212 lines
22 KiB
XML
212 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="3115938256E3EC5D29A15AA3AF6F3844">
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<mods:title id="3956B76AA1A8C2A168BF9CF2345B55CC">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="63CA19E6CB381E678C6A4634F7C1B4A9">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3039E2E844EFCA8E62001D9DA5B582E7">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E46FDC359DBD98CCF74D3DD7B9A3A910">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFF9DF673896C3677FF44F6A2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6794744" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379388" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6794744" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFF9DF673896C3677FF44F6A2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFF9DF673896C3677FF44F6A2" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF9DF673896C3677FF64FD02" box="[114,193,619,665]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FF9DF673896C3677FF64FD02" box="[114,193,619,665]" captionStart="Plate 9: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="83.[119,148,3362,3387]" captionTargetBox="[11,2744,18,3661]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="144. Ornate Flying Fox (Pleropus ornatus), 145. Seram Flying Fox (Pteropus ocularis), 146. Great Flying Fox (Pteropus neohibernicus), 147. Wallacean Gray Flying Fox (Pleropus griseus), 148. Admiralty Flying Fox (Pteropus admiralitatum), 149. Philippine Gray Flying Fox (Pteropus speciosus), 150. Island Flying Fox (Pleropus hypomelanus), 151. Black-eared Flying Fox (Pteropus melanotus), 152. Black Flying Fox (Pleropus alecto), 153. Spectacled Flying Fox (Pteropus conspicillatus), 154. Geelvink Bay Flying Fox (Pteropus pohlei), 155. Marianas Flying Fox (Pteropus mariannus), 156. Palau Flying Fox (Pteropus pelewensis), 157. Pacific Flying Fox (Pteropus tonganus), 158. Kosrae Flying Fox (Pteropus ualanus), 159. Nicobar Flying Fox (Pteropus faunulus), 160. Ontong Java Flying Fox (Pteropus howensis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448891/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">158.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF67389CD3677FDE2FD02" blockId="89.[109,1051,619,743]" box="[211,583,619,665]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF9DF67389CD3677FDE2FD02" box="[211,583,619,665]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF9DF67389CD3677FDE2FD02" ID-CoL="6WLTD" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1883" box="[211,583,619,665]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ualanus">
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF9DF67389CD3677FEFAFD02" box="[211,351,619,665]" country="Micronesia" name="Kosrae" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Kosrae</collectingRegion>
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Flying Fox
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF6738B943677FC66FD02" box="[650,963,619,665]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF6738B943677FC66FD02" blockId="89.[109,1051,619,743]" box="[650,963,619,665]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF9DF6738B943677FC66FD02" box="[650,963,619,665]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9DF6738B943677FC66FD02" ID-CoL="6WLTD" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1883" box="[650,963,619,665]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ualanus">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF6738B943677FC66FD02" box="[650,963,619,665]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Pteropus ualanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF673897136B7FDA5FD7C" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF673897136B7FBBFFD5B" blockId="89.[109,1051,619,743]" box="[111,1050,683,704]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF9DF673897136B7FBBFFD5B" box="[111,1050,683,704]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF673897136B7FF1FFD5B" bold="true" box="[111,186,683,704]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF9DF67389DA36B7FE36FD5B" ID-CoL="6WLTD" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1883" box="[196,403,683,704]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ualanus">
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Roussette de
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF9DF673884F36B7FE36FD5B" box="[337,403,683,704]" country="Micronesia" name="Kosrae" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Kosrae</collectingRegion>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF67388B936B7FDA7FD5B" bold="true" box="[423,514,683,704]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF9DF6738B1236B7FD17FD5B" ID-CoL="6WLTD" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1883" box="[524,690,683,704]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ualanus">Kosrae-Flughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF6738BD636B7FC86FD5B" bold="true" box="[712,803,683,704]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF9DF6738A3236B7FBBFFD5B" ID-CoL="6WLTD" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1883" box="[812,1050,683,704]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ualanus">
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Zorro volador de
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF9DF6738AC636B7FBBFFD5B" box="[984,1050,683,704]" country="Micronesia" name="Kosrae" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Kosrae</collectingRegion>
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF673897036CEFDA5FD7C" blockId="89.[109,1051,619,743]" box="[110,512,722,743]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF9DF673897036CEFDA5FD7C" box="[110,512,722,743]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF673897036CEFEC0FD7C" bold="true" box="[110,357,722,743]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF9DF673887136CEFDA5FD7C" ID-CoL="6WLTD" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1883" box="[367,512,722,743]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ualanus">Ualan Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF6738BCC3702FA84FCAC" box="[722,1313,798,823]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF6738BCC3702FA84FCAC" blockId="89.[721,1316,798,1217]" box="[722,1313,798,823]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF6738BCC3702FCCBFCAC" bold="true" box="[722,878,798,823]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9DF6738A603702FAB9FCAC" ID-CoL="6WLTD" authority="Peters, 1883" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1883" box="[894,1308,798,823]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ualanus">Pteropus ualanus Peters, 1883</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF6738BCD375DFB51FC1D" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF6738BCD375DFB51FC1D" blockId="89.[721,1316,798,1217]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FF9DF6738BCD375DFB51FC1D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391428" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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“
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF9DF6738BC3375DFC84FCC5" box="[733,801,833,862]" name="Iceland" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Insel</collectingCountry>
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Kuschai (Oualan) [=
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF9DF6738D91375DFB4BFCC5" box="[1167,1262,833,862]" country="Micronesia" name="Kosrae" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Kosrae</collectingRegion>
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Island],”
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF9DF6738A203775FB54FC1D" box="[830,1265,873,902]" name="Micronesia" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Federated States of Micronesia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF6738BCD3792FC69FBB8" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF6738BCD3792FC69FBB8" blockId="89.[721,1316,798,1217]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9DF6738BCD3792FC1CFC34" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1883" box="[723,953,910,943]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ualanus">Pteropus ualanus</taxonomicName>
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is in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9DF6738D453792FB14FC34" box="[1115,1201,910,943]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseus">griseus</taxonomicName>
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species group. It is distinct from
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9DF6738D4737A9FB43FC4D" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[1113,1254,949,982]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="mariannus">mariannus</taxonomicName>
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||
but closely related to
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9DF6738AFD37C5FBFDFC61" authorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" authorityYear="1830" box="[995,1112,985,1018]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="tonganus">tonganus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9DF6738DAE37C5FCBAFBB8" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="admiralitatum">admiralitatum</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF6738BCC3032FB6FFB01" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FF9DF6738BCC3032FB6FFB01" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803283" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803283/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" startId="89.[722,894,1070,1099]" targetBox="[107,698,796,1210]" targetPageId="89">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF6738BCC3032FB6FFB01" blockId="89.[721,1316,798,1217]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF6738BCC3032FC27FBD0" bold="true" box="[722,898,1070,1099]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF9DF6738A8C3032FC55FBD0" box="[914,1008,1070,1099]" country="Micronesia" name="Kosrae" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Kosrae</collectingRegion>
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I,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF9DF6738D013032FB19FBD0" box="[1055,1212,1070,1099]" name="Micronesia" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Micronesia</collectingCountry>
|
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. Specimen collected on
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF9DF6738AFF3049FBFDFBE9" box="[993,1112,1109,1138]" country="Micronesia" name="Pohnpei" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Pohnpei</collectingRegion>
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(Caroline Is) in the 1800s was incorrectly labeled.
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</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF6738BCF30BCFD0BF9B8" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF6738BCF30BCFD0BF9B8" blockId="89.[721,1316,798,1217]" lastBlockId="89.[105,1318,1228,2361]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF6738BCF30BCFC4FFB5A" bold="true" box="[721,1002,1184,1217]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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(tailless), ear
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, hindfoot
|
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, forearm 127-133-
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. Eyes of the
|
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF9DF67389D430F3FE8DFA8B" box="[202,296,1263,1296]" country="Micronesia" name="Kosrae" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Kosrae</collectingRegion>
|
||
Flying Fox are small, with brown irises. Body is blackish brown, dorsum is slightly speckled with silvery gray hair, and venter is dark brown, also with speckles. Fore neck sometimes has dark rust-brown band. Mantle, sides of neck, and back of head up to ears are rust-brown or sandy-yellow. Crown is dark coffee to rust-brown, gradually darkening along sides of head to blackish deep brown on chin and throat. Uropatagium is reduced to narrow membrane along inside of lower limbs. Index finger has a claw. Skull is typical pteropine and c.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9DF6738BE731C0FCFBFA66" box="[761,862,1500,1533]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" unit="mm" value="61.0">61 mm</quantity>
|
||
long. Dentition is typical pteropine, with short cheekteeth mesiodistally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF67389753237FBDFF9D7" box="[107,1146,1579,1612]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="biology_ecology">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF67389753237FBDFF9D7" blockId="89.[105,1318,1228,2361]" box="[107,1146,1579,1612]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF67389753237FF7FF9D7" bold="true" box="[107,218,1579,1612]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Forests and mangroves from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9DF6738D043237FBD2F9D7" box="[1050,1143,1579,1612]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" unit="m" value="635.0">635 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF67389753249FDC5F9E9" box="[107,608,1621,1650]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF67389753249FDC5F9E9" blockId="89.[105,1318,1228,2361]" box="[107,608,1621,1650]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF67389753249FED4F9E9" bold="true" box="[107,369,1621,1650]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF67389753265FE44F901" box="[107,481,1657,1690]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF67389753265FE44F901" blockId="89.[105,1318,1228,2361]" box="[107,481,1657,1690]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF67389753265FF54F901" bold="true" box="[107,241,1657,1690]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF673897732BDFEC3F973" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF673897732BDFEC3F973" blockId="89.[105,1318,1228,2361]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF673897732BDFEF2F959" bold="true" box="[105,343,1697,1730]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF9DF673887B32BDFE66F959" box="[357,451,1697,1730]" country="Micronesia" name="Kosrae" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Kosrae</collectingRegion>
|
||
Flying Foxes usually roost in trees during the day and fly to fruit trees at dusk.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF673897532E8FDC7F8C4" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF673897532E8FDC7F8C4" blockId="89.[105,1318,1228,2361]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF673897532E8FC82F88A" bold="true" box="[107,807,1780,1809]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF9DF6738A2D32E8FC34F88A" box="[819,913,1780,1809]" country="Micronesia" name="Kosrae" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Kosrae</collectingRegion>
|
||
Flying Foxes mostly roost in colonies, presumably composed of harems and bachelor groups. Historically, colonies reportedly had 100-400 individuals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF6738975337BFC7AF758" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF6738975337BFC7AF758" blockId="89.[105,1318,1228,2361]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF6738975337BFE75F813" bold="true" box="[107,464,1895,1928]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix I. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. There was a severe population collapse in 1927 due to a disease that killed thousands of Kosrae Flying Foxes. In the 1980s, Kosrae Flying Foxes might have been exported to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF9DF673880033C1FED7F865" box="[286,370,2013,2046]" name="Guam" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Guam</collectingCountry>
|
||
as food. Population is currently stable but not very large, so catastrophic events such as typhoons are threats. Increasing loss of habitats (especially deforestation of mangroves) could also quickly become a problem because it does not occur in any protected areas. The Kosrae Flying Fox islisted in IUCN’s action plan for flying foxes that recommends improved management through control of hunting, education, increased legal protection, and forest management.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF67389743CCFFF44F6A2" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF67389743CCFFF44F6A2" blockId="89.[105,1318,1228,2361]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF67389743CCFFEA6F777" bold="true" box="[106,259,2259,2284]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Almeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Corbet & Hill (1980), Flannery (1995a), Mickleburgh et al. (1992), Nowak (1999), Peters (1883), Rainey & Pierson (1992), Simmons (2005), Temminck (1841), Wiles et al. (2008b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |