141 lines
24 KiB
XML
141 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document id="DE7B9B3D7DE0DE335C47A3EAEE203329" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13745824" ID-ZooBank="AFDFAEE4-9B4A-4792-80E7-27DC9ECC23D8" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1726052091569" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Titus, Benjamin M., Bennett-Smith, Morgan F., Chiodo, Tommaso & Rodríguez, Estefanía" docDate="2024" docId="038187876455FFDB1BD2FC06FB8B77D5" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5506.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5506 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Stichodactyla mertensii Brandt 1835" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="28" masterDocId="FFB8FFFF644EFFC01B45FF9BFFDB7179" masterDocTitle="The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide." masterLastPageNumber="34" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="28" updateTime="1726245086095" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
|
||
<mods:mods id="C107AFBDFA120347B5943AAF619E9C68" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="BC4EAE8A1386BA77663E8CAE3499E0AA">
|
||
<mods:title id="89588567C7F1400197EDCCDF753649B8">The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide.</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="AE24EB8912D9066E95F03CB4BC57B33B" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="86A47193FBA4FEE2375C2E0C7FA9716D">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="84E51F35CBEF1978497D757E7E23FAFB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="87F12EFD2846FD8FF9C914BD39BC321E">Titus, Benjamin M.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="C254391D20B454222BD968F6405CE72E">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="2A56A654D1D26092FD14F5677D60752D" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="D73D942FDA390E857519F699EC2B2712">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="00416C49BB8D0DBB870B46F5CB9F6AD0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="8AFB5051397E0EFB1552C1A1E172B560">Bennett-Smith, Morgan F.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="387A24E7EC6DB7759E753CD973C66147">Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA, 02215</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="894975B188AB6A46971169375E6CBF6B" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="6208A525CE6699F53A2D5F9C10BE0828">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="5373DAE6B1C3EE12C6596BA54FFFD8EB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="29E8EBC80DBD2B55B358ACF0519C70E0">Chiodo, Tommaso</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="11D306C81FC576E1694C7D8B1FCAED62">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="2F904A841D3D3F8C67A72851425F5D46" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="02A087186F43D253974E5E2054D8A02B">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="4D50585D846E6150B8B2051C89EBAD64">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="831C74E5B36E0EDE7BD2716D1C1C0C30">Rodríguez, Estefanía</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="F182864F5CB660D4D567D3335233FD53">Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="F0061FB3549559DD91AEA9940D8B143B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="658F6F42A2755976FA8C5724CF92C449" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="DA721870CD19CD0CA4078813C2F9B4F3">
|
||
<mods:title id="1FC73C303F14AF431751F6D09C6485C3">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="4DE31520C9D4CC6421D1401515A60979">
|
||
<mods:date id="7D0EB5A3F0FFC56D02FEE3985DC9E5D2">2024</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="24CB665972F3D55D90E442BE177CF3AC" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="7F5DDB6676A56E98B0B06B14669FB196">2024-09-05</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="A84CF779E247E0932DA1BE7E1D06990B" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="6E171B88A15858150E2917424DB22CD0">5506</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="F86012AA0C09B6CD0430DA6D6D152544" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="75338198352EF0FA7AB88742AC1C359E">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="F944619F9F0EDA6D1052B6A16B1E835D" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="A034772ABAD48E240330299778DF0F61">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="C344E41CA176E64030BE7A92514CFE8A">34</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="CE02EEA3A850CC19CFFB40E1B6A9E5BB">
|
||
<mods:url id="D1D6D544CEC982B2FB20FA7ACF41FBA2">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="7A85114385BD6FCF7235DC2C68DB58B9">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="6F03B8A4FC8A5269BDA1BCC022913C3A" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="7B28C973F2F64754FCE7ABAF04B4A320" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="183208060A43773F3B0868617DEC5C5E" type="Zenodo-Dep">13745824</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="0B1DC261B339CB65174EDB25D3BA2BDC" type="ZooBank">AFDFAEE4-9B4A-4792-80E7-27DC9ECC23D8</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="038187876455FFDB1BD2FC06FB8B77D5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13760345" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13760345" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038187876455FFDB1BD2FC06FB8B77D5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038187876455FFDB1BD2FC06FB8B77D5" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C332651A6455FFDB1BD2FC06FCA372C1" box="[151,888,925,952]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9736916455FFDB1BD2FC06FCA372C1" blockId="27.[151,888,925,952]" box="[151,888,925,952]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<heading id="D0DF81FD6455FFDB1BD2FC06FCA372C1" bold="true" box="[151,888,925,952]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" reason="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D126455FFDB1BD2FC06FD8672C1" ID-CoL="52J2F" authority="Brandt, 1835" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[151,605,925,952]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mertensii">
|
||
Stichodactyla mertensii
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B606455FFDB1AFCFC05FD8672C1" author="Brandt, J. F." box="[441,605,926,952]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref16058" refString="Brandt, J. F. (1835) Polypos, acalephas discophoras et siphonophoras, nec non echinodermata continens. Prodromus Descriptionis Animalium AB H. Mertensio in Orbis Terrarum Circumnavigatione Observatorum. Sumptibus Academiae, Petropoli, 75 pp." type="book" year="1835">Brandt, 1835</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13132A146455FFDB192EFC05FD3372C1" box="[619,744,926,952]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="28.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-22@28.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 18. Representative images of Stichodactyla mertensii encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Wide angle photograph of a brown individual highlighting fore reef habitat (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). B) Macro photograph of rounded, digitiform tentacles, pale column color, and (i) highly contrasting reddish verrucae (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). C) Tan individual with (ii) long tentacles surrounding the mouth (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). D) Green individual draped over hard reef substrate (Fares-Maathodaa, Maldives). E) Partially retracted individual with (iii) endocoelic tentacle striping pattern (Fares-Maathoda, Maldives). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Benjamin M. Titus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745864" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745864/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figure 18</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13132A146455FFDB19B3FC05FCB472C1" box="[758,879,926,952]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1852,1876]" captionTargetBox="[226,1358,1317,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-520@18.[226,1362,1317,1828]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 9. Confirmed geographic range of Radianthus doreensis in the Indo-West Pacific. Red dots represent species observations from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Blue shaded area represents shallow water habitat (60 m bathymetry)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745842/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figure S9</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C332651A6455FFDB1BD2FC7DFB8B77D5" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9736916455FFDB1BD2FC7DFC547411" blockId="27.[151,1437,998,1708]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Merten’s carpet anemone,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D126455FFDB1AFFFC7DFD647579" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[442,703,998,1024]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mertensii">Stichodactyla mertensii</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is among the largest sea anemone species in the world (clownfish-host or otherwise), regularly reaching oral disc diameters of one meter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13132A146455FFDB18AAFB91FBBF755D" box="[1007,1124,1034,1060]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="28.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-22@28.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 18. Representative images of Stichodactyla mertensii encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Wide angle photograph of a brown individual highlighting fore reef habitat (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). B) Macro photograph of rounded, digitiform tentacles, pale column color, and (i) highly contrasting reddish verrucae (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). C) Tan individual with (ii) long tentacles surrounding the mouth (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). D) Green individual draped over hard reef substrate (Fares-Maathodaa, Maldives). E) Partially retracted individual with (iii) endocoelic tentacle striping pattern (Fares-Maathoda, Maldives). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Benjamin M. Titus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745864" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745864/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figure 18</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13132A146455FFDB1F30FB91FB30755D" box="[1141,1259,1034,1060]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1852,1876]" captionTargetBox="[226,1358,1317,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-520@18.[226,1362,1317,1828]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 9. Confirmed geographic range of Radianthus doreensis in the Indo-West Pacific. Red dots represent species observations from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Blue shaded area represents shallow water habitat (60 m bathymetry)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745842/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figure S9</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D126455FFDB1E41FB91FF247531" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mertensii">Stichodactyla mertensii</taxonomicName>
|
||
has tentacles that are variable in length, with the inner tentacles around the mouth considerably longer (
|
||
<quantity id="4CD09B746455FFDB1BDAFBC9FECE7515" box="[159,277,1106,1133]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="65.0" valueMax="80.0" valueMin="50.0">50-80 mm</quantity>
|
||
) than marginal ones (
|
||
<quantity id="4CD09B746455FFDB1946FBC9FDB07515" box="[515,619,1106,1132]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="9.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="6.0">6-12 mm</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13132A146455FFDB1930FBC9FD2D7515" box="[629,758,1106,1132]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="28.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-22@28.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 18. Representative images of Stichodactyla mertensii encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Wide angle photograph of a brown individual highlighting fore reef habitat (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). B) Macro photograph of rounded, digitiform tentacles, pale column color, and (i) highly contrasting reddish verrucae (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). C) Tan individual with (ii) long tentacles surrounding the mouth (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). D) Green individual draped over hard reef substrate (Fares-Maathodaa, Maldives). E) Partially retracted individual with (iii) endocoelic tentacle striping pattern (Fares-Maathoda, Maldives). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Benjamin M. Titus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745864" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745864/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figure 18C</figureCitation>
|
||
). This difference in tentacle morphology is unique among the carpet anemones and serves as one diagnostic character that can be used to differentiate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D126455FFDB1F24FBEDFB3F75E9" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[1121,1252,1142,1168]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mertensii">S. mertensii</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D126455FFDB1E63FBEDFA4775E9" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Saville-Kent" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[1318,1436,1142,1168]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haddoni">S. haddoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D126455FFDB1BF0FB01FEED75CD" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[181,310,1178,1204]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gigantea">S. gigantea</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Regardless of length, all tentacles are digitiform and otherwise alike (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13132A146455FFDB1F01FB01FB1C75CD" box="[1092,1223,1178,1204]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="28.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-22@28.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 18. Representative images of Stichodactyla mertensii encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Wide angle photograph of a brown individual highlighting fore reef habitat (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). B) Macro photograph of rounded, digitiform tentacles, pale column color, and (i) highly contrasting reddish verrucae (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). C) Tan individual with (ii) long tentacles surrounding the mouth (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). D) Green individual draped over hard reef substrate (Fares-Maathodaa, Maldives). E) Partially retracted individual with (iii) endocoelic tentacle striping pattern (Fares-Maathoda, Maldives). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Benjamin M. Titus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745864" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745864/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figure 18B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tentacles are less densely packed than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D126455FFDB1AC0FB25FE2575A1" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Saville-Kent" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[389,510,1214,1240]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haddoni">S. haddoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
, leaving the oral disc more exposed in some individuals. Tentacle color is almost exclusively browns and greens. Endocoelic tentacles can form radial striping patterns as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D126455FFDB1FCCFB79FADB7585" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Saville-Kent" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[1161,1280,1250,1276]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haddoni">S. haddoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13132A146455FFDB1E4BFB79FA547585" box="[1294,1423,1250,1276]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="28.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-22@28.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 18. Representative images of Stichodactyla mertensii encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Wide angle photograph of a brown individual highlighting fore reef habitat (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). B) Macro photograph of rounded, digitiform tentacles, pale column color, and (i) highly contrasting reddish verrucae (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). C) Tan individual with (ii) long tentacles surrounding the mouth (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). D) Green individual draped over hard reef substrate (Fares-Maathodaa, Maldives). E) Partially retracted individual with (iii) endocoelic tentacle striping pattern (Fares-Maathoda, Maldives). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Benjamin M. Titus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745864" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745864/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figure 18E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The column is typically pale in color and contains bright and highly contrasting verrucae in longitudinal rows that are orange, red, and purple. Spots that are similarly colored to the verrucae extend the entire length of the column; this is unique among the carpet anemone host species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13132A146455FFDB19B9FAD5FC597411" box="[764,898,1358,1384]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1852,1876]" captionTargetBox="[226,1358,1317,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-520@18.[226,1362,1317,1828]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 9. Confirmed geographic range of Radianthus doreensis in the Indo-West Pacific. Red dots represent species observations from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Blue shaded area represents shallow water habitat (60 m bathymetry)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745842/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figure S9B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9736916455FFDB1B82FAE9FE7B7765" blockId="27.[151,1437,998,1708]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
This species is the only carpet anemone to be found draped prominently over hard substrate on fore reef environments (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13132A146455FFDB1A7BFA0DFE7474C9" box="[318,431,1430,1456]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="28.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-22@28.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 18. Representative images of Stichodactyla mertensii encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Wide angle photograph of a brown individual highlighting fore reef habitat (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). B) Macro photograph of rounded, digitiform tentacles, pale column color, and (i) highly contrasting reddish verrucae (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). C) Tan individual with (ii) long tentacles surrounding the mouth (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). D) Green individual draped over hard reef substrate (Fares-Maathodaa, Maldives). E) Partially retracted individual with (iii) endocoelic tentacle striping pattern (Fares-Maathoda, Maldives). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Benjamin M. Titus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745864" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745864/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figure 18</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13132A146455FFDB1AFEFA0DFDF774C9" box="[443,556,1430,1456]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1852,1876]" captionTargetBox="[226,1358,1317,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-520@18.[226,1362,1317,1828]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 9. Confirmed geographic range of Radianthus doreensis in the Indo-West Pacific. Red dots represent species observations from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Blue shaded area represents shallow water habitat (60 m bathymetry)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745842/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figure S9</figureCitation>
|
||
). It attaches its column deeply into crevices in the reef substrate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13132A146455FFDB1E4FFA0DFA5474C9" box="[1290,1423,1430,1456]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1852,1876]" captionTargetBox="[226,1358,1317,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-520@18.[226,1362,1317,1828]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 9. Confirmed geographic range of Radianthus doreensis in the Indo-West Pacific. Red dots represent species observations from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Blue shaded area represents shallow water habitat (60 m bathymetry)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745842/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figure S9B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Weak column musculature prohibits the anemone from fully retracting. The combination of longer tentacles around the mouth, reddish non-adhesive verrucae, and hard reef microhabitat form three important characters for identifying this species in the field.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9736916455FFDB1B82F9BDFB8B77D5" blockId="27.[151,1437,998,1708]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Geographically, this species is widespread throughout the Indo-West Pacific. It ranges from the Northern Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Coral Triangle, and into the Central Pacific at least to the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33F76016455FFDB18A1F9D1FB47771D" box="[996,1180,1610,1636]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Marshall Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13132A146455FFDB1FECF9D1FAC2771D" box="[1193,1305,1610,1636]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="29.[152,255,749,773]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,181,725]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[189,1397,181,725]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 19. Confirmed geographic range of Stichodactyla mertensii in the Indo-West Pacific. Red dots represent species observations from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Blue shaded area represents shallow water habitat (60 m bathymetry)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745866" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745866/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figure 19</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is found north into the Japanese Archipelago, south to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33F76016455FFDB19E6F9F5FCD177F1" box="[675,778,1646,1672]" name="Australia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33F76016455FFDB1801F9F5FC0377F1" box="[836,984,1646,1672]" name="Mozambique" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
Channel. Its range in the South Pacific appears to stop at
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33F76016455FFDB1A24F909FE7C77D5" box="[353,423,1682,1708]" name="Tonga" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Tonga</collectingCountry>
|
||
and does not extend to the Cook Island or
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33F76016455FFDB18C2F909FB9677D5" box="[903,1101,1682,1708]" name="French Polynesia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">French Polynesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |