294 lines
36 KiB
XML
294 lines
36 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="CD27C62A39F2D9F792A86EE912176793">
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<mods:title id="24270F34E83D1AFDBEE08E46783D3BEC">Re-examining the rare and the lost: a review of fossil Tortricidae (Lepidoptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3AFE0AC0AB7F878CBF811E06C383F76F">Heikkilä, Maria</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EC258B84E71962FB69B265769FFF3C7C">Brown, John W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="51E9376E0164EB7AC5D2E1FBA7BA730B">Baixeras, Joaquin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0A4991F3C0CF0844BEB54CD67D0CBC04">Mey, Wolfram</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6CDD2CB38CDC900F8C32F3E9E13CECC7">Kozlov, Mikhail V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="FDBFD11AB41CB0802AA99B782014BBC4">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="CFDCDF59809388364F489BA8E387193C">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="831471D06CF611A6A49BEFB54946D9A9">4394</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03B2FF08FFCA140FFF54807F10DDFB64" ID-GBIF-Taxon="157232483" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B2FF08FFCA140FFF54807F10DDFB64" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2FF08FFCA140FFF54807F10DDFB64" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
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<subSubSection id="C3011D95FFCA1409FF54807F160CF874" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFCA1409FF54807F1166F9B7" blockId="3.[151,580,1627,1653]" box="[151,580,1627,1653]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
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<heading id="D0ECF972FFCA1409FF54807F1166F9B7" bold="true" box="[151,580,1627,1653]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCA1409FF54807F1166F9B7" ID-CoL="57H33" authority="Skalski, 1973" authorityName="Skalski" authorityYear="1973" box="[151,580,1627,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Tortricidrosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inclusa">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCA1409FF54807F1166F9B7" bold="true" box="[151,580,1627,1653]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCA1409FF54807F12BAF9B7" bold="true" box="[151,408,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Tortricidrosis inclusa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCA1409FE5C807F1166F9B7" author="Skalski, A. W." box="[415,580,1627,1653]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" pagination="339 - 344" refId="ref14120" refString="Skalski, A. W. (1973) Studies on the Lepidoptera from fossil resins. Part VI. Tortricidrosis inclusa gen. et spec. nov. from the Baltic amber (Lep., Tortricidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 20, 339 - 344. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 19730200406" type="journal article" year="1973">Skalski, 1973</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFCA1409FF548085160CF874" blockId="3.[151,1436,1697,2010]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCA1409FF5480851160F978" bold="true" box="[151,578,1697,1722]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Excavation locality and depository:</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B734443FFCA1409FD89808610FAF88B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2243026663" collectionCode="MNHU" collectorName="Baltic Amber & Prussian Fm. & C. and H. W. Hoffeins & C. & H. W. Hoffeins & Lutetian & Middle Eocene & He" location="Baltic Region" municipality="Baltic Region" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Berlin" typeStatus="holotype">
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<collectionCode id="ED0AD6DBFFCA1409FD8980861182F97B" box="[586,672,1698,1721]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">MNHU</collectionCode>
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<collectingRegion id="49DF80FCFFCA1409FD6B808511CCF978" box="[680,750,1697,1722]" country="Germany" name="Berlin" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Berlin</collectingRegion>
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(
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<typeStatus id="54A0F0BCFFCA1409FD3D8085104EF978" box="[766,876,1697,1722]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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: MB L-10=LEP.SUCC.133/AWS)/
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BC0D464FFCA1409FAC3808516BEF978" box="[1280,1436,1697,1722]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Baltic Region</collectingMunicipality>
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(
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<collectorName id="26EE2BC8FFCA1409FF5D80E11219F91C" box="[158,315,1733,1758]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Baltic Amber</collectorName>
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,
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<collectorName id="26EE2BC8FFCA1409FE8480E112F8F91C" box="[327,474,1733,1758]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Prussian Fm.</collectorName>
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)/Lutetian, Middle Eocene. The amber collection of
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<collectorName id="26EE2BC8FFCA1409FBE880E21600F91C" box="[1067,1314,1733,1758]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">C. and H.W. Hoffeins</collectorName>
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includes a male tortricid moth in Baltic Amber (nr. 1649/3 coll.
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<collectorName id="26EE2BC8FFCA1409FD2980CE10E8F8C0" box="[746,970,1769,1794]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">C. & H.W. Hoffeins</collectorName>
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(
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<collectingRegion id="49DF80FCFFCA1409FC1A80CD1764F8C0" box="[985,1094,1769,1794]" country="Germany" name="Hamburg" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Hamburg</collectingRegion>
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)
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<location id="8EC418C5FFCA1409FB9780CD17CDF8C0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B2FF08FFCA140FFF54807F10DDFB64:8EC418C5FFCA1409FB9780CD17CDF8C0" box="[1108,1263,1769,1794]" municipality="Baltic Region" name="Baltic Region" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" stateProvince="Berlin">Baltic Region</location>
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(
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<collectorName id="26EE2BC8FFCA1409FB3E80CD16BBF8C0" box="[1277,1433,1769,1794]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Baltic Amber</collectorName>
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,
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<collectorName id="26EE2BC8FFCA1409FF548129120FF8E4" box="[151,301,1805,1830]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Prussian Fm.</collectorName>
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)/
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<collectorName id="26EE2BC8FFCA1409FEFE812912BDF8E4" box="[317,415,1805,1830]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Lutetian</collectorName>
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,
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<collectorName id="26EE2BC8FFCA1409FE6C81291142F8E4" box="[431,608,1805,1830]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Middle Eocene</collectorName>
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) that WM suspects is conspecific with the
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<typeStatus id="54A0F0BCFFCA1409FBA4812917EBF8E4" box="[1127,1225,1805,1830]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCA1409FB34812A1645F8E4" authorityName="Skalski" authorityYear="1973" box="[1271,1383,1805,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Tortricidrosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inclusa">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCA1409FB34812A1645F8E4" box="[1271,1383,1805,1830]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">T. inclusa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<collectorName id="26EE2BC8FFCA1409FAB8812A16BEF8E7" box="[1403,1436,1806,1829]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">He</collectorName>
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simultaneously compared the two specimens under a dissecting scope at
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</materialsCitation>
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MNHU and could find no differences, except in forewing length, which is slightly larger in the specimen from the Hoffeins collection. Based on their morphological similarity and their comparable age, it is possible, that the two fossils are conspecific (
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<figureCitation id="1320529BFFCA1409FAD1815D167BF850" box="[1298,1369,1913,1938]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1906,1928]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,435,1893]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,435,1895]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Moth in Baltic amber conspecific with Tortricidrosis inclusa Skalski, 1973. Collection of C. and H. W. Hoffeins (Hamburg), nr. 1649/3. a. Dorsal view. Length of forewing 7.8 mm. b. Ventral view of abdomen. c. and d. Male genitalia. e. Head. f. Wing venation. Photos and illustrations: Wolfram Mey." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3094737/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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a–f.). In the absence of morphological characters to separate or diagnose the two, we treat them as conspecific.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3011D95FFCA140EFF0481E511C8FE4A" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFCA1409FF0481E517CEF818" blockId="3.[151,1436,1697,2010]" box="[199,1260,1985,2010]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCA1409FF0481E5114AF818" bold="true" box="[199,616,1985,2010]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
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Published illustrations of
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<typeStatus id="54A0F0BCFFCA1409FE3B81E51141F818" box="[504,611,1985,2010]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCA1409FDAC81E5101FF818" author="Skalski, A. W." box="[623,829,1985,2010]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" pagination="339 - 344" refId="ref14120" refString="Skalski, A. W. (1973) Studies on the Lepidoptera from fossil resins. Part VI. Tortricidrosis inclusa gen. et spec. nov. from the Baltic amber (Lep., Tortricidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 20, 339 - 344. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 19730200406" type="journal article" year="1973">Skalski 1973: 339</bibRefCitation>
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, figs 1–5 (photographs and drawings).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFCD140EFF0486B3166BFEDF" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,392]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCD140EFF0486B3126AFF72" bold="true" box="[199,328,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Condition:</emphasis>
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The
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<typeStatus id="54A0F0BCFFCD140EFE4086B312C7FF72" box="[387,485,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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is in a rectangular block (10 × 17 ×
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<quantity id="4CE3E3FBFFCD140EFC4086BC10E4FF72" box="[899,966,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
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) of amber attached to a microscope slide. It is an adult male moth, forewing length
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<quantity id="4CE3E3FBFFCD140EFDB0869811EFFF16" box="[627,717,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="5.1">5.1 mm</quantity>
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. The head, thorax and part of the wings are partly covered in a white substance that makes observation of details difficult. The wings are partly folded, and the veins are only partly visible. The fossil moth has retained some of its wing pattern, which is rare in fossils of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCD140EFB7987201667FEDF" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1210,1349,260,285]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFCD140EFF04870311C8FE4A" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,392]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">
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The specimen in the C. & H.W. Hoffeins collection is much better preserved than the
|
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<typeStatus id="54A0F0BCFFCD140EFB6C87031633FE82" box="[1199,1297,295,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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and reveals several characters that are unobservable in the
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<typeStatus id="54A0F0BCFFCD140EFD658768102EFEA7" box="[678,780,332,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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. It is also a male, and the right wings are perfectly spread, showing a fairly complete forewing pattern (
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<figureCitation id="1320529BFFCD140EFD48874B11F8FE4A" box="[651,730,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1906,1928]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,435,1893]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,435,1895]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Moth in Baltic amber conspecific with Tortricidrosis inclusa Skalski, 1973. Collection of C. and H. W. Hoffeins (Hamburg), nr. 1649/3. a. Dorsal view. Length of forewing 7.8 mm. b. Ventral view of abdomen. c. and d. Male genitalia. e. Head. f. Wing venation. Photos and illustrations: Wolfram Mey." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3094737/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Fig. 1a</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF641E96FFCD140EFF548156103CF807" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3094737/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" startId="4.[151,250,1906,1928]" targetBox="[151,1436,435,1893]" targetPageId="4">
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<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFCD140EFF548156103CF807" blockId="4.[151,1436,1906,1989]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCD140EFF5481561236F84A" bold="true" box="[151,276,1906,1928]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
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Moth in Baltic amber conspecific with
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCD140EFD6D8156173CF84A" authority="Skalski, 1973" authorityName="Skalski" authorityYear="1973" box="[686,1054,1906,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Tortricidrosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inclusa">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCD140EFD6D815610AAF84A" box="[686,904,1906,1928]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Tortricidrosis inclusa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCD140EFC4C8156173CF84A" author="Skalski, A. W." box="[911,1054,1906,1928]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" pagination="339 - 344" refId="ref14120" refString="Skalski, A. W. (1973) Studies on the Lepidoptera from fossil resins. Part VI. Tortricidrosis inclusa gen. et spec. nov. from the Baltic amber (Lep., Tortricidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 20, 339 - 344. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 19730200406" type="journal article" year="1973">Skalski, 1973</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Collection of C. and H. W. Hoffeins (Hamburg), nr. 1649/3.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCD140EFE4881B512BCF865" bold="true" box="[395,414,1937,1959]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">a.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal view. Length of forewing 7.8 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCD140EFC9981B5104DF865" bold="true" box="[858,879,1937,1959]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">b.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral view of abdomen.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCD140EFB4B81B517BBF865" bold="true" box="[1160,1177,1937,1959]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">c.</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCD140EFB0E81B517C0F865" bold="true" box="[1229,1250,1937,1959]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">d.</emphasis>
|
||
Male genitalia.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCD140EFA4981B516BEF865" bold="true" box="[1418,1436,1937,1959]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">e.</emphasis>
|
||
Head.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCD140EFF1A818B13CAF807" bold="true" box="[217,232,1967,1989]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">f.</emphasis>
|
||
Wing venation. Photos and illustrations: Wolfram Mey.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3011D95FFCC140FFF0486B310DDFB64" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFCC140FFF0486B3109DFF3A" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1190]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCC140FFF0486B31273FF72" bold="true" box="[199,337,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Comments:</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCC140FFE9A86B312DFFF72" author="Skalski, A. W." box="[345,509,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" pagination="339 - 344" refId="ref14120" refString="Skalski, A. W. (1973) Studies on the Lepidoptera from fossil resins. Part VI. Tortricidrosis inclusa gen. et spec. nov. from the Baltic amber (Lep., Tortricidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 20, 339 - 344. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 19730200406" type="journal article" year="1973">Skalski (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented an illustration of the forewing pattern of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A0F0BCFFCC140FFBAD86B317F1FF72" box="[1134,1235,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, which includes a basal spot, a median fascia, and a subapical spot, which are found in many species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCC140FFB96869817F1FF17" baseAuthorityName="Horak" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1109,1235,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tortricidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. He also provided a reconstruction of the venation and descriptions of other visible details.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFCC140FFF048720173DFE6F" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1190]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Based on the second specimen, the following characters can be added to the description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCC140FFB0A87211616FEDF" authorityName="Skalski" authorityYear="1973" box="[1225,1332,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Tortricidrosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inclusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCC140FFB0A87211616FEDF" box="[1225,1332,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">T. inclusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: antenna with short cilia on the ventral side, dorsal side of all flagellomeres with two rows of short scales; ocelli absent; maxillary palpus 3-segmented; haustellum base devoid of scales, short blunt sensilla in the apical portion; tarsal segments with three apical spines ventrally; male genitalia with extremely long valvae, nearly as long as the entire pregenital abdomen, with a long, slender, apically hooked uncus, and short socii.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFCC140FFF04879313FDFD6C" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1190]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCC140FFF048793124CFE12" author="Skalski, A. W." box="[199,366,439,464]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" pagination="339 - 344" refId="ref14120" refString="Skalski, A. W. (1973) Studies on the Lepidoptera from fossil resins. Part VI. Tortricidrosis inclusa gen. et spec. nov. from the Baltic amber (Lep., Tortricidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 20, 339 - 344. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 19730200406" type="journal article" year="1973">Skalski (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCC140FFDE6879D11B1FE12" authorityName="Skalski" authorityYear="1973" box="[549,659,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Tortricidrosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inclusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCC140FFDE6879D11B1FE12" box="[549,659,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">T. inclusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was a member of the extant subfamily Olethreutinae based on the presence of infracellular veins [= the chorda and M stem], “the tendency to straighten the median and cubital veins,” and M
|
||
<subScript id="179F4C5BFFCC140FFEF4842A121DFDDE" attach="left" box="[311,319,526,540]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">2</subScript>
|
||
and M
|
||
<subScript id="179F4C5BFFCC140FFE52842A12BBFDDE" attach="left" box="[401,409,526,540]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">3</subScript>
|
||
straight, with their bases widely separate in the hind wing. The last character is typical of many tortricids and probably represents the plesiomorphic condition in the family. M stem and stem of R
|
||
<subScript id="179F4C5BFFCC140FFAE48411161DFD81" attach="left" box="[1319,1343,565,579]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">4+5</subScript>
|
||
also are present in some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCC140FFE97846912EDFDA4" baseAuthorityName="Horak & Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[340,463,589,614]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tortricinae">Tortricinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCC140FFDF6846A1004FDA4" authority="Walker, 1863" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[565,806,589,614]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cerace" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCC140FFDF6846A11A4FDA7" box="[565,646,590,613]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Cerace</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCC140FFD4C84691004FDA4" author="Walker, F." box="[655,806,589,614]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" refId="ref14702" refString="Walker, F. (1863) List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part XXFIII. Tortricites & Tineites. British Museum (Natural History), London, 275 pp." type="book" year="1863">Walker, 1863</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Ceracini; from Eastern Palaearctic),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCC140FFB19846A13EDFD48" authority="Zeller, 1877" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1877" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Anacrusis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCC140FFB19846A1668FDA7" box="[1242,1354,590,613]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Anacrusis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCC140FFA90846913EDFD48" author="Zeller, P. C." pageId="5" pageNumber="46" pagination="3 - 493" refId="ref14801" refString="Zeller, P. C. (1877) Exotische Microlepidoptera. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, 13, 3 - 493, 6 pls." type="book chapter" year="1877">Zeller, 1877</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Atteriini; South and Central American) and in some species of the Australian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCC140FFBAF845517DAFD48" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1881" box="[1132,1272,625,650]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Arotrophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCC140FFBAF845517DAFD48" box="[1132,1272,625,650]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Arotrophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCC140FFA97845513F1FD6C" author="Horak, M." pageId="5" pageNumber="46" pagination="3 - 64" refId="ref12652" refString="Horak, M. (1984) Assessment of taxonomically significant structures in Tortricinae (Lep., Tortricidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 57, 3 - 64." type="journal article" year="1984">Horak 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFCC140FFF04849D104DFBF8" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1190]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Importantly, the flagellomeres of the antennae have two conspicuous rows of scales on the dorsal side. This newly discovered character excludes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCC140FFD9484FA11EBFD34" authorityName="Skalski" authorityYear="1973" box="[599,713,733,758]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Tortricidrosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inclusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCC140FFD9484FA11EBFD34" box="[599,713,733,758]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">T. inclusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Olethreutinae, which have a single row of scales on flagellomeres (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCC140FFEFC8525111EFCD8" author="Horak, M. & Brown, R. L." box="[319,572,769,794]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" pagination="23 - 48" refId="ref12775" refString="Horak, M. & Brown, R. L. (1991) 1.2 Taxonomy and phylogeny. In: van der Geest, L. P. S. & Evenhuis, H. H. (Eds.), Tortricid pests, their biology, natural enemies and control. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Amsterdam, pp. 23 - 48." type="book chapter" year="1991">Horak & Brown 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The form of the labial palpi, the wing venation, the presence of abdominal scale brushes and the extraordinarily long valvae in the male genitalia suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCC140FFBFC850117F5FCFC" authorityName="Skalski" authorityYear="1973" box="[1087,1239,805,830]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Tortricidrosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCC140FFBFC850117F5FCFC" box="[1087,1239,805,830]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Tortricidrosis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCC140FFF74856D1276FCA0" box="[183,340,841,866]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chlidanotinae">Chlidanotinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
rather than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCC140FFDC6856D11A1FCA0" baseAuthorityName="Horak & Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[517,643,841,866]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tortricinae">Tortricinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Among tortricids in general, many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCC140FFBE8856D178BFCA0" box="[1067,1193,841,866]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Polyorthini">Polyorthini</taxonomicName>
|
||
are characterized by extremely long valvae. However, the absence of ocelli is somewhat problematic. Most Chlidanotini and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCC140FFF5485B5121EFC68" authorityName="Diakonoff" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,316,913,938]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hilarographini">Hilarographini</taxonomicName>
|
||
have large ocelli, as do most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCC140FFD5885B5103FFC68" box="[667,797,913,938]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Polyorthini">Polyorthini</taxonomicName>
|
||
; ocelli are reduced in a few members of the latter (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCC140FFF548591129AFC0C" authority="Diakonoff, 1968" authorityName="Diakonoff" authorityYear="1968" box="[151,440,949,974]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Ebodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCC140FFF54859113D4FC0C" box="[151,246,949,974]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Ebodina</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCC140FFF3E8591129AFC0C" author="Diakonoff, A." box="[253,440,949,974]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 484" refId="ref12278" refString="Diakonoff, A. (1968) Microlepidoptera of the Philippine Islands. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 257 (1967), 1 - 484." type="journal article" year="1968">Diakonoff, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but they also are reduced or obsolete in most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCC140FFC0A859116BEFC0C" authority="(Horak 1998)" authorityName="Horak" authorityYear="1998" baseAuthorityName="Horak" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[969,1436,949,974]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Schoenotenini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Tortricinae">
|
||
Schoenotenini (Tortricinae) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCC140FFACF859116B6FC0C" author="Horak, M." box="[1292,1428,949,974]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" pagination="199 - 215" refId="ref12685" refString="Horak, M. (1998) The Tortricoidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies, 1 Evolution, systematics and biogeography. Handbuch der Zoologie / Handbook of Zoology 35. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, pp. 199 - 215." type="book chapter" year="1998">Horak 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCC140FFF2185FD12D1FC30" authority="Clemens, 1860" authorityName="Clemens" authorityYear="1860" box="[226,499,985,1010]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Amorbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCC140FFF2185FD1266FC30" box="[226,324,985,1010]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Amorbia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCC140FFE8885FD12D1FC30" author="Clemens, B." box="[331,499,985,1010]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" pagination="345 - 362" refId="ref11991" refString="Clemens, B. (1860) Contributions to American Lepidopterology. No. 6. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 12, 345 - 362." type="journal article" year="1860">Clemens, 1860</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCC140FFDC285FD10A9FC30" author="Phillips-Rodriguez, E. & Powell, J. A." box="[513,907,985,1010]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 109" refId="ref13762" refString="Phillips-Rodriguez, E. & Powell, J. A. (2007) Phylogenetic relationships, systematics, and biology of the species of Amorbia Clemens (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini). Zootaxa, 1670, 1 - 109." type="journal article" year="2007">Phillips-Rodriguez & Powell 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The chorda is less troublesome as it is present or absent in Chlidanotini (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCC140FFE1485DA114CFBD4" author="Brown, J. W." box="[471,622,1022,1046]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" pagination="439 - 448" refId="ref11820" refString="Brown, J. W. (1990) Description of a new genus in the Chlidanotini and review of phylogenetic relationships among chlidanotine tribes (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 20, 439 - 448. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631289 X 00429" type="journal article" year="1990">Brown 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCC140FFD4385D91032FBD4" author="Horak, M." box="[640,784,1021,1046]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" pagination="199 - 215" refId="ref12685" refString="Horak, M. (1998) The Tortricoidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies, 1 Evolution, systematics and biogeography. Handbuch der Zoologie / Handbook of Zoology 35. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, pp. 199 - 215." type="book chapter" year="1998">Horak 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The somewhat “shaggy” scaling of the head is also troublesome, more similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCC140FFDF2820511B0FBF8" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1810" box="[561,658,1057,1082]" class="Insecta" family="Tineidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tineidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
than to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCC140FFD2E82051049FBF8" baseAuthorityName="Horak" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[749,875,1057,1082]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tortricidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFCC140FFF04826110DDFB64" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1190]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
The monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCC140FFE5D82611119FB9C" box="[414,571,1093,1118]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chlidanotinae">Chlidanotinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been challenged, and two recent studies based on molecular data suggest that the subfamily is paraphyletic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCC140FFDEA824D11DDFB40" author="Regier, J. C. & Brown, J. W. & Mitter, C. & Baixeras, J. & Cho, S. & Cummings, M. P. & Zwick, A." box="[553,767,1129,1154]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" pagination="35574" refId="ref14004" refString="Regier, J. C., Brown, J. W., Mitter, C., Baixeras, J., Cho, S., Cummings, M. P. & Zwick, A. (2012) A molecular phylogeny for the leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and its implications for classification and life history evolution. PLoS ONE, 7 (4), e 35574. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0035574" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Regier
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCC140FFDBC824E1198FB40" box="[639,698,1129,1154]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCC140FFCCE824E10FEFB40" author="Fagua, G. & Condamine, F. L. & Horak, M. & Zwick, A. & Sperling, F. A. H." box="[781,988,1129,1154]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" pagination="449 - 466" refId="ref12375" refString="Fagua, G., Condamine, F. L., Horak, M., Zwick, A. & Sperling, F. A. H. (2017) Diversification shifts in leafroller moths linked to continental colonization and the rise of angiosperms. Cladistics, 33 (5), 449 - 466. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12185" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Fagua
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCC140FFC9F824E10B5FB40" box="[860,919,1129,1154]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although the subfamily of this fossil cannot be determined for certain, we conclude that it most likely is a tortricid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |