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<mods:title id="6179FDA9AF9251C290B9EDBBE6D3C73F">Late Messinian Flora From The Post-Evaporitic Deposits Of The Piedmont Basin (Northwest Italy)</mods:title>
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<heading id="FF5409302E09175D99E5FE58FADF6BC4" box="[925,1399,485,509]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="201" reason="2">
<emphasis id="96D7624E2E09175D99E5FE58FADF6BC4" bold="true" box="[925,1399,485,509]" pageId="12" pageNumber="201">
cf.
<taxonomicName id="63A3C5DF2E09175D99B8FE58FADF6BC4" ID-CoL="3V4Z" authority="W. W. SMITH et W. E. EVANS, 1921" authorityName="W. W. SMITH et W. E. EVANS" authorityYear="1921" box="[960,1399,485,509]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Craigia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="12" pageNumber="201" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="96D7624E2E09175D99B8FE58FBBB6BC4" bold="true" box="[960,1043,485,509]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="201">Craigia</emphasis>
W.W.SMITH et W.E.EVANS, 1921
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<paragraph id="A41CBE5C2E09175D9E57FDB8FB4D6824" blockId="12.[1071,1253,517,541]" box="[1071,1253,517,541]" pageId="12" pageNumber="201">Pl. 2, Figs 1012</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A41CBE5C2E09175D9909FD88FADC68B4" blockId="12.[843,1482,565,653]" pageId="12" pageNumber="201">M a t e r i a l. Rare pollen grains have been found in Govone and Ciabòt Cagna sections. No plant macroremains have been reported from the post-evaporitic sediments of the PB.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A41CBE5C2E09175D9909FD18FA806907" blockId="12.[843,1482,677,1348]" pageId="12" pageNumber="201">
R e m a r k s. The palynological record of
<taxonomicName id="63A3C5DF2E09175D9F41FD18FA246885" authorityName="W. W. SMITH et W. E. EVANS" authorityYear="1921" box="[1337,1420,677,700]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Craigia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="12" pageNumber="201" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="96D7624E2E09175D9F41FD18FA246885" box="[1337,1420,677,700]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="201">Craigia</emphasis>
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turns out to be problematic as the pollen grains are difficult to identify, due to a consistent similarity to
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<emphasis id="96D7624E2E09175D9F7FFD58FA9068C4" box="[1287,1336,741,765]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="201">Tilia</emphasis>
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as evidenced by the morphological description of
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<emphasis id="96D7624E2E09175D9E83FCBBFAE66924" box="[1275,1358,774,797]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="201">Craigia</emphasis>
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pollen by
<bibRefCitation id="C032C3AD2E09175D9933FC9BFB8C6907" author="Kvacek, Z. &amp; Manchester, S. R. &amp; Zetter, R. &amp; Pingen, M." box="[843,1060,806,830]" pageId="12" pageNumber="201" pagination="311 - 324" refId="ref17342" refString="Kvacek, Z., Manchester, S. R., Zetter, R., Pingen, M. (2002): Fruits and seeds of Craigia bronnii (Malvaceae - Tilioideae) and associated flower buds from the late Miocene Inden Formation, Lower Rhine Basin, Germany. - Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 119: 311 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0034 - 6667 (01) 00135 - X" type="journal article" year="2002">Kvaček et al. (2002)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="C032C3AD2E09175D9E20FC9AFA8C6907" author="Zetter, R. &amp; Weber, M. &amp; Hesse, M. &amp; Pingen, M." box="[1112,1316,806,830]" pageId="12" pageNumber="201" pagination="1067 - 1071" refId="ref21255" refString="Zetter, R., Weber, M., Hesse, M., Pingen, M. (2002): Pollen, Pollenkitt and Orbicules in Craigia bronnii flower buds (Tilioideae Malvaceae) from Miocene of Hambach, Germany. - International Journal of Plant Sciences, 163 (6): 1067 - 1071. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 342520" type="journal article" year="2002">Zetter et al. (2002)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A41CBE5C2E09175D9909FCFBFB1769F9" blockId="12.[843,1482,677,1348]" pageId="12" pageNumber="201">
Under the optical microscope, the pollen is a monad, oblate, brevicolporate, the exine is reticulate with apertures characterised by a thickening of the circular horseshoeshaped nexin (
<bibRefCitation id="C032C3AD2E09175D999DFC15FB1B69F9" author="Kvacek, Z. &amp; Manchester, S. R. &amp; Zetter, R. &amp; Pingen, M." box="[997,1203,936,960]" pageId="12" pageNumber="201" pagination="311 - 324" refId="ref17342" refString="Kvacek, Z., Manchester, S. R., Zetter, R., Pingen, M. (2002): Fruits and seeds of Craigia bronnii (Malvaceae - Tilioideae) and associated flower buds from the late Miocene Inden Formation, Lower Rhine Basin, Germany. - Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 119: 311 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0034 - 6667 (01) 00135 - X" type="journal article" year="2002">Kvaček et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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In contrast,
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<emphasis id="96D7624E2E09175D9982FC75FB8369D9" box="[1018,1067,968,992]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="201">Tilia</emphasis>
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is thicker and much wider and less convex (
<bibRefCitation id="C032C3AD2E09175D99D1FC55FB2E6E39" author="Perveen, A. &amp; Grafstrom, E. &amp; El-Ghazaly, G." box="[937,1158,1000,1024]" pageId="12" pageNumber="201" pagination="129 - 155" refId="ref19617" refString="Perveen, A., Grafstrom, E., El-Ghazaly, G. (2004): World pollen and spore flora. MalvaceaeAdams. P. p. Subfamilies: Grewioideae, Tilioideae, Brownlowioideae. - Grana, 43: 129 - 155. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00173130410000730" type="journal article" year="2004">Perveen et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
). Furthermore,
<taxonomicName id="63A3C5DF2E09175D9F48FC55FAC96E39" box="[1328,1377,1000,1024]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Tilia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="12" pageNumber="201" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="96D7624E2E09175D9F48FC55FAC96E39" box="[1328,1377,1000,1024]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="201">Tilia</emphasis>
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pollen is larger and with more prominent sculpture (
<bibRefCitation id="C032C3AD2E09175D9F59FBB4FC2D6E78" author="Grimsson, F. &amp; Bouchal, J. M. &amp; Xafis, A. &amp; Zetter, R." pageId="12" pageNumber="201" pagination="127 - 193" refId="ref16248" refString="Grimsson, F., Bouchal, J. M., Xafis, A., Zetter, R. (2020): Combined LM and SEM study of the middle Miocene (Sarmatian) palynoflora from the Lavanttal Basin, Austria: Part V. Magnoliophyta 3 - Myrtales to Ericales. - Grana, 59 (2 - 3): 127 - 193. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00173134.2019.1696400" type="journal article" year="2020">Grímsson et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
). Despite the difficulty to recognize
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<emphasis id="96D7624E2E09175D9F50FB94FAD36E79" box="[1320,1403,1065,1088]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="201">Craigia</emphasis>
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pollen under the optical microscope, rare pollen grains associated to this genus (cf.
<taxonomicName id="63A3C5DF2E09175D9E7AFBD7FBFD6EB8" authorityName="W. W. SMITH et W. E. EVANS" authorityYear="1921" box="[1026,1109,1130,1153]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Craigia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="12" pageNumber="201" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="96D7624E2E09175D9E7AFBD7FBFD6EB8" box="[1026,1109,1130,1153]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="201">Craigia</emphasis>
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) are reported here for the first time in the post-evaporitic phase of the PB.
</paragraph>
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Fruits of
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<emphasis id="96D7624E2E09175D99ABFB16FB8E6EFB" box="[979,1062,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="201">Craigia</emphasis>
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are known from the evaporitic interval (
<bibRefCitation id="C032C3AD2E09175D992AFB76FBF76EDA" author="Martinetto, E. &amp; Rista, C. &amp; Tarabra, E." box="[850,1119,1227,1251]" pageId="12" pageNumber="201" pagination="3 - 30" refId="ref18927" refString="Martinetto, E., Rista, C., Tarabra, E. (2000): Classificazione e ordinamento museologico di foglie di Angiosperme messiniane dell'Albese [Classification and museological ordering of the Messinian Angiosperm leaves from Alba]. - Alba Pompeia, 21 (1): 3 - 30. (in Italian)" type="journal article" year="2000">Martinetto et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C032C3AD2E09175D9E0DFB76FA6A6EDA" author="Bertini, A. &amp; Martinetto, E." box="[1141,1474,1227,1251]" pageId="12" pageNumber="201" pagination="105 - 121" refId="ref14426" refString="Bertini, A., Martinetto, E. (2008): Messinian to Zanclean vegetation and climate of Northern and Central Italy. - Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 47 (2): 105 - 121." type="journal article" year="2008">Bertini and Martinetto 2008</bibRefCitation>
) and leaves usually associated with this same fruit
<typeStatus id="7B1800FE2E09175D9FE4FB51FA626F3D" box="[1436,1482,1260,1284]" pageId="12" pageNumber="201">type</typeStatus>
(“
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<emphasis id="96D7624E2E09175D9918FAB6FB966F1A" box="[864,1086,1291,1315]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="201">Dombeyopsis lobata</emphasis>
UNGER
</taxonomicName>
”;
<bibRefCitation id="C032C3AD2E09175D9ED6FAB6FA2D6F1A" author="Kvacek, Z. &amp; Manchester, S. R. &amp; Akhmetiev, M. A." box="[1198,1413,1291,1315]" pageId="12" pageNumber="201" pagination="114 - 140" refId="ref17168" refString="Kvacek, Z., Manchester, S. R., Akhmetiev, M. A. (2005): Review of the fossil history of Craigia (Malvaceae s. l.) in the Northern hemisphere based on fruits and co-occurring foliage. - In: Akhmetiev, M. A., Herman, A. B. (eds), Modern problems of palaeofloristics, palaeophytogeography, and phytostratigraphy. Transaction of the International Palaeobotanical Conference, vol. 1. GEOS, Moscow, pp. 114 - 140." type="book chapter" year="2005">Kvaček et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
) have been reported from the Pliocene of the PB (
<bibRefCitation id="C032C3AD2E09175D9F75FA91FA176F7D" author="Martinetto, E." box="[1293,1471,1324,1348]" pageId="12" pageNumber="201" pagination="11 - 75" refId="ref18578" refString="Martinetto, E. (2003): Leaves of terrestrial plants from the shallow marine and transitional Pliocene deposits of Asti (Piedmont, NW Italy). - Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 42: 11 - 75." type="journal article" year="2003">Martinetto 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
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