198 lines
27 KiB
XML
198 lines
27 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="93D2F477BE5E1A81E1F550BBB107C761">Cricetidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DB87AB610E71C3015A919842E7C725BB">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BC6B8B98EDA3B1BC0F2F199DE019977E">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="09EEC699EEC964F7A56C8C6061C90517">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="269F412A4C34E5CB9846F5EE9D15BDEA">2017</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="76FA7A1E6C99A89D4D488B2CB8068ED3">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:title id="D7EB09958E221023B62FC9C99EE70C8F">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F06D13FFD5201C0DA315870226FD0F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6726710" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196221044" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6726710" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F06D13FFD5201C0DA315870226FD0F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F06D13FFD5201C0DA315870226FD0F" lastPageNumber="402" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFD5201C0DA3158708D1FDD6" box="[148,230,475,525]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFD5201C0DA3158708D1FDD6" blockId="123.[146,1033,475,567]" box="[148,230,475,525]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFD5201C0DA3158708D1FDD6" box="[148,230,475,525]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">
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<figureCitation id="1362C080FFD5201C0DA3158708D1FDD6" box="[148,230,475,525]" captionStart="Plate 19: Cricetidae" captionStartId="121.[142,172,3221,3242]" captionTargetBox="[11,2767,14,3647]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="321. Groove-toothed Cotton Rat (Sigmodon alstoni), 322. Ecuadorean Cotton Rat (Sigmodon inopinatus), 323. Peruvian Cotton Rat (Sigmodon peruanus), 324. White-eared Cotton Rat (Sigmodon leucotis), 325. Tawny-bellied Cotton Rat (Sigmodon fulviventer), 326. Yellow-nosed Cotton Rat (Sigmodon ochrognathus), 327. Hispid Cotton Rat (Sigmodon hispidus), 328. West Mexican Cotton Rat (Sigmodon mascotensis), 329. Arizona Cotton Rat (Sigmodon arizonae), 330. Toltec Cotton Rat (Sigmodon toltecus), 331. Allen’s Cotton Rat (Sigmodon alleni), 332. Burmeister’s Cotton Rat (Sigmodon hirsutus), 333. Montane Cotton Rat (Sigmodon zanjonensis), 334. Miahuatlan Cotton Rat (Sigmodon planifrons), 335. Musso’s Fish-eating Rat (Neusticomys mussoi), 336. Montane Fish-eating Rat (Neusticomys monticolus), 337. Voss’s Fish-eating Rat (Neusticomys vossi), 338. Venezuelan Fish-eating Rat (Neusticomys venezuelae), 339. Guianan Fish-eating Rat (Neusticomys oyapocki), 340. Ferreira’s Fish-eating Rat (Neusticomys ferreirai), 341. Peruvian Fish-eating Rat (Neusticomys peruviensis), 342. Northern Andean Water Mouse (Chibchanomys trichotis), 343. Orces’s Andean Water Mouse (Chibchanomys orcesi), 344. Earless Water Mouse (Anotomys leander), 345. Pittier’s Crab-eating Rat (Ichthyomys pittieri), 346. Common Crab-eating Rat (Ichthyomys hydrobates), 347. Tweedy’s Crab-eating Rat (Ichthyomys tweedii), 348. Stolzmann’s Crab-eating Rat (Ichthyomys stolzmanni), 349. Goldman's Water Mouse (Rheomys raptor), 350. Thomas's Water Mouse (Rheomys thomasi), 351. Underwood’s Water Mouse (Rheomys underwoodi), 352. Mexican Water Mouse (Rheomys mexicanus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6708483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6708483/files/figure.png" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">327.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFD5201C0DC015870A43FDD6" box="[247,628,475,525]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFD5201C0DC015870A43FDD6" blockId="123.[146,1033,475,567]" box="[247,628,475,525]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFD5201C0DC015870A43FDD6" box="[247,628,475,525]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFD5201C0DC015870A43FDD6" ID-CoL="7WVGS" authorityName="Say & Ord" authorityYear="1825" box="[247,628,475,525]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Sigmodon" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hispidus">Hispid Cotton Rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFD5201C0F8C15870C3FFDD6" box="[699,1032,475,525]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFD5201C0F8C15870C3FFDD6" blockId="123.[146,1033,475,567]" box="[699,1032,475,525]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFD5201C0F8C15870C3FFDD6" box="[699,1032,475,525]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFD5201C0F8C15870C3FFDD6" ID-CoL="7WVGS" authorityName="Say & Ord" authorityYear="1825" box="[699,1032,475,525]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Sigmodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hispidus">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFD5201C0F8C15870C3FFDD6" box="[699,1032,475,525]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">Sigmodon hispidus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFD5201C0DA416430C3EFDEF" box="[147,1033,543,564]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFD5201C0DA416430C3EFDEF" blockId="123.[146,1033,475,567]" box="[147,1033,543,564]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFD5201C0DA416430C3EFDEF" box="[147,1033,543,564]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFD5201C0DA4164308E8FDEF" bold="true" box="[147,223,543,564]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFD5201C0DD0164309ACFDEF" ID-CoL="7WVGS" authorityName="Say & Ord" authorityYear="1825" box="[231,411,543,564]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Sigmodon" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hispidus">Sigmodon hispide</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFD5201C0C9816430A3DFDEF" bold="true" box="[431,522,543,564]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFD5201C0F2316430A94FDEF" ID-CoL="7WVGS" authorityName="Say & Ord" authorityYear="1825" box="[532,675,543,564]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Sigmodon" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hispidus">Baumwollratte</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFD5201C0F8F16430B24FDEF" bold="true" box="[696,787,543,564]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFD5201C0E2A16430C3EFDEF" ID-CoL="7WVGS" authorityName="Say & Ord" authorityYear="1825" box="[797,1033,543,564]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Sigmodon" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hispidus">Rata de algodén hirsuta</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFD5201C0FC1163B0CD6FD70" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFD5201C0FC1163B0CD6FD70" blockId="123.[758,1351,615,1038]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFD5201C0FC1163B0BA6FD5F" bold="true" box="[758,913,615,644]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFD5201C0E94163B0B0CFD70" ID-CoL="7WVGS" authority="Say & Ord" authorityName="Say & Ord" authorityYear="1825" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Sigmodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hispidus">Sigmodon hispidus Say & Ord, 1825</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FFD5201C0E7C16CE0CD6FD70" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818814385" box="[843,1249,658,683]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">
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St. John’s River,
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<collectingRegion id="499D12E7FFD5201C091916CE0CA5FD70" box="[1070,1170,658,683]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">Florida</collectingRegion>
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<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FFD5201C09AB16CE0CEAFD70" box="[1180,1245,658,683]" name="United States of America" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">USA</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFD5201C0FC116ED09CEFB0A" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFD5201C0FC116ED09CEFB0A" blockId="123.[758,1351,615,1038]" lastBlockId="123.[140,1350,1051,3478]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">
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Traditional concept of S.
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFD5201C096016ED0CF7FD09" authorityName="Say & Ord" authorityYear="1825" box="[1111,1216,689,722]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Sigmodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hispidus">hispidus</taxonomicName>
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as a highly polytypic and broadly distributed species was initially uncovered as incomplete by application of chromosomal data and subsequently refined by molecular phylogenetic analyses. Current understanding restricts S.
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFD5201C0EA917C20C30FC64" authorityName="Say & Ord" authorityYear="1825" box="[926,1031,926,959]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Sigmodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hispidus">hispidus</taxonomicName>
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to the USA and two areas in northern Mexico, to the exclusion of taxa now recognized as S.
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFD5201C09E217A90D08FBD5" authorityName="Mearns" authorityYear="1890" box="[1237,1343,1013,1038]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Sigmodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arizonae">arizonae</taxonomicName>
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, S. harsutus, S. iopinatus, S.
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFD5201C0F3910470AA9FBEF" authorityName="J. A. Allen" authorityYear="1897" box="[526,670,1051,1076]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Sigmodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mascotensis">mascotensis</taxonomicName>
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, S. peruanua, S.
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFD5201C0EB410470BE9FBEF" baseAuthorityName="Saussure" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[899,990,1051,1076]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Sigmodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toltecus">toltecus</taxonomicName>
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, and S.
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFD5201C096710470CD4FBEF" authorityName="Goodwin" authorityYear="1932" box="[1104,1251,1051,1076]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Sigmodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zanjonensis">zanjonensis</taxonomicName>
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. Given radical reconstitution of S.
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFD5201C0F3810630A4FFB87" authorityName="Say & Ord" authorityYear="1825" box="[527,632,1087,1116]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Sigmodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hispidus">hispidus</taxonomicName>
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, any recognition of infraspecific taxa is inappropriate without fresh documentation. Allocation of specimens referred to S.
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFD5201C09A7103A0CCEFB58" authorityName="Say & Ord" authorityYear="1825" box="[1168,1273,1126,1155]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Sigmodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hispidus">hispidus</taxonomicName>
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from the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Coahuila require molecular or chromosomal confirmation. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFD5201C0DA610800AF6FAB4" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF268C8DFFD5201C0DA610800AF6FAB4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6761146" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6761146" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6761146/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" startId="123.[145,317,1244,1273]" targetBox="[143,734,618,1033]" targetPageId="123">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFD5201C0DA610800AF6FAB4" blockId="123.[140,1350,1051,3478]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFD5201C0DA610800976FB22" bold="true" box="[145,321,1244,1273]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">Distribution.</emphasis>
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USA and Mexico, from S Nebraska, SE Colorado, and SE Arizona E to Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida, and S through Texas to Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas, with an isolated population in the lower Colorado River of SW Arizona, SE
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFD5201C0D88110A097AFAB4" box="[191,333,1366,1391]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Geraniaceae" genus="California" kingdom="Plantae" order="Geraniales" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">California</taxonomicName>
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, and extreme NW Sonora.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFD5201C0DA711260C44F7EF" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFD5201C0DA711260C44F7EF" blockId="123.[140,1350,1051,3478]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFD5201C0DA7112609BEFA4C" bold="true" box="[144,393,1402,1431]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 125-227 mm, tail 81-166 mm, ear 16-24 mm, hindfoot 28-41 mm; weight 100-225 g. There is slight sexual dimorphism in body length and weight, with males being larger. The Hispid Cotton Ratis large-bodied, with its pelage grizzled by blackish or dark brownish hairs, interspersed with buffy or grayish hairs; sides are only slightly paler; and underparts are usually pale to dark grayish, often faintly washed with buff. Tail is bicolored, dark above and paler below, but sparsely haired so that large annual scales (more than 0-5 mm in width) are visible. It differs from members of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFD5201C0C4912D50A3AF971" authorityName="J. A. Allen" authorityYear="1889" box="[382,525,1673,1706]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Sigmodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fulviventer">fulviventer</taxonomicName>
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species group by long and narrow skull, long and broad basioccipital, and shallow palatal pits and from other members of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFD5201C094612ED0CEDF909" authorityName="Say & Ord" authorityYear="1825" box="[1137,1242,1713,1746]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Sigmodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hispidus">hispidus</taxonomicName>
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species group by generally shorter hindfoot (averaging 32 mm), shorter distance between temporal and occipital crests, smaller diameter of foramen ovale, and well-developed crest on posterior palate. While molecularly distinct from Burmeister’s Cotton Rat (S. harsutus) and the Toltec Cotton Rat (S.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFD5201C0FDF130E0B7FF8B4" baseAuthorityName="Saussure" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[744,840,1874,1903]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Sigmodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toltecus">toltecus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), lack of adequate comparisons preclude useful delineation of diagnosable morphological attributes among these taxa, as has been done with respect to the Arizona Cotton Rat (S.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFD5201C093213FD0C58F865" authorityName="Mearns" authorityYear="1890" box="[1029,1135,1953,1982]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Sigmodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arizonae">arizonae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the West Mexican Cotton Rat (S.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFD5201C0CDE13910A48F83D" authorityName="J. A. Allen" authorityYear="1897" box="[489,639,1997,2022]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Sigmodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mascotensis">mascotensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Basic chromosomal complement is 2n = 52, FNa = 52, but polymorphism exists with 2n varying from 51 to 56 due to supernumerary elements and sex chromosomes varying in morphology geographically.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFD5201C0DB81C660B84F69C" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFD5201C0DB81C660B84F69C" blockId="123.[140,1350,1051,3478]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFD5201C0DB81C6608C9F780" bold="true" box="[143,254,2106,2139]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Grassy habitats with dense vegetation, including tall-grass prairie, meadows, agricultural areas, and fallow fields, and mixed grass and brush and mesquite (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFD5201C09E51C3E0D0BF758" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1804" box="[1234,1340,2146,2179]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Prosopis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFD5201C0DA71CD50926F771" box="[144,273,2185,2218]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) grasslands with little ground cover. Local density of the Hispid Cotton Rat is positively associated with grass height and density. Surface and burrow nests are made of woven grass and range from cup-shaped to hollow ball-shaped structures with single entrance. Nests found in northern areas (Kansas, USA) are more tightly woven and significantly larger that those in southern areas (Florida).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFD5201C0DB81D0E09FEF63E" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFD5201C0DB81D0E09FEF63E" blockId="123.[140,1350,1051,3478]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFD5201C0DB81D0E09A3F6B4" bold="true" box="[143,404,2386,2415]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Hispid Cotton Rat is omnivorous. Diet is primarily grasses but varies widely relative to availability of food items; it can include insects. Individuals ingest ¢.0-4% of annual net primary production, with 98% of this energy being used for maintenance costs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFD5201C0DB91DB70CB3F49C" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFD5201C0DB91DB70CB3F49C" blockId="123.[140,1350,1051,3478]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFD5201C0DB91DB70925F5D7" bold="true" box="[142,274,2539,2572]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Gestation is ¢.27 days. Litters have 1-15 young, with individuals in northern areas having significantly largerlitters (range 4-15, mean 7-3 young) than those in more southerly localities (range 2-5, mean 5 young). Seasonal variation in litter size has been reported, with spring litters significantly smaller than those born in summer or autumn. Larger littersizes are explained as a response to shortened breeding season and lack of winter reproduction. Postpartum estrus occurs, with ovulation occurring within 6-12 hours after parturition; estrus varied from 21 to 123 hours. Young are highly precocious, growth is rapid, and weaning occurs within 10-15 days of birth. Sexual maturation occurs at 2-3 months of age for males and as early as 30-40 days for females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFD5201C0DBB1F110D01F466" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFD5201C0DBB1F110D01F466" blockId="123.[140,1350,1051,3478]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFD5201C0DBB1F110947F4B5" bold="true" box="[140,368,2893,2926]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Hispid Cotton Rats can be active at all hours of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFD5201C091D1F110C6EF4B5" box="[1066,1113,2893,2926]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
|
||
and night. Some studies noted primarily nocturnal activity, but others showed peaks in early morning and late evening. This variable activity pattern has been related to biotic and abiotic factors.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFD5201C0DB91F980009FE43" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFD5201C0DB91F980009FE43" blockId="123.[140,1350,1051,3478]" lastBlockId="123.[1421,2628,296,728]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFD5201C0DB91F980B54F43E" bold="true" box="[142,867,3012,3045]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Hispid Cotton Rat exhibits multiannual variation in numbers; local densities up to 112-5 ind/ha are reported, with average densities of 10-12 ind/ha. Males have larger home ranges than females (0-35-0-39 ha vs. 0-22 ha); female home ranges are exclusive. Average individual daily movements are c¢.13 m, with males exploring over larger distances (17 m) than females (6-6 m). Reproductive males moved farther than do non-reproductive males, but female movement was unrelated to reproductive state. Dispersal was positively correlated with density, with sex ratio and age structure of dispersers similar to those of the resident population. Intraspecific interactions affected density and movement patterns, with aliens introduced into an experimental population being restricted to less preferred habitats, which decreased their survival. The Hispid Cotton Rat has been characterized as solitary, with prolonged social contact only between males and females, depending upon a female’s reproductive state. In captivity, however, male-female pair bonds are formed and are characterized by frequent physical contact. Males exhibited dominance over females in these pairs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFD5201C08B915C20E86FDEE" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFD5201C08B915C20E86FDEE" blockId="123.[1421,2628,296,728]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFD5201C08B915C20EDEFE64" bold="true" box="[1422,1769,414,447]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Hispid Cotton Rat has a wide distribution and presumably large overall population. It has expanded its distribution in some areas, occurs in many protected areas, and lacks conservation threats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFD5201C08B916190226FD0F" pageId="123" pageNumber="402" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFD5201C08B916190226FD0F" blockId="123.[1421,2628,296,728]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFD5201C08B916190E15FD85" bold="true" box="[1422,1570,581,606]" pageId="123" pageNumber="402">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Allen (1920), Audubon & Bachman (1853), Baird (1855a), Bangs (1898b), Bradley, Black et al. (2012), Bradley, Henson & Durish (2008), Cameron & Spencer (1981), Carroll et al. (2005), Cassola (2016d), Chapman (1889), Gardner(1946, 1948b), Goldman (1918b, 1928), Goldman & Gardner (1947), Hall (1951), Howell (1943), Layne (1974), Mearns (1897b), Musser & Carleton (2005), Phillips et al. (2007), Say & Ord (1825), Zimmerman (1970).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |