 301." type="journal article" year="1910">Barbour 1910</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC8FFEF0E0F0F000235D009" author="Hedges, S. B. &amp; Conn, C. E." box="[873,1121,1879,1905]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" pagination="1 - 244" refId="ref23100" refString="Hedges, S. B. &amp; Conn, C. E. (2012) A new skink fauna from Caribbean islands (Squamata, Mabuyidae, Mabuyinae). Zootaxa, 3288 (1), 1 - 244. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3288.1.1" type="journal article" year="2012">Hedges &amp; Conn 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="52700B06FFC8FFE00DA10F2C07B8D379" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="25.[151,1437,783,1745]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="226" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">
We also recognize 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC8FFEF0CFA0F2C042AD0ED" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[412,638,1915,1941]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC8FFEF0CFA0F2C042AD0ED" box="[412,638,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Celestus macrolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a valid species. It was given that name because of the presence of a large, seven-sided frontonasal scale purportedly representing the unusual fusion of the internasals and frontonasal (
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC8FFEF0DF90F940748D0A5" author="Gray, J. E." box="[159,284,1986,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" refId="ref22798" refString="Gray, J. E. (1845) Catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collections of the British Museum. British Museum, London, xxvii + 289 pp." type="book" year="1845">Gray 1845</bibRefCitation>
). One of us (S.B.H.) examined the 
<typeStatus id="8D74B5A4FFC8FFEF0FC30F940553D0A5" box="[677,775,1987,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and it has the normal seven-sided frontonasal, not fused to the internasals (
<figureCitation id="CAF41783FFC7FFE00C2E0B5807CFD451" box="[328,411,783,809]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[244,1344,182,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-17@23.[244,1344,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 12. (A–G) Celestus macrolepis (BMNH 1946.8.3.82, holotype), SVL 248 mm. Photographs by S. B. Hedges." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4775481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4775481/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). The two (normal) pairs of internasals are present. The specimen agrees in other important details with the description by Gray, including its unique bi-colored pattern (see below), so there is no doubt that it is the same specimen that he described. Because the enlarged, seven-sided frontonasal of 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC7FFE009130B000280D409" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[1141,1236,855,881]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC7FFE009130B000280D409" box="[1141,1236,855,881]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Celestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unusual among lizards, it was an easy error to make. 
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC7FFE00F530B2C04AFD4EE" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[565,763,891,918]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" refId="ref21251" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1885) Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum. Vol. 2. Taylor &amp; Francis, London, 497 pp." type="book" year="1885">Boulenger (1885)</bibRefCitation>
placed 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC7FFE00E340B2C0266D4ED" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[850,1074,891,917]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC7FFE00E340B2C0266D4ED" box="[850,1074,891,917]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Celestus macrolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the synonymy of 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC7FFE0087E0B2C03C9D4ED" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[1304,1437,891,917]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occiduus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC7FFE0087E0B2C03C9D4ED" box="[1304,1437,891,917]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">C. occiduus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and it has been largely forgotten for 136 years. Neither 
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC7FFE00E780BC8059CD4C1" author="Barbour, T." box="[798,968,927,953]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" pagination="273 - 301" refId="ref21018" refString="Barbour, T. (1910) Notes on the herpetology of Jamaica. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 52, 273 - 301." type="journal article" year="1910">Barbour (1910</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC7FFE00EB00BC8025BD4C1" author="Barbour, T." box="[982,1039,927,953]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" pagination="209 - 359" refId="ref21046" refString="Barbour, T. (1914) A contribution to the zoogeography of the West Indies, with special reference to amphibians and reptiles. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 44, 209 - 359, 201 pls. [includes 207 foldout tables] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49187" type="journal article" year="1914">1914</bibRefCitation>
) nor 
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC7FFE009360BC802A4D4C1" author="Grant, C." box="[1104,1264,927,953]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" pagination="61 - 148" refId="ref22482" refString="Grant, C. (1940 a) II. The reptiles. In: Lynn, W. G. &amp; Grant, C. (Eds.), The Herpetology of Jamaica. The Institute of Jamaica, Kingston, pp. 61 - 148." type="book chapter" year="1940">Grant (1940a)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned the species, but its position as a synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC7FFE00F080B94056ED4A5" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[622,826,963,989]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occiduus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC7FFE00F080B94056ED4A5" box="[622,826,963,989]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Celestus occiduus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was noted more recently (
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC7FFE0090F0B9403C3D4A6" author="Schwartz, A. &amp; Thomas, R." box="[1129,1431,963,990]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" pagination="1 - 216" refId="ref25192" refString="Schwartz, A. &amp; Thomas, R. (1975) A check-list of West Indian amphibians and reptiles Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication, 1, 1 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.199" type="journal article" year="1975">Schwartz &amp; Thomas 1975</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC7FFE00DF10BB0078BD379" author="Schwartz, A. &amp; Henderson, R. W." box="[151,479,999,1025]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" pagination="1 - 264" refId="ref25063" refString="Schwartz, A. &amp; Henderson, R. W. (1988) West Indian amphibians and reptiles: a check-list. Milwaukee Public Museum Contributions to Biology and Geology, 74, 1 - 264." type="journal article" year="1988">Schwartz &amp; Henderson 1988</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="06B05B8EFFC9FFEE0DF10FC00300D0C8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4775481" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4775481" box="[151,1364,1943,1968]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4775481/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" startId="23.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[244,1344,182,1920]" targetPageId="23">
<paragraph id="52700B06FFC9FFEE0DF10FC00300D0C8" blockId="23.[151,1364,1943,1968]" box="[151,1364,1943,1968]" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC9FFEE0DF10FC00774D0D7" bold="true" box="[151,288,1943,1967]" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
(A–G) 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC9FFEE0C090FCF046FD0C8" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[367,571,1944,1968]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC9FFEE0C090FCF046FD0C8" box="[367,571,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">Celestus macrolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BMNH 1946.8.3.82, holotype), SVL 248 mm. Photographs by S. B. Hedges.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="06B05B8EFFC6FFE10DF10FC0034FD0C8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4775485" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4775485" box="[151,1307,1943,1968]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4775485/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" startId="24.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[197,1389,182,1920]" targetPageId="24">
<paragraph id="52700B06FFC6FFE10DF10FC0034FD0C8" blockId="24.[151,1307,1943,1968]" box="[151,1307,1943,1968]" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC6FFE10DF10FC00774D0D7" bold="true" box="[151,288,1943,1967]" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
(A–F) 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC6FFE10C0C0FCF0474D0C8" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[362,544,1944,1968]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occiduus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC6FFE10C0C0FCF0474D0C8" box="[362,544,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Celestus occiduus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BMNH XV.118A, holotype) from Jamaica. Photographs by S. B. Hedges.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="06B05B8EFFC7FFE00DF10A9F0549D598" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4775487" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4775487" box="[151,797,712,736]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4775487/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" startId="25.[151,250,712,736]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,689]" targetPageId="25">
<paragraph id="52700B06FFC7FFE00DF10A9F0549D598" blockId="25.[151,797,712,736]" box="[151,797,712,736]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC7FFE00DF10A9F0774D598" bold="true" box="[151,288,712,736]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
The distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC7FFE00C8C0A9F0414D598" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[490,576,712,736]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC7FFE00C8C0A9F0414D598" box="[490,576,712,736]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Celestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Jamaica and Haiti.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="52700B06FFC7FFE00DA10C5C073AD23D" blockId="25.[151,1437,783,1745]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
The 
<typeStatus id="8D74B5A4FFC7FFE00D9F0C5C070FD35D" box="[249,347,1035,1061]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC7FFE00C180C5C040AD35D" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[382,606,1035,1061]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC7FFE00C180C5C040AD35D" box="[382,606,1035,1061]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Celestus macrolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="CAF41783FFC7FFE00F0B0C5C04EBD35D" box="[621,703,1035,1061]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[244,1344,182,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-17@23.[244,1344,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 12. (A–G) Celestus macrolepis (BMNH 1946.8.3.82, holotype), SVL 248 mm. Photographs by S. B. Hedges." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4775481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4775481/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
), 
<quantity id="9537A6E3FFC7FFE00FB50C5C057BD35D" box="[723,815,1035,1061]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.48" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" unit="mm" value="248.0">248 mm</quantity>
SVL, is surprisingly distinct from the similarly sized 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC7FFE008E50C5C06AFD331" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occiduus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC7FFE008E50C5C06AFD331" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">C. occiduus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It has a shorter, almost beak-like, snout and is mostly dark brown anteriorly (above and below) and paler posteriorly. The transition between the two colors is patch-like rather than gradual. A distinctive feature of scalation, noted by 
<bibRefCitation id="365E76F7FFC7FFE00C620C2007C6D3EA" author="Gray, J. E." box="[260,402,1143,1170]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" refId="ref22798" refString="Gray, J. E. (1845) Catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collections of the British Museum. British Museum, London, xxvii + 289 pp." type="book" year="1845">Gray (1845)</bibRefCitation>
, is that the subocular scale is much smaller than in 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC7FFE00E8F0C2002E1D3E9" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[1001,1205,1143,1169]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occiduus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC7FFE00E8F0C2002E1D3E9" box="[1001,1205,1143,1169]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Celestus occiduus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(and other species), barely pointed at the bottom, and does not protrude into the supralabial row. 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC7FFE00E9C0CCC0291D3CD" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[1018,1221,1179,1205]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occiduus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC7FFE00E9C0CCC0291D3CD" box="[1018,1221,1179,1205]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Celestus occiduus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a longer, more normal and slightly depressed (not beak-like) snout and a considerably larger subocular that protrudes into the supralabial scales. Other aspects of the head scalation also differ between the two species, as one would expect with such different head shapes. For these reasons, we consider 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC7FFE00E550D500241D259" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[819,1045,1287,1313]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC7FFE00E550D500241D259" box="[819,1045,1287,1313]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Celestus macrolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be a valid species of Caribbean diploglossid lizard.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="52700B06FFC7FFE00DA10D18033ED139" blockId="25.[151,1437,783,1745]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
The 
<typeStatus id="8D74B5A4FFC7FFE00D990D180735D211" box="[255,353,1359,1385]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC7FFE00CF60D180422D211" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[400,630,1359,1385]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC7FFE00CF60D180422D211" box="[400,630,1359,1385]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Celestus macrolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not have a specific locality, only “West Indies,” but the body proportions (large, long legs) agree more with Jamaican species than other diploglossids in the West Indies. For example, the giant 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC7FFE00C120DC007B6D2C9" authority="Comptus" authorityName="Schools &amp; Hedges" authorityYear="2021" box="[372,482,1431,1457]" class="Reptilia" family="Diploglossidae" genus="Caribicus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC7FFE00C120DC007B6D2C9" box="[372,482,1431,1457]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Caribicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of Hispaniola have distinctly smaller and shorter legs, and longer tails. Also, only two Jamaican species, 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC7FFE00CF90DEC0438D2AD" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[415,620,1467,1493]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occiduus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC7FFE00CF90DEC0438D2AD" box="[415,620,1467,1493]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Celestus occiduus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC7FFE00FCE0DEC054BD2AD" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[680,799,1467,1493]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC7FFE00FCE0DEC054BD2AD" box="[680,799,1467,1493]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">C. striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, approach the high number (24) of 4th toe lamellae of 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC7FFE00DF10D88072CD281" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[151,376,1503,1529]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC7FFE00DF10D88072CD281" box="[151,376,1503,1529]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Celestus macrolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Based on these morphological characteristics, we consider 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC7FFE0097E0D8802ADD281" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[1048,1273,1503,1529]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC7FFE0097E0D8802ADD281" box="[1048,1273,1503,1529]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Celestus macrolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be endemic to 
<collectingCountry id="2AD84B96FFC7FFE00DDE0E540741D165" box="[184,277,1539,1565]" name="Jamaica" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
, and a species that may have occupied an ecological niche different from others. As with 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC7FFE0085B0E5406BFD139" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC7FFE0085B0E5406BFD139" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Celestus striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the introduction of the mongoose in 
<date id="26712DC6FFC7FFE00FF70E700554D139" box="[657,768,1575,1601]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" value="1872-05">1872 may</date>
have driven 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC7FFE00EF70E700279D139" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[913,1069,1575,1601]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC7FFE00EF70E700279D139" box="[913,1069,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">C. macrolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to great rarity or extinction.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="52700B06FFC7FFE00DA10E1C07C1D1A9" blockId="25.[151,1437,783,1745]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
With the addition of 
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC7FFE00CDF0E1C0563D11D" box="[441,823,1611,1637]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC7FFE00CDF0E1C04CBD11D" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[441,671,1611,1637]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">Celestus macrolepis</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC7FFE00FCB0E1C0563D11D" baseAuthorityName="Thomas &amp; Hedges" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[685,823,1611,1637]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotus">C. macrotus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC7FFE00E1F0E1C05A4D11D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[889,1008,1611,1637]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC7FFE00E1F0E1C05A4D11D" box="[889,1008,1611,1637]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">C. striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the newly restricted genus 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC7FFE008500E1C03C1D11D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[1334,1429,1611,1637]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC7FFE008500E1C03C1D11D" box="[1334,1429,1611,1637]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Celestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is almost exclusively a Jamaican radiation, now contains 11 species. However, the additional six species that warrant recognition (see above), mostly confused with what is now 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC7FFE00EAD0EC402C9D1D5" baseAuthorityName="Garman" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[971,1181,1683,1709]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crusculus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC7FFE00EAD0EC402C9D1D5" box="[971,1181,1683,1709]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Celestus crusculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, will bring the total in 
<taxonomicName id="95CF7085FFC7FFE00DF10EE006A2D1A9" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1839" box="[151,246,1719,1745]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Celestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60BBD714FFC7FFE00DF10EE006A2D1A9" box="[151,246,1719,1745]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Celestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to 17 species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>