372 lines
53 KiB
XML
372 lines
53 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="B2E5BB605F54E8E6347AF3BA37F248FF">Patterns of head shape and scutellation in Drymarchon couperi (Squamata: Colubridae) reveal a single species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AA777E54F0E8B8D7EE42559FB9E5DCF7">Guyer, Craig</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8A76937AA931D69BA97F4255D673A4B3">Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="AECC56BF70FCC598A721820E92980C5D">Folt, Brian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="98528DDF622B2BCB00B28E1A2EA0D69B">Alabama Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="AFA9F36D94AE89B1BF32033AC5EACB13">Hoffman, Michelle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1DA41A039437EEE8F9B9DF184C3A66B2">The Orianne Center for Indigo Conservation, Central Florida Zoo and Botanical Gardens, 3755 NW Hwy 17 - 92, Sanford, Florida 32771, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D4B114A363F36E54D5C63FAD06B52B38">Stevenson, Dirk</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C6CD16B4C96F546B2DE8642878D7F8B1">Altamaha Environmental Consulting, 414 Club Drive, Hinesville, Georgia 31313, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4C960C8AC7D95D5496BC42479C222B30">Goetz, Scott M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="473CC9AE54ABEC8524CD74A8F2035A33">Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA. & Present address, USDA APHIS WS National Wildlife Research Center, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4FA895E480A9D4C30FF8A218F32D0BD5">Miller, Melissa A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="96F189DD1D962FAF03076132908A106C">Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA. & Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 3200 College Ave, Davie, Florida 33314, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="15D8AD3E47A2E287298FBD6C240437B8">Godwin, James C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2F19B8B75E8D0F0B46FADB3E22582EF1">Alabama Natural Heritage Program, Auburn Museum of Natural History, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA. Correspondence author. E-mail: guyercr @ auburn. edu</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="03ED606B8B19FFC9FF7EFB3EB305FC34" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4323917" ID-GBIF-Taxon="167293673" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4323917" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED606B8B19FFC9FF7EFB3EB305FC34" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED606B8B19FFC9FF7EFB3EB305FC34" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="172" pageId="1" pageNumber="169">
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<taxonomicName id="4C44AAFE8B19FFCCFF7EFB3EB1FFFB14" box="[199,234,1234,1257]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Drymarchon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="1" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="couperi">We</taxonomicName>
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examined snakes housed at the Orianne Center for Indigo Conservation (OCIC) that were raised as stock for repatriation efforts. Our sample included 58 individuals likely representing all three genetic populations associated with the Atlantic lineage (Atkinson, Bryan, Evans, Long, Telfair, Wayne, and Wheeler counties,
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<collectingCountry id="F35391ED8B19FFCCFB8DFAF6B599FACF" box="[1076,1164,1306,1330]" name="Georgia" pageId="1" pageNumber="169">Georgia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F35391ED8B19FFCCFB2CFAF6B5D9FACF" box="[1173,1228,1306,1330]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="169">USA</collectingCountry>
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) and 16 individuals likely representing two of three genetic populations of the Gulf Coast lineage (Citrus, Highlands, and Marion counties,
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<collectingRegion id="49801F9F8B19FFCCFF2EFA8EB1F2FA87" box="[151,231,1378,1402]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="1" pageNumber="169">Florida</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F35391ED8B19FFCCFF48FA8EB03FFA87" box="[241,298,1378,1402]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="169">USA</collectingCountry>
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; lineages from
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD5AC8C8B19FFCCFE72FA8EB38AFA87" author="Krysko, K. L. & Nunez, L. P. & Lippi, C. A. & Smith, D. J. & Granatosky, M. C." box="[459,671,1378,1402]" pageId="1" pageNumber="169" pagination="111 - 122" refId="ref4091" refString="Krysko, K. L., Nunez, L. P., Lippi, C. A., Smith, D. J. & Granatosky, M. C. (2016 a) Pliocene-Pleistocene lineage diversifications in the Eastern Indigo Snake (Drymarchon couperi) in the southeastern United States. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 98, 111 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2015.12.022" type="journal article" year="2016">
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Krysko
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<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B19FFCCFD99FA8FB35BFA87" box="[544,590,1378,1402]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="169">et al</emphasis>
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. 2016a
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</bibRefCitation>
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; genetic populations from
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD5AC8C8B19FFCCFC01FA8EB57EFA87" author="Folt, B. & Bauder, J. & Spear, S. & Stevenson, D. & Hoffman, M. & Oaks, J. & Jenkins, C. & Steen, D. & Guyer, C." box="[952,1131,1378,1402]" pageId="1" pageNumber="169" pagination="0214439" refId="ref3957" refString="Folt, B., Bauder, J., Spear, S., Stevenson, D., Hoffman, M., Oaks, J., Jenkins, C., Steen, D. & Guyer, C. (2019 b) Taxonomic and conservation implications of population genetic admixture, mito-nuclear discordance, and male-biased dispersal of a large endangered snake, Drymarchon couperi. PLos ONE, 14 (3), e 0214439. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0214439" type="journal article" year="2019">
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Folt
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<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B19FFCCFC50FA8FB50DFA87" box="[1001,1048,1378,1402]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="169">et al</emphasis>
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. 2019b
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</bibRefCitation>
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). We photographed lateral or dorsolateral aspects of the head of each specimen including a millimeter ruler for scale. From the images, we categorized the condition of the temporal scales for each specimen based on four character states created by the number and position of the scales (
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<figureCitation id="137FCDF88B19FFCCFE92FA22B07FFA1B" box="[299,362,1486,1510]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1272,1294]" captionTargetBox="[179,1401,386,1195]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,360,1211]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Head scale patterns in Eastern Indigo Snakes (Drymarchon couperi). A) 2+2 condition of temporals (I = dorsal anterior temporal; II = ventral anterior temporal; III = dorsal posterior temporal; IV = ventral posterior temporal) and position of 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th infralabials; dashed lines represent linear measurements described in the text; B) 3v+2 condition of temporals (extra ventral temporal shaded); C) 4+2 condition of temporals (extra dorsal and ventral temporal shaded); D) 3d+2 condition of temporals (extra dorsal temporal shaded)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3998678/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="169">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). We generated a contingency table providing counts of specimens in each of the four categories for each lineage. We used Chi-square analysis to determine whether the relative proportions of temporal scale categories differed between the Atlantic and Gulf Coast lineages. Additionally, we measured total head length (posterior-most point of 8th supralabial to anterior tip of rostral;
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<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B19FFCCFDF0F9D7B343F9AF" box="[585,598,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="169">n</emphasis>
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= 74), head height (only for photos in lateral aspect; at level of anterior-most point of parietal suture;
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<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B19FFCCFE23F9B3B0B2F98B" box="[410,423,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="169">n</emphasis>
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= 35), and length of the dorsal posterior-most temporal (intersection of ventral posterior-most temporal, dorsal posterior-most temporal, and adjacent first dorsal scale to intersection of ventral posterior-most temporal, dorsal posterior-most temporal, and adjacent ventral temporal;
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<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B19FFCCFC80F94BB253F943" box="[825,838,1703,1726]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="169">n</emphasis>
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= 74;
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<figureCitation id="137FCDF88B19FFCCFC34F94AB2F4F943" box="[909,993,1702,1726]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1272,1294]" captionTargetBox="[179,1401,386,1195]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,360,1211]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Head scale patterns in Eastern Indigo Snakes (Drymarchon couperi). A) 2+2 condition of temporals (I = dorsal anterior temporal; II = ventral anterior temporal; III = dorsal posterior temporal; IV = ventral posterior temporal) and position of 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th infralabials; dashed lines represent linear measurements described in the text; B) 3v+2 condition of temporals (extra ventral temporal shaded); C) 4+2 condition of temporals (extra dorsal and ventral temporal shaded); D) 3d+2 condition of temporals (extra dorsal temporal shaded)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3998678/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="169">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
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). We measured all distances using Adobe Photoshop 6.0 with reference to the photographed ruler. We used analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to test whether the linear relationship between head length and head height differed between Atlantic and Gulf Coast lineages. We divided the length of the dorsal posterior temporal by head length to control for effects of body size and used an analysis of variance to test whether adjusted temporal length differed among the four categories of temporal scales.
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</paragraph>
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<materialsCitation id="3B2CDB208B19FFCFFF7EF8B6B54FFEBF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2848511301" country="Georgia" county="Atlantic" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="170" location="Because" municipality="Differences" pageId="1" pageNumber="169" specimenCount="2">
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We also examined 11 preserved specimens in the Auburn University Museum collections (AUM 18437, 18444, 34209, 34216, 38868–69, 40744, 40750, 40752, 40815, and 42334).
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<location id="8E9B87A68B19FFCCFCCDF892B2D8F868" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED606B8B19FFC9FF7EFB3EB305FC34:8E9B87A68B19FFCCFCCDF892B2D8F868" box="[884,973,1918,1941]" country="Georgia" county="Atlantic" municipality="Differences" name="Because" pageId="1" pageNumber="169">Because</location>
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these snakes were from southeastern
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<collectingCountry id="F35391ED8B19FFCCFAE6F892B1AFF847" name="Georgia" pageId="1" pageNumber="169">Georgia</collectingCountry>
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, we assumed them to belong to the
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<location id="8E9B87A68B19FFCCFD94F84EB396F847" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED606B8B19FFC9FF7EFB3EB305FC34:8E9B87A68B19FFCCFD94F84EB396F847" box="[557,643,1954,1978]" country="Georgia" county="Atlantic" municipality="Differences" name="Atlantic" pageId="1" pageNumber="169">Atlantic</location>
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lineage.
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<location id="8E9B87A68B19FFCCFD5BF84EB212F844" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED606B8B19FFC9FF7EFB3EB305FC34:8E9B87A68B19FFCCFD5BF84EB212F844" box="[738,775,1954,1977]" country="Georgia" county="Atlantic" municipality="Differences" name="For" pageId="1" pageNumber="169">For</location>
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these specimens, we measured length and width of the 6th and 7th infralabial scales with dial calipers (
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<figureCitation id="137FCDF88B19FFCCFDFFF82AB389F823" box="[582,668,1990,2014]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1272,1294]" captionTargetBox="[179,1401,386,1195]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,360,1211]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Head scale patterns in Eastern Indigo Snakes (Drymarchon couperi). A) 2+2 condition of temporals (I = dorsal anterior temporal; II = ventral anterior temporal; III = dorsal posterior temporal; IV = ventral posterior temporal) and position of 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th infralabials; dashed lines represent linear measurements described in the text; B) 3v+2 condition of temporals (extra ventral temporal shaded); C) 4+2 condition of temporals (extra dorsal and ventral temporal shaded); D) 3d+2 condition of temporals (extra dorsal temporal shaded)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3998678/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="169">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
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).
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<location id="8E9B87A68B19FFCCFD09F82AB3C6F820" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED606B8B19FFC9FF7EFB3EB305FC34:8E9B87A68B19FFCCFD09F82AB3C6F820" box="[688,723,1990,2013]" country="Georgia" county="Atlantic" municipality="Differences" name="We" pageId="1" pageNumber="169">We</location>
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measured both scales because it was not clear which of these was measured by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD5AC8C8B1AFFCFFE9AFF76B31CFF4F" author="Krysko, K. L. & Granatosky, M. C. & Nunez, L. P. & Smith, D. J." box="[291,521,154,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="170" pagination="549 - 649" refId="ref4172" refString="Krysko, K. L., Granatosky, M. C., Nunez, L. P. & Smith, D. J. (2016 b) A cryptic new species of Indigo Snake (genus Drymarchon) from the Florida platform of the United State. Zootaxa, 4138 (3), 549 - 649. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4138.3.9" type="journal article" year="2016">
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||
Krysko
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1AFFCFFECEFF77B0B0FF4F" box="[375,421,154,178]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2016b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="8E9B87A68B1AFFCFFDA9FF76B38DFF4F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED606B8B19FFC9FF7EFB3EB305FC34:8E9B87A68B1AFFCFFDA9FF76B38DFF4F" box="[528,664,154,178]" country="Georgia" county="Atlantic" municipality="Differences" name="Additionally" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">Additionally</location>
|
||
, we used photos of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FF6FDF8B1AFFCFFC35FF76B2AFFF4F" box="[908,954,154,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens presented in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD5AC8C8B1AFFCFFB03FF76B489FF4F" author="Krysko, K. L. & Granatosky, M. C. & Nunez, L. P. & Smith, D. J." box="[1210,1436,154,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="170" pagination="549 - 649" refId="ref4172" refString="Krysko, K. L., Granatosky, M. C., Nunez, L. P. & Smith, D. J. (2016 b) A cryptic new species of Indigo Snake (genus Drymarchon) from the Florida platform of the United State. Zootaxa, 4138 (3), 549 - 649. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4138.3.9" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Krysko
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1AFFCFFAB7FF77B429FF4F" box="[1294,1340,154,178]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2016b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to determine length and width of the 6th and 7th infralabial scales using
|
||
<location id="8E9B87A68B1AFFCFFC14FF52B578FF2B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED606B8B19FFC9FF7EFB3EB305FC34:8E9B87A68B1AFFCFFC14FF52B578FF2B" box="[941,1133,190,214]" country="Georgia" county="Atlantic" municipality="Differences" name="Adobe Photoshop" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">Adobe Photoshop</location>
|
||
6.0. A length-to-width ratio was then calculated for each specimen.
|
||
<location id="8E9B87A68B1AFFCFFDFBFF0EB36AFF04" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED606B8B19FFC9FF7EFB3EB305FC34:8E9B87A68B1AFFCFFDFBFF0EB36AFF04" box="[578,639,226,249]" country="Georgia" county="Atlantic" municipality="Differences" name="Mean" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">Mean</location>
|
||
differences between 6th and 7th infralabials were tested as a paired t-test.
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B9F4B078B1AFFCFFF2EFEEAB006FEE3" box="[151,275,262,286]" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">Differences</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
between our sample of
|
||
<collectingCounty id="629AA9F18B1AFFCFFDABFEEAB37DFEE3" box="[530,616,262,286]" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">Atlantic</collectingCounty>
|
||
lineage snakes and the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FF6FDF8B1AFFCFFCDFFEEAB281FEE3" box="[870,916,262,286]" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens was determined by visual inspection. We used SAS v.9.4 for all morphological analyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD5AC8C8B1AFFCFFD05FEC6B2ACFEBF" author="SAS Institute Inc & Base SAS" box="[700,953,298,322]" pageId="2" pageNumber="170" refId="ref4322" refString="SAS Institute Inc. (2013) Base SAS ® 9. 4 Procedures Guide. SAS Institute, Cary, 550 pp." type="book" year="2013">SAS Institute, Inc 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with α = 0.05
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF3B81F58B1AFFCFFF2EFB14B090FA62" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998678" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3998678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3998678/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="170" startId="2.[151,244,1272,1294]" targetBox="[179,1401,386,1195]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFBD17D8B1AFFCFFF2EFB14B090FA62" blockId="2.[151,1437,1272,1439]" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1AFFCFFF2EFB14B01BFAF3" bold="true" box="[151,270,1272,1294]" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Head scale patterns in Eastern Indigo Snakes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C44AAFE8B1AFFCFFD60FB15B2B7FAF3" box="[729,930,1273,1294]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Drymarchon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="couperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1AFFCFFD60FB15B2B7FAF3" box="[729,930,1273,1294]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">Drymarchon couperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). A) 2+2 condition of temporals (I = dorsal anterior temporal; II = ventral anterior temporal; III = dorsal posterior temporal; IV = ventral posterior temporal) and position of 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th infralabials; dashed lines represent linear measurements described in the text; B) 3
|
||
<subScript id="17C0D3388B1AFFCFFBB6FAA3B503FAA6" attach="none" box="[1039,1046,1359,1371]" fontSize="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">v</subScript>
|
||
+2 condition of temporals (extra ventral temporal shaded); C) 4+2 condition of temporals (extra dorsal and ventral temporal shaded); D) 3
|
||
<subScript id="17C0D3388B1AFFCFFBE1FA9FB54AFA82" attach="none" box="[1112,1119,1395,1407]" fontSize="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">d</subScript>
|
||
+2 condition of temporals (extra dorsal temporal shaded).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35E82F68B1AFFCFFF7EFA23B2ECF822" pageId="2" pageNumber="170" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFBD17D8B1AFFCFFF7EFA23B2ECF822" blockId="2.[151,1437,1487,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">
|
||
Our sample of OCIC specimens recovered four categories of temporal scales from both Atlantic and Gulf Coast lineages (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C6E4C68B1AFFCFFF44FA1FB05AF9F6" box="[253,335,1523,1547]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,153,177]" captionText="TABLE 1. Frequency of occurrence of four character states for temporal scales in the Atlantic and Gulf lineages of Eastern Indigo Snakes." pageId="2" pageNumber="170">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). In 24% of specimens, temporals conformed to the 2+2 formula that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD5AC8C8B1AFFCFFBFFFA1FB43BF9F6" author="Krysko, K. L. & Granatosky, M. C. & Nunez, L. P. & Smith, D. J." box="[1094,1326,1523,1547]" pageId="2" pageNumber="170" pagination="549 - 649" refId="ref4172" refString="Krysko, K. L., Granatosky, M. C., Nunez, L. P. & Smith, D. J. (2016 b) A cryptic new species of Indigo Snake (genus Drymarchon) from the Florida platform of the United State. Zootaxa, 4138 (3), 549 - 649. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4138.3.9" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Krysko
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1AFFCFFB25FA18B5D9F9F6" box="[1180,1228,1523,1547]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2016b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described as being invariant (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137FCDF88B1AFFCFFEDEF9FBB0A8F9D2" box="[359,445,1559,1583]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1272,1294]" captionTargetBox="[179,1401,386,1195]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,360,1211]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Head scale patterns in Eastern Indigo Snakes (Drymarchon couperi). A) 2+2 condition of temporals (I = dorsal anterior temporal; II = ventral anterior temporal; III = dorsal posterior temporal; IV = ventral posterior temporal) and position of 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th infralabials; dashed lines represent linear measurements described in the text; B) 3v+2 condition of temporals (extra ventral temporal shaded); C) 4+2 condition of temporals (extra dorsal and ventral temporal shaded); D) 3d+2 condition of temporals (extra dorsal temporal shaded)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3998678/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
), with 38% of specimens exhibiting an extra ventral temporal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137FCDF88B1AFFCFFBD5F9FBB5AAF9D2" box="[1132,1215,1559,1583]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1272,1294]" captionTargetBox="[179,1401,386,1195]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,360,1211]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Head scale patterns in Eastern Indigo Snakes (Drymarchon couperi). A) 2+2 condition of temporals (I = dorsal anterior temporal; II = ventral anterior temporal; III = dorsal posterior temporal; IV = ventral posterior temporal) and position of 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th infralabials; dashed lines represent linear measurements described in the text; B) 3v+2 condition of temporals (extra ventral temporal shaded); C) 4+2 condition of temporals (extra dorsal and ventral temporal shaded); D) 3d+2 condition of temporals (extra dorsal temporal shaded)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3998678/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
), 23% of specimens having extra dorsal and ventral temporals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137FCDF88B1AFFCFFDE4F9D7B3BAF9AE" box="[605,687,1595,1619]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1272,1294]" captionTargetBox="[179,1401,386,1195]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,360,1211]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Head scale patterns in Eastern Indigo Snakes (Drymarchon couperi). A) 2+2 condition of temporals (I = dorsal anterior temporal; II = ventral anterior temporal; III = dorsal posterior temporal; IV = ventral posterior temporal) and position of 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th infralabials; dashed lines represent linear measurements described in the text; B) 3v+2 condition of temporals (extra ventral temporal shaded); C) 4+2 condition of temporals (extra dorsal and ventral temporal shaded); D) 3d+2 condition of temporals (extra dorsal temporal shaded)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3998678/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
), and 15% of specimens exhibiting an extra dorsal temporal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137FCDF88B1AFFCFFA82F9D7B49BF9AE" box="[1339,1422,1595,1619]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1272,1294]" captionTargetBox="[179,1401,386,1195]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,360,1211]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Head scale patterns in Eastern Indigo Snakes (Drymarchon couperi). A) 2+2 condition of temporals (I = dorsal anterior temporal; II = ventral anterior temporal; III = dorsal posterior temporal; IV = ventral posterior temporal) and position of 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th infralabials; dashed lines represent linear measurements described in the text; B) 3v+2 condition of temporals (extra ventral temporal shaded); C) 4+2 condition of temporals (extra dorsal and ventral temporal shaded); D) 3d+2 condition of temporals (extra dorsal temporal shaded)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3998678/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The frequency with which these four categories occurred differed between Atlantic and Gulf Coast lineage specimens (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C6E4C68B1AFFCFFF27F96FB1FAF966" box="[158,239,1667,1691]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,153,177]" captionText="TABLE 1. Frequency of occurrence of four character states for temporal scales in the Atlantic and Gulf lineages of Eastern Indigo Snakes." pageId="2" pageNumber="170">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
; χ2 = 12.11.; df = 3;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1AFFCFFE75F968B0CCF966" box="[460,473,1668,1691]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.01), with Atlantic lineage snakes tending to have conditions with two dorsal temporals and Gulf Coast lineage snakes tending to have conditions with three dorsal temporals. Head shape, based on ANCOVA of head height on head length, did not differ between Atlantic and Gulf Coast lineages in either slope (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137FCDF88B1AFFCFFB6EF927B40DF91E" box="[1239,1304,1739,1763]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,244,1336,1358]" captionTargetBox="[173,1401,480,1299]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,456,1316]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Bivariate plot of head height on head length. Values from Atlantic lineage indicated by solid circles and solid line; values from Gulf Coast lineage indicated by open circles and dashed line." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3998680/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1AFFCFFA9DF920B421F91E" box="[1316,1332,1740,1763]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">F</emphasis>
|
||
=0.07; df = 1;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1AFFCFFF71F91CB1C0F8FA" box="[200,213,1776,1799]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.79) or elevation (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1AFFCFFE07F91CB0DBF8FA" box="[446,462,1776,1799]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">F</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.48; df = 1;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1AFFCFFDCFF91CB396F8FA" box="[630,643,1776,1799]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.49). Length of the dorsal posterior-most temporal, expressed as a proportion of head length, differed significantly among temporal categories (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1AFFCFFC12F8F8B2AEF8D6" box="[939,955,1812,1835]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">F</emphasis>
|
||
= 18.34; df = 3;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1AFFCFFBCBF8F8B56AF8D6" box="[1138,1151,1812,1835]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.0001), with the dorsal posterior-most temporal being proportionately shorter when three dorsal temporal scales are present relative to when two dorsal temporal scales are present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137FCDF88B1AFFCFFDB3F8B7B35FF88E" box="[522,586,1883,1907]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,244,1924,1946]" captionTargetBox="[195,1418,1025,1883]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,985,1903]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Box and whiskers plot of distribution of ratio of dorsal posterior-most temporal scale length to head length in four categories of temporal scales (see Figure 1). Vertical lines indicate range; box indicates interquartile, horizontal line indicates median; open diamond indicates mean." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998682" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3998682/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). When the length and width of the 6th and 7th infralabial scales were converted to a length-to-width ratio, the distribution of our sample of scales from Atlantic lineage snakes encompassed values for both
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FF6FDF8B1AFFCFFF74F848B1EEF841" box="[205,251,1956,1980]" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens for each scale (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137FCDF88B1AFFCFFDA0F84FB34FF846" box="[537,602,1955,1979]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,244,1090,1112]" captionTargetBox="[183,1404,215,1048]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,175,1069]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Distribution of length-to-width ratio of 6th and 7th infralabials in 11 Atlantic lineage specimens of Drymarchon couperi (dark spots). Open triangles indicate ratios from type specimen of D. couperi (Atlantic lineage); open diamonds indicate ratios from type specimen of D. kolpobasileus (Gulf Coast lineage)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3998684/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Length-to-width ratios differed between 6th and 7th infralabials (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1AFFCFFA9FF848B438F846" box="[1318,1325,1956,1979]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">t</emphasis>
|
||
= 8.07; df = 12,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1AFFCFFF6CF824B1F7F822" box="[213,226,1992,2015]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="170">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.0001), with 7th infralabials being more elongate than 6th infralabials.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF3B81F58B1BFFCEFF2EFF75B04AFF2B" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFBD17D8B1BFFCEFF2EFF75B04AFF2B" blockId="3.[151,1436,153,214]" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1BFFCEFF2EFF75B016FF4F" bold="true" box="[151,259,153,178]" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">TABLE 1</emphasis>
|
||
. Frequency of occurrence of four character states for temporal scales in the Atlantic and Gulf lineages of Eastern Indigo Snakes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFBD17D8B1BFFCEFF1BFF0DB5E5FE91" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<table id="F94423DD8B1B0032FF1BFF0DB41EFE91" box="[162,1291,225,364]" gridcols="5" gridrows="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<tr id="3574D33F8B1B0032FF1BFF0DB41EFF07" box="[162,1291,225,250]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="171" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="76A5BA438B1B0032FF1BFF0DB061FF07" box="[162,372,225,250]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">Mitochondrial Clade</th>
|
||
<th id="76A5BA438B1B0032FD2FFF0DB22BFF07" box="[662,830,225,250]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">Scale Condition</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3574D33F8B1B0032FF1BFEE4B41EFED8" box="[162,1291,264,293]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="171" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76A5BA438B1B0032FD2FFEE4B22BFED8" box="[662,830,264,293]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">2+2</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5BA438B1B0032FCE3FEE4B29CFED8" box="[858,905,264,293]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">3v+2</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5BA438B1B0032FBA7FEE4B55BFED8" box="[1054,1102,264,293]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">3d+2</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5BA438B1B0032FB5AFEE4B41EFED8" box="[1251,1291,264,293]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">4+2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3574D33F8B1B0032FF1BFEC1B41EFEBB" box="[162,1291,301,326]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th id="76A5BA438B1B0032FF1BFEC1B061FEBB" box="[162,372,301,326]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">Atlantic</th>
|
||
<td id="76A5BA438B1B0032FD2FFEC1B22BFEBB" box="[662,830,301,326]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">13</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5BA438B1B0032FCE3FEC1B29CFEBB" box="[858,905,301,326]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">26</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5BA438B1B0032FBA7FEC1B55BFEBB" box="[1054,1102,301,326]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">10</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5BA438B1B0032FB5AFEC1B41EFEBB" box="[1251,1291,301,326]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3574D33F8B1B0032FF1BFEBFB41EFE91" box="[162,1291,339,364]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th id="76A5BA438B1B0032FF1BFEBFB061FE91" box="[162,372,339,364]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">Gulf</th>
|
||
<td id="76A5BA438B1B0032FD2FFEBFB22BFE91" box="[662,830,339,364]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">5</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5BA438B1B0032FCE3FEBFB29CFE91" box="[858,905,339,364]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">2</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5BA438B1B0032FBA7FEBFB55BFE91" box="[1054,1102,339,364]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">1</td>
|
||
<td id="76A5BA438B1B0032FB5AFEBFB41EFE91" box="[1251,1291,339,364]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3B81F58B1BFFCEFF2EFAD4B202FA8F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998680" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3998680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3998680/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="171" startId="3.[151,244,1336,1358]" targetBox="[173,1401,480,1299]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFBD17D8B1BFFCEFF2EFAD4B202FA8F" blockId="3.[151,1436,1336,1394]" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1BFFCEFF2EFAD4B018FAB0" bold="true" box="[151,269,1336,1358]" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Bivariate plot of head height on head length. Values from Atlantic lineage indicated by solid circles and solid line; values from Gulf Coast lineage indicated by open circles and dashed line.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35E82F68B1BFFC9FF7EFA4FB305FC34" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="172" pageId="3" pageNumber="171" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFBD17D8B1BFFCEFF7EFA4FB02FF84E" blockId="3.[151,1437,1442,2043]" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">
|
||
Our results reject the hypothesis that the Atlantic and Gulf Coast lineages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C44AAFE8B1BFFCEFBB7FA4FB466FA47" authority="(Krysko et al. 2016 a)" baseAuthorityName="Krysko" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[1038,1395,1442,1467]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Drymarchon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="couperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1BFFCEFBB7FA4FB597FA47" box="[1038,1154,1443,1466]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">D. couperi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD5AC8C8B1BFFCEFB2BFA4FB478FA47" author="Krysko, K. L. & Nunez, L. P. & Lippi, C. A. & Smith, D. J. & Granatosky, M. C." box="[1170,1389,1442,1467]" pageId="3" pageNumber="171" pagination="111 - 122" refId="ref4091" refString="Krysko, K. L., Nunez, L. P., Lippi, C. A., Smith, D. J. & Granatosky, M. C. (2016 a) Pliocene-Pleistocene lineage diversifications in the Eastern Indigo Snake (Drymarchon couperi) in the southeastern United States. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 98, 111 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2015.12.022" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Krysko
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1BFFCEFB53FA4FB40EFA46" box="[1258,1307,1443,1467]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are identifiable on the basis of aforementioned phenotypic characters. We reach this conclusion after examining the variables used by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD5AC8C8B1BFFCEFF4BFA07B0CFF9FF" author="Krysko, K. L. & Granatosky, M. C. & Nunez, L. P. & Smith, D. J." box="[242,474,1514,1539]" pageId="3" pageNumber="171" pagination="549 - 649" refId="ref4172" refString="Krysko, K. L., Granatosky, M. C., Nunez, L. P. & Smith, D. J. (2016 b) A cryptic new species of Indigo Snake (genus Drymarchon) from the Florida platform of the United State. Zootaxa, 4138 (3), 549 - 649. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4138.3.9" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Krysko
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1BFFCEFEF1FA07B06DF9FE" box="[328,376,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2016b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to diagnose each lineage. Of the disparities that emerge between our analyses and theirs, the conformation of the infralabials is the most problematic. The figures presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD5AC8C8B1BFFCEFBFAF9E3B43BF9DB" author="Krysko, K. L. & Granatosky, M. C. & Nunez, L. P. & Smith, D. J." box="[1091,1326,1550,1575]" pageId="3" pageNumber="171" pagination="549 - 649" refId="ref4172" refString="Krysko, K. L., Granatosky, M. C., Nunez, L. P. & Smith, D. J. (2016 b) A cryptic new species of Indigo Snake (genus Drymarchon) from the Florida platform of the United State. Zootaxa, 4138 (3), 549 - 649. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4138.3.9" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Krysko
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1BFFCEFB23F9E3B5DEF9DA" box="[1178,1227,1551,1575]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2016b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD5AC8C8B1BFFCEFADCF9E3B074F9B6" author="Enge, K. M. & Krysko, K. L." pageId="3" pageNumber="171" pagination="465 - 469" refId="ref3794" refString="Enge, K. M. & Krysko, K. L. (2019) Drymarchon couperi (Holbrooki 1842) Eastern Indigo Snake Drymarchon kolpobasileus Gulf Coast Indigo Snake Krysko, Granatosky, Nunez, and Smith 2016. In: Krysko, K. L., Enge, K. M. & Moler, P. E. (Eds.), Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, pp. 465 - 469." type="book chapter" year="2019">Enge and Krysko (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for the 6th infralabial show great promise for diagnosing lineages. However, we were struck by how dissimilar the 6th infralabial of Atlantic specimens appeared to be from the long and thin scale shape ascribed to them by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD5AC8C8B1BFFCEFF2EF997B060F96F" author="Krysko, K. L. & Granatosky, M. C. & Nunez, L. P. & Smith, D. J." box="[151,373,1658,1683]" pageId="3" pageNumber="171" pagination="549 - 649" refId="ref4172" refString="Krysko, K. L., Granatosky, M. C., Nunez, L. P. & Smith, D. J. (2016 b) A cryptic new species of Indigo Snake (genus Drymarchon) from the Florida platform of the United State. Zootaxa, 4138 (3), 549 - 649. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4138.3.9" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Krysko
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1BFFCEFF55F997B00FF96E" box="[236,282,1659,1683]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2016b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 5A). Our analyses demonstrate that the 6th and 7th infralabials differ in shape, that the shape of the 7th infralabial conforms to the shape ascribed to the Atlantic lineage, and that the shape of the 6th infralabial conforms to that ascribed to the Gulf Coast lineage. Given that it is unclear which of these scales was measured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD5AC8C8B1BFFCEFAA9F92FB1FEF903" author="Krysko, K. L. & Granatosky, M. C. & Nunez, L. P. & Smith, D. J." pageId="3" pageNumber="171" pagination="549 - 649" refId="ref4172" refString="Krysko, K. L., Granatosky, M. C., Nunez, L. P. & Smith, D. J. (2016 b) A cryptic new species of Indigo Snake (genus Drymarchon) from the Florida platform of the United State. Zootaxa, 4138 (3), 549 - 649. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4138.3.9" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Krysko
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1BFFCEFADFF92FB488F926" box="[1382,1437,1731,1755]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2016b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and that the range of variation of each scale within a sample of Atlantic lineage snakes encompasses both
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FF6FDF8B1BFFCEFAD7F90BB489F902" box="[1390,1436,1767,1791]" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens, we raise the possibility that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD5AC8C8B1BFFCEFDF1F8E7B224F8DF" author="Krysko, K. L. & Granatosky, M. C. & Nunez, L. P. & Smith, D. J." box="[584,817,1802,1827]" pageId="3" pageNumber="171" pagination="549 - 649" refId="ref4172" refString="Krysko, K. L., Granatosky, M. C., Nunez, L. P. & Smith, D. J. (2016 b) A cryptic new species of Indigo Snake (genus Drymarchon) from the Florida platform of the United State. Zootaxa, 4138 (3), 549 - 649. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4138.3.9" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Krysko
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1BFFCEFD27F8E7B3C3F8DE" box="[670,726,1803,1827]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2016b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
intended to measure the 7th infralabial but inadvertently measured the 6th for Gulf Coast lineage specimens and the 7th for Atlantic lineage specimens. If the mental scale was included in the count for one lineage but not the other, this would provide a plausible explanation for their strong separation of the two lineages based on this scale and an inability for this to translate into a useful difference in character states in our analysis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFBD17D8B1BFFC9FF7EF853B5D2FE0B" blockId="3.[151,1437,1442,2043]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,154,970]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="172" pageId="3" pageNumber="171">
|
||
Our results for the temporal scale reveal great variation in the number of these scales present in Eastern Indigo Snakes. The four categories that characterize this variation are found in both Atlantic and Gulf Coast lineage snakes, in- dicating that this feature is not diagnostic. Nevertheless, Atlantic lineage snakes tend to have two dorsal temporals while Gulf Coast lineage snakes tend to have three. We assume that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD5AC8C8B1CFFC9FC88FF52B50DFF2B" author="Krysko, K. L. & Granatosky, M. C. & Nunez, L. P. & Smith, D. J." box="[817,1048,190,214]" pageId="4" pageNumber="172" pagination="549 - 649" refId="ref4172" refString="Krysko, K. L., Granatosky, M. C., Nunez, L. P. & Smith, D. J. (2016 b) A cryptic new species of Indigo Snake (genus Drymarchon) from the Florida platform of the United State. Zootaxa, 4138 (3), 549 - 649. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4138.3.9" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Krysko
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1CFFC9FC3EFF52B2A3FF2B" box="[903,950,190,214]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="172">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2016b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
intended to measure the dorsal posterior-most temporal and, therefore, we focused our attention on this scale. Our data indicate that the length of the dorsal posterior-most temporal, relative to head length, becomes shortened if three dorsal temporals are present and becomes elongate if two dorsal temporals are present. This finding indicates that the scale shapes revealed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD5AC8C8B1CFFC9FB00FEC6B489FEBF" author="Krysko, K. L. & Granatosky, M. C. & Nunez, L. P. & Smith, D. J." box="[1209,1436,298,322]" pageId="4" pageNumber="172" pagination="549 - 649" refId="ref4172" refString="Krysko, K. L., Granatosky, M. C., Nunez, L. P. & Smith, D. J. (2016 b) A cryptic new species of Indigo Snake (genus Drymarchon) from the Florida platform of the United State. Zootaxa, 4138 (3), 549 - 649. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4138.3.9" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Krysko
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1CFFC9FAB7FEC6B457FEBF" box="[1294,1346,298,322]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="172">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2016b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
represent distinguishable groups, but that the groups are created by numbers of temporal scales present rather than representing two species. We speculate that the different morphologies of the dorsal posterior-most temporal result because, during embryonic development of some individuals, the dorsal anterior temporal divides, limiting space for development of the dorsal posterior-most temporal. Because these two conditions of the dorsal temporals are present in both Atlantic and Gulf Coast lineages the two lineages cannot be diagnosed by relative lengths of temporal scales.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFBD17D8B1CFFC9FF7EFDEEB30AFCC7" blockId="4.[151,1437,154,970]" pageId="4" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD5AC8C8B1CFFC9FF7EFDEEB0A1FDE7" author="Krysko, K. L. & Granatosky, M. C. & Nunez, L. P. & Smith, D. J." box="[199,436,514,538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="172" pagination="549 - 649" refId="ref4172" refString="Krysko, K. L., Granatosky, M. C., Nunez, L. P. & Smith, D. J. (2016 b) A cryptic new species of Indigo Snake (genus Drymarchon) from the Florida platform of the United State. Zootaxa, 4138 (3), 549 - 649. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4138.3.9" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Krysko
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1CFFC9FEA6FDEEB045FDE7" box="[287,336,514,538]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="172">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2016b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also used head shape to diagnose the two lineages, with Atlantic lineage snakes having an elongate deep head and Gulf Coast lineage snakes having a short narrow head. Our bivariate examination of head length and height revealed no difference in head shape between the two lineages. We have no convenient explanation for this disparity, except to note that head height is difficult to measure consistently. Specimens preserved with mouths open are likely to have larger values for head height than those with mouths closed. If the relative frequency of open-mouthed versus closed-mouthed specimens (or any other preservation artifact) differed between lineages, this might yield a spurious association of head shape with lineage. Our measurements were made from live specimens with closed mouths, which we infer reduces measurement error. If the lineages differed in a way that would allow separation of them, then our ANCOVA should have revealed this difference.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFBD17D8B1CFFC9FF7EFCAAB305FC34" blockId="4.[151,1437,154,970]" pageId="4" pageNumber="172">
|
||
Along with evidence of extensive population genetic admixture and gene flow between the Atlantic and Gulf Coast lineages (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD5AC8C8B1CFFC9FE92FC86B0F3FC7F" author="Folt, B. & Bauder, J. & Spear, S. & Stevenson, D. & Hoffman, M. & Oaks, J. & Jenkins, C. & Steen, D. & Guyer, C." box="[299,486,874,898]" pageId="4" pageNumber="172" pagination="0214439" refId="ref3957" refString="Folt, B., Bauder, J., Spear, S., Stevenson, D., Hoffman, M., Oaks, J., Jenkins, C., Steen, D. & Guyer, C. (2019 b) Taxonomic and conservation implications of population genetic admixture, mito-nuclear discordance, and male-biased dispersal of a large endangered snake, Drymarchon couperi. PLos ONE, 14 (3), e 0214439. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0214439" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Folt
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1CFFC9FEE6FC86B085FC7F" box="[351,400,874,898]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="172">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), our evaluation of morphological features finds further support for not recognizing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C44AAFE8B1CFFC9FA3BFC86B03FFC5B" authorityName="Krysko, Granatosky, Nunez & D.J.Smith" authorityYear="2016" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Drymarchon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kolpobasileus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1CFFC9FA3BFC86B03FFC5B" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="172">D. kolpobasileus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a distinct species. Therefore, we formally propose here
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C44AAFE8B1CFFC9FC13FC62B5D9FC5B" authorityName="Krysko, Granatosky, Nunez & D.J.Smith" authorityYear="2016" box="[938,1228,910,934]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Drymarchon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kolpobasileus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1CFFC9FC13FC62B5D9FC5B" box="[938,1228,910,934]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="172">Drymarchon kolpobasileus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be placed in the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C44AAFE8B1CFFC9FE93FC5EB31CFC34" box="[298,521,946,970]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Drymarchon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="couperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9300D6F8B1CFFC9FE93FC5EB31CFC34" box="[298,521,946,970]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="172">Drymarchon couperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |