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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-198-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" ModsDocID="1314-2003-198-1" checkinTime="1654168732655" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Aubriot, Xavier &amp; Knapp, Sandra" docDate="2022" docId="722B714C192375CD4D06B98D1348118D" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 198: 1-270" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 198" docPubDate="2022-06-01" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514" docTitle="Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal, Hist. Nat. Solanum 222. 1813." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" masterDocTitle="A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums &quot; of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="270" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1654168732655" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title>A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums &quot; of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Aubriot, Xavier</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Universite Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systematique et Evolution, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France &amp; The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7698-3945</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2022-06-01</mods:number>
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<mods:number>198</mods:number>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-198-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:722B714C192375CD4D06B98D1348118D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/722B714C192375CD4D06B98D1348118D" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
23.
<taxonomicName authority="Dunal, Hist. Nat. Solanum 222. 1813." authorityName="Dunal, Hist. Nat. Solanum 222. 1813." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal, Hist. Nat. Solanum 222. 1813.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Diversity of habits and habitats for Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum in tropical Asia A Solanum giganteum, a small tree of the tropical forest understory in India and Sri Lanka (field photograph, unvouchered, India) B S. trilobatum, a scandent species in its typical habitat, along the road in mangrove area (Meeboonya et al. RM 245, Thailand) C S. lasiocarpum, an erect shrub found in disturbed and human inhabited areas where it is often cultivated (Meeboonya et al. RM 272, Thailand) D S. cyanocarphium, a creeper with decumbent stems in forest understory (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) E S. camranhense, a scandent shrub endemic to the coastal dunes of South Vietnam (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) F S. insanum, the wild progenitor of the brinjal eggplant usually found in degraded areas (Meeboonya et al. RM 305, Thailand). Photograph credits: A S. More B, C, F X. Aubriot; D M. Nuraliev E S. Hul." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689694" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 1C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Vegetative characters for tropical Asian spiny solanums A large and densely hairy repand leaf of S. lasiocarpum (Meeboonya et al. RM 287, Thailand) B small, pubescent, very shallowly lobed leaf of S. miyakojimense (field photograph, unvouchered, Taiwan) C entire, pubescent leaf of S. robinsonii (Nuraliev 3031, Vietnam) D glabrescent and deeply dissected leaf of S. virginianum (Sampath Kumar et al. 126968, India) E conical straight prickles on a pubescent young stem of S. hovei (field photograph, unvouchered, India) F strongly hooked prickles on a glabrous young stem and on the abaxial leaf surface of S. trilobatum (Meeboonya et al. RM 242, Thailand) G needle-like purple prickles on the adaxial leaf surface of S. cyanocarphium (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) H pubescent young stem of S. barbisetum armed with prickles and bristles (Suksathan et al. PS 3832, Thailand). Photograph credits: A, B, D-F X. Aubriot C, G M. Nuraliev H D. Pedersen." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689695" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 2A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 39" captionStartId="F39" captionText="Figure 39. Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal A herbarium specimen collected in Thailand in 1910 (Kerr 1236, BM 000886387) B habit (Meeboonya et al. RM 287, Thailand) C detail view of a calyx and a floral bud (Meeboonya et al. RM 272, Thailand) D detail view of an inflorescence with immature fruits (Wang et al. 2063, China) E detail view of a mature fruit (Wang et al. 2063, China). Photograph credits: A CC-BY, © copyright The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London B, C X. Aubriot D, E S. Knapp." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure39" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689732" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 39</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum indicum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indicum">Solanum indicum</taxonomicName>
L., Sp. Pl. 187. 1753. nom. utique rej. Type. Sri Lanka. Sin. loc., &quot;Habitat in India utraque&quot;,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Anonymous s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1219929" author="Hepper, FN" journalOrPublisher="Columbia University Press, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B95" refString="Hepper, FN, 1978. (456, 457) Proposals to list Solanum indicum L. and Solanum sodomeum L. as rejected names under Article 69 of the ICBN. Taxon 27(5/6): 555-555. https://doi.org/10.2307/1219929" title="(456, 457) Proposals to list Solanum indicum L. and Solanum sodomeum L. as rejected names under Article 69 of the ICBN. Taxon 27 (5 / 6): 555 - 555." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1219929" year="1978">Hepper 1978</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 555: Herb. Hermann 3: 16, No. 94 [BM000594658]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum hirsutum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirsutum">Solanum hirsutum</taxonomicName>
Roxb. ex Wall., Fl. Ind. (Carey &amp; Wallich ed.) 2: 253. 1824, nom. illeg., not
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum hirsutum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirsutum">Solanum hirsutum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, 1813. Type. probably based on
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">Solanum lasiocarpum</taxonomicName>
Dunal.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum quadriloculare" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quadriloculare">Solanum quadriloculare</taxonomicName>
Spreng., Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 4(2, Cur. Post.): 72. 1827. Type. based on
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum hirsutum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirsutum">Solanum hirsutum</taxonomicName>
Roxb. ex Wall.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum zeylanicum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zeylanicum">Solanum zeylanicum</taxonomicName>
Blanco, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 136. 1837, nom. illeg., non
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum zeylanicum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zeylanicum">Solanum zeylanicum</taxonomicName>
Scop., 1786. Type. Philippines (no specimens or illustrations cited; no specimens extant). Philippines. Luzon, Benguet province, May 1914,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E.D. Merrill [Species Blancoanae] 465</emphasis>
(neotype, designated here: A [00230113]; isoneotypes: CAL [acc. # 316470], K [K000195921], P [P00369171]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum lasiocarpum subsp. var. var. velutinum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="lasiocarpum" subSpecies="var." variety="velutinum">Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal var. velutinum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 253. 1852. Type. Philippines. Sin. loc., 1841,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H. Cuming 690</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: P [P00379526]; isolectotypes: BM [BM000886159], K [K000195954, K000195955], G [G00301654], P [P00379525]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum ferox subsp. var. var. lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="ferox" subSpecies="var." variety="lasiocarpum">Solanum ferox L. var. lasiocarpum</taxonomicName>
(Dunal) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 647. 1857. Type. Based on
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">Solanum lasiocarpum</taxonomicName>
Dunal.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum lasiocarpum subsp. var. var. domesticum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="lasiocarpum" subSpecies="var." variety="domesticum">Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal var. domesticum</taxonomicName>
Heiser,
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
: Biol. &amp; Syst. (ed.
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
) 413. 1986. Type. Cultivated in the Indiana University greenhouses from seeds of &quot;fruits purchased in market in Bangkok, Thailand, Sept. 1, 1980&quot; [collection date mistakenly as &quot;September 21, 1980&quot; in the protologue], 30 Jun 1981,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C.B. Heiser 8008</emphasis>
(holotype: IND [IND-1000065]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2022-01-01" collectingDateMax="2022-12-31" collectingDateMin="2022-01-01" collectorName="tot Draakestein" country="India" location="India" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
<collectingCountry name="India">India</collectingCountry>
. Sin. loc. (
<typeStatus>lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated by
<bibRefCitation author="Whalen, MD" journalOrPublisher="Columbia University Press, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B270" refString="Whalen, MD, Costich, DE, Heiser Jr, CB, 1981. Taxonomy of Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Gentes Herbarum 12: 41-129." title="Taxonomy of Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Gentes Herbarum 12: 41 - 129." year="1981">Whalen et al. 1981</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 100: [illustration] Rheede von
<collectorName>tot Draakestein</collectorName>
, Hort. Malab. 2: tab. 35, &quot;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ana-Schunda</emphasis>
&quot;. 1680)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Shrub to 2 m tall, often heavily armed. Stems erect to spreading, terete, unarmed or sparsely to moderately prickly and stellate-pubescent; prickles to 0.5-1 cm long, broad-based, deltate to narrowly deltate, laterally compressed, very variable in size on a single stem; trichomes porrect-stellate, mixture of sessile and variously stalked, the stalks multiseriate, to 2.5 mm long, the rays 5-8, 0.4-1.5 mm long, the midpoints variable in length, shorter or longer than the rays; new growth densely pubescent; bark of older stems brownish, moderately to sparsely prickly and stellate-pubescent. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves geminate, the leaves of a pair equal in size and shape or the minor leaf slightly smaller. Leaves simple, shallowly lobed, the blades 20-35 cm long, 15-30 cm wide, ca. 1-1.5 times longer than wide, broadly ovate to ovate, chartaceous, discolorous, armed with prickles similar to those of the stem, these scattered along the midrib and principal lateral veins, often dark-purplished tinged; adaxial surface felty, densely stellate pubescent with porrect sessile trichomes, the rays 2-5, 0.1-0.5 mm long, the midpoints to 2.5 mm long; abaxial surface felty, densely stellate pubescent and farinaceous in appearance, with porrect trichomes like those of the adaxial surface but with longer stalks, the stalks to 2 mm long; principal veins 5-7 pairs, often drying yellowish abaxially; base truncate or obtuse; margins shallowly to moderately lobed, the lobes 3-6 on each side, occasionally somewhat dentate, 1.6-4 cm long, 3-5 cm wide, deltate to broadly deltate, acute or rounded at the tips, the sinuses less than halfway to the midrib; apex acute; petioles 3-14 cm, 1/5-1/2 the length of the blades, densely stellate-pubescent, unarmed or with a few to many prickles like those of the stems, the pubescence with a mixture of stipitate and sessile porrect-trichomes like those of the stem. Inflorescences 0.4-0.9 cm, extra-axillary, often very close to a leaf pair, unbranched, with 6-16 flowers, only one or two open at a time, densely stellate-pubescent, frequently prickly, the prickles like those of the stems; peduncle 0.1-0.4 cm, unarmed or with a few prickles; pedicels 4-9 mm long, 1-1.5 mm in diameter at the base, 1.5-2 mm in diameter at the apex, spreading or somewhat reflexed at anthesis, densely stellate-pubescent like the inflorescence axes, unarmed or with a few prickles, articulated at the base; pedicel scars 0.25-1.25 mm apart. Buds ovoid, the corolla enclosed within the calyx lobes and tube until just before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, heterostylous and the plants andromonoecious, with the lowermost flower long-styled and hermaphrodite, the distal flowers short-styled and staminate. Calyx with the tube 2.5-4.5 mm long, broadly campanulate, the lobes 3-5 mm long, 2.5-5 mm wide, deltate to broadly deltate, apically acute, unarmed and densely stellate-pubescent with porrect-stellate trichomes like those of the pedicels but the midpoints usually somewhat longer. Corolla 2.5-3.5 cm in diameter, white, stellate, lobed 1/2-3/4 of the way to the base, interpetalar tissue absent, the lobes 6-9 long, 3-6 mm wide, broadly ovate, spreading at anthesis, the tips somewhat reflexed, glabrous adaxially, densely stellate-pubescent abaxially with porrect-stellate trichomes where exposed in bud. Stamens equal or slightly unequal; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments 0.1-0.2 mm long, glabrous; anthers 6-8.5 mm long, 1.5-2.2 mm wide, strongly tapering, connivant but the tips somewhat spreading, yellow, glabrous, poricidal at the tips, the pores directed distally, not elongating to slits with drying. Ovary conical, pubescent, the hairs appearing simple but with poorly developed and very short rays at the base; style of long-styled flowers 5-10 mm long, glabrous, 1-2 mm long in short-styled flowers; stigma capitate, the surface minutely papillose. Fruits a globose berry, 1-5 per inflorescence, 2.5-3.5 cm in diameter, orange when ripe, the pericarp thin, densely stellate pubescent with sessile porrect-trichomes, the rays 5-15, 0.1-0.4 mm long, the midpoints always longer than the rays, 1.5-4 mm long; fruiting pedicels 1-1.5 cm long, ca. 2.5 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 4 mm in diameter at the apex, woody, spreading or deflexed from weight of the berry; fruiting calyx not markedly accrescent, the lobes only slightly lengthening in fruit and often breaking off, usually unarmed. Seeds 100-200+, 2.2-3.5 mm long, 1.75-2.5 mm wide, flattened reniform, tan, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells with sinuate margins. Chromosome number: n = 12 (
<bibRefCitation author="Whalen, MD" journalOrPublisher="Columbia University Press, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B270" refString="Whalen, MD, Costich, DE, Heiser Jr, CB, 1981. Taxonomy of Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Gentes Herbarum 12: 41-129." title="Taxonomy of Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Gentes Herbarum 12: 41 - 129." year="1981">Whalen et al. 1981</bibRefCitation>
; Madhavaian 196814, as
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum ferox" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ferox">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure39" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689732" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 39" startId="F39">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 39.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum lasiocarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Dunal
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
herbarium specimen collected in Thailand in 1910 (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Kerr 1236</emphasis>
, BM000886387)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
habit (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Meeboonya et al. RM 287</emphasis>
, Thailand)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
detail view of a calyx and a floral bud (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Meeboonya et al. RM 272</emphasis>
, Thailand)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
detail view of an inflorescence with immature fruits (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wang et al. 2063</emphasis>
, China)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
detail view of a mature fruit (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wang et al. 2063</emphasis>
, China). Photograph credits:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
CC-BY, © copyright The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, C</emphasis>
X. Aubriot
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D, E</emphasis>
S. Knapp.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 40" captionStartId="F40" captionText="Figure 40. Distribution of S. lasiocarpum." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure40" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689733" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">40</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum lasiocarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a commonly cultivated plant and occurs from tropical India east through Indochina, extreme southern China, Malaysia and Indonesia to the Philippines and the island of New Guinea.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum lasiocarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
grows in forest openings, disturbed sites and second growth thickets, from sea level to 1,000 m elevation. Widely cultivated in the region for its fruit.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names and uses">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Unless otherwise indicated, common names are from
<bibRefCitation author="Whalen, MD" journalOrPublisher="Columbia University Press, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B270" refString="Whalen, MD, Costich, DE, Heiser Jr, CB, 1981. Taxonomy of Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Gentes Herbarum 12: 41-129." title="Taxonomy of Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Gentes Herbarum 12: 41 - 129." year="1981">Whalen et al. (1981</bibRefCitation>
: 103); languages when recorded are in square brackets. Brunei Darussalam: tarang asai, tarung bawi (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bernstein 133</emphasis>
); China: mo ke shue (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tsang 16102</emphasis>
); India: ram-begun [Bengali]; Kerala vellathu-vazhuthana (
<bibRefCitation author="Mohanan, M" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B178" refString="Mohanan, M, Henry, AN, 1994. Flora of Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta." title="Flora of Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta." year="1994">Mohanan and Henry 1994</bibRefCitation>
, as.
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ferox" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferox">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Indonesia. Maluku: tomate hutan (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nooteboom 5837</emphasis>
), trong baguri (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Robinson 286</emphasis>
); Sumatra: lattoeeng (many collections), terong hutan (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lörzing">Loerzing</normalizedToken>
15014
</emphasis>
), sontoman (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">si Toroes 2848</emphasis>
); Laos: chou pout din (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vidal 5438</emphasis>
), gim
<normalizedToken originalValue="ông">ong</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vidal 5438</emphasis>
); Malaysia (general): tar-ong-asam [Malay]; Sabah: tarong sulok [Kadayan] (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Abdul 2854</emphasis>
), terong pipit or terong pasai (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cuadra A-2160</emphasis>
), tokung [Sungei] (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cuadra A-1169</emphasis>
); Malaysia/Singapore:
<normalizedToken originalValue="tĕrong">tĕrong</normalizedToken>
asam (
<bibRefCitation author="Burkill, IH" journalOrPublisher="Wasmann Journal of Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B34" refString="Burkill, IH, 1935. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 2: I-Z. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London." title="A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 2: I-Z. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London." year="1935">Burkill 1935</bibRefCitation>
); Philippines: basula [Ibang], dabatung [Sulu], tagtum [Panay-Bisaya], tarong-ayam [Bikol], tarong-tarong [Samar-Bisaya, Tagalog], talong gubat [Tagalog] (
<bibRefCitation author="Blanco, CE" journalOrPublisher="Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B20" refString="Blanco, CE, 1837. Flora de Filipinas. Vol. 1. 3rd edn. Sto. Thomas por D. Candido Lopez, Manila." title="Flora de Filipinas. Vol. 1. 3 rd edn. Sto. Thomas por D. Candido Lopez, Manila." year="1837">Blanco 1837</bibRefCitation>
: 136); Sri Lanka: mala-batu [Sinhalese]; Taiwan: da hugno teg io (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Henry 358</emphasis>
);Timor Leste: kaubasu (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wiriadianata 428</emphasis>
); Thailand: ma
<normalizedToken originalValue="ûk">uk</normalizedToken>
muak (
<bibRefCitation author="Burkill, IH" journalOrPublisher="Wasmann Journal of Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B34" refString="Burkill, IH, 1935. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 2: I-Z. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London." title="A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 2: I-Z. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London." year="1935">Burkill 1935</bibRefCitation>
), ma uek (
<bibRefCitation author="Heiser, Jr CB" editor="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Columbia University Press, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="412 - 415" refId="B90" refString="Heiser, Jr CB, 1986. A new domesticated variety and relationships of Solanum lasiocarpum. In: D'Arcy, WG, Ed., Solanaceae: biology and systematics. Columbia University Press, New York: 412 - 415" title="A new domesticated variety and relationships of Solanum lasiocarpum." volumeTitle="Solanaceae: biology and systematics." year="1986">Heiser 1986</bibRefCitation>
), makhua-puu, ma-puu, mauek, yang-khui-dee, bakuek (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Widmer 106</emphasis>
); Vietnam:
<normalizedToken originalValue="cây">cay</normalizedToken>
ca [Annamite] (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Poilane s.n.</emphasis>
), xo plo xoc [Moi] (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Poilane 184</emphasis>
). More orthographic and local variants of these names occur throughout the region (see Suppl. material 1 and dataset on the NHM Data Portal, https://doi.org/10.5519/0rqfzvgd).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum lasiocarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widely cultivated across its range for its juicy fruits that are used as a base for juices and for cooking, especially in curries (
<bibRefCitation author="Heiser, Jr CB" editor="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Columbia University Press, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="412 - 415" refId="B90" refString="Heiser, Jr CB, 1986. A new domesticated variety and relationships of Solanum lasiocarpum. In: D'Arcy, WG, Ed., Solanaceae: biology and systematics. Columbia University Press, New York: 412 - 415" title="A new domesticated variety and relationships of Solanum lasiocarpum." volumeTitle="Solanaceae: biology and systematics." year="1986">Heiser 1986</bibRefCitation>
). The seeds are burned as used for relief of toothache and in Bangladesh
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lasiocarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is used as a remedy for coughs, asthma, fever, vomiting, and gonorrhoea (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5628-1_39" author="Lim, TK" editor="Lim, TK" journalOrPublisher="Vol 6. Fruits. Springer, Dordrecht" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="333 - 335" refId="B148" refString="Lim, TK, 2012. Solanum lasiocarpum. In: Lim, TK, Ed., Edible and medicinal and non-medicinal plants. Vol 6. Fruits. Springer, Dordrecht: 333 - 335, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5628-1_39" title="Solanum lasiocarpum." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5628-1_39" volumeTitle="Edible and medicinal and non-medicinal plants." year="2012">Lim 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure40" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689733" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 40" startId="F40">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 40.</emphasis>
Distribution of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. lasiocarpum." order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum.">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lasiocarpum.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(
<bibRefCitation author="Hutchings, A" journalOrPublisher="AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B105" refString="2019. . http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2019">IUCN 2019</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Least Concern (LC). EOO (6,950,615 km2, LC); AOO (1,032 km2, VU). As a cultivated plant, the true wild distribution of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lasiocarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is difficult to assess. As a weedy ruderal species, however, we suggest it is not of immediate conservation concern.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum lasiocarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, together with
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. repandum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="repandum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. repandum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
G.Forst. of the Pacific islands (see
<bibRefCitation author="Whalen, MD" journalOrPublisher="Columbia University Press, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B270" refString="Whalen, MD, Costich, DE, Heiser Jr, CB, 1981. Taxonomy of Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Gentes Herbarum 12: 41-129." title="Taxonomy of Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Gentes Herbarum 12: 41 - 129." year="1981">Whalen et al. 1981</bibRefCitation>
), is one of two non-American members of the otherwise Neotropical
<taxonomicName genus="Lasiocarpa" lsidName="Lasiocarpa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">Lasiocarpa</taxonomicName>
clade (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.605018" author="Stern, SR" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1429 - 1441" refId="B232" refString="Stern, SR, Agra, M de F, Bohs, L, 2011. Molecular delimitation of clades within New World species of the &quot;spiny solanums&quot; (Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum). Taxon 60 (5): 1429 - 1441, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.605018" title="Molecular delimitation of clades within New World species of the &quot; spiny solanums &quot; (Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.605018" volume="60" year="2011">Stern et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
) and shares with those species large repand leaves and pubescent berries. Heiser (1987) postulated that
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lasiocarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was an introduction of the American species
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. candidum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="candidum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. candidum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Lindl. by Spanish mariners.
<bibRefCitation author="Whalen, MD" journalOrPublisher="Columbia University Press, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B270" refString="Whalen, MD, Costich, DE, Heiser Jr, CB, 1981. Taxonomy of Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Gentes Herbarum 12: 41-129." title="Taxonomy of Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Gentes Herbarum 12: 41 - 129." year="1981">Whalen et al. (1981)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lasiocarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was closely related to and were not &quot;at ease retaining them&quot; as distinct, but did pending further study; they suggested that the distribution of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lasiocarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was a puzzling historical problem and was likely not due to recent human introduction. The taxa are indeed morphologically very similar with felty, repand leaves and pubescent fruits, but recent molecular analyses have shown that
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lasiocarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is in fact more closely related to the Pacific species
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. repandum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="repandum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. repandum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
G.Forst. (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1139/b95-125" author="Bruneau, A" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B31" refString="Bruneau, A, Dickson, EE, Knapp, S, 1995. Congruence of chloroplast DNA restriction site characters with morphological and isozyme data in Solanum sect. Lasiocarpa. Canadian Journal of Botany 73(8): 1151-1167. https://doi.org/10.1139/b95-125" title="Congruence of chloroplast DNA restriction site characters with morphological and isozyme data in Solanum sect. Lasiocarpa. Canadian Journal of Botany 73 (8): 1151 - 1167." url="https://doi.org/10.1139/b95-125" year="1995">Bruneau et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404772974310" author="Bohs, L" journalOrPublisher="Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B22" refString="Bohs, L, 2004. A chloroplast phylogeny of Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Systematic Botany 29(1): 177-187. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404772974310" title="A chloroplast phylogeny of Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Systematic Botany 29 (1): 177 - 187." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404772974310" year="2004">Bohs 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" author="Aubriot, X" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="199 - 223" refId="B8" refString="Aubriot, X, Singh, P, Knapp, S, 2016a. Tropical Asian species show the Old World clade of &quot;spiny solanums&quot; (subgenus Leptostemonum pro parte: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (2): 199 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" title="Tropical Asian species show the Old World clade of &quot; spiny solanums &quot; (subgenus Leptostemonum pro parte: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" volume="181" year="2016 a">Aubriot et al. 2016a</bibRefCitation>
) and that the morphological similarities are more likely due to convergence.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Cultivated forms of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lasiocarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in general lack or have very few prickles, but this character is highly variable. The fruits of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lasiocarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are bright orange and have juicy sweet-sour flesh, they are not as large as the fruits of the more commonly cultivated South American species of the
<taxonomicName genus="Lasiocarpa" lsidName="Lasiocarpa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">Lasiocarpa</taxonomicName>
clade
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. quitoense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="quitoense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. quitoense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Lam. and
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. sessiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sessiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. sessiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Dunal, nor of those of the Pacific
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. repandum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="repandum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. repandum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation author="Whalen, MD" journalOrPublisher="Columbia University Press, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B270" refString="Whalen, MD, Costich, DE, Heiser Jr, CB, 1981. Taxonomy of Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Gentes Herbarum 12: 41-129." title="Taxonomy of Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Gentes Herbarum 12: 41 - 129." year="1981">Whalen et al. 1981</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum lasiocarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not as strongly andromonoecious as are species such as
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. insanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="insanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. insanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. melongena" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="melongena">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. melongena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and often several of the lowermost flowers are hermaphroditic and develop berries. In other species of the
<taxonomicName genus="Lasiocarpa" lsidName="Lasiocarpa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">Lasiocarpa</taxonomicName>
clade the expression of andromonoecy is quite labile (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.90.5.707" author="Miller, J" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="707 - 715" refId="B175" refString="Miller, J, Diggle, P, 2003. Diversification of andromonoecy in Solanum section Lasiocarpa (Solanaceae): The roles of phenotypic plasticity and architecture. American Journal of Botany 90 (5): 707 - 715, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.90.5.707" title="Diversification of andromonoecy in Solanum section Lasiocarpa (Solanaceae): The roles of phenotypic plasticity and architecture." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.90.5.707" volume="90" year="2003">Miller and Diggle 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.12.2030" author="Diggle, P" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="20 - 30" refId="B66" refString="Diggle, P, Miller, J, 2004. Architectural effects mimic floral sexual dimorphism in Solanum (Solanaceae). American Journal of Botany 91 (12): 20 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.12.2030" title="Architectural effects mimic floral sexual dimorphism in Solanum (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.12.2030" volume="91" year="2004">Diggle and Miller 2004</bibRefCitation>
), we suspect this is the case for
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lasiocarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In many herbaria specimens of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lasiocarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="involucratum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. involucratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are annotated as
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum ferox" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ferox">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., nom utique rej. This confusion is the result of the typification of another suppressed name,
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. indicum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="indicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. indicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (discussed in detail in
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.606032" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1782 - 1783" refId="B121" refString="Knapp, S, 2011. (2042-2043) Proposals to reject the names Solanum ferox and S. fuscatum (Solanaceae). Taxon 60 (6): 1782 - 1783, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.606032" title="(2042 - 2043) Proposals to reject the names Solanum ferox and S. fuscatum (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.606032" volume="60" year="2011">Knapp 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation author="Miquel, FAW" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B176" refString="Miquel, FAW, 1857. Ordo CLXIV. Solanaeae Juss. Flora Nederlandsch Indie. Vol. 2. CG van der Post, Amsterdam, 633-672." title="Ordo CLXIV. Solanaeae Juss. Flora Nederlandsch Indie. Vol. 2. CG van der Post, Amsterdam, 633 - 672." year="1857">Miquel (1857)</bibRefCitation>
recognised
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="involucratum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. involucratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lasiocarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as varieties of the same taxon (as
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ferox" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferox">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Heiser (1996, 2001) used the name
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ferox" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferox">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="involucratum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. involucratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while
<bibRefCitation author="Whalen, MD" journalOrPublisher="Columbia University Press, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B270" refString="Whalen, MD, Costich, DE, Heiser Jr, CB, 1981. Taxonomy of Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Gentes Herbarum 12: 41-129." title="Taxonomy of Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Gentes Herbarum 12: 41 - 129." year="1981">Whalen et al. (1981)</bibRefCitation>
regarded it as ambiguous. Thus, care should be taken with specimens annotated as
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ferox" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferox">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in collections, they could be either
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lasiocarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(more common in our experience) or
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="involucratum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. involucratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The two species are not closely related;
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="involucratum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. involucratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a member of a clade comprised of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. procumbens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="procumbens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. procumbens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. expedunculatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="expedunculatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. expedunculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Symon and
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. leptacanthum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="leptacanthum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. leptacanthum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Merr. &amp; L.M.Perry (the latter two species from New Guinea), itself apparently related to
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. barbisetum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="barbisetum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. barbisetum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. praetermissum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="praetermissum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. praetermissum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" author="Aubriot, X" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="199 - 223" refId="B8" refString="Aubriot, X, Singh, P, Knapp, S, 2016a. Tropical Asian species show the Old World clade of &quot;spiny solanums&quot; (subgenus Leptostemonum pro parte: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (2): 199 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" title="Tropical Asian species show the Old World clade of &quot; spiny solanums &quot; (subgenus Leptostemonum pro parte: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" volume="181" year="2016 a">Aubriot et al. 2016a</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum lasiocarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the other hand has been shown in numerous studies to be a member of the otherwise American
<taxonomicName genus="Lasiocarpa" lsidName="Lasiocarpa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">Lasiocarpa</taxonomicName>
clade (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1139/b95-125" author="Bruneau, A" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B31" refString="Bruneau, A, Dickson, EE, Knapp, S, 1995. Congruence of chloroplast DNA restriction site characters with morphological and isozyme data in Solanum sect. Lasiocarpa. Canadian Journal of Botany 73(8): 1151-1167. https://doi.org/10.1139/b95-125" title="Congruence of chloroplast DNA restriction site characters with morphological and isozyme data in Solanum sect. Lasiocarpa. Canadian Journal of Botany 73 (8): 1151 - 1167." url="https://doi.org/10.1139/b95-125" year="1995">Bruneau et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404772974310" author="Bohs, L" journalOrPublisher="Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B22" refString="Bohs, L, 2004. A chloroplast phylogeny of Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Systematic Botany 29(1): 177-187. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404772974310" title="A chloroplast phylogeny of Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Systematic Botany 29 (1): 177 - 187." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404772974310" year="2004">Bohs 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.605018" author="Stern, SR" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1429 - 1441" refId="B232" refString="Stern, SR, Agra, M de F, Bohs, L, 2011. Molecular delimitation of clades within New World species of the &quot;spiny solanums&quot; (Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum). Taxon 60 (5): 1429 - 1441, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.605018" title="Molecular delimitation of clades within New World species of the &quot; spiny solanums &quot; (Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.605018" volume="60" year="2011">Stern et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Whalen, MD" journalOrPublisher="Columbia University Press, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B270" refString="Whalen, MD, Costich, DE, Heiser Jr, CB, 1981. Taxonomy of Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Gentes Herbarum 12: 41-129." title="Taxonomy of Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Gentes Herbarum 12: 41 - 129." year="1981">Whalen et al. (1981)</bibRefCitation>
did not treat several of the taxa we recognise as synonyms of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lasiocarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
here, necessitating typification of these names. No herbarium or specimens were cited in
<bibRefCitation author="Blanco, CE" journalOrPublisher="Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B20" refString="Blanco, CE, 1837. Flora de Filipinas. Vol. 1. 3rd edn. Sto. Thomas por D. Candido Lopez, Manila." title="Flora de Filipinas. Vol. 1. 3 rd edn. Sto. Thomas por D. Candido Lopez, Manila." year="1837">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Blanco’s">Blanco's</normalizedToken>
(1837)
</bibRefCitation>
&quot;Flora de Filipinas&quot;, and no herbarium is known to exist (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2116" author="Merrill, ED" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B167" refString="Merrill, ED, 1918a. Species Blancoanae, a critical revision of the Philippine species of plants described by Blanco and Llanos. Bureau of Printing, Manila. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2116" title="Species Blancoanae, a critical revision of the Philippine species of plants described by Blanco and Llanos. Bureau of Printing, Manila." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2116" year="1918 a">Merrill 1918a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49412" author="Merrill, ED" journalOrPublisher="Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B169" refString="Merrill, ED, 1923. Solanaceae. Enumeration of Philippine flowering plants. Vol. 3. Bureau of Printing, Manila, 423-431. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49412" title="Solanaceae. Enumeration of Philippine flowering plants. Vol. 3. Bureau of Printing, Manila, 423 - 431." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49412" year="1923">1923</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2116" author="Merrill, ED" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B167" refString="Merrill, ED, 1918a. Species Blancoanae, a critical revision of the Philippine species of plants described by Blanco and Llanos. Bureau of Printing, Manila. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2116" title="Species Blancoanae, a critical revision of the Philippine species of plants described by Blanco and Llanos. Bureau of Printing, Manila." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2116" year="1918 a">Merrill (1918a)</bibRefCitation>
provided a series of &quot;illustrative specimens&quot; in order to help fix applications of the
<normalizedToken originalValue="Blanco’s">Blanco's</normalizedToken>
names, mostly from his series &quot;Merrill: Species Blancoanae&quot;. He felt that just because a work was difficult, it should not be ignored, stating &quot;We can no longer look on the work or this or that author, no matter how incomplete or imperfect, as unworthy of consideration, nor can we accept
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hooker’s">Hooker's</normalizedToken>
dictum, regarding species proposed by such authors as Blanco, that it was undesirable to devote time to their identification&quot; (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2116" author="Merrill, ED" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B167" refString="Merrill, ED, 1918a. Species Blancoanae, a critical revision of the Philippine species of plants described by Blanco and Llanos. Bureau of Printing, Manila. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2116" title="Species Blancoanae, a critical revision of the Philippine species of plants described by Blanco and Llanos. Bureau of Printing, Manila." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2116" year="1918 a">Merrill 1918a</bibRefCitation>
: 6). We have selected the duplicate of
<normalizedToken originalValue="Merrill’s">Merrill's</normalizedToken>
&quot;illustrative specimen&quot; of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. zeylanicum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="zeylanicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. zeylanicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Merrill Species Blancoanae 465</emphasis>
at the Arnold Arboretum (A barcode 00230113) as the neotype for this name.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In describing
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. lasiocarpum subsp. var. var. velutinum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="lasiocarpum" subSpecies="var." variety="velutinum">S. lasiocarpum var. velutinum</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, M-F" journalOrPublisher=") Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 690" refId="B73" refString="Dunal, M-F, 1852. Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13 (1): 1 - 690" title="Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed." volume="13" year="1852">Dunal (1852)</bibRefCitation>
cited two collections, one from Macau (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Callery s.n.</emphasis>
in P) and the other (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cuming 690</emphasis>
) from the Philippines. We have selected the best-preserved duplicate of the most widely distributed of these (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cuming 690</emphasis>
, P00379526) as the lectotype.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">See Suppl. materials 1-3.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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