2186 lines
304 KiB
XML
2186 lines
304 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1144/jgs2021-115" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ae6d3266-5931-47bf-8faa-87f527891cf2" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5801508" checkinTime="1640259167799" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Davies, Neil S., Garwood, Russell J., McMahon, William J., Schneider, Joerg W. & Shillito, Anthony P." docDate="2021" docId="03F05F0CFFBEFFE55550FA6572CEFBAA" docLanguage="en" docName="JGeolSoc.179.3.1-18.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of the Geological Society (jgs 2021 - 115) 179 (3)" docTitle="Arthropleura Jordan, 1854" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="14" masterDocId="FFC92774FFBBFFE85606FFF6712EFFCD" masterDocTitle="The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)" masterLastPageNumber="18" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1657310254243" updateUser="tatiana" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Davies, Neil S.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Garwood, Russell J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>McMahon, William J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Schneider, Joerg W.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Shillito, Anthony P.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Journal of the Geological Society</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="series">
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<mods:title>jgs 2021 - 115</mods:title>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-12-23</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>179</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>3</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>18</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1144/jgs2021-115</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">ae6d3266-5931-47bf-8faa-87f527891cf2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5801508</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801476" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191723220" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5801476" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F05F0CFFBEFFE55550FA6572CEFBAA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F05F0CFFBEFFE55550FA6572CEFBAA" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<subSubSection box="[854,1423,1427,1448]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[809,1444,1397,2093]" box="[854,1423,1427,1448]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jordan, 1854" box="[921,1046,1427,1448]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[921,1046,1427,1448]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Jordan in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Jordan, F. W. H. & von Meyer, H." box="[1148,1423,1427,1448]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 15" part="4" refId="ref16906" refString="Jordan, F. W. H. and von Meyer, H. 1854. Uber die Crustaceen der Steinkohlenformation von Saarbrucken. Palaeontographica, 4, 1 - 15." title="Uber die Crustaceen der Steinkohlenformation von Saarbrucken" type="journal article" year="1854">Jordan and von Meyer, 1854</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="type_taxon">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[809,1444,1397,2093]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Type species
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jordan & Meyer" authorityYear="1854" box="[968,1168,1456,1477]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[968,1168,1456,1477]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Arthropleura armata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Jordan, F. W. H. & von Meyer, H." box="[1175,1301,1456,1477]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 15" part="4" refId="ref16906" refString="Jordan, F. W. H. and von Meyer, H. 1854. Uber die Crustaceen der Steinkohlenformation von Saarbrucken. Palaeontographica, 4, 1 - 15." title="Uber die Crustaceen der Steinkohlenformation von Saarbrucken" type="journal article" year="1854">Jordan, 1854</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, plates 13–15, plate 2, figs 4–5 in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Jordan, F. W. H. & von Meyer, H." box="[996,1271,1485,1506]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 15" part="4" refId="ref16906" refString="Jordan, F. W. H. and von Meyer, H. 1854. Uber die Crustaceen der Steinkohlenformation von Saarbrucken. Palaeontographica, 4, 1 - 15." title="Uber die Crustaceen der Steinkohlenformation von Saarbrucken" type="journal article" year="1854">Jordan and von Meyer, 1854</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1284,1443,1485,1506]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1284,1409,1485,1506]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Jordan in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Jordan, F. W. H. & von Meyer, H." box="[1048,1324,1515,1536]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 15" part="4" refId="ref16906" refString="Jordan, F. W. H. and von Meyer, H. 1854. Uber die Crustaceen der Steinkohlenformation von Saarbrucken. Palaeontographica, 4, 1 - 15." title="Uber die Crustaceen der Steinkohlenformation von Saarbrucken" type="journal article" year="1854">Jordan and von Meyer, 1854</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1071,1206,1544,1565]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[809,1444,1397,2093]" box="[1071,1206,1544,1565]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1079,1138,1544,1565]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[1130,1161,698,717]" captionTargetBox="[113,1069,167,979]" captionTargetId="figure-2@1.[113,1069,167,979]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Specimen of partial remains of a giant Arthropleura (anterior 12– 14 tergites) after excavation from the Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Howick Bay, Northumberland, England (CAMSM X.50355). Slab A and slab B are not true part and counterpart, but rather a split through the middle of a three- dimensional dorsal exoskeleton (see Fig. 7 and discussion in text)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801510/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1186,1198,1544,1565]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[1127,1158,1812,1831]" captionTargetBox="[113,1066,1030,2092]" captionTargetId="figure-64@1.[113,1066,1030,2092]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 2. Interpreted sketch of the fossil, as preserved in slab A, while still intact in fallen block of host sandstone prior to excavation. The overlap pattern of the paratergites on the left indicates that this is the ventral site of the dorsal exoskeleton. The typical ornamentation of the dorsal site of Arthropleura tergites and paratergites is therefore not visible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801512" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801512/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[809,1444,1397,2093]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis box="[833,915,1573,1594]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Material</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3421654301" collectionCode="CAMSM" country="United Kingdom" latitude="55.455334" location="Howick Bay" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-1.5923332" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Northumberland">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[929,1017,1573,1594]" collectionName="CAMSM" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">CAMSM</collectionCode>
|
||
X.50355,
|
||
<specimenCount pageId="5" pageNumber="6">partial remains comprising articulated anterior 12–14 tergites in two slabs</specimenCount>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[809,1444,1397,2093]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis box="[833,911,1632,1653]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Locality</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F05F0CFFBEFFE55550FA6572CEFBAA:8E86B8C1FFBEFFED55A6F9967533F9B8" box="[928,1053,1632,1653]" country="United Kingdom" latitude="55.455334" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-1.5923332" name="Howick Bay" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" stateProvince="Northumberland">Howick Bay</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1071,1241,1631,1653]" degrees="55" direction="north" minutes="27" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="1" seconds="19.2" value="55.455334">55° 27′ 19.2″ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1257,1432,1631,1653]" degrees="01" direction="west" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="1" seconds="32.4" value="-1.5923332">01° 35′ 32.4″ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[809,969,1661,1682]" country="United Kingdom" name="Northumberland" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Northumberland</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[979,1062,1661,1682]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[809,1444,1397,2093]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis box="[833,1017,1691,1712]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Age and formation</emphasis>
|
||
: Early Serpukhovian, Stainmore Formation (Yoredale Group).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[809,1444,1397,2093]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis box="[833,945,1749,1770]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Description</emphasis>
|
||
: specimen identified as the partial anterior dorsal exoskeleton of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[970,1095,1779,1800]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[970,1095,1779,1800]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because of the trilobate tergites, coupled with the large dimensions. Remains consist of 12–14 tergites and paratergites, 76 cm in maximum length from the anterior to posterior, and 36 cm at the greatest width. Preserved as a three-dimensional cuticular infill by sand, with limited cuticular material. Ornamentation limited: some longitudinal striae are visible on the paratergites and there is a granular or verrucose texture on the anterior margins of the medial tergites. The specimen has an irregular morphology as a result of the taphonomy of a large three-dimensional exoskeleton interred within sand in a tectonically active setting.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[144,457,167,190]" box="[144,457,167,190]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[144,457,167,190]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[144,457,167,190]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Description of the specimen</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[144,780,214,851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The three-dimensional preservation of this large fossil is summarized in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[215,295,244,265]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[1130,1161,698,717]" captionTargetBox="[113,1069,167,979]" captionTargetId="figure-2@1.[113,1069,167,979]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Specimen of partial remains of a giant Arthropleura (anterior 12– 14 tergites) after excavation from the Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Howick Bay, Northumberland, England (CAMSM X.50355). Slab A and slab B are not true part and counterpart, but rather a split through the middle of a three- dimensional dorsal exoskeleton (see Fig. 7 and discussion in text)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801510/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||
. The fossil is visible on a fracture surface within a block of cross-bedded fine-grained sandstone. The fracture splitting the well-indurated host lithology is recent and presumably formed when the host block fell from the cliff. The fossil is preserved on surfaces either side of this fracture. As the fracture may run through the middle of the three-dimensional fossil (see later discussion), it is inappropriate to refer to these as part and counterpart (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[672,729,420,441]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[1130,1161,698,717]" captionTargetBox="[113,1069,167,979]" captionTargetId="figure-2@1.[113,1069,167,979]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Specimen of partial remains of a giant Arthropleura (anterior 12– 14 tergites) after excavation from the Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Howick Bay, Northumberland, England (CAMSM X.50355). Slab A and slab B are not true part and counterpart, but rather a split through the middle of a three- dimensional dorsal exoskeleton (see Fig. 7 and discussion in text)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801510/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) and they are here referred to as slab Aand slab B. Slab Ais the lower stratum and hosts the bulk of the fossil. Slab Bis the upper stratum and preserves an impression that domes downward to a relief of
|
||
<emphasis box="[144,154,537,558]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">c</emphasis>
|
||
. 10 cm, creating a three-dimensional semi-cylindrical form.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[144,780,214,851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The fossil consists of 12–14 sub-rectangular medial tergites, flanked on one side by right paratergites. The left paratergites are missing and the medial tergites terminate against a serrated edge. The right paratergites have frayed and irregular lateral margins and so are also imperfectly preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[465,523,684,705]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[1127,1158,1812,1831]" captionTargetBox="[113,1066,1030,2092]" captionTargetId="figure-64@1.[113,1066,1030,2092]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 2. Interpreted sketch of the fossil, as preserved in slab A, while still intact in fallen block of host sandstone prior to excavation. The overlap pattern of the paratergites on the left indicates that this is the ventral site of the dorsal exoskeleton. The typical ornamentation of the dorsal site of Arthropleura tergites and paratergites is therefore not visible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801512" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801512/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[567,579,684,705]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[144,175,1782,1801]" captionTargetBox="[159,764,925,1758]" captionTargetId="figure-573@6.[159,764,925,1758]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 8. Details of the Arthropleura specimen. (a) Alternation of granular (1) and smooth (2) texture on medial tergites. Granular texture interpreted to reflect degraded verrucose texture to anterior part of each tergite. View of underside of dorsal exoskeleton preserved on surface of slab A. Scale bar 1 cm, (b) Detail of right lateral paratergites seen on slab B showing striated patterning and frayed margins to the paratergites. Scale bar 1 cm. (c) Micaceous and carbonaceous smear on fragment of upper side of dorsal exoskeleton (slab A). Scale bar 1 cm. (d) Inflection of paratergites (1) relative to medial tergites (2) at anterior of specimen on the part. Head region seen at (3). Scale bar 1 cm. (e) Detail of invertebrate burrow (Planolites) seen in centre of slab B and likely exploiting remains shortly after interment. Scale bar 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801526/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">8</figureCitation>
|
||
). The anterior five to six paratergites are increasingly recurved (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[547,607,713,734]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[1130,1161,698,717]" captionTargetBox="[113,1069,167,979]" captionTargetId="figure-2@1.[113,1069,167,979]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Specimen of partial remains of a giant Arthropleura (anterior 12– 14 tergites) after excavation from the Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Howick Bay, Northumberland, England (CAMSM X.50355). Slab A and slab B are not true part and counterpart, but rather a split through the middle of a three- dimensional dorsal exoskeleton (see Fig. 7 and discussion in text)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801510/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[655,667,713,734]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[1127,1158,1812,1831]" captionTargetBox="[113,1066,1030,2092]" captionTargetId="figure-64@1.[113,1066,1030,2092]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 2. Interpreted sketch of the fossil, as preserved in slab A, while still intact in fallen block of host sandstone prior to excavation. The overlap pattern of the paratergites on the left indicates that this is the ventral site of the dorsal exoskeleton. The typical ornamentation of the dorsal site of Arthropleura tergites and paratergites is therefore not visible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801512" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801512/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[144,780,214,851]" lastBlockId="6.[839,1475,167,980]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Slab A broke into several pieces during extraction from the host block; these fragments reveal the three-dimensional form of the tergites. Each is filled with the host sediment, forming threedimensional imbricated pillows. The tergite sand infills are 4 mm thick in the medial tergites, thinning to 1 mm or less towards the paratergites (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[963,1019,197,218]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[839,870,1756,1775]" captionTargetBox="[854,1459,1045,1731]" captionTargetId="figure-728@6.[854,1459,1045,1731]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 9. Three-dimensional morphology of cuticular sand infill preserved in slab A. (a, b) Images of slab A before and after extraction of fossil. Part (a) shows a natural break in sandstone revealing the underside of the dorsal cuticle, notable for carbonaceous material (cb) between the paratergites and the presence of a granular texture. Part (b) shows slab A after extraction, revealing the cast of the dorsal exoskeleton, still yielding carbonaceous material, but with no granular texture. Scale bars 20 cm. (c, d) Images of partial fragment of cuticular sand infill between the underside and upper side of the dorsal cuticle, as extracted from slab A. Part (c) shows the exoskeleton underside with a granular texture and both images show cross-section through lenticular imbricated tergites, possibly compressed by synsedimentary tectonics. Scale bar 1 cm. An, anterior; Po, posterior." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801524" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801524/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[839,1475,167,980]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The fossil is underlain in slab A, and overlain in slab B, by a carbonaceous smear that exactly mirrors the form of the frayed right paratergites (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[969,1044,284,305]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[113,144,739,758]" captionTargetBox="[136,1421,167,714]" captionTargetId="figure-754@7.[136,1421,167,714]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 10. Details of (a, b) slab A and (c, d) slab B with interpreted sketches of margins showing offset of three-dimensional sand infill from carbonaceous smear. Same tergites on each slab are colour-coded (with reference to prominent tergite shown in white). Cuticular interior shown as full circles with correspondingly shaped carbonaceous smear shown as colour-coded partial circles, indicating consistent 40 cm squeezed offset of infill from cuticle in direction of red bidirectional arrow, associated with synsedimentary deformation. Scale bars 20 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801528" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801528/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). The offset between recognizable frayed paratergites and their displaced form in smears can be measured. The offset is consistent along the length of the fossil at 40 cm. Excluding the smear repetition, the total length of the fossil is 76 cm and its maximum preserved width from the right lateral paratergite to the termination of the left medial tergite is 36 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[839,1475,167,980]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
In addition to this smear, remnants of carbonaceous material can be seen in patches on both slabs, most notably in the tergal margins in slab A (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[938,994,519,540]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[839,870,1756,1775]" captionTargetBox="[854,1459,1045,1731]" captionTargetId="figure-728@6.[854,1459,1045,1731]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 9. Three-dimensional morphology of cuticular sand infill preserved in slab A. (a, b) Images of slab A before and after extraction of fossil. Part (a) shows a natural break in sandstone revealing the underside of the dorsal cuticle, notable for carbonaceous material (cb) between the paratergites and the presence of a granular texture. Part (b) shows slab A after extraction, revealing the cast of the dorsal exoskeleton, still yielding carbonaceous material, but with no granular texture. Scale bars 20 cm. (c, d) Images of partial fragment of cuticular sand infill between the underside and upper side of the dorsal cuticle, as extracted from slab A. Part (c) shows the exoskeleton underside with a granular texture and both images show cross-section through lenticular imbricated tergites, possibly compressed by synsedimentary tectonics. Scale bar 1 cm. An, anterior; Po, posterior." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801524" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801524/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
), where the arthrodial membrane would have been present in life. The dorsal side of the tergites in slab Acan be seen, in broken fragments, to be carbon-rich and flecked with abundant mica, which possibly adhered to a sticky surface prior to burial (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[847,901,637,658]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[144,175,1782,1801]" captionTargetBox="[159,764,925,1758]" captionTargetId="figure-573@6.[159,764,925,1758]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 8. Details of the Arthropleura specimen. (a) Alternation of granular (1) and smooth (2) texture on medial tergites. Granular texture interpreted to reflect degraded verrucose texture to anterior part of each tergite. View of underside of dorsal exoskeleton preserved on surface of slab A. Scale bar 1 cm, (b) Detail of right lateral paratergites seen on slab B showing striated patterning and frayed margins to the paratergites. Scale bar 1 cm. (c) Micaceous and carbonaceous smear on fragment of upper side of dorsal exoskeleton (slab A). Scale bar 1 cm. (d) Inflection of paratergites (1) relative to medial tergites (2) at anterior of specimen on the part. Head region seen at (3). Scale bar 1 cm. (e) Detail of invertebrate burrow (Planolites) seen in centre of slab B and likely exploiting remains shortly after interment. Scale bar 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801526/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). The majority of the fossil, however, has no organic material and its form is revealed by impression, or sand infill, alone.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[839,1475,167,980]" lastBlockId="7.[113,749,897,1299]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
As a result of the lack of well-preserved cuticle and the granular nature of the host sediment, ornamentation is not consistently visible on the specimen. However, the anterior margins of the medial tergites, where the segments would have been joined by a softer arthrodial membrane, have a rough, grainy appearance on the surfaces of both slabs. The absence of this texture across the remainder of the fossil and host sediment implies either that it is an original texture or that it is a taphonomic difference reflecting the contrasting nature of the exoskeleton between these regions (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1406,1460,930,951]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[144,175,1782,1801]" captionTargetBox="[159,764,925,1758]" captionTargetId="figure-573@6.[159,764,925,1758]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 8. Details of the Arthropleura specimen. (a) Alternation of granular (1) and smooth (2) texture on medial tergites. Granular texture interpreted to reflect degraded verrucose texture to anterior part of each tergite. View of underside of dorsal exoskeleton preserved on surface of slab A. Scale bar 1 cm, (b) Detail of right lateral paratergites seen on slab B showing striated patterning and frayed margins to the paratergites. Scale bar 1 cm. (c) Micaceous and carbonaceous smear on fragment of upper side of dorsal exoskeleton (slab A). Scale bar 1 cm. (d) Inflection of paratergites (1) relative to medial tergites (2) at anterior of specimen on the part. Head region seen at (3). Scale bar 1 cm. (e) Detail of invertebrate burrow (Planolites) seen in centre of slab B and likely exploiting remains shortly after interment. Scale bar 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801526/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). In addition, striae can be seen on some of the paratergites, some of which appear to form pronounced medial grooves that are parallel to the central axis of a paratergite (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[422,479,926,947]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[144,175,1782,1801]" captionTargetBox="[159,764,925,1758]" captionTargetId="figure-573@6.[159,764,925,1758]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 8. Details of the Arthropleura specimen. (a) Alternation of granular (1) and smooth (2) texture on medial tergites. Granular texture interpreted to reflect degraded verrucose texture to anterior part of each tergite. View of underside of dorsal exoskeleton preserved on surface of slab A. Scale bar 1 cm, (b) Detail of right lateral paratergites seen on slab B showing striated patterning and frayed margins to the paratergites. Scale bar 1 cm. (c) Micaceous and carbonaceous smear on fragment of upper side of dorsal exoskeleton (slab A). Scale bar 1 cm. (d) Inflection of paratergites (1) relative to medial tergites (2) at anterior of specimen on the part. Head region seen at (3). Scale bar 1 cm. (e) Detail of invertebrate burrow (Planolites) seen in centre of slab B and likely exploiting remains shortly after interment. Scale bar 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801526/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801524" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5801524" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801524/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[839,870,1756,1775]" targetBox="[854,1459,1045,1731]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[839,1472,1756,2095]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[839,895,1756,1775]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Three-dimensional morphology of cuticular sand infill preserved in slab A. (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[912,923,1782,1801]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">a</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[934,946,1782,1801]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">b</emphasis>
|
||
) Images of slab A before and after extraction of fossil. Part (a) shows a natural break in sandstone revealing the underside of the dorsal cuticle, notable for carbonaceous material (cb) between the paratergites and the presence of a granular texture. Part (b) shows slab A after extraction, revealing the cast of the dorsal exoskeleton, still yielding carbonaceous material, but with no granular texture. Scale bars 20 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801526" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5801526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801526/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[144,175,1782,1801]" targetBox="[159,764,925,1758]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[144,773,1782,2095]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[144,200,1782,1801]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Details of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[327,438,1782,1801]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[327,438,1782,1801]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen. (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[541,552,1782,1801]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">a</emphasis>
|
||
) Alternation of granular (1) and smooth (2) texture on medial tergites. Granular texture interpreted to reflect degraded verrucose texture to anterior part of each tergite. View of underside of dorsal exoskeleton preserved on surface of slab A. Scale bar 1 cm, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[236,248,1889,1908]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">b</emphasis>
|
||
) Detail of right lateral paratergites seen on slab Bshowing striated patterning and frayed margins to the paratergites. Scale bar 1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[144,773,1782,2095]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[150,159,1942,1961]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">c</emphasis>
|
||
) Micaceous and carbonaceous smear on fragment of upper side of dorsal exoskeleton (slab A). Scale bar 1 cm. (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[531,543,1969,1988]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">d</emphasis>
|
||
) Inflection of paratergites (1) relative to medial tergites (2) at anterior of specimen on the part. Head region seen at (3). Scale bar 1 cm. (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[448,457,2022,2041]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">e</emphasis>
|
||
) Detail of invertebrate burrow (
|
||
<emphasis box="[150,235,2049,2068]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Planolites</emphasis>
|
||
) seen in centre of slab Band likely exploiting remains shortly after interment. Scale bar 1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[839,1472,1756,2095]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[846,855,1942,1961]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">c</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[867,879,1942,1961]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">d</emphasis>
|
||
) Images of partial fragment of cuticular sand infill between the underside and upper side of the dorsal cuticle, as extracted from slab A. Part (c) shows the exoskeleton underside with a granular texture and both images show cross-section through lenticular imbricated tergites, possibly compressed by synsedimentary tectonics. Scale bar 1 cm. An, anterior; Po, posterior.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801528" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5801528" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801528/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[113,144,739,758]" targetBox="[136,1421,167,714]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[113,1416,739,838]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[113,180,739,758]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Details of (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[282,293,739,758]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">a</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[304,316,739,758]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">b</emphasis>
|
||
) slab Aand (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[433,442,739,758]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">c</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[454,466,739,758]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">d</emphasis>
|
||
) slab Bwith interpreted sketches of margins showing offset of three-dimensional sand infill from carbonaceous smear. Same tergites on each slab are colour-coded (with reference to prominent tergite shown in white). Cuticular interior shown as full circles with correspondingly shaped carbonaceous smear shown as colour-coded partial circles, indicating consistent 40 cm squeezed offset of infill from cuticle in direction of red bidirectional arrow, associated with synsedimentary deformation. Scale bars 20 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[113,749,897,1299]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">This information can be combined to describe a stratigraphic transect downwards through the fossil as follows: (1) 10 cm of domed fine-grained sand (slab B); (2) a negligible thickness, offset carbonaceous smear (slab B); (3) an impression fossil of tergites/ paratergites, with grainy and striated surface textures (slab B); (4) remnant patches of organic material and the original form of the tergites, recording verrucose and striated surface textures (slab A); (5) 1–4 mm thickness of sand infill within three-dimensional tergites (slab A); (6) a highly micaceous and carbonaceous veneer on the surface of the tergites (slab A); (7) a negligible thickness, offset carbonaceous smear (slab A); and (8) underlying fine-grained sand (slab A).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[113,433,1350,1373]" box="[113,433,1350,1373]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[113,433,1350,1373]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[113,433,1350,1373]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Taphonomy of the specimen</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[113,750,1398,1859]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The granular sandy host lithology of the specimen is remarkably coarse for preserved arthropleurid remains. All the other articulated remains are known from very fine-grained mudrocks, sandy siltstones or crystal tuffs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Guthorl, P." box="[367,498,1485,1506]" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, Neue Folge" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 219" part="164" refId="ref16289" refString="Guthorl, P. 1934. Die Arthropoden aus dem Carbon und Perm des Saar-Nahe- Pfalz-Gebietes. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, Neue Folge, 164, 1 - 219." title="Die Arthropoden aus dem Carbon und Perm des Saar-Nahe- Pfalz-Gebietes" type="journal article" year="1934">Guthörl 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Guthorl P." box="[512,560,1485,1506]" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="687 - 692" part="87" refId="ref16321" refString="Guthorl P. 1935. Entdeckung und Bergung des grossten, bis jetzt bekannten Exemplars von Arthropleura armata Jordan & v. Meyer in Grube Maybach- Saar. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 87, 687 - 692." title="Entdeckung und Bergung des grossten, bis jetzt bekannten Exemplars von Arthropleura armata Jordan & v. Meyer in Grube Maybach- Saar" type="journal article" year="1935">1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hahn, G. & Hahn, R. & Brauckmann, C." box="[575,742,1485,1506]" journalOrPublisher="Geologica et Palaeontologica" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="125 - 137" part="20" refId="ref16440" refString="Hahn, G., Hahn, R. and Brauckmann, C. 1986. Zur Kenntnis von Arthropleura (Myriapoda; Ober-Karbon). Geologica et Palaeontologica, 20, 125 - 137." title="Zur Kenntnis von Arthropleura (Myriapoda; Ober-Karbon)" type="journal article" year="1986">
|
||
Hahn
|
||
<emphasis box="[635,686,1485,1506]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1986
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schneider, J. & Barthel, M." box="[113,398,1515,1536]" journalOrPublisher="Freiberger Forschungsheft C" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="183 - 223" part="466" refId="ref19291" refString="Schneider, J. and Barthel, M. 1997. Eine Taphocoenose mit Arthropleura (Arthropoda) aus dem Rotliegend (? Unterperm) des Dohlen-Becken (Elbe- Zone, Sachsen). Freiberger Forschungsheft C, 466, 183 - 223." title="Eine Taphocoenose mit Arthropleura (Arthropoda) aus dem Rotliegend (? Unterperm) des Dohlen-Becken (Elbe- Zone, Sachsen)" type="journal article" year="1997">Schneider and Barthel 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schneider, J. W. & Werneburg, R." box="[417,639,1515,1536]" journalOrPublisher="Semana" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="75 - 100" part="25" refId="ref19380" refString="Schneider, J. W. and Werneburg, R. 2010. Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen. Semana, 25, 75 - 100." title="Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Schneider
|
||
<emphasis box="[524,579,1515,1536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although several isolated remains from the late Visean Hainichen basin in Saxony are well preserved in silty fine-grained sandstones to fine- to medium-grained sandstones (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Roβler, R. & Schneider, J. W." box="[387,641,1602,1624]" journalOrPublisher="Veroffentlichungen des Museum fur Naturkunde Chemnitz" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="5 - 44" part="20" refId="ref18686" refString="Roβler, R. and Schneider, J. W. 1997. Eine bemerkenswerte Palaobiocoenose im Unterkarbon Middeleuropastt - Fossilfuhrung und Palaoenvironment der Hainichen-Subgruppe (Erzgebirge-Becken). Veroffentlichungen des Museum fur Naturkunde Chemnitz, 20, 5 - 44." title="Eine bemerkenswerte Palaobiocoenose im Unterkarbon Middeleuropastt - Fossilfuhrung und Palaoenvironment der Hainichen-Subgruppe (Erzgebirge-Becken)" type="journal article" year="1997">Röβler and Schneider 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The wellsorted, granular nature of the host sediment created taphonomic conditions that were not conduciveto preserving chitinous cuticles in high fidelity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Briggs, D. E. G. & Stankiewicz, B. A. & Meischner, D. & Bierstedt, A. & Evershed, R. P." box="[255,443,1691,1712]" journalOrPublisher="Palaios" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="386 - 394" part="13" refId="ref14118" refString="Briggs, D. E. G., Stankiewicz, B. A., Meischner, D., Bierstedt, A. and Evershed, R. P. 1998. Taphonomy of arthropod cuticles from Pliocene lake sediments, Willershausen, Germany. Palaios, 13, 386 - 394, https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3515326" title="Taphonomy of arthropod cuticles from Pliocene lake sediments, Willershausen, Germany" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Briggs
|
||
<emphasis box="[330,385,1691,1712]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the fossil is identifiable primarily because the cuticle was filled with sediment post-mortem. The only evidence of the original organic material is some carbonized material between the tergites in slab A (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[627,697,1779,1800]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[839,870,1756,1775]" captionTargetBox="[854,1459,1045,1731]" captionTargetId="figure-728@6.[854,1459,1045,1731]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 9. Three-dimensional morphology of cuticular sand infill preserved in slab A. (a, b) Images of slab A before and after extraction of fossil. Part (a) shows a natural break in sandstone revealing the underside of the dorsal cuticle, notable for carbonaceous material (cb) between the paratergites and the presence of a granular texture. Part (b) shows slab A after extraction, revealing the cast of the dorsal exoskeleton, still yielding carbonaceous material, but with no granular texture. Scale bars 20 cm. (c, d) Images of partial fragment of cuticular sand infill between the underside and upper side of the dorsal cuticle, as extracted from slab A. Part (c) shows the exoskeleton underside with a granular texture and both images show cross-section through lenticular imbricated tergites, possibly compressed by synsedimentary tectonics. Scale bar 1 cm. An, anterior; Po, posterior." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801524" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801524/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 9a</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the carbonaceous and micaceous material that appears offset and smeared across both the ventral and dorsal extremes of the fossil.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[113,321,1909,1933]" box="[113,321,1909,1933]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[113,321,1909,1933]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[113,321,1909,1933]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Missing body parts</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[113,749,1957,2095]" lastBlockId="7.[809,1445,897,1857]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The Howick specimen preserves only part of the dorsal exoskeleton of the organism, with no evidence of appendages. As is common to all other reports of giant
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[346,471,2015,2036]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[346,471,2015,2036]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the head is also missing, but the lack of segmentation anterior to the first sizeable tergite suggests that the fossil may terminate where the head capsule was during life (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[817,876,897,918]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[1127,1158,1812,1831]" captionTargetBox="[113,1066,1030,2092]" captionTargetId="figure-64@1.[113,1066,1030,2092]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 2. Interpreted sketch of the fossil, as preserved in slab A, while still intact in fallen block of host sandstone prior to excavation. The overlap pattern of the paratergites on the left indicates that this is the ventral site of the dorsal exoskeleton. The typical ornamentation of the dorsal site of Arthropleura tergites and paratergites is therefore not visible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801512" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801512/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). No trace of appendage attachment points is present on either side of the specimen preserved in slab A, where both the ventral and dorsal surfaces of the dorsal exoskeleton can be observed. The most plausible explanation for these characteristics is that the specimen is an exuvium, potentially one in which the suture was located between the ventral edge of the paratergite and the body. This scenario would have resulted in a hollow mass of cuticle representing the dorsal and lateral exoskeleton, which was open to sediment infilling during an interval after moulting, but prior to ultimate internment in the sediment pile.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[809,1445,897,1857]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Despite missing key body parts, the remains are not fully disarticulated, which is unexpected given the sedimentological evidence for relatively high-energy deposition because arthropod exoskeletons rapidly disarticulate when tumbled in a fluid (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="McCoy, V. E. & Brandt, D. S." journalOrPublisher="The Journal of Arachnology" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="312 - 320" part="37" refId="ref17655" refString="McCoy, V. E. and Brandt, D. S. 2009. Scorpion taphonomy: criteria for distinguishing fossil scorpion molts and carcasses. The Journal of Arachnology, 37, 312 - 320, https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / SH 09 - 07.1" title="Scorpion taphonomy: criteria for distinguishing fossil scorpion molts and carcasses" type="journal article" year="2009">McCoy and Brandt 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Considered alongside the fact that the fossil is preserved in three dimensions, fully enveloped and partially coiled (longitudinal doming of the sediment in part B) within a finegrained cross-bedded sandstone, this suggests that the remains were instantaneously deposited with the host sediment. In a scenario where the fossil was parautochthonous, with the exuvium discarded and filled with sand away from the final resting location, this could feasibly have occurred as a pulse of bank margin debris (i.e. sand, exuvium and plant remains) that collapsed into a river channel and was subsequently sculpted by migrating bedforms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[809,1445,897,1857]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Two further characteristics imply that the fossil represents an articulated exuvium that had already degraded prior to such collapse and interment: (1) the absence of any other fragments of arthropleurid material within the host bed (despite intensive searching), which implies that a complete organism was not disarticulated within the bedform in which it was ultimately preserved; and (2) the degradation recorded by the serrated leftlateral margin to the tergites and the irregular broken appearance of the majority of the right paratergites (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1168,1228,1836,1857]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[1130,1161,698,717]" captionTargetBox="[113,1069,167,979]" captionTargetId="figure-2@1.[113,1069,167,979]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Specimen of partial remains of a giant Arthropleura (anterior 12– 14 tergites) after excavation from the Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Howick Bay, Northumberland, England (CAMSM X.50355). Slab A and slab B are not true part and counterpart, but rather a split through the middle of a three- dimensional dorsal exoskeleton (see Fig. 7 and discussion in text)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801510/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1276,1288,1836,1857]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[1127,1158,1812,1831]" captionTargetBox="[113,1066,1030,2092]" captionTargetId="figure-64@1.[113,1066,1030,2092]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 2. Interpreted sketch of the fossil, as preserved in slab A, while still intact in fallen block of host sandstone prior to excavation. The overlap pattern of the paratergites on the left indicates that this is the ventral site of the dorsal exoskeleton. The typical ornamentation of the dorsal site of Arthropleura tergites and paratergites is therefore not visible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801512" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801512/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[809,1070,1909,1933]" box="[809,1070,1909,1933]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[809,1070,1909,1933]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[809,1070,1909,1933]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Post-burial deformation</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[809,1444,1957,2095]" lastBlockId="8.[144,780,167,1156]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Two key characteristics of the fossil imply that it has been deformed post-burial. First, the sand-filled tergites in slab Acan be seen to buckle, suggesting that they experienced compressional stress within the sediment pile. Second, the repetition of form between the carbonaceous smears that sandwich the fossil and the sand infill implies that the internal cast has been squeezed out and offset from the dorsal and ventral cuticles after partial lithification. Both characteristics are unusual, but can be readily explained through the tectonic taphonomy of the host bed.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[144,780,167,1156]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The fossil-bearing bed occurs within the hanging wall damage zone of the Howick Fault (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[399,455,314,335]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[113,144,933,952]" captionTargetBox="[137,1421,167,908]" captionTargetId="figure-565@3.[137,1421,167,908]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 4. Context of the specimen prior to extraction. (a) Slab A of the fossil (facing stratigraphically upwards). Note convex-down doming of the host sediment. Scale bar 20 cm. (b) Slab B of the fossil (facing stratigraphically downwards). (c) Fallen block in which the fossil was discovered in January 2018 (white circle), showing split in rock where fossil was exposed (white triangle). Black circle denotes position in cliff profile from where the block fell. Listric faults in hanging wall of Howick Fault are highlighted, showing hanging wall thickening of mudrock (HT), attesting to synsedimentary origin (red arrows indicate sense of fault movement). Scale bar 2 m. (d) View of the fallen block (white circle) and original position (black circle) in the context of the Howick Fault damage zone and master fault separating the Alston and Stainmore formations; HT is at same position as in part (c). Host bed is immediately adjacent to one of two synsedimentary (Mississippian) normal faults that were later reactivated as strike-slip faults during the latest Carboniferous to Permian emplacement of the Whin Sill dolerite intrusion (De Paola et al. 2005). This structural context attests to strain in the fossil-bearing sandstone bed prior to full lithification and may explain certain features of the fossil (see main text). Blue dashed line show approximate stratigraphic position of the Lickar Limestone, marking the onset of the late Serpukhovian (Cózar and Somerville 2021). Scale bar 5 m. Photograph in part (d) courtesy of Geospatial Research Limited." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801516" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801516/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) and has previously been imaged, when still
|
||
<emphasis box="[252,315,343,364]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
in the cliff face, in earlier structural geology investigations of the locality (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="De Paola, N. & Holdsworth, R. E. & McCaffrey, K. J. & Barchi, M. R." box="[464,659,372,393]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Structural Geology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="607 - 625" part="27" refId="ref15139" refString="De Paola, N., Holdsworth, R. E., McCaffrey, K. J. and Barchi, M. R. 2005. Partitioned transtension: an alternative to basin inversion models. Journal of Structural Geology, 27, 607 - 625, https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jsg. 2005.01.006" title="Partitioned transtension: an alternative to basin inversion models" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
De Paola
|
||
<emphasis box="[557,606,372,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, their fig. 8;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kjemperud, M. V." box="[144,304,402,423]" journalOrPublisher="Master' s thesis, University of Oslo" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref17150" refString="Kjemperud, M. V. 2011. Fault Architecture of Reactivated Faults in Carboniferous Sediments, Northumberland, Great Britain. Master' s thesis, University of Oslo." title="Fault Architecture of Reactivated Faults in Carboniferous Sediments, Northumberland, Great Britain" type="book" year="2011">Kjemperud 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, their figs 14 and 17). The Stainmore Formation in the hanging wall damage zone contains several features – including small thrust faults, listric geometries, stratal thickening in the hanging wall, mudstone deformation and calcite veins – that together show that the master fault was syndepositional and occurred when the sediment was only partially lithified (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="De Paola, N. & Holdsworth, R. E. & McCaffrey, K. J. & Barchi, M. R." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Structural Geology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="607 - 625" part="27" refId="ref15139" refString="De Paola, N., Holdsworth, R. E., McCaffrey, K. J. and Barchi, M. R. 2005. Partitioned transtension: an alternative to basin inversion models. Journal of Structural Geology, 27, 607 - 625, https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jsg. 2005.01.006" title="Partitioned transtension: an alternative to basin inversion models" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
De Paola
|
||
<emphasis box="[144,191,578,599]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kjemperud, M. V." box="[256,416,578,599]" journalOrPublisher="Master' s thesis, University of Oslo" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref17150" refString="Kjemperud, M. V. 2011. Fault Architecture of Reactivated Faults in Carboniferous Sediments, Northumberland, Great Britain. Master' s thesis, University of Oslo." title="Fault Architecture of Reactivated Faults in Carboniferous Sediments, Northumberland, Great Britain" type="book" year="2011">Kjemperud 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Normal faulting in the Howick Fault Zone was initiated during thermal subsidence after the earliest Carboniferous cessation of rifting in the Northumberland Basin and was contemporaneous with the deposition of the Yoredale Group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kimbell, G. S. & Chadwick, R. A. & Holliday, D. W. & Werngren, O. C." box="[151,351,695,716]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Geological Society, London" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="775 - 787" part="146" refId="ref17071" refString="Kimbell, G. S., Chadwick, R. A., Holliday, D. W. and Werngren, O. C. 1989. The structure and evolution of the Northumberland Trough from new seismic reflection data and its bearing on modes of continental extension. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 146, 775 - 787, https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsjgs. 146.5. 0775" title="The structure and evolution of the Northumberland Trough from new seismic reflection data and its bearing on modes of continental extension" type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Kimbell
|
||
<emphasis box="[240,293,695,716]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="De Paola, N. & Holdsworth, R. E. & McCaffrey, K. J. & Barchi, M. R." box="[369,582,695,716]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Structural Geology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="607 - 625" part="27" refId="ref15139" refString="De Paola, N., Holdsworth, R. E., McCaffrey, K. J. and Barchi, M. R. 2005. Partitioned transtension: an alternative to basin inversion models. Journal of Structural Geology, 27, 607 - 625, https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jsg. 2005.01.006" title="Partitioned transtension: an alternative to basin inversion models" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
De Paola
|
||
<emphasis box="[470,524,695,716]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kjemperud, M. V." box="[599,765,695,716]" journalOrPublisher="Master' s thesis, University of Oslo" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref17150" refString="Kjemperud, M. V. 2011. Fault Architecture of Reactivated Faults in Carboniferous Sediments, Northumberland, Great Britain. Master' s thesis, University of Oslo." title="Fault Architecture of Reactivated Faults in Carboniferous Sediments, Northumberland, Great Britain" type="book" year="2011">Kjemperud 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Development continued when it was reactivated as a strike-slip fault during Variscan-induced shortening (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Leeder, M. R. & Fairhead, D. & Lee, A. & Stuart, G. & Clemmey, H." box="[498,670,754,775]" editor="Arthurton, R. J. & Gutteridge, P. & Nolan, S. C." journalOrPublisher="Yorkshire Geological Society, Occasional Publications" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="207 - 223" part="6" refId="ref17383" refString="Leeder, M. R., Fairhead, D., Lee, A., Stuart, G. and Clemmey, H. 1989. Sedimentary and tectonic evolution of the Northumberland Basin. In: Arthurton, R. J., Gutteridge, P. and Nolan, S. C. (eds) The Role of Tectonics in Devonian and Carboniferous Sedimentation in the British Isles. Yorkshire Geological Society, Occasional Publications, 6, 207 - 223." title="Sedimentary and tectonic evolution of the Northumberland Basin" type="journal article" volumeTitle="The Role of Tectonics in Devonian and Carboniferous Sedimentation in the British Isles" year="1989">
|
||
Leeder
|
||
<emphasis box="[569,617,754,775]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chadwick, R. A. & Holliday, D. W. & Holloway, S. & Hulbert, A. G." journalOrPublisher="British Geological Survey, Subsurface Memoirs. HM Stationery Office" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref14444" refString="Chadwick, R. A., Holliday, D. W., Holloway, S. and Hulbert, A. G. 1995. The Structure and Evolution of the Northumberland - Solway Basin and Adjacent Areas. British Geological Survey, Subsurface Memoirs. HM Stationery Office." title="The Structure and Evolution of the Northumberland - Solway Basin and Adjacent Areas" type="book" year="1995">
|
||
Chadwick
|
||
<emphasis box="[144,193,783,804]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fraser, A. J. & Gawthorpe, R. L." box="[261,527,783,804]" journalOrPublisher="Geological Society, London, Memoirs" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" part="28" refId="ref16093" refString="Fraser, A. J. and Gawthorpe, R. L. 2003. An Atlas of Carboniferous Basin Evolution in Northern England. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 28, https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / GSL. MEM. 2003.028" title="An Atlas of Carboniferous Basin Evolution in Northern England" type="book" year="2003">Fraser and Gawthorpe 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="De Paola, N. & Holdsworth, R. E. & McCaffrey, K. J. & Barchi, M. R." box="[541,738,783,804]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Structural Geology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="607 - 625" part="27" refId="ref15139" refString="De Paola, N., Holdsworth, R. E., McCaffrey, K. J. and Barchi, M. R. 2005. Partitioned transtension: an alternative to basin inversion models. Journal of Structural Geology, 27, 607 - 625, https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jsg. 2005.01.006" title="Partitioned transtension: an alternative to basin inversion models" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
De Paola
|
||
<emphasis box="[635,684,783,804]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), as well as during the Carboniferous–Permian emplacement of the adjacent Whin Sill dolerite (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="De Paola, N. & Holdsworth, R. E. & McCaffrey, K. J. & Barchi, M. R." box="[406,594,842,863]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Structural Geology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="607 - 625" part="27" refId="ref15139" refString="De Paola, N., Holdsworth, R. E., McCaffrey, K. J. and Barchi, M. R. 2005. Partitioned transtension: an alternative to basin inversion models. Journal of Structural Geology, 27, 607 - 625, https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jsg. 2005.01.006" title="Partitioned transtension: an alternative to basin inversion models" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
De Paola
|
||
<emphasis box="[495,542,842,863]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kjemperud, M. V." box="[605,765,842,863]" journalOrPublisher="Master' s thesis, University of Oslo" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref17150" refString="Kjemperud, M. V. 2011. Fault Architecture of Reactivated Faults in Carboniferous Sediments, Northumberland, Great Britain. Master' s thesis, University of Oslo." title="Fault Architecture of Reactivated Faults in Carboniferous Sediments, Northumberland, Great Britain" type="book" year="2011">Kjemperud 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[144,780,167,1156]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fault development at the precise fossil locality thus involved the near-continual deformation of the host sediment, prior to full lithification, throughout the Carboniferous and into the Permian. To accommodate the stress in the synsedimentary main fault, internal compressional strain in the fossil-hosting bed would have occurred. The arthropleurid fossil – as a significantly large material discontinuity within the unlithified to partly lithified sandstone bed – likely took up some of this strain, buckling the tergites and offsetting the internal sand moulds from the carbonized remains of the exuvium.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[144,595,1206,1229]" box="[144,595,1206,1229]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[144,595,1206,1229]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[144,595,1206,1229]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Interpretation of Arthropleurid identity</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[144,779,1253,2095]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The partial preservation of cuticular material, the segmented nature of this fossil and the partial preservation of the lateral divisions of the segments into medial and paratergites strongly supports an arthropod identity for this fossil, even though no appendage is preserved. The morphology of the best-preserved paratergites (i.e. four to six;
|
||
<figureCitation box="[249,304,1399,1420]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[1127,1158,1812,1831]" captionTargetBox="[113,1066,1030,2092]" captionTargetId="figure-64@1.[113,1066,1030,2092]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 2. Interpreted sketch of the fossil, as preserved in slab A, while still intact in fallen block of host sandstone prior to excavation. The overlap pattern of the paratergites on the left indicates that this is the ventral site of the dorsal exoskeleton. The typical ornamentation of the dorsal site of Arthropleura tergites and paratergites is therefore not visible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801512" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801512/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) indicates that the fossil records the anterior part of the animal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[144,779,1253,2095]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The surface of slab Ais interpreted as recording the ventral surface of the dorsal exoskeleton, with the surface of slab B recording a three-dimensional counter-print of this, and the pillow forms in slab Abeing sand infills of the tergites. The dorsal surface of the dorsal exoskeleton is visible in some fragments that have broken off from slab A (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[379,445,1605,1626]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[144,175,1782,1801]" captionTargetBox="[159,764,925,1758]" captionTargetId="figure-573@6.[159,764,925,1758]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 8. Details of the Arthropleura specimen. (a) Alternation of granular (1) and smooth (2) texture on medial tergites. Granular texture interpreted to reflect degraded verrucose texture to anterior part of each tergite. View of underside of dorsal exoskeleton preserved on surface of slab A. Scale bar 1 cm, (b) Detail of right lateral paratergites seen on slab B showing striated patterning and frayed margins to the paratergites. Scale bar 1 cm. (c) Micaceous and carbonaceous smear on fragment of upper side of dorsal exoskeleton (slab A). Scale bar 1 cm. (d) Inflection of paratergites (1) relative to medial tergites (2) at anterior of specimen on the part. Head region seen at (3). Scale bar 1 cm. (e) Detail of invertebrate burrow (Planolites) seen in centre of slab B and likely exploiting remains shortly after interment. Scale bar 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801526/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 8c</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[144,779,1253,2095]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
No other Carboniferous arthropod with this morphology, or of this size, is known. Therefore, based on these observations, we propose that this fossil represents a giant arthropleurid. Although it is possible that other – yet unreported – arthropod taxa reached this size during the Carboniferous, an identity as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[614,779,1751,1772]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[614,739,1751,1772]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains the most parsimonious explanation. In addition, two characteristics of the specimen bear notable resemblances to other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[287,412,1839,1860]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[287,412,1839,1860]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: (1) the recurvature of the anterior paratergites is similar to that seen in other specimens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hahn, G. & Hahn, R. & Brauckmann, C." journalOrPublisher="Geologica et Palaeontologica" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="125 - 137" part="20" refId="ref16440" refString="Hahn, G., Hahn, R. and Brauckmann, C. 1986. Zur Kenntnis von Arthropleura (Myriapoda; Ober-Karbon). Geologica et Palaeontologica, 20, 125 - 137." title="Zur Kenntnis von Arthropleura (Myriapoda; Ober-Karbon)" type="journal article" year="1986">
|
||
Hahn
|
||
<emphasis box="[730,779,1869,1890]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1986
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Briggs, D. E. G. & Almond, J. E." box="[207,456,1898,1919]" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de la Section des Sciences" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="127 - 135" part="12" refId="ref13985" refString="Briggs, D. E. G. and Almond, J. E. 1994. The arthropleurids from the Stephanian (Late Carboniferous) of Montceau-les-Mines (Massif Central - France). Memoires de la Section des Sciences, 12, 127 - 135." title="The arthropleurids from the Stephanian (Late Carboniferous) of Montceau-les-Mines (Massif Central - France)" type="journal article" year="1994">Briggs and Almond 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brauckmann, C. & Groning, E. & Thiele-Bourcier, M." box="[471,707,1898,1919]" journalOrPublisher="Geologica et Palaeontologica" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="79 - 92" part="31" refId="ref13904" refString="Brauckmann, C., Groning, E. and Thiele-Bourcier, M. 1997. Kopf-und Schwanz- Region von Arthropleura armata Jordan, 1854 (Arthropoda; Ober-Karbon). Geologica et Palaeontologica, 31, 79 - 92." title="Kopf-und Schwanz- Region von Arthropleura armata Jordan, 1854 (Arthropoda; Ober-Karbon)" type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Brauckmann
|
||
<emphasis box="[601,652,1898,1919]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kraus, O. & Brauckmann, C." journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="5 - 50" part="40" refId="ref17219" refString="Kraus, O. and Brauckmann, C. 2003. Fossil giants and surviving dwarfs. Arthropleurida and Pselaphognatha (Atelocerata, Diplopoda): characters, phylogenetic relationships and construction. Verhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg, 40, 5 - 50." title="Fossil giants and surviving dwarfs. Arthropleurida and Pselaphognatha (Atelocerata, Diplopoda): characters, phylogenetic relationships and construction" type="journal article" year="2003">Kraus and Brauckmann 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schneider, J. W. & Werneburg, R." box="[378,686,1927,1948]" journalOrPublisher="Semana" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="75 - 100" part="25" refId="ref19380" refString="Schneider, J. W. and Werneburg, R. 2010. Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen. Semana, 25, 75 - 100." title="Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen" type="journal article" year="2010">Schneider and Werneburg 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and (2) the granular surface texture on the anterior border of the tergites bears a resemblance to that visible in partial specimens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brauckmann, C. & Groning, E. & Thiele-Bourcier, M." box="[151,382,2015,2036]" journalOrPublisher="Geologica et Palaeontologica" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="79 - 92" part="31" refId="ref13904" refString="Brauckmann, C., Groning, E. and Thiele-Bourcier, M. 1997. Kopf-und Schwanz- Region von Arthropleura armata Jordan, 1854 (Arthropoda; Ober-Karbon). Geologica et Palaeontologica, 31, 79 - 92." title="Kopf-und Schwanz- Region von Arthropleura armata Jordan, 1854 (Arthropoda; Ober-Karbon)" type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Brauckmann
|
||
<emphasis box="[279,328,2015,2036]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[144,779,1253,2095]" lastBlockId="8.[839,1474,167,364]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Five morphospecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[418,543,2045,2066]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[418,543,2045,2066]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have previously been described, mainly based on cuticular ornamentation:
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jordan & Meyer" authorityYear="1854" box="[678,779,2074,2095]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[678,779,2074,2095]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A. armata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Salter" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[879,999,167,188]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mammata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[879,999,167,188]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A. mammata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are in common use (e.g. see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hahn, G. & Hahn, R. & Brauckmann, C." box="[1269,1427,167,188]" journalOrPublisher="Geologica et Palaeontologica" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="125 - 137" part="20" refId="ref16440" refString="Hahn, G., Hahn, R. and Brauckmann, C. 1986. Zur Kenntnis von Arthropleura (Myriapoda; Ober-Karbon). Geologica et Palaeontologica, 20, 125 - 137." title="Zur Kenntnis von Arthropleura (Myriapoda; Ober-Karbon)" type="journal article" year="1986">
|
||
Hahn
|
||
<emphasis box="[1326,1374,167,188]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1986
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and there are less frequent or isolated reports of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Hannibal 1997)" baseAuthorityName="Hannibal" baseAuthorityYear="1997" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cristata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1271,1371,196,217]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A. cristata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hannibal, J. T." journalOrPublisher="Kirtlandia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 9" part="50" refId="ref16476" refString="Hannibal, J. T. 1997. Remains of Arthropleura, a gigantic myriapod arthropod, from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio and Pennsylvania. Kirtlandia, 50, 1 - 9." title="Remains of Arthropleura, a gigantic myriapod arthropod, from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio and Pennsylvania" type="journal article" year="1997">Hannibal 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Boule 1893)" baseAuthorityName="Boule" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[910,1134,226,247]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fayoli">
|
||
<emphasis box="[910,993,226,247]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A. fayoli</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Boule M." box="[1012,1126,226,247]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe de l' Industrie Minerale" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="619 - 638" part="7" refId="ref13668" refString="Boule M. 1893. Sur les debris d' Arthropleura trouves en France. Bulletin de la Societe de l' Industrie Minerale, 7, 619 - 638." title="Sur les debris d' Arthropleura trouves en France" type="journal article" year="1893">Boule 1893</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Pruvost 1930)" baseAuthorityName="Pruvost" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[1188,1470,226,247]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maillieuxi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1188,1313,226,247]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A. maillieuxi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pruvost, P." box="[1331,1460,226,247]" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Musee royal d' histoire naturelle de Belgique" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="103 - 282" part="44" refId="ref18481" refString="Pruvost, P. 1930. La faune continentale du terrain houiller de la Belgique. Memoires du Musee royal d' histoire naturelle de Belgique, 44, 103 - 282." title="La faune continentale du terrain houiller de la Belgique" type="journal article" year="1930">Pruvost 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Comparable large arthropleurids have been assigned to the species
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jordan & Meyer" authorityYear="1854" box="[839,942,284,305]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[839,942,284,305]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A. armata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the lack of preserved appendages or detailed ornamentation in the Howick specimen precludes confident species-level diagnosis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[839,978,413,437]" box="[839,978,413,437]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[839,978,413,437]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[839,978,413,437]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Original size</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[839,1475,461,2095]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Assuming that the missing left paratergites were the same size as those preserved on the right, the original carcass must have been at least 55 cm in width and considerably more than the 76 cm length that is preserved. A number of alternative width to length ratios for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[839,964,578,599]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[839,964,578,599]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been posited, calculated on the basis of trackways and partial giant, or complete juvenile, specimens with appendages. Estimates range between 3.47 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Martino, R. L. & Greb, S. F." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="140 - 146" part="83" refId="ref17600" refString="Martino, R. L. and Greb, S. F. 2009. Walking trails of the giant terrestrial arthropod Arthropleura from the Upper Carboniferous of Kentucky. Journal of Paleontology, 83, 140 - 146, https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 08 - 093 R. 1" title="Walking trails of the giant terrestrial arthropod Arthropleura from the Upper Carboniferous of Kentucky" type="journal article" year="2009">Martino and Greb 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), 3.75 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ryan, R." box="[974,1083,666,687]" journalOrPublisher="Atlantic Geology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="156 - 161" part="22" refId="ref18899" refString="Ryan, R. 1986. Fossil myriapod trails in the Permo-Carboniferous strata of northern Nova Scotia, Canada. Atlantic Geology, 22, 156 - 161, https: // doi. org / 10.4138 / 1604" title="Fossil myriapod trails in the Permo-Carboniferous strata of northern Nova Scotia, Canada" type="journal article" year="1986">Ryan 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), 3.6–4.4 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kraus, W." box="[1200,1316,666,687]" journalOrPublisher="Der Praparator" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="141 - 158" part="39" refId="ref17265" refString="Kraus, W. 1993. Eine 2 m lange semiflexible Rekonstruktion von Arthropleura, dem grossten bekannten Myriapoden aus dem Oberkarbon Mitteleuropas. Der Praparator, 39, 141 - 158." title="Eine 2 m lange semiflexible Rekonstruktion von Arthropleura, dem grossten bekannten Myriapoden aus dem Oberkarbon Mitteleuropas" type="journal article" year="1993">Kraus 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schneider, J. W. & Werneburg, R." journalOrPublisher="Veroffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schleusingen" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="19 - 36" part="13" refId="ref19335" refString="Schneider, J. W. and Werneburg, R. 1998. Arthropleura und Diplopoda (Arthropoda) aus dem Unter-Rotliegend (Unter-Perm, Assel) des Thuringer Waldes (Sudwest-Saale-Senke). Veroffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schleusingen, 13, 19 - 36." title="Arthropleura und Diplopoda (Arthropoda) aus dem Unter-Rotliegend (Unter-Perm, Assel) des Thuringer Waldes (Sudwest-Saale-Senke)" type="journal article" year="1998">Schneider and Werneburg 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schneider, J. W. & Werneburg, R." box="[1021,1236,695,716]" journalOrPublisher="Semana" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="75 - 100" part="25" refId="ref19380" refString="Schneider, J. W. and Werneburg, R. 2010. Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen. Semana, 25, 75 - 100." title="Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Schneider
|
||
<emphasis box="[1126,1178,695,716]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and 4.78 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hahn, G. & Hahn, R. & Brauckmann, C." journalOrPublisher="Geologica et Palaeontologica" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="125 - 137" part="20" refId="ref16440" refString="Hahn, G., Hahn, R. and Brauckmann, C. 1986. Zur Kenntnis von Arthropleura (Myriapoda; Ober-Karbon). Geologica et Palaeontologica, 20, 125 - 137." title="Zur Kenntnis von Arthropleura (Myriapoda; Ober-Karbon)" type="journal article" year="1986">
|
||
Hahn
|
||
<emphasis box="[1422,1475,695,716]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1986
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Howick specimen is the widest arthropleurid fossil thus far discovered. Based on these ratios, it would also represent the largest individual discovered to date – being between 190 and 263 cm in length (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1020,1090,813,834]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[113,144,753,772]" captionTargetBox="[136,1420,168,728]" captionTargetId="figure-791@9.[136,1421,167,728]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 11. Reconstruction of the Howick Arthropleura. (a) Scale of the Howick Arthropleura relative to other articulated giant specimens (preserved remains highlighted pink) and the largest Diplichnites cuithensis trackways known from each Carboniferous-Permian stage. Note that the previously known partially complete body fossils were both markedly smaller than the dimensions of Arthropleura revealed by trace fossil evidence. For references and details of localities mentioned, see Table 1. (b) Reconstruction of the Howick Arthropleura within its habitat of a lower delta plain with open woodland." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801530" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801530/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). We contend that the true size is most likely to have been at the upper end of these estimates because the fossil has been tectonically compressed and only 12–14 tergites are preserved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[839,1475,461,2095]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Estimates of the number of tergites in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[1290,1415,930,951]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1290,1415,930,951]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have improved with the discovery of new specimens, but all estimates are considerably greater than the 12–14 in the specimen described here. Early morphological details were based on the description of a
|
||
<emphasis box="[839,856,1047,1068]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">c.</emphasis>
|
||
6.5 cm long, nearly complete, juvenile specimen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Calman, W. T." box="[1338,1466,1047,1068]" journalOrPublisher="Geological Magazine" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="541 - 544" part="1" refId="ref14302" refString="Calman, W. T. 1914. III. - On Arthropleura Moyseyi, n. sp., from the Coal- Measures of Debyshire. Geological Magazine, 1, 541 - 544, https: // doi. org / 10. 1017 / S 0016756800153452" title="III. - On Arthropleura Moyseyi, n. sp., from the Coal- Measures of Debyshire" type="journal article" year="1914">Calman 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) from below the Top Hard Coal in Derbyshire, England (late Bashkirian; Duckmantian;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sheppard, T. H." box="[1098,1244,1106,1127]" journalOrPublisher="British Geological Survey IR / 05 / 070" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref19630" refString="Sheppard, T. H. 2005. A Stratigraphical Framework for the Upper Langsettian and Duckmantian of the East Pennine Coalfields. British Geological Survey IR / 05 / 070." title="A Stratigraphical Framework for the Upper Langsettian and Duckmantian of the East Pennine Coalfields" type="book" year="2005">Sheppard 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). That specimen has an indistinct head region, a nearly complete trunk in dorsal aspect and an indistinct terminal segment, permitting the recognition that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[839,964,1194,1215]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[839,964,1194,1215]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had at least 28 tergites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Calman, W. T." box="[1199,1327,1194,1215]" journalOrPublisher="Geological Magazine" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="541 - 544" part="1" refId="ref14302" refString="Calman, W. T. 1914. III. - On Arthropleura Moyseyi, n. sp., from the Coal- Measures of Debyshire. Geological Magazine, 1, 541 - 544, https: // doi. org / 10. 1017 / S 0016756800153452" title="III. - On Arthropleura Moyseyi, n. sp., from the Coal- Measures of Debyshire" type="journal article" year="1914">Calman 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[839,1475,461,2095]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Several subsequent reconstructions (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rolfe, W. I. & Ingham, J. K." box="[1245,1468,1223,1244]" journalOrPublisher="Scottish Journal of Geology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="118 - 124" part="3" refId="ref18636" refString="Rolfe, W. I. and Ingham, J. K. 1967. Limb structure, affinity and diet of the Carboniferous ' centipede' Arthropleura. Scottish Journal of Geology, 3, 118 - 124, https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / sjg 03010118" title="Limb structure, affinity and diet of the Carboniferous ' centipede' Arthropleura" type="journal article" year="1967">Rolfe and Ingham 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 2;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Briggs, D. E. G. & Plint, A. G. & Pickerill, R. K." box="[902,1073,1253,1274]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="843 - 855" part="27" refId="ref14077" refString="Briggs, D. E. G., Plint, A. G. and Pickerill, R. K. 1984. Arthropleura trails from the Westphalian of eastern Canada. Palaeontology, 27, 843 - 855." title="Arthropleura trails from the Westphalian of eastern Canada" type="journal article" year="1984">
|
||
Briggs
|
||
<emphasis box="[971,1020,1253,1274]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1984
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) were strongly influenced by the
|
||
<emphasis box="[1393,1409,1253,1274]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">c.</emphasis>
|
||
90 cm long ‘Maybach specimen’ from the Moscovian Saarbrücker Schichten (Sulzbach Formation, Saarbrücken Subgroup) of the Saar Basin, Germany (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Guthorl P." box="[1057,1186,1341,1362]" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="687 - 692" part="87" refId="ref16321" refString="Guthorl P. 1935. Entdeckung und Bergung des grossten, bis jetzt bekannten Exemplars von Arthropleura armata Jordan & v. Meyer in Grube Maybach- Saar. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 87, 687 - 692." title="Entdeckung und Bergung des grossten, bis jetzt bekannten Exemplars von Arthropleura armata Jordan & v. Meyer in Grube Maybach- Saar" type="journal article" year="1935">Guthörl 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; first described and figured in detail by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hahn, G. & Hahn, R. & Brauckmann, C." box="[926,1083,1370,1391]" journalOrPublisher="Geologica et Palaeontologica" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="125 - 137" part="20" refId="ref16440" refString="Hahn, G., Hahn, R. and Brauckmann, C. 1986. Zur Kenntnis von Arthropleura (Myriapoda; Ober-Karbon). Geologica et Palaeontologica, 20, 125 - 137." title="Zur Kenntnis von Arthropleura (Myriapoda; Ober-Karbon)" type="journal article" year="1986">
|
||
Hahn
|
||
<emphasis box="[983,1030,1370,1391]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1986
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 1 and plates 1 and 2). That specimen shows 23 tergites from a dorsal aspect, but the head and tail regions are missing (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hahn, G. & Hahn, R. & Brauckmann, C." box="[964,1128,1429,1450]" journalOrPublisher="Geologica et Palaeontologica" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="125 - 137" part="20" refId="ref16440" refString="Hahn, G., Hahn, R. and Brauckmann, C. 1986. Zur Kenntnis von Arthropleura (Myriapoda; Ober-Karbon). Geologica et Palaeontologica, 20, 125 - 137." title="Zur Kenntnis von Arthropleura (Myriapoda; Ober-Karbon)" type="journal article" year="1986">
|
||
Hahn
|
||
<emphasis box="[1024,1074,1429,1450]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1986
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, plate 2).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hahn, G. & Hahn, R. & Brauckmann, C." box="[1229,1401,1429,1450]" journalOrPublisher="Geologica et Palaeontologica" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="125 - 137" part="20" refId="ref16440" refString="Hahn, G., Hahn, R. and Brauckmann, C. 1986. Zur Kenntnis von Arthropleura (Myriapoda; Ober-Karbon). Geologica et Palaeontologica, 20, 125 - 137." title="Zur Kenntnis von Arthropleura (Myriapoda; Ober-Karbon)" type="journal article" year="1986">
|
||
Hahn
|
||
<emphasis box="[1288,1338,1429,1450]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1986
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 2) suggested these represent the remains from a trunk of an estimated 30 tergites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[839,1475,461,2095]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Other discoveries that inform on
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[1176,1301,1517,1538]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1176,1301,1517,1538]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
segment numbers include two associated remains of a distorted ventral exoskeleton from the Gzhelian–Asselian Döhlen Formation of Saxony, which preserve 25 articulated leg-bearing segments of an individual between 0.65 and 0.8 m in length (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schneider, J. & Barthel, M." box="[1192,1468,1634,1655]" journalOrPublisher="Freiberger Forschungsheft C" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="183 - 223" part="466" refId="ref19291" refString="Schneider, J. and Barthel, M. 1997. Eine Taphocoenose mit Arthropleura (Arthropoda) aus dem Rotliegend (? Unterperm) des Dohlen-Becken (Elbe- Zone, Sachsen). Freiberger Forschungsheft C, 466, 183 - 223." title="Eine Taphocoenose mit Arthropleura (Arthropoda) aus dem Rotliegend (? Unterperm) des Dohlen-Becken (Elbe- Zone, Sachsen)" type="journal article" year="1997">Schneider and Barthel 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 195, plates 5–7). The most recent reconstructions of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[1349,1474,1663,1684]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1349,1474,1663,1684]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
– a 2.20 m long three-dimensional reconstruction, figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schneider, J. W. & Werneburg, R." box="[839,1150,1722,1743]" journalOrPublisher="Semana" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="75 - 100" part="25" refId="ref19380" refString="Schneider, J. W. and Werneburg, R. 2010. Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen. Semana, 25, 75 - 100." title="Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen" type="journal article" year="2010">Schneider and Werneburg (2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 6C) – assume 32 tergites for adult giant arthropleurids. All of these reconstructions imply that the Howick specimen comprises less than half the length of the original organism.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[839,1475,461,2095]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The Howick specimen isthus analogous in size to the very largest
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[839,964,1869,1890]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[839,964,1869,1890]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
previously interpreted from indirect evidence: the 51 cm wide organism interpreted from fragmentary preserved appendages in the Gzhelian–Asselian Manebach Formation, Germany (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schneider, J. W. & Werneburg, R." box="[948,1268,1957,1978]" journalOrPublisher="Veroffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schleusingen" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="19 - 36" part="13" refId="ref19335" refString="Schneider, J. W. and Werneburg, R. 1998. Arthropleura und Diplopoda (Arthropoda) aus dem Unter-Rotliegend (Unter-Perm, Assel) des Thuringer Waldes (Sudwest-Saale-Senke). Veroffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schleusingen, 13, 19 - 36." title="Arthropleura und Diplopoda (Arthropoda) aus dem Unter-Rotliegend (Unter-Perm, Assel) des Thuringer Waldes (Sudwest-Saale-Senke)" type="journal article" year="1998">Schneider and Werneburg 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the organisms that left nearly 50 cm wide trackways in the Visean Strathclyde Group of Scotland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pearson, P. N." box="[1030,1160,2015,2036]" journalOrPublisher="Scottish Journal of Geology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="127 - 133" part="28" refId="ref18133" refString="Pearson, P. N. 1992. Walking traces of the giant myriapod Arthropleura from the Strathclyde Group (Lower Carboniferous) of Fife. Scottish Journal of Geology, 28, 127 - 133, https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / sjg 28020127" title="Walking traces of the giant myriapod Arthropleura from the Strathclyde Group (Lower Carboniferous) of Fife" type="journal article" year="1992">Pearson 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pearson, P. N. & Gooday, R. J." box="[1173,1425,2015,2036]" journalOrPublisher="Scottish Journal of Geology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="135 - 140" part="55" refId="ref18181" refString="Pearson, P. N. and Gooday, R. J. 2019. A large Taenidium burrow from the Upper Carboniferous of Corrie, Isle of Arran, and remarks on the association of Taenidium burrows and Diplichnites trails. Scottish Journal of Geology, 55, 135 - 140, https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / sjg 2019 - 011" title="A large Taenidium burrow from the Upper Carboniferous of Corrie, Isle of Arran, and remarks on the association of Taenidium burrows and Diplichnites trails" type="journal article" year="2019">Pearson and Gooday 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the Gzhelian Cape John Formation of Nova Scotia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ryan, R." box="[1360,1468,2045,2066]" journalOrPublisher="Atlantic Geology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="156 - 161" part="22" refId="ref18899" refString="Ryan, R. 1986. Fossil myriapod trails in the Permo-Carboniferous strata of northern Nova Scotia, Canada. Atlantic Geology, 22, 156 - 161, https: // doi. org / 10.4138 / 1604" title="Fossil myriapod trails in the Permo-Carboniferous strata of northern Nova Scotia, Canada" type="journal article" year="1986">Ryan 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ryan, R. J. & Boehner, R. C." box="[839,1072,2074,2095]" journalOrPublisher="Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy Branches, Memoir" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" part="10" refId="ref18938" refString="Ryan, R. J. and Boehner, R. C. 1994. Geology of the Cumberland Basin, Cumberland, Colchester and Pictou Counties, Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy Branches, Memoir, 10." title="Geology of the Cumberland Basin, Cumberland, Colchester and Pictou Counties, Nova Scotia" type="book" year="1994">Ryan and Boehner 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801530" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5801530" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801530/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[113,144,753,772]" targetBox="[136,1420,168,728]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[113,1437,753,852]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[113,180,753,772]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Reconstruction of the Howick
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[447,558,753,772]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[447,558,753,772]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (a) Scale of the Howick
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[776,887,753,772]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[776,887,753,772]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
relative to other articulated giant specimens (preserved remains highlighted pink) and the largest
|
||
<emphasis box="[396,588,780,799]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Diplichnites cuithensis</emphasis>
|
||
trackways known from each Carboniferous-Permian stage. Note that the previously known partially complete body fossils were both markedly smaller than the dimensions of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[746,857,807,826]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[746,857,807,826]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
revealed by trace fossil evidence. For references and details of localities mentioned, see Table 1. (b) Reconstruction of the Howick
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[694,805,833,852]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[694,805,833,852]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within its habitat of a lower delta plain with open woodland.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[113,749,929,2095]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Weights of 8–10 kg have previously been calculated for giant
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[113,238,959,980]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[113,238,959,980]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, estimated from interpretations of a fraction of a simplified cylindrical volume and a density equivalent to that of water (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kraus, O. & Brauckmann, C." box="[181,466,1018,1039]" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="5 - 50" part="40" refId="ref17219" refString="Kraus, O. and Brauckmann, C. 2003. Fossil giants and surviving dwarfs. Arthropleurida and Pselaphognatha (Atelocerata, Diplopoda): characters, phylogenetic relationships and construction. Verhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg, 40, 5 - 50." title="Fossil giants and surviving dwarfs. Arthropleurida and Pselaphognatha (Atelocerata, Diplopoda): characters, phylogenetic relationships and construction" type="journal article" year="2003">Kraus and Brauckmann 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, a cylinder is not representative of the true form of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[458,583,1047,1068]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[458,583,1047,1068]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is better envisaged as a hemi-ellipsoid with a flat underside and raised topside tapering towards the lateral, anterior and posterior edges. In addition, the density of water (997 kg m
|
||
<superScript attach="right" box="[497,518,1130,1145]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis box="[497,509,1130,1144]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">−</emphasis>
|
||
3
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
) is not representative of the densities of modern giant millipedes, which are typically 350– 550 kg m
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[204,225,1189,1203]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis box="[204,216,1189,1203]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">−</emphasis>
|
||
3
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bercovitz, K. & Warburg, M. R." box="[242,526,1194,1215]" journalOrPublisher="Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="37 - 46" part="55" refId="ref13501" refString="Bercovitz, K. and Warburg, M. R. 1985. Developmental patterns in two populations of the millipede Archispirostreptus syriacus (De Saussure) in Israel (Diplopoda). Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 55, 37 - 46." title="Developmental patterns in two populations of the millipede Archispirostreptus syriacus (De Saussure) in Israel (Diplopoda)" type="journal article" year="1985">Bercovitz and Warburg 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mwabvu, T. & Hamer, M. & Slotow, R. O. B. & Barraclough, D." box="[541,742,1194,1215]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 49" part="2567" refId="ref17880" refString="Mwabvu, T., Hamer, M., Slotow, R. O. B. and Barraclough, D. 2010. A revision of the taxonomy and distribution of Archispirostreptus Silvestri 1895 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae), and description of a new spirostreptid genus with three new species. Zootaxa, 2567, 1 - 49, https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2567.1.1" title="A revision of the taxonomy and distribution of Archispirostreptus Silvestri 1895 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae), and description of a new spirostreptid genus with three new species" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Mwabvu
|
||
<emphasis box="[635,686,1194,1215]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Horvathova, T. & Sustr, V." box="[113,335,1223,1244]" journalOrPublisher="Applied and Environmental Microbiology" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" part="87" refId="ref16775" refString="Horvathova, T., Sustr, V. et al. 2021. Methanogenesis in the digestive tract of the tropical millipedes Archispirostreptus gigas (Diplopoda, Spirostreptidae) and Epibolus pulchripes (Diplopoda, Pachybolidae). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 87, AEM- 00614, https: // doi. org / 10.1128 / AEM. 00614 - 21" title="Methanogenesis in the digestive tract of the tropical millipedes Archispirostreptus gigas (Diplopoda, Spirostreptidae) and Epibolus pulchripes (Diplopoda, Pachybolidae)" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Horváthová
|
||
<emphasis box="[232,281,1223,1244]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[113,749,929,2095]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
We calculated two possible estimates for the weight of the Howick
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[196,321,1282,1303]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[196,321,1282,1303]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on a reasonable estimate of 20 cm as the height and consequent dimensions of 20 cm × 55 cm × 263 cm. Calculating this volume as a hemi-ellipsoid (volume = 2/3π
|
||
<emphasis box="[708,742,1341,1362]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">abc</emphasis>
|
||
, where
|
||
<emphasis box="[177,189,1370,1391]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">a</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[200,212,1370,1391]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">b</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[258,268,1370,1391]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">c</emphasis>
|
||
are the half-height, width and length) equates to
|
||
<emphasis box="[732,749,1370,1391]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">c.</emphasis>
|
||
158000 cm
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[225,234,1395,1409]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3</superScript>
|
||
, suggesting substantial weights of
|
||
<emphasis box="[573,590,1399,1420]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">c.</emphasis>
|
||
55–87 kg based on the densities of extant giant millipedes. This method provides a replicable estimate, but does not account for the true shape of the organism being a fraction of a complete hemi-ellipsoid. To account for the likely overestimate, we also purchased a commercially available three-dimensional mesh of a model
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[569,694,1546,1567]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[569,694,1546,1567]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Turbosquid.com, loaded this into Blender (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Garwood, R. & Dunlop, J." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="735 - 746" part="88" refId="ref16141" refString="Garwood, R. and Dunlop, J. 2014. The walking dead: Blender as a tool for paleontologists with a case study on extinct arachnids. Journal of Paleontology, 88, 735 - 746, https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 13 - 088" title="The walking dead: Blender as a tool for paleontologists with a case study on extinct arachnids" type="journal article" year="2014">Garwood and Dunlop 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and scaled it to the dimensions derived from this fossil (see Supplementary Information). The 3D Print Toolbox in Blender provided a volume measurement for an
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[486,611,1663,1684]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[486,611,1663,1684]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-shaped object with the specified dimensions of 91509 cm
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[534,543,1688,1702]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3</superScript>
|
||
, equivalent to
|
||
<emphasis box="[689,706,1692,1713]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">c.</emphasis>
|
||
32– 50 kg based on the densities of extant giant millipedes. This range of estimates converges at an approximate weight of
|
||
<emphasis box="[602,619,1751,1772]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">c.</emphasis>
|
||
50 kg, which is substantially larger than previous estimates, but inevitable due to the extreme size of this specimen (applying the calculation method of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kraus, O. & Brauckmann, C." box="[143,448,1839,1860]" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="5 - 50" part="40" refId="ref17219" refString="Kraus, O. and Brauckmann, C. 2003. Fossil giants and surviving dwarfs. Arthropleurida and Pselaphognatha (Atelocerata, Diplopoda): characters, phylogenetic relationships and construction. Verhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg, 40, 5 - 50." title="Fossil giants and surviving dwarfs. Arthropleurida and Pselaphognatha (Atelocerata, Diplopoda): characters, phylogenetic relationships and construction" type="journal article" year="2003">Kraus and Brauckmann (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
would lead to an implausible weight estimate of
|
||
<emphasis box="[295,312,1868,1889]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">c.</emphasis>
|
||
205 kg).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[113,749,929,2095]" lastBlockId="9.[809,1443,930,980]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
With a surface area of
|
||
<emphasis box="[353,370,1898,1919]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">c.</emphasis>
|
||
2.7 m
|
||
<superScript attach="right" box="[431,440,1894,1908]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">2</superScript>
|
||
, the Howick specimen is one of the largest individual arthropod fossils found to date globally, comparable with the largest specimen of the Ordovician trilobite,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Rudkin et al. 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Rudkin et al." baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[113,443,1986,2007]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Isotelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[113,226,1986,2007]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Isotelus rex</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rudkin, D. M. & Young, G. A. & Elias, R. J. & Dobrzanski, E. P." box="[244,433,1986,2007]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="99 - 112" part="77" refId="ref18814" refString="Rudkin, D. M., Young, G. A., Elias, R. J. and Dobrzanski, E. P. 2003. The world' s biggest trilobite - Isotelus rex new species from the Upper Ordovician of northern Manitoba, Canada. Journal of Paleontology, 77, 99 - 112, https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 0022 - 3360 (2003) 077 <0099: TWBTIR> 2.0. CO; 2" title="The world' s biggest trilobite - Isotelus rex new species from the Upper Ordovician of northern Manitoba, Canada" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Rudkin
|
||
<emphasis box="[324,376,1986,2007]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It may also record the largest known arthropod in Earth history. The upper size estimate of a 2.63 m length and
|
||
<emphasis box="[315,332,2044,2065]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">c.</emphasis>
|
||
50 kg weight exceeds the 2.5 m length interpreted for
|
||
<emphasis box="[276,521,2074,2095]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Jaekelopterus rhenaniae</emphasis>
|
||
, the Early Devonian eurypterid previously suggested to be the largest arthropod ever to have evolved (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Braddy, S. J. & Poschmann, M. & Tetlie O. E." box="[948,1127,959,980]" journalOrPublisher="Biology Letters" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="106 - 109" part="4" refId="ref13848" refString="Braddy, S. J., Poschmann, M. and Tetlie O. E. 2008. Giant claw reveals the largest ever arthropod. Biology Letters, 4, 106 - 109, https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsbl. 2007.0491" title="Giant claw reveals the largest ever arthropod" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Braddy
|
||
<emphasis box="[1024,1073,959,980]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[809,1384,1029,1053]" box="[809,1384,1029,1053]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[809,1384,1029,1053]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[809,1384,1029,1053]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Implications for the understanding of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[1241,1384,1029,1053]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1241,1384,1029,1053]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[809,1445,1077,1655]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The Howick specimen provides limited new information on
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Bauplan" authorityName="Bauplan" box="[809,1023,1106,1127]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[809,932,1106,1127]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
Bauplan
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, being primarily the ventral surface of the dorsal exoskeleton. The specimen lacks the ornamentation of arthropleurid remains that are found in more taphonomically favourable settings (indeed, these would not be expected on the ventral surface of the dorsal exoskeleton). Despite this limited detail, the curvature of the specimen supports assertions of arthropleurid manoeuvrability and refutes the suggestion that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[1272,1395,1282,1303]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1272,1395,1282,1303]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may have had a weak, unmineralized cuticle and was stabilized by musculature and antagonistic hydraulics, as in caterpillars (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kraus, O. & Brauckmann, C." journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="5 - 50" part="40" refId="ref17219" refString="Kraus, O. and Brauckmann, C. 2003. Fossil giants and surviving dwarfs. Arthropleurida and Pselaphognatha (Atelocerata, Diplopoda): characters, phylogenetic relationships and construction. Verhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg, 40, 5 - 50." title="Fossil giants and surviving dwarfs. Arthropleurida and Pselaphognatha (Atelocerata, Diplopoda): characters, phylogenetic relationships and construction" type="journal article" year="2003">Kraus and Brauckmann 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kraus, O." box="[1038,1147,1370,1391]" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="5 - 23" part="41" refId="ref17180" refString="Kraus, O. 2005. On the structure and biology of Arthropleura species (Atelocerata, Diplopoda; upper Carboniferous / lower Permian). Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg, 41, 5 - 23." title="On the structure and biology of Arthropleura species (Atelocerata, Diplopoda; upper Carboniferous / lower Permian)" type="journal article" year="2005">Kraus 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="McGhee, G. R., Jr" box="[1161,1297,1370,1391]" journalOrPublisher="Columbia University Press" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref17706" refString="McGhee, G. R., Jr 2018. Carboniferous Giants and Mass Extinction: the Late Paleozoic Ice Age World. Columbia University Press." title="Carboniferous Giants and Mass Extinction: the Late Paleozoic Ice Age World" type="book" year="2018">McGhee 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The fractured margins and sand infill of the tergites in the Howick specimen imply a sclerotized exoskeleton in life, as does the survival of an exuvium. Further supporting evidence is provided by arguments based on trackways, where leg stance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Shear, W. A. & Edgecombe, G. D." box="[1082,1344,1487,1508]" journalOrPublisher="Arthropod Structure & Development" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="174 - 190" part="39" refId="ref19539" refString="Shear, W. A. and Edgecombe, G. D. 2010. The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda. Arthropod Structure & Development, 39, 174 - 190, https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. asd. 2009.11.002" title="The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda" type="journal article" year="2010">Shear and Edgecombe 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and track depth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lucas, S. G. & Lerner, A. J. & Hannibal, J. T. & Hunt, A. P. & Schneider, J. W." box="[874,1035,1516,1537]" journalOrPublisher="New Mexico Geological Society, 56 th Field Conference Guidebook" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="279 - 282" refId="ref17470" refString="Lucas, S. G., Lerner, A. J., Hannibal, J. T., Hunt, A. P. and Schneider, J. W. 2005. Trackway of a giant Arthropleura from the Upper Pennsylvanian of El Cobre Canyon, New Mexico. In: Geology of the Chana Basin. New Mexico Geological Society, 56 th Field Conference Guidebook, 279 - 282." title="Trackway of a giant Arthropleura from the Upper Pennsylvanian of El Cobre Canyon, New Mexico" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="Geology of the Chana Basin" year="2005">
|
||
Lucas
|
||
<emphasis box="[936,983,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schneider, J. W. & Werneburg, R." box="[1047,1244,1516,1537]" journalOrPublisher="Semana" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="75 - 100" part="25" refId="ref19380" refString="Schneider, J. W. and Werneburg, R. 2010. Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen. Semana, 25, 75 - 100." title="Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Schneider
|
||
<emphasis box="[1145,1193,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) suggest that skeletal support was offered by more than just haemolymph pressure, and the observation that arthropleurid remains are more recalcitrant than other arthropod fragments in depositional settings with significant transport histories (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Proctor, C. J." box="[991,1113,1634,1655]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Geologists' Association" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="93 - 98" part="109" refId="ref18429" refString="Proctor, C. J. 1998. Arthropleurids from the Westphalian D of Writhlington Geological Nature Reserve, Somerset. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 109, 93 - 98, https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 7878 (98) 80009 - 6" title="Arthropleurids from the Westphalian D of Writhlington Geological Nature Reserve, Somerset" type="journal article" year="1998">Proctor 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[809,1043,1704,1728]" box="[809,1043,1704,1728]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[809,1043,1704,1728]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[809,1043,1704,1728]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Arthropleurid habitat</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[809,1444,1751,2095]" lastBlockId="11.[113,749,1634,2095]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The fossil-bearing bed was deposited in a minor fluvial distributary channel in direct proximity to the coast and the completeness of the arthropleurid fossil suggests that it has not been subject to a significant history of transport. Direct palaeobotanical evidence shows that the small river traversed a lower delta plain that was colonized by a mixed arborescent flora of lycopsids, medullosalean pteridosperms and cordaitaleans (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1125,1180,1927,1948]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[144,175,1729,1748]" captionTargetBox="[166,1451,1129,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-243@4.[166,1451,1129,1704]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 6. Ichnological and palaeobotanical features associated with the Arthropleura fossil. (a) Trackway of an anthracosaur tetrapod (Baropezia) (individual footprints arrowed). Located at 4.6 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 10 cm. (b) Detail of Baropezia footprint (Ba) adjacent to Stigmaria root (black arrow). For details of vertebrate tracks prior to recent erosional degradation, see Scarboro and Tucker (1995). Located at 4.6 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 20 cm. (c) Thinly bedded wave-rippled facies immediately below fossil horizon showing horizontal invertebrate burrows Planolites (Pl) and Archaeonassa (Ar). Located at 10.6 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 10 cm. (d) Tightly curved invertebrate burrow identified as Taenidium on basis of meniscate fill and absence of lining. Fallen block of same lithology adjacent to fossil-bearing block. Scale bar 10 cm. (e) Ripplelaminated sandstone beds colonized with coalified, downwards-branching plant rootlets. Located at 9.0 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 20 cm. (f) Plant remains in same bed as Arthropleura fossil, including fragment of branch or bark belonging to Lepidodendron sensu lato (black arrow) and thin axis that acutely bifurcates distally, possibly the proximal part of a medullosalean pteridosperm frond (white arrow). Located at 10.0 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 20 cm. (g) Seed fossils, possibly Samaropsis, as produced by cordaitaleans. Note seeds occur immediately adjacent to the Arthropleura remains in the part, seen at top left of image. Located at 10.2 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 5 cm. (h) Stigmaria on stratigraphic top of fallen block hosting the Arthropleura remains. Preserved fraction of main rhizomorph axis extends between white arrows and shows ornamentation in boxed area. Adjacent part of bedding plane contains traces of rootlets (r) branching from the main rhizomorph. Located at 9.8 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d Scale bar 1 m." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801520" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801520/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). The presence of only thin, discontinuous and infrequent coals implies that the vegetation was relatively open at the coast, rather than forming dense coal forests (at 326 Ma old, the fossil also predates the widespread dominance of equatorial wetland coal forests in Euramerica;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Greb, S. F. & DiMichele, W. A. & Gastaldo, R. A." box="[1267,1430,2045,2066]" journalOrPublisher="Geological Society of America, Special Papers" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" part="399" refId="ref16248" refString="Greb, S. F., DiMichele, W. A. and Gastaldo, R. A. 2006. Evolution and Importance of Wetlands in Earth History. Geological Society of America, Special Papers, 399." title="Evolution and Importance of Wetlands in Earth History" type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Greb
|
||
<emphasis box="[1323,1374,2045,2066]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Ichnological evidence shows that the lower delta plain also hosted communities of terrestrially adapted amphibians and small infaunal and surface-grazing invertebrates (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[456,517,1663,1684]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[144,175,1729,1748]" captionTargetBox="[166,1451,1129,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-243@4.[166,1451,1129,1704]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 6. Ichnological and palaeobotanical features associated with the Arthropleura fossil. (a) Trackway of an anthracosaur tetrapod (Baropezia) (individual footprints arrowed). Located at 4.6 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 10 cm. (b) Detail of Baropezia footprint (Ba) adjacent to Stigmaria root (black arrow). For details of vertebrate tracks prior to recent erosional degradation, see Scarboro and Tucker (1995). Located at 4.6 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 20 cm. (c) Thinly bedded wave-rippled facies immediately below fossil horizon showing horizontal invertebrate burrows Planolites (Pl) and Archaeonassa (Ar). Located at 10.6 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 10 cm. (d) Tightly curved invertebrate burrow identified as Taenidium on basis of meniscate fill and absence of lining. Fallen block of same lithology adjacent to fossil-bearing block. Scale bar 10 cm. (e) Ripplelaminated sandstone beds colonized with coalified, downwards-branching plant rootlets. Located at 9.0 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 20 cm. (f) Plant remains in same bed as Arthropleura fossil, including fragment of branch or bark belonging to Lepidodendron sensu lato (black arrow) and thin axis that acutely bifurcates distally, possibly the proximal part of a medullosalean pteridosperm frond (white arrow). Located at 10.0 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 20 cm. (g) Seed fossils, possibly Samaropsis, as produced by cordaitaleans. Note seeds occur immediately adjacent to the Arthropleura remains in the part, seen at top left of image. Located at 10.2 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 5 cm. (h) Stigmaria on stratigraphic top of fallen block hosting the Arthropleura remains. Preserved fraction of main rhizomorph axis extends between white arrows and shows ornamentation in boxed area. Adjacent part of bedding plane contains traces of rootlets (r) branching from the main rhizomorph. Located at 9.8 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d Scale bar 1 m." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801520" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801520/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
), whereas the adjacent marine waters were populated by a normal salinity community of vertical burrowers, bryozoans, brachiopods, crinoids and marine forams.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="DF26BE92FFB1FFE25696FF5173B1FF77" box="[144,671,167,186]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF26BE92FFB1FFE25696FF5173B1FF77" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[144,195,167,186]" targetBox="[144,1474,213,2034]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[144,671,167,186]" box="[144,671,167,186]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[144,212,167,186]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Table 1</emphasis>
|
||
Details of previously reported
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[478,589,167,186]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="10" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Arthropleura</taxonomicName>
|
||
localities
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<table box="[144,1474,213,2034]" colsContinueIn="11.[113,1441,216,1534]" gridcols="6" gridrows="68" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,213,232]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,213,232]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Number</th>
|
||
<th box="[229,351,213,232]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Age</th>
|
||
<th box="[399,605,213,232]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Stratigraphic context</th>
|
||
<th box="[642,901,213,232]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Location</th>
|
||
<th box="[916,1048,213,232]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Type</th>
|
||
<th box="[1075,1474,213,232]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Reference</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,255,274]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,255,274]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,255,274]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Serpukhovian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,255,274]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Stainmore Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,255,274]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Howick, Northumberland, UK</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,255,274]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Giant partial</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,255,274]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">This study</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,283,302]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,283,302]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,283,302]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Moscovian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,283,302]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sulzbach Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,283,302]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Maybach mine, Saarland,</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,283,302]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Giant partial</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,283,302]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Guthorl, P." box="[1075,1193,283,302]" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, Neue Folge" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 219" part="164" refId="ref16289" refString="Guthorl, P. 1934. Die Arthropoden aus dem Carbon und Perm des Saar-Nahe- Pfalz-Gebietes. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, Neue Folge, 164, 1 - 219." title="Die Arthropoden aus dem Carbon und Perm des Saar-Nahe- Pfalz-Gebietes" type="journal article" year="1934">Guthörl (1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Guthorl P." box="[1204,1247,283,302]" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="687 - 692" part="87" refId="ref16321" refString="Guthorl P. 1935. Entdeckung und Bergung des grossten, bis jetzt bekannten Exemplars von Arthropleura armata Jordan & v. Meyer in Grube Maybach- Saar. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 87, 687 - 692." title="Entdeckung und Bergung des grossten, bis jetzt bekannten Exemplars von Arthropleura armata Jordan & v. Meyer in Grube Maybach- Saar" type="journal article" year="1935">1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hahn, G. & Hahn, R. & Brauckmann, C." box="[1263,1414,283,302]" journalOrPublisher="Geologica et Palaeontologica" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="125 - 137" part="20" refId="ref16440" refString="Hahn, G., Hahn, R. and Brauckmann, C. 1986. Zur Kenntnis von Arthropleura (Myriapoda; Ober-Karbon). Geologica et Palaeontologica, 20, 125 - 137." title="Zur Kenntnis von Arthropleura (Myriapoda; Ober-Karbon)" type="journal article" year="1986">
|
||
Hahn
|
||
<emphasis box="[1313,1355,283,302]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1986)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Kraus
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,308,327]" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<td box="[642,901,308,327]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Germany</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,308,327]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
and Brauckmann (2003),
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kraus, O." box="[1311,1423,308,327]" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="5 - 23" part="41" refId="ref17180" refString="Kraus, O. 2005. On the structure and biology of Arthropleura species (Atelocerata, Diplopoda; upper Carboniferous / lower Permian). Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg, 41, 5 - 23." title="On the structure and biology of Arthropleura species (Atelocerata, Diplopoda; upper Carboniferous / lower Permian)" type="journal article" year="2005">Kraus (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,336,355]" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,336,355]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,336,355]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gzhelian–</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,336,355]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Döhlen Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,336,355]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Döhlen Basin, Saxony,</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,336,355]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Giant partial</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,336,355]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schneider, J. & Barthel, M." box="[1075,1325,336,355]" journalOrPublisher="Freiberger Forschungsheft C" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="183 - 223" part="466" refId="ref19291" refString="Schneider, J. and Barthel, M. 1997. Eine Taphocoenose mit Arthropleura (Arthropoda) aus dem Rotliegend (? Unterperm) des Dohlen-Becken (Elbe- Zone, Sachsen). Freiberger Forschungsheft C, 466, 183 - 223." title="Eine Taphocoenose mit Arthropleura (Arthropoda) aus dem Rotliegend (? Unterperm) des Dohlen-Becken (Elbe- Zone, Sachsen)" type="journal article" year="1997">Schneider and Barthel (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Schneider
|
||
<emphasis box="[1426,1470,336,355]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,361,380]" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<td box="[229,351,361,380]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Asselian</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,361,380]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Germany</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,361,380]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">(2010)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,389,408]" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,389,408]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,389,408]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gzhelian–</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,389,408]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Montceau-les-Mines</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,389,408]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Montceau-les-Mines,</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,389,408]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Small complete</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,389,408]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Briggs, D. E. G. & Almond, J. E." box="[1075,1305,389,408]" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de la Section des Sciences" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="127 - 135" part="12" refId="ref13985" refString="Briggs, D. E. G. and Almond, J. E. 1994. The arthropleurids from the Stephanian (Late Carboniferous) of Montceau-les-Mines (Massif Central - France). Memoires de la Section des Sciences, 12, 127 - 135." title="The arthropleurids from the Stephanian (Late Carboniferous) of Montceau-les-Mines (Massif Central - France)" type="journal article" year="1994">Briggs and Almond (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Almond, J. E." box="[1316,1448,389,408]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe d' Histoire Naturelle d' Autun" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="59 - 60" part="115" refId="ref13209" refString="Almond, J. E. 1985. Les Arthropleurides du Stephanien de Montceau-les-Mines, France. Bulletin de la Societe d' Histoire Naturelle d' Autun, 115, 59 - 60." title="Les Arthropleurides du Stephanien de Montceau-les-Mines, France" type="journal article" year="1985">Almond (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,415,434]" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<td box="[229,351,415,434]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Asselain</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,415,434]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">lägerstatten</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,415,434]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Burgundy, France</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,415,434]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Perrier, V. & Charbonnier, S." box="[1093,1360,415,434]" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="353 - 367" part="13" refId="ref18247" refString="Perrier, V. and Charbonnier, S. 2014. The Montceau-les-Mines Lagerstatte (Late Carboniferous, France). Comptes Rendus Palevol, 13, 353 - 367, https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. crpv. 2014.03.002" title="The Montceau-les-Mines Lagerstatte (Late Carboniferous, France)" type="journal article" year="2014">Perrier and Charbonnier (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,443,462]" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,443,462]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">5</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,443,462]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bashkirian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,443,462]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pennine Middle Coal</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,443,462]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Shipley, Derbyshire, UK</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,443,462]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Small partial</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,443,462]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Calman, W. T." box="[1075,1202,443,462]" journalOrPublisher="Geological Magazine" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="541 - 544" part="1" refId="ref14302" refString="Calman, W. T. 1914. III. - On Arthropleura Moyseyi, n. sp., from the Coal- Measures of Debyshire. Geological Magazine, 1, 541 - 544, https: // doi. org / 10. 1017 / S 0016756800153452" title="III. - On Arthropleura Moyseyi, n. sp., from the Coal- Measures of Debyshire" type="journal article" year="1914">Calman (1914)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hahn, G. & Hahn, R. & Brauckmann, C." box="[1214,1371,443,462]" journalOrPublisher="Geologica et Palaeontologica" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="125 - 137" part="20" refId="ref16440" refString="Hahn, G., Hahn, R. and Brauckmann, C. 1986. Zur Kenntnis von Arthropleura (Myriapoda; Ober-Karbon). Geologica et Palaeontologica, 20, 125 - 137." title="Zur Kenntnis von Arthropleura (Myriapoda; Ober-Karbon)" type="journal article" year="1986">
|
||
Hahn
|
||
<emphasis box="[1266,1309,443,462]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1986)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,468,487]" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[399,605,468,487]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Measures Formation</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,496,515]" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,496,515]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,496,515]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Visean</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,496,515]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Berthelsdorf Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,496,515]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Hainichen Basin, Saxony,</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,496,515]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,496,515]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Roβler, R. & Schneider, J. W." box="[1075,1320,496,515]" journalOrPublisher="Veroffentlichungen des Museum fur Naturkunde Chemnitz" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="5 - 44" part="20" refId="ref18686" refString="Roβler, R. and Schneider, J. W. 1997. Eine bemerkenswerte Palaobiocoenose im Unterkarbon Middeleuropastt - Fossilfuhrung und Palaoenvironment der Hainichen-Subgruppe (Erzgebirge-Becken). Veroffentlichungen des Museum fur Naturkunde Chemnitz, 20, 5 - 44." title="Eine bemerkenswerte Palaobiocoenose im Unterkarbon Middeleuropastt - Fossilfuhrung und Palaoenvironment der Hainichen-Subgruppe (Erzgebirge-Becken)" type="journal article" year="1997">Röβler and Schneider (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Schneider
|
||
<emphasis box="[1421,1465,496,515]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,521,540]" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<td box="[642,901,521,540]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Germany</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,521,540]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,521,540]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">(2010)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,549,568]" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,549,568]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">7</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,549,568]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Serpukhovian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,549,568]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lower Silesian Basin</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,549,568]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Przygorze – KWK Boleslaw,</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,549,568]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,549,568]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pavela M." box="[1075,1192,549,568]" journalOrPublisher="PALEO" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="74" part="2018" publicationUrl="https://www.paleontology.cz/clanky/arthropleura.html" refId="ref18096" refString="Pavela M. 2018. Fossil species from the Carboniferous: Arthropleura Jordan & Meyer 1854. PALEO, 2018, 74, https: // www. paleontology. cz / clanky / arthropleura. html" title="Fossil species from the Carboniferous: Arthropleura Jordan & Meyer 1854" type="journal article" year="2018">Pavela (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,575,594]" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[642,901,575,594]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Poland</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,575,594]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,602,622]" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,602,622]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">8</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,602,622]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Serpukhovian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,602,622]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Upper Silesian Basin</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,602,622]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chlebovice – Dul Staríc,</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,602,622]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,602,622]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pavela M." box="[1075,1192,603,622]" journalOrPublisher="PALEO" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="74" part="2018" publicationUrl="https://www.paleontology.cz/clanky/arthropleura.html" refId="ref18096" refString="Pavela M. 2018. Fossil species from the Carboniferous: Arthropleura Jordan & Meyer 1854. PALEO, 2018, 74, https: // www. paleontology. cz / clanky / arthropleura. html" title="Fossil species from the Carboniferous: Arthropleura Jordan & Meyer 1854" type="journal article" year="2018">Pavela (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,628,647]" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[642,901,628,647]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Czech Republic</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,628,647]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,656,675]" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,656,675]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">9</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,656,675]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pennsylvanian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,656,675]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Karaganda Basin</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,656,675]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Karaganda, Kazakhstan</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,656,675]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,656,675]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Novozhylov, N." box="[1075,1240,656,675]" editor="Rodendorf, B. B." journalOrPublisher="Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="37 - 63" refId="ref17993" refString="Novozhylov, N. 1962. Family Arthropleuridae Zittel, 1848. In: Rodendorf, B. B. (ed.) Fundamentals of Paleontology. Arthropods. Tracheata and Chelicerata. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 37 - 63." title="Family Arthropleuridae Zittel" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Fundamentals of Paleontology. Arthropods. Tracheata and Chelicerata" year="1962">Novozhylov (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dernov, V." box="[1252,1377,656,675]" journalOrPublisher="Geo & Bio" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="37 - 63" part="18" refId="ref15202" refString="Dernov, V. 2019. Taphonomy and paleoecology of fauna and flora from deltaic sandstones of Mospinka Formation (Middle Carboniferous) of Donets Basin. Geo & Bio, 18, 37 - 63, https: // doi. org / 10.15407 / gb 1805" title="Taphonomy and paleoecology of fauna and flora from deltaic sandstones of Mospinka Formation (Middle Carboniferous) of Donets Basin" type="journal article" year="2019">Dernov (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,681,700]" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,681,700]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,709,728]" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,709,728]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">10</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,709,728]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bashkirian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,709,728]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Charleroi Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,709,728]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mariemont mine, Hainaut,</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,709,728]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,709,728]" gridcol="5" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pruvost, P." box="[1075,1201,709,728]" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Musee royal d' histoire naturelle de Belgique" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="103 - 282" part="44" refId="ref18481" refString="Pruvost, P. 1930. La faune continentale du terrain houiller de la Belgique. Memoires du Musee royal d' histoire naturelle de Belgique, 44, 103 - 282." title="La faune continentale du terrain houiller de la Belgique" type="journal article" year="1930">Pruvost (1930)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,735,754]" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[642,901,735,754]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Belgium</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,735,754]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,763,782]" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,763,782]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">11</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,763,782]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bashkirian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,763,782]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Grand Anse Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,763,782]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Maringouin, New Brunswick,</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,763,782]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,763,782]" gridcol="5" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R. Miller (2021, pers. comm.: New Brunswick</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,788,807]" gridrow="21" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<td box="[642,901,788,807]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Canada</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,788,807]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,788,807]" gridcol="5" gridrow="21" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Museum specimen NBMG15084)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,816,835]" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,816,835]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">12</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,816,835]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bashkirian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,816,835]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Joggins Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,816,835]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,816,835]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,816,835]" gridcol="5" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Falcon-Lang, H. J. & Benton, M. J. & Braddy, S. J. & Davies, S. J." box="[1075,1293,816,835]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Geological Society, London" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="561 - 576" part="163" refId="ref15647" refString="Falcon-Lang, H. J., Benton, M. J., Braddy, S. J. and Davies, S. J. 2006. The Pennsylvanian tropical biome reconstructed from the Joggins Formation of Nova Scotia, Canada. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 163, 561 - 576, https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / 0016 - 764905 - 063" title="The Pennsylvanian tropical biome reconstructed from the Joggins Formation of Nova Scotia, Canada" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Falcon-Lang
|
||
<emphasis box="[1188,1232,816,835]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,841,860]" gridrow="23" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,841,860]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,869,888]" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,869,888]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">13</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,869,888]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bashkirian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,869,888]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lancaster Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,869,888]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Saint John, New Brunswick,</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,869,888]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,869,888]" gridcol="5" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Falcon-Lang, H. J. & Miller, R. F." box="[1075,1339,869,888]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Geological Society, London" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="945 - 957" part="164" refId="ref15581" refString="Falcon-Lang, H. J. and Miller, R. F. 2007. Palaeoenvironments and palaeoecology of the Early Pennsylvanian Lancaster Formation (' Fern Ledges') of Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 164, 945 - 957, https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / 0016 - 76492006 - 189" title="Palaeoenvironments and palaeoecology of the Early Pennsylvanian Lancaster Formation (' Fern Ledges') of Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada" type="journal article" year="2007">Falcon-Lang and Miller (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,895,914]" gridrow="25" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[642,901,895,914]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Canada</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,895,914]" gridcol="4" gridrow="25" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,923,942]" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,923,942]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">14</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,923,942]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bashkirian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,923,942]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mospinka Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,923,942]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Makedonovka, Donets Basin,</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,923,942]" gridcol="4" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,923,942]" gridcol="5" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dernov, V." box="[1075,1200,923,942]" journalOrPublisher="Geo & Bio" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="37 - 63" part="18" refId="ref15202" refString="Dernov, V. 2019. Taphonomy and paleoecology of fauna and flora from deltaic sandstones of Mospinka Formation (Middle Carboniferous) of Donets Basin. Geo & Bio, 18, 37 - 63, https: // doi. org / 10.15407 / gb 1805" title="Taphonomy and paleoecology of fauna and flora from deltaic sandstones of Mospinka Formation (Middle Carboniferous) of Donets Basin" type="journal article" year="2019">Dernov (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,948,967]" gridrow="27" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[642,901,948,967]" gridcol="3" gridrow="27" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ukraine</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,948,967]" gridcol="4" gridrow="27" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,976,995]" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,976,995]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">15</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,976,995]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bashkirian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,976,995]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,976,995]" gridcol="3" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Anzin, Hauts-de-France,</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,976,995]" gridcol="4" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,976,995]" gridcol="5" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pruvost, P." box="[1075,1201,976,995]" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Musee royal d' histoire naturelle de Belgique" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="103 - 282" part="44" refId="ref18481" refString="Pruvost, P. 1930. La faune continentale du terrain houiller de la Belgique. Memoires du Musee royal d' histoire naturelle de Belgique, 44, 103 - 282." title="La faune continentale du terrain houiller de la Belgique" type="journal article" year="1930">Pruvost (1930)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1001,1020]" gridrow="29" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1001,1020]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mining Basin</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1001,1020]" gridcol="3" gridrow="29" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">France</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1001,1020]" gridcol="4" gridrow="29" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1029,1048]" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,1029,1048]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">16</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,1029,1048]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bashkirian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1029,1048]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pennine Lower Coal</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1029,1048]" gridcol="3" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bickershaw, Lancashire, UK</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1029,1048]" gridcol="4" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,1029,1048]" gridcol="5" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Anderson, L. I. & Dunlop, J. A. & Horrocks, C. A. & Winkelmann, H. M. & Eagar, R. M. C." box="[1075,1268,1029,1048]" journalOrPublisher="Geological Journal" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="197 - 210" part="32" refId="ref13242" refString="Anderson, L. I., Dunlop, J. A., Horrocks, C. A., Winkelmann, H. M. and Eagar, R. M. C. 1997. Exceptionally preserved fossils from Bickershaw, Lancashire UK (Upper Carboniferous, Westphalian A (Langsettian )). Geological Journal, 32, 197 - 210, https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / (SICI) 1099 - 1034 (199709) 32: 3 <197 :: AID-GJ 739> 3.0. CO; 2 - 6" title="Exceptionally preserved fossils from Bickershaw, Lancashire UK (Upper Carboniferous, Westphalian A (Langsettian ))" type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Anderson
|
||
<emphasis box="[1163,1207,1029,1048]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1055,1074]" gridrow="31" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1055,1074]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Measures Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1055,1074]" gridcol="4" gridrow="31" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1083,1102]" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,1083,1102]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">17</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,1083,1102]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bashkirian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1083,1102]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pennine Middle Coal</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1083,1102]" gridcol="3" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Barnsley, Yorkshire, UK</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1083,1102]" gridcol="4" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,1083,1102]" gridcol="5" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Andree, K." box="[1080,1205,1083,1102]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="295 - 310" part="60" refId="ref13341" refString="Andree, K. 1913. Weiteres uber das carbonische Arthostraken-Genus Arthopleura Jordan. Palaeontographica, 60, 295 - 310." title="Weiteres uber das carbonische Arthostraken-Genus Arthopleura Jordan" type="journal article" year="1913">Andrée (1913)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1108,1127]" gridrow="33" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1108,1127]" gridcol="2" gridrow="33" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Measures Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1108,1127]" gridcol="4" gridrow="33" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1136,1155]" gridrow="34" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,1136,1155]" gridcol="0" gridrow="34" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">18</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,1136,1155]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bashkirian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1136,1155]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pennine Middle Coal</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1136,1155]" gridcol="3" gridrow="34" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Baxterley, Warwickshire, UK</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1136,1155]" gridcol="4" gridrow="34" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,1136,1155]" gridcol="5" gridrow="34" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vernon, R. D." box="[1075,1200,1136,1155]" journalOrPublisher="Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="587 - 638" part="68" refId="ref19991" refString="Vernon, R. D. 1912. On the geology and palaeontology of the Warwickshire Coalfield. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 68, 587 - 638, https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / GSL. JGS. 1912.068.01 - 04.35" title="On the geology and palaeontology of the Warwickshire Coalfield" type="journal article" year="1912">Vernon (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pruvost, P." box="[1211,1338,1136,1155]" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Musee royal d' histoire naturelle de Belgique" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="103 - 282" part="44" refId="ref18481" refString="Pruvost, P. 1930. La faune continentale du terrain houiller de la Belgique. Memoires du Musee royal d' histoire naturelle de Belgique, 44, 103 - 282." title="La faune continentale du terrain houiller de la Belgique" type="journal article" year="1930">Pruvost (1930)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1161,1180]" gridrow="35" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1161,1180]" gridcol="2" gridrow="35" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Measures Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1161,1180]" gridcol="4" gridrow="35" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1189,1208]" gridrow="36" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,1189,1208]" gridcol="0" gridrow="36" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">19</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,1189,1208]" gridcol="1" gridrow="36" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bashkirian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1189,1208]" gridcol="2" gridrow="36" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Upper Silesian Basin</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1189,1208]" gridcol="3" gridrow="36" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Czerwionka - Ameryka,</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1189,1208]" gridcol="4" gridrow="36" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,1189,1208]" gridcol="5" gridrow="36" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pavela M." box="[1075,1192,1189,1208]" journalOrPublisher="PALEO" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="74" part="2018" publicationUrl="https://www.paleontology.cz/clanky/arthropleura.html" refId="ref18096" refString="Pavela M. 2018. Fossil species from the Carboniferous: Arthropleura Jordan & Meyer 1854. PALEO, 2018, 74, https: // www. paleontology. cz / clanky / arthropleura. html" title="Fossil species from the Carboniferous: Arthropleura Jordan & Meyer 1854" type="journal article" year="2018">Pavela (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1215,1234]" gridrow="37" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1215,1234]" gridcol="3" gridrow="37" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Poland</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1215,1234]" gridcol="4" gridrow="37" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1242,1262]" gridrow="38" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,1242,1262]" gridcol="0" gridrow="38" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">20</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,1242,1262]" gridcol="1" gridrow="38" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bashkirian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1242,1262]" gridcol="2" gridrow="38" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">ŽaclerFormation</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1242,1262]" gridcol="3" gridrow="38" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nowa Ruda, Lower Silesia,</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1242,1262]" gridcol="4" gridrow="38" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,1242,1262]" gridcol="5" gridrow="38" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pacyna, G. & Florjan, S. & Borzecki, R." box="[1075,1246,1243,1262]" journalOrPublisher="Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="121 - 126" part="82" refId="ref18042" refString="Pacyna, G., Florjan, S. and Borzecki, R. 2012. New morphological features of Arthropleura sp. (Myriapoda, Diplopoda) based on new specimens from the Upper Carboniferous of Lower Silesia (Poland). Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 82, 121 - 126." title="New morphological features of Arthropleura sp. (Myriapoda, Diplopoda) based on new specimens from the Upper Carboniferous of Lower Silesia (Poland)" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Pacyna
|
||
<emphasis box="[1140,1185,1243,1262]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2012)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pavela M." box="[1257,1374,1243,1262]" journalOrPublisher="PALEO" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="74" part="2018" publicationUrl="https://www.paleontology.cz/clanky/arthropleura.html" refId="ref18096" refString="Pavela M. 2018. Fossil species from the Carboniferous: Arthropleura Jordan & Meyer 1854. PALEO, 2018, 74, https: // www. paleontology. cz / clanky / arthropleura. html" title="Fossil species from the Carboniferous: Arthropleura Jordan & Meyer 1854" type="journal article" year="2018">Pavela (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1268,1287]" gridrow="39" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1268,1287]" gridcol="3" gridrow="39" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Poland</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1268,1287]" gridcol="4" gridrow="39" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1296,1315]" gridrow="40" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,1296,1315]" gridcol="0" gridrow="40" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,1296,1315]" gridcol="1" gridrow="40" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bashkirian–</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1296,1315]" gridcol="2" gridrow="40" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Emma mine</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1296,1315]" gridcol="3" gridrow="40" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brunssum, Limburg,</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1296,1315]" gridcol="4" gridrow="40" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,1296,1315]" gridcol="5" gridrow="40" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pruvost, P." box="[1075,1201,1296,1315]" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Musee royal d' histoire naturelle de Belgique" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="103 - 282" part="44" refId="ref18481" refString="Pruvost, P. 1930. La faune continentale du terrain houiller de la Belgique. Memoires du Musee royal d' histoire naturelle de Belgique, 44, 103 - 282." title="La faune continentale du terrain houiller de la Belgique" type="journal article" year="1930">Pruvost (1930)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1321,1340]" gridrow="41" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[229,351,1321,1340]" gridcol="1" gridrow="41" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Moscovian</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1321,1340]" gridcol="3" gridrow="41" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Netherlands</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1321,1340]" gridcol="4" gridrow="41" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1349,1368]" gridrow="42" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,1349,1368]" gridcol="0" gridrow="42" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">22</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,1349,1368]" gridcol="1" gridrow="42" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Moscovian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1349,1368]" gridcol="2" gridrow="42" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Francis Creek Shale</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1349,1368]" gridcol="3" gridrow="42" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1349,1368]" gridcol="4" gridrow="42" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,1349,1368]" gridcol="5" gridrow="42" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Richardson, E. S." box="[1075,1233,1349,1368]" journalOrPublisher="Fieldana: Geology" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="79 - 82" part="12" refId="ref18603" refString="Richardson, E. S. 1959. Pennsylvanian invertebrates of the Mazon Creek area, Illinois; Trilobitomorpha, Arthropleurida II. Fieldana: Geology, 12, 79 - 82." title="Pennsylvanian invertebrates of the Mazon Creek area, Illinois; Trilobitomorpha, Arthropleurida II" type="journal article" year="1959">Richardson (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hannibal, J. T." box="[1244,1384,1349,1368]" journalOrPublisher="Kirtlandia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 9" part="50" refId="ref16476" refString="Hannibal, J. T. 1997. Remains of Arthropleura, a gigantic myriapod arthropod, from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio and Pennsylvania. Kirtlandia, 50, 1 - 9." title="Remains of Arthropleura, a gigantic myriapod arthropod, from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio and Pennsylvania" type="journal article" year="1997">Hannibal (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1375,1394]" gridrow="43" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1375,1394]" gridcol="4" gridrow="43" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1403,1422]" gridrow="44" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,1403,1422]" gridcol="0" gridrow="44" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">23</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,1403,1422]" gridcol="1" gridrow="44" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Moscovian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1403,1422]" gridcol="2" gridrow="44" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Grovesend Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1403,1422]" gridcol="3" gridrow="44" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Camerton & Writhlington,</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1403,1422]" gridcol="4" gridrow="44" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,1403,1422]" gridcol="5" gridrow="44" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Woodward, H." box="[1075,1230,1403,1422]" journalOrPublisher="Geological Magazine" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="539 - 549" part="4" refId="ref20467" refString="Woodward, H. 1907. Further notes on the Arthropoda of the British Coal- Measures. Geological Magazine, 4, 539 - 549, https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0016756800134120" title="Further notes on the Arthropoda of the British Coal- Measures" type="journal article" year="1907">Woodward (1907)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Andree, K." box="[1241,1365,1403,1422]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="295 - 310" part="60" refId="ref13341" refString="Andree, K. 1913. Weiteres uber das carbonische Arthostraken-Genus Arthopleura Jordan. Palaeontographica, 60, 295 - 310." title="Weiteres uber das carbonische Arthostraken-Genus Arthopleura Jordan" type="journal article" year="1913">Andrée (1913)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Proctor
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1428,1447]" gridrow="45" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1428,1447]" gridcol="3" gridrow="45" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Somerset, UK</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1428,1447]" gridcol="4" gridrow="45" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,1428,1447]" gridcol="5" gridrow="45" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">(1998)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1456,1475]" gridrow="46" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,1456,1475]" gridcol="0" gridrow="46" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">24</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,1456,1475]" gridcol="1" gridrow="46" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Moscovian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1456,1475]" gridcol="2" gridrow="46" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Heiligenwald Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1456,1475]" gridcol="3" gridrow="46" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Friedrichsthal, Saarland,</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1456,1475]" gridcol="4" gridrow="46" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,1456,1475]" gridcol="5" gridrow="46" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Jordan, F. W. H. & von Meyer, H." box="[1075,1327,1456,1475]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 15" part="4" refId="ref16906" refString="Jordan, F. W. H. and von Meyer, H. 1854. Uber die Crustaceen der Steinkohlenformation von Saarbrucken. Palaeontographica, 4, 1 - 15." title="Uber die Crustaceen der Steinkohlenformation von Saarbrucken" type="journal article" year="1854">Jordan and von Meyer (1854)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1481,1500]" gridrow="47" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1481,1500]" gridcol="3" gridrow="47" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Germany</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1481,1500]" gridcol="4" gridrow="47" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1509,1528]" gridrow="48" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,1509,1528]" gridcol="0" gridrow="48" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">25</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,1509,1528]" gridcol="1" gridrow="48" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Moscovian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1509,1528]" gridcol="2" gridrow="48" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Kittaning Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1509,1528]" gridcol="3" gridrow="48" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cannelton, Pennsylvania,</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1509,1528]" gridcol="4" gridrow="48" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,1509,1528]" gridcol="5" gridrow="48" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hannibal, J. T." box="[1075,1214,1509,1528]" journalOrPublisher="Kirtlandia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 9" part="50" refId="ref16476" refString="Hannibal, J. T. 1997. Remains of Arthropleura, a gigantic myriapod arthropod, from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio and Pennsylvania. Kirtlandia, 50, 1 - 9." title="Remains of Arthropleura, a gigantic myriapod arthropod, from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio and Pennsylvania" type="journal article" year="1997">Hannibal (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1535,1554]" gridrow="49" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1535,1554]" gridcol="3" gridrow="49" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">USA</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1535,1554]" gridcol="4" gridrow="49" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1563,1582]" gridrow="50" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,1563,1582]" gridcol="0" gridrow="50" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">26</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,1563,1582]" gridcol="1" gridrow="50" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Moscovian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1563,1582]" gridcol="2" gridrow="50" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lorraine Basin</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1563,1582]" gridcol="3" gridrow="50" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">St. Avold, Grand Est, France</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1563,1582]" gridcol="4" gridrow="50" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,1563,1582]" gridcol="5" gridrow="50" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Waterlot, G." box="[1075,1210,1563,1582]" journalOrPublisher="Daniel, Lille" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref20216" refString="Waterlot, G. 1934. Etude de la faune continentale du terrain houiller sarrolorrain: Etude des Gites mineraux de la France. Bassin houiller de la Sarre et de la Lorraine 2, Faune fossile. L. Daniel, Lille." title="Etude de la faune continentale du terrain houiller sarrolorrain: Etude des Gites mineraux de la France. Bassin houiller de la Sarre et de la Lorraine 2, Faune fossile." type="book" year="1934">Waterlot (1934)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1588,1607]" gridrow="51" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1588,1607]" gridcol="4" gridrow="51" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1616,1635]" gridrow="52" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,1616,1635]" gridcol="0" gridrow="52" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">27</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,1616,1635]" gridcol="1" gridrow="52" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Moscovian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1616,1635]" gridcol="2" gridrow="52" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pennine Middle Coal</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1616,1635]" gridcol="3" gridrow="52" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Salford, Lancashire, UK</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1616,1635]" gridcol="4" gridrow="52" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,1616,1635]" gridcol="5" gridrow="52" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Salter, J. W." box="[1075,1185,1616,1635]" journalOrPublisher="Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="81 - 87" part="19" refId="ref19033" refString="Salter, J. W. 1863. On some species of Eurypterus and allied forms. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 19, 81 - 87, https: // doi. org / 10. 1144 / GSL. JGS. 1863.019.01 - 02.15" title="On some species of Eurypterus and allied forms" type="journal article" year="1863">Salter (1863)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pruvost, P." box="[1197,1324,1616,1635]" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Musee royal d' histoire naturelle de Belgique" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="103 - 282" part="44" refId="ref18481" refString="Pruvost, P. 1930. La faune continentale du terrain houiller de la Belgique. Memoires du Musee royal d' histoire naturelle de Belgique, 44, 103 - 282." title="La faune continentale du terrain houiller de la Belgique" type="journal article" year="1930">Pruvost (1930)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Hahn
|
||
<emphasis box="[1387,1431,1616,1635]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1641,1660]" gridrow="53" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1641,1660]" gridcol="2" gridrow="53" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Measures Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1641,1660]" gridcol="4" gridrow="53" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,1641,1660]" gridcol="5" gridrow="53" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">(1986)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1669,1688]" gridrow="54" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,1669,1688]" gridcol="0" gridrow="54" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">28</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,1669,1688]" gridcol="1" gridrow="54" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Moscovian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1669,1688]" gridcol="2" gridrow="54" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">PlzenBasin</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1669,1688]" gridcol="3" gridrow="54" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Zbuch - Dul Austria, Czech</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1669,1688]" gridcol="4" gridrow="54" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,1669,1688]" gridcol="5" gridrow="54" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pavela M." box="[1075,1192,1669,1688]" journalOrPublisher="PALEO" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="74" part="2018" publicationUrl="https://www.paleontology.cz/clanky/arthropleura.html" refId="ref18096" refString="Pavela M. 2018. Fossil species from the Carboniferous: Arthropleura Jordan & Meyer 1854. PALEO, 2018, 74, https: // www. paleontology. cz / clanky / arthropleura. html" title="Fossil species from the Carboniferous: Arthropleura Jordan & Meyer 1854" type="journal article" year="2018">Pavela (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1695,1714]" gridrow="55" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1695,1714]" gridcol="3" gridrow="55" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Republic</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1695,1714]" gridcol="4" gridrow="55" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1722,1742]" gridrow="56" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,1722,1742]" gridcol="0" gridrow="56" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">29</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,1722,1742]" gridcol="1" gridrow="56" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bashkirian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1722,1742]" gridcol="2" gridrow="56" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ruda Beds</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1722,1742]" gridcol="3" gridrow="56" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chwałowice, Lower Silesia,</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1722,1742]" gridcol="4" gridrow="56" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,1722,1742]" gridcol="5" gridrow="56" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Andree, K." box="[1075,1199,1723,1742]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="295 - 310" part="60" refId="ref13341" refString="Andree, K. 1913. Weiteres uber das carbonische Arthostraken-Genus Arthopleura Jordan. Palaeontographica, 60, 295 - 310." title="Weiteres uber das carbonische Arthostraken-Genus Arthopleura Jordan" type="journal article" year="1913">Andrée (1913)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1748,1767]" gridrow="57" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1748,1767]" gridcol="3" gridrow="57" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Poland</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1748,1767]" gridcol="4" gridrow="57" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1776,1795]" gridrow="58" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,1776,1795]" gridcol="0" gridrow="58" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">30</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,1776,1795]" gridcol="1" gridrow="58" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Moscovian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1776,1795]" gridcol="2" gridrow="58" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Saarbrücker Subgroup</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1776,1795]" gridcol="3" gridrow="58" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Saarbrücken region, Saarland,</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1776,1795]" gridcol="4" gridrow="58" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,1776,1795]" gridcol="5" gridrow="58" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Andree, K." box="[1075,1199,1776,1795]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="295 - 310" part="60" refId="ref13341" refString="Andree, K. 1913. Weiteres uber das carbonische Arthostraken-Genus Arthopleura Jordan. Palaeontographica, 60, 295 - 310." title="Weiteres uber das carbonische Arthostraken-Genus Arthopleura Jordan" type="journal article" year="1913">Andrée (1913)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1801,1820]" gridrow="59" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1801,1820]" gridcol="3" gridrow="59" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Germany</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1801,1820]" gridcol="4" gridrow="59" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1829,1848]" gridrow="60" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,1829,1848]" gridcol="0" gridrow="60" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">31</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,1829,1848]" gridcol="1" gridrow="60" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Moscovian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1829,1848]" gridcol="2" gridrow="60" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">San Giorgio Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1829,1848]" gridcol="3" gridrow="60" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Rio San Giorgio, Sardinia,</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1829,1848]" gridcol="4" gridrow="60" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,1829,1848]" gridcol="5" gridrow="60" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pillola, G. L. & Zoboli, D." box="[1075,1291,1829,1848]" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 6" part="60" refId="ref18369" refString="Pillola, G. L. and Zoboli, D. 2021. First occurrence of Arthropleura armata (Myriapoda) in the Moscovian (Carboniferous) of SW Sardinia (Italy). Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 60, 1 - 6, https: // doi. org / 10. 4435 / BSPI. 2021.01" title="First occurrence of Arthropleura armata (Myriapoda) in the Moscovian (Carboniferous) of SW Sardinia (Italy)" type="journal article" year="2021">Pillola and Zoboli (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1855,1874]" gridrow="61" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1855,1874]" gridcol="3" gridrow="61" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Italy</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1855,1874]" gridcol="4" gridrow="61" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1883,1902]" gridrow="62" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,1883,1902]" gridcol="0" gridrow="62" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">32</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,1883,1902]" gridcol="1" gridrow="62" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Moscovian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1883,1902]" gridcol="2" gridrow="62" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Scottish Upper Coal</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1883,1902]" gridcol="3" gridrow="62" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Leven, Fife, UK</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1883,1902]" gridcol="4" gridrow="62" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,1883,1902]" gridcol="5" gridrow="62" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Andree, K." box="[1075,1199,1883,1902]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="295 - 310" part="60" refId="ref13341" refString="Andree, K. 1913. Weiteres uber das carbonische Arthostraken-Genus Arthopleura Jordan. Palaeontographica, 60, 295 - 310." title="Weiteres uber das carbonische Arthostraken-Genus Arthopleura Jordan" type="journal article" year="1913">Andrée (1913)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1908,1927]" gridrow="63" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1908,1927]" gridcol="2" gridrow="63" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Measures Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1908,1927]" gridcol="4" gridrow="63" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1936,1955]" gridrow="64" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,1936,1955]" gridcol="0" gridrow="64" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">33</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,1936,1955]" gridcol="1" gridrow="64" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Kasimovian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1936,1955]" gridcol="2" gridrow="64" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Conemaugh Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1936,1955]" gridcol="3" gridrow="64" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Columbiana County, Ohio,</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1936,1955]" gridcol="4" gridrow="64" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,1936,1955]" gridcol="5" gridrow="64" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hannibal, J. T." box="[1075,1214,1936,1955]" journalOrPublisher="Kirtlandia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 9" part="50" refId="ref16476" refString="Hannibal, J. T. 1997. Remains of Arthropleura, a gigantic myriapod arthropod, from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio and Pennsylvania. Kirtlandia, 50, 1 - 9." title="Remains of Arthropleura, a gigantic myriapod arthropod, from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio and Pennsylvania" type="journal article" year="1997">Hannibal (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1961,1980]" gridrow="65" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1961,1980]" gridcol="3" gridrow="65" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">USA</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1961,1980]" gridcol="4" gridrow="65" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,1989,2008]" gridrow="66" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[144,213,1989,2008]" gridcol="0" gridrow="66" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">34</th>
|
||
<td box="[229,351,1989,2008]" gridcol="1" gridrow="66" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Kasimovian</td>
|
||
<td box="[399,605,1989,2008]" gridcol="2" gridrow="66" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Katerina Coal Mine</td>
|
||
<td box="[642,901,1989,2008]" gridcol="3" gridrow="66" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Radvanice, Ostrava, Czech</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,1989,2008]" gridcol="4" gridrow="66" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1075,1474,1989,2008]" gridcol="5" gridrow="66" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Stamberg, S. & Zajic, J." box="[1075,1303,1989,2008]" journalOrPublisher="Museum of Eastern Bohemia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref19720" refString="Stamberg, S. and Zajic, J. 2008. Carboniferous and Permian Faunas and their Occurrence in the Limnic Basins of the Czech Republic. Museum of Eastern Bohemia." title="Carboniferous and Permian Faunas and their Occurrence in the Limnic Basins of the Czech Republic" type="book" year="2008">Stamberg and Zajíc (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[144,1474,2015,2034]" gridrow="67" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[642,901,2015,2034]" gridcol="3" gridrow="67" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Republic</td>
|
||
<td box="[916,1048,2015,2034]" gridcol="4" gridrow="67" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[1377,1474,2052,2071]" box="[1377,1474,2052,2071]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1377,1474,2052,2071]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">(continued)</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption box="[113,289,167,186]" isContinuationCaption="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[113,164,167,186]" targetBox="[113,1441,216,1534]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[113,289,167,186]" box="[113,289,167,186]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[113,182,167,186]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Table 1</emphasis>
|
||
(Continued)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<table box="[113,1441,216,1534]" colsContinueFrom="10.[144,1474,213,2034]" gridcols="6" gridrows="49" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,216,235]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,216,235]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Number</th>
|
||
<th box="[198,320,216,235]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Age</th>
|
||
<th box="[369,596,216,235]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Stratigraphic context</th>
|
||
<th box="[612,871,216,235]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Location</th>
|
||
<th box="[886,1021,216,235]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Type</th>
|
||
<th box="[1044,1441,216,235]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Reference</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,257,276]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,257,276]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">35</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,257,276]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Kasimovian</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,257,276]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">San José Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,257,276]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ciñera, León, Spain</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,257,276]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,257,276]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Castro, M. P." box="[1044,1161,257,276]" journalOrPublisher="Revista espanola de Paleontologia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="15 - 22" part="12" refId="ref14412" refString="Castro, M. P. 1997. Hallazgos de " Arthropleura " en el Estefaniense de la Peninsula Iberica. Revista espanola de Paleontologia, 12, 15 - 22." title="Hallazgos de " Arthropleura " en el Estefaniense de la Peninsula Iberica" type="journal article" year="1997">Castro (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,283,302]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,283,302]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,311,330]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,311,330]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">36</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,311,330]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gzhelian</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,311,330]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">La Magdalena Coalfield</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,311,330]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Carrocera, León, Spain</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,311,330]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,311,330]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Castro, M. P." box="[1044,1161,311,330]" journalOrPublisher="Revista espanola de Paleontologia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="15 - 22" part="12" refId="ref14412" refString="Castro, M. P. 1997. Hallazgos de " Arthropleura " en el Estefaniense de la Peninsula Iberica. Revista espanola de Paleontologia, 12, 15 - 22." title="Hallazgos de " Arthropleura " en el Estefaniense de la Peninsula Iberica" type="journal article" year="1997">Castro (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,336,355]" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,336,355]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,364,383]" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,364,383]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">37</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,364,383]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gzhelian</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,364,383]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Stephanian strata</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,364,383]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">St. Etienne, Auvergne-Rhône-</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,364,383]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,364,383]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Boule M." box="[1044,1157,364,383]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe de l' Industrie Minerale" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="619 - 638" part="7" refId="ref13668" refString="Boule M. 1893. Sur les debris d' Arthropleura trouves en France. Bulletin de la Societe de l' Industrie Minerale, 7, 619 - 638." title="Sur les debris d' Arthropleura trouves en France" type="journal article" year="1893">Boule (1893)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Waterlot, G." box="[1168,1304,364,383]" journalOrPublisher="Daniel, Lille" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref20216" refString="Waterlot, G. 1934. Etude de la faune continentale du terrain houiller sarrolorrain: Etude des Gites mineraux de la France. Bassin houiller de la Sarre et de la Lorraine 2, Faune fossile. L. Daniel, Lille." title="Etude de la faune continentale du terrain houiller sarrolorrain: Etude des Gites mineraux de la France. Bassin houiller de la Sarre et de la Lorraine 2, Faune fossile." type="book" year="1934">Waterlot (1934)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,389,408]" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[612,871,389,408]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Alpes, France</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,389,408]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,417,436]" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,417,436]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">38</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,417,436]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gzhelian</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,417,436]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Stephanian strata</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,417,436]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Commentry, Auvergne-</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,417,436]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,417,436]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Boule M." box="[1044,1157,417,436]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe de l' Industrie Minerale" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="619 - 638" part="7" refId="ref13668" refString="Boule M. 1893. Sur les debris d' Arthropleura trouves en France. Bulletin de la Societe de l' Industrie Minerale, 7, 619 - 638." title="Sur les debris d' Arthropleura trouves en France" type="journal article" year="1893">Boule (1893)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,443,462]" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[612,871,443,462]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Rhône-Alpes, France</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,443,462]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,471,490]" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,471,490]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">39</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,471,490]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gzhelian</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,471,490]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Toledo Mountains</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,471,490]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Puertollano, Ciudad Real,</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,471,490]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,471,490]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Castro, M. P." box="[1044,1161,471,490]" journalOrPublisher="Revista espanola de Paleontologia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="15 - 22" part="12" refId="ref14412" refString="Castro, M. P. 1997. Hallazgos de " Arthropleura " en el Estefaniense de la Peninsula Iberica. Revista espanola de Paleontologia, 12, 15 - 22." title="Hallazgos de " Arthropleura " en el Estefaniense de la Peninsula Iberica" type="journal article" year="1997">Castro (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,496,515]" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[612,871,496,515]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Spain</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,496,515]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,524,543]" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,524,543]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">40</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,524,543]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Asselian</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,524,543]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Manebach Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,524,543]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Manebach, Thuringia,</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,524,543]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,524,543]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schneider, J. W. & Werneburg, R." box="[1044,1327,524,543]" journalOrPublisher="Veroffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schleusingen" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="19 - 36" part="13" refId="ref19335" refString="Schneider, J. W. and Werneburg, R. 1998. Arthropleura und Diplopoda (Arthropoda) aus dem Unter-Rotliegend (Unter-Perm, Assel) des Thuringer Waldes (Sudwest-Saale-Senke). Veroffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schleusingen, 13, 19 - 36." title="Arthropleura und Diplopoda (Arthropoda) aus dem Unter-Rotliegend (Unter-Perm, Assel) des Thuringer Waldes (Sudwest-Saale-Senke)" type="journal article" year="1998">Schneider and Werneburg (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,549,568]" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[612,871,549,568]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Germany</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,549,568]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,577,596]" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,577,596]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">41</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,577,596]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Asselian</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,577,596]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Autunian strata</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,577,596]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Autun, Burgundy, France</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,577,596]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,577,596]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="De La Comble, J." box="[1044,1231,577,596]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe d' Histoire Naturelle d' Autun" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="6" part="28" refId="ref15107" refString="De La Comble, J. 1963. Un arthropode encore inconnu du Permien, Arthropleura spec. Bulletin de la Societe d' Histoire Naturelle d' Autun, 28, 6." title="Un arthropode encore inconnu du Permien, Arthropleura spec" type="journal article" year="1963">De La Comble (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moreau, J. D. & Gand, G. & Fara, E. & Galtier, J. & Aubert, N. & Fouche, S." box="[1243,1419,577,596]" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="996 - 1007" part="33" refId="ref17812" refString="Moreau, J. D., Gand, G., Fara, E., Galtier, J., Aubert, N. and Fouche, S. 2019. Trackways of Arthropleura from the Late Pennsylvanian of Graissessac (Herault, southern France). Historical Biology, 33, 996 - 1007, https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 08912963.2019.1675055" title="Trackways of Arthropleura from the Late Pennsylvanian of Graissessac (Herault, southern France)" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Moreau
|
||
<emphasis box="[1314,1358,577,596]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2019)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,603,622]" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,603,622]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,630,650]" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,630,650]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">42</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,630,650]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sakmarian</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,630,650]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Leukersdorf Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,630,650]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chemnitz, Saxony, Germany</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,630,650]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fragmentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,630,650]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Roβler, R. & Zierold, T. & Feng, Z. & Kretzschmar, R. & Merbitz, M. & Annacker, V. & Schneider, J. W." box="[1044,1212,630,650]" journalOrPublisher="Palaios" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="814 - 834" part="27" refId="ref18728" refString="Roβler, R., Zierold, T., Feng, Z., Kretzschmar, R., Merbitz, M., Annacker, V. and Schneider, J. W. 2012. A snapshot of an early Permian ecosystem preserved by explosive volcanism: new results from the Chemnitz petrified forest, Germany. Palaios, 27, 814 - 834, https: // doi. org / 10.2110 / palo. 2011. p 11 - 112 r" title="A snapshot of an early Permian ecosystem preserved by explosive volcanism: new results from the Chemnitz petrified forest, Germany" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Röβler
|
||
<emphasis box="[1107,1151,631,650]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2012)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,656,675]" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,656,675]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">remains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,684,703]" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,684,703]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">43</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,684,703]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Visean</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,684,703]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Anstruther and Pittenweem</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,684,703]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Crail to St Andrews, Fife, UK</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,684,703]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Multiple</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,684,703]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pearson, P. N." box="[1044,1173,684,703]" journalOrPublisher="Scottish Journal of Geology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="127 - 133" part="28" refId="ref18133" refString="Pearson, P. N. 1992. Walking traces of the giant myriapod Arthropleura from the Strathclyde Group (Lower Carboniferous) of Fife. Scottish Journal of Geology, 28, 127 - 133, https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / sjg 28020127" title="Walking traces of the giant myriapod Arthropleura from the Strathclyde Group (Lower Carboniferous) of Fife" type="journal article" year="1992">Pearson (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Whyte, M. A." box="[1184,1303,684,703]" journalOrPublisher="Scottish Journal of Geology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="63 - 68" part="54" refId="ref20384" refString="Whyte, M. A. 2018. Mating trackways of a fossil giant millipede. Scottish Journal of Geology, 54, 63 - 68, https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / sjg 2017 - 013" title="Mating trackways of a fossil giant millipede" type="journal article" year="2018">Whyte (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,709,728]" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[369,596,709,728]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">formations</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,709,728]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">trackways</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,737,756]" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,737,756]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">44</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,737,756]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Serpukhovian</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,737,756]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Limestone Coal Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,737,756]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Isle of Arran, UK</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,737,756]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Single trackway</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,737,756]" gridcol="5" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Briggs, D. E. G. & Rolfe, W. D. I. & Brannan, J." box="[1044,1212,737,756]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="273 - 291" part="22" refId="ref14033" refString="Briggs, D. E. G., Rolfe, W. D. I. and Brannan, J. 1979. A giant myriapod trail from the Namurian of Arran, Scotland. Palaeontology, 22, 273 - 291." title="A giant myriapod trail from the Namurian of Arran, Scotland" type="journal article" year="1979">
|
||
Briggs
|
||
<emphasis box="[1107,1151,737,756]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1979)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,765,784]" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,765,784]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">45</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,765,784]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Serpukhovian</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,765,784]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Limestone Coal Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,765,784]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Glasgow, UK</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,765,784]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Single trackway</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,765,784]" gridcol="5" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">J. Buckman (2021, pers. com.)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,793,812]" gridrow="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,793,812]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">46</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,793,812]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Pennsylvanian</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,793,812]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Zhezkazgan Group</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,793,812]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Zhezkazgan, Kazakhstan</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,793,812]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Single trackway</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,793,812]" gridcol="5" gridrow="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nelikhov, A." box="[1044,1185,793,812]" journalOrPublisher="PaleoMir" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="60 - 69" part="1" publicationUrl="http://iae.makorzh.ru/Tchudinov/Nelikhov1/index.htm" refId="ref17956" refString="Nelikhov, A. 2010. In the dungeons of Dzhezkazgan. PaleoMir, 1, 60 - 69, http: // iae. makorzh. ru / Tchudinov / Nelikhov 1 / index. htm" title="the dungeons of Dzhezkazgan" type="journal article" year="2010">Nelikhov (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dernov, V." box="[1196,1321,793,812]" journalOrPublisher="Geo & Bio" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="37 - 63" part="18" refId="ref15202" refString="Dernov, V. 2019. Taphonomy and paleoecology of fauna and flora from deltaic sandstones of Mospinka Formation (Middle Carboniferous) of Donets Basin. Geo & Bio, 18, 37 - 63, https: // doi. org / 10.15407 / gb 1805" title="Taphonomy and paleoecology of fauna and flora from deltaic sandstones of Mospinka Formation (Middle Carboniferous) of Donets Basin" type="journal article" year="2019">Dernov (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,821,840]" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,821,840]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">47</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,821,840]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bashkirian</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,821,840]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Boss Point Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,821,840]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Alma, New Brunswick,</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,821,840]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Single trackway</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,821,840]" gridcol="5" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bailey, L. W." box="[1044,1161,821,840]" journalOrPublisher="Geological Survey of Canada, No. 799; in Annual Report, Volume XIII, 1900 Geological Survey of Canada, No. 830" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 M - 38 M" part="1903" refId="ref13363" refString="Bailey, L. W. 1902. Report Upon the Carboniferous System of New Brunswick with Special Reference to Workable Coal. Geological Survey of Canada, No. 799; in Annual Report, Volume XIII, 1900 Geological Survey of Canada, No. 830 (1903), 1 M - 38 M." title="Report Upon the Carboniferous System of New Brunswick with Special Reference to Workable Coal" type="journal article" year="1902">Bailey (1902)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,847,866]" gridrow="23" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[612,871,847,866]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Canada</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,875,894]" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,875,894]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">48</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,875,894]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bashkirian</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,875,894]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Little River and Joggins</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,875,894]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,875,894]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Multiple</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,875,894]" gridcol="5" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ferguson, L." box="[1044,1185,875,894]" journalOrPublisher="Atlantic Geology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="128 - 130" part="2" refId="ref15997" refString="Ferguson, L. 1966. The recovery of some large track-bearing slabs from Joggins, Nova Scotia. Atlantic Geology, 2, 128 - 130, https: // doi. org / 10.4138 / 1501" title="The recovery of some large track-bearing slabs from Joggins, Nova Scotia" type="journal article" year="1966">Ferguson (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Calder, J. & Rygel, M. & Ryan, R. & Falcon-Lang, H. & Herbert, B." box="[1196,1363,875,894]" journalOrPublisher="Atlantic Geology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="143 - 167" part="41" refId="ref14229" refString="Calder, J., Rygel, M., Ryan, R., Falcon-Lang, H. and Herbert, B. 2005. Stratigraphy and sedimentology of early Pennsylvanian red beds at Lower Cove, Nova Scotia, Canada: the Little River Formation with redefinition of the Joggins Formation. Atlantic Geology, 41, 143 - 167, https: // doi. org / 10.4138 / 183" title="Stratigraphy and sedimentology of early Pennsylvanian red beds at Lower Cove, Nova Scotia, Canada: the Little River Formation with redefinition of the Joggins Formation" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Calder
|
||
<emphasis box="[1258,1302,875,894]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,900,919]" gridrow="25" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<td box="[369,596,900,919]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Falconformations</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,900,919]" gridcol="4" gridrow="25" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">trackways</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,900,919]" gridcol="5" gridrow="25" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Lang
|
||
<emphasis box="[1112,1156,900,919]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,928,947]" gridrow="26" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,928,947]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">49</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,928,947]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bashkirian</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,928,947]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Mospinka Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,928,947]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Makedonovka, Donets Basin,</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,928,947]" gridcol="4" gridrow="26" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Multiple</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,928,947]" gridcol="5" gridrow="26" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dernov, V." box="[1044,1170,928,947]" journalOrPublisher="Geo & Bio" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="37 - 63" part="18" refId="ref15202" refString="Dernov, V. 2019. Taphonomy and paleoecology of fauna and flora from deltaic sandstones of Mospinka Formation (Middle Carboniferous) of Donets Basin. Geo & Bio, 18, 37 - 63, https: // doi. org / 10.15407 / gb 1805" title="Taphonomy and paleoecology of fauna and flora from deltaic sandstones of Mospinka Formation (Middle Carboniferous) of Donets Basin" type="journal article" year="2019">Dernov (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,953,972]" gridrow="27" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[612,871,953,972]" gridcol="3" gridrow="27" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ukraine</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,953,972]" gridcol="4" gridrow="27" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">trackways</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,981,1000]" gridrow="28" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,981,1000]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">50</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,981,1000]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bashkirian</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,981,1000]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Tynemouth Creek</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,981,1000]" gridcol="3" gridrow="28" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gardner Creek, New</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,981,1000]" gridcol="4" gridrow="28" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Multiple</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,981,1000]" gridcol="5" gridrow="28" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Briggs, D. E. G. & Plint, A. G. & Pickerill, R. K." box="[1044,1211,981,1000]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="843 - 855" part="27" refId="ref14077" refString="Briggs, D. E. G., Plint, A. G. and Pickerill, R. K. 1984. Arthropleura trails from the Westphalian of eastern Canada. Palaeontology, 27, 843 - 855." title="Arthropleura trails from the Westphalian of eastern Canada" type="journal article" year="1984">
|
||
Briggs
|
||
<emphasis box="[1107,1151,981,1000]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1984)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Falcon-Lang, H. J. & Minter, N. J. & Bashforth, A. R. & Gibling, M. R. & Miller, R. F." box="[1223,1441,981,1000]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="142 - 160" part="440" refId="ref15719" refString="Falcon-Lang, H. J., Minter, N. J., Bashforth, A. R., Gibling, M. R. and Miller, R. F. 2015. Mid-Carboniferous diversification of continental ecosystems inferred from trace fossil suites in the Tynemouth Creek Formation of New Brunswick, Canada. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 440, 142 - 160, https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2015.09.002" title="Mid-Carboniferous diversification of continental ecosystems inferred from trace fossil suites in the Tynemouth Creek Formation of New Brunswick, Canada" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Falcon-Lang
|
||
<emphasis box="[1336,1380,981,1000]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,1007,1026]" gridrow="29" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[369,596,1007,1026]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,1007,1026]" gridcol="3" gridrow="29" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brunswick, Canada</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,1007,1026]" gridcol="4" gridrow="29" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">trackways</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,1035,1054]" gridrow="30" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,1035,1054]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">51</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,1035,1054]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Moscovian</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,1035,1054]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Malagash Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,1035,1054]" gridcol="3" gridrow="30" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Pugwash to Smith Point, Nova</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,1035,1054]" gridcol="4" gridrow="30" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Multiple</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,1035,1054]" gridcol="5" gridrow="30" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ryan, R." box="[1044,1151,1035,1054]" journalOrPublisher="Atlantic Geology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="156 - 161" part="22" refId="ref18899" refString="Ryan, R. 1986. Fossil myriapod trails in the Permo-Carboniferous strata of northern Nova Scotia, Canada. Atlantic Geology, 22, 156 - 161, https: // doi. org / 10.4138 / 1604" title="Fossil myriapod trails in the Permo-Carboniferous strata of northern Nova Scotia, Canada" type="journal article" year="1986">Ryan (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ryan, R. J. & Boehner, R. C." box="[1162,1383,1035,1054]" journalOrPublisher="Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy Branches, Memoir" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" part="10" refId="ref18938" refString="Ryan, R. J. and Boehner, R. C. 1994. Geology of the Cumberland Basin, Cumberland, Colchester and Pictou Counties, Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy Branches, Memoir, 10." title="Geology of the Cumberland Basin, Cumberland, Colchester and Pictou Counties, Nova Scotia" type="book" year="1994">Ryan and Boehner (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,1060,1079]" gridrow="31" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[612,871,1060,1079]" gridcol="3" gridrow="31" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Scotia, Canada</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,1060,1079]" gridcol="4" gridrow="31" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">trackways</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,1088,1107]" gridrow="32" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,1088,1107]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">52</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,1088,1107]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Moscovian</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,1088,1107]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Rhode Island Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,1088,1107]" gridcol="3" gridrow="32" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Plainville, Massachusetts,</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,1088,1107]" gridcol="4" gridrow="32" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Multiple</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,1088,1107]" gridcol="5" gridrow="32" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Getty, P. & Sproule, R. & Stimson, M. & Lyons, P." box="[1044,1202,1088,1107]" journalOrPublisher="Atlantic Geology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="185 - 206" part="53" refId="ref16192" refString="Getty, P., Sproule, R., Stimson, M. and Lyons, P. 2017. Invertebrate trace fossils from the Pennsylvanian Rhode Island formation of Massachusetts, USA. Atlantic Geology, 53, 185 - 206, https: // doi. org / 10.4138 / atlgeol. 2017.007" title="Invertebrate trace fossils from the Pennsylvanian Rhode Island formation of Massachusetts, USA" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Getty
|
||
<emphasis box="[1097,1141,1088,1107]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,1113,1132]" gridrow="33" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[612,871,1113,1132]" gridcol="3" gridrow="33" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">USA</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,1113,1132]" gridcol="4" gridrow="33" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">trackways</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,1141,1160]" gridrow="34" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,1141,1160]" gridcol="0" gridrow="34" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">53</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,1141,1160]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Kasimovian</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,1141,1160]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cutler Group</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,1141,1160]" gridcol="3" gridrow="34" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">El Cobre Canyon, New</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,1141,1160]" gridcol="4" gridrow="34" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Single trackway</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,1141,1160]" gridcol="5" gridrow="34" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lucas, S. G. & Lerner, A. J. & Hannibal, J. T. & Hunt, A. P. & Schneider, J. W." box="[1044,1206,1141,1160]" journalOrPublisher="New Mexico Geological Society, 56 th Field Conference Guidebook" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="279 - 282" refId="ref17470" refString="Lucas, S. G., Lerner, A. J., Hannibal, J. T., Hunt, A. P. and Schneider, J. W. 2005. Trackway of a giant Arthropleura from the Upper Pennsylvanian of El Cobre Canyon, New Mexico. In: Geology of the Chana Basin. New Mexico Geological Society, 56 th Field Conference Guidebook, 279 - 282." title="Trackway of a giant Arthropleura from the Upper Pennsylvanian of El Cobre Canyon, New Mexico" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="Geology of the Chana Basin" year="2005">
|
||
Lucas
|
||
<emphasis box="[1101,1145,1141,1160]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schneider, J. W. & Werneburg, R." box="[1217,1412,1141,1160]" journalOrPublisher="Semana" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="75 - 100" part="25" refId="ref19380" refString="Schneider, J. W. and Werneburg, R. 2010. Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen. Semana, 25, 75 - 100." title="Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Schneider
|
||
<emphasis box="[1307,1351,1141,1160]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2010)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,1167,1186]" gridrow="35" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[612,871,1167,1186]" gridcol="3" gridrow="35" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Mexico, USA</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,1195,1214]" gridrow="36" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,1195,1214]" gridcol="0" gridrow="36" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">54</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,1195,1214]" gridcol="1" gridrow="36" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gzhelian</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,1195,1214]" gridcol="2" gridrow="36" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cape John Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,1195,1214]" gridcol="3" gridrow="36" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cape John, Nova Scotia,</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,1195,1214]" gridcol="4" gridrow="36" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Multiple</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,1195,1214]" gridcol="5" gridrow="36" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ryan, R." box="[1044,1151,1195,1214]" journalOrPublisher="Atlantic Geology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="156 - 161" part="22" refId="ref18899" refString="Ryan, R. 1986. Fossil myriapod trails in the Permo-Carboniferous strata of northern Nova Scotia, Canada. Atlantic Geology, 22, 156 - 161, https: // doi. org / 10.4138 / 1604" title="Fossil myriapod trails in the Permo-Carboniferous strata of northern Nova Scotia, Canada" type="journal article" year="1986">Ryan (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ryan, R. J. & Boehner, R. C." box="[1162,1383,1195,1214]" journalOrPublisher="Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy Branches, Memoir" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" part="10" refId="ref18938" refString="Ryan, R. J. and Boehner, R. C. 1994. Geology of the Cumberland Basin, Cumberland, Colchester and Pictou Counties, Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy Branches, Memoir, 10." title="Geology of the Cumberland Basin, Cumberland, Colchester and Pictou Counties, Nova Scotia" type="book" year="1994">Ryan and Boehner (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,1220,1239]" gridrow="37" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[612,871,1220,1239]" gridcol="3" gridrow="37" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Canada</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,1220,1239]" gridcol="4" gridrow="37" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">trackways</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,1248,1267]" gridrow="38" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,1248,1267]" gridcol="0" gridrow="38" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">55</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,1248,1267]" gridcol="1" gridrow="38" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gzhelian</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,1248,1267]" gridcol="2" gridrow="38" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Conemaugh Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,1248,1267]" gridcol="3" gridrow="38" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Boyd County, Kentucky, USA</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,1248,1267]" gridcol="4" gridrow="38" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Multiple</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,1248,1267]" gridcol="5" gridrow="38" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Martino, R. L. & Greb, S. F." box="[1044,1259,1248,1267]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="140 - 146" part="83" refId="ref17600" refString="Martino, R. L. and Greb, S. F. 2009. Walking trails of the giant terrestrial arthropod Arthropleura from the Upper Carboniferous of Kentucky. Journal of Paleontology, 83, 140 - 146, https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 08 - 093 R. 1" title="Walking trails of the giant terrestrial arthropod Arthropleura from the Upper Carboniferous of Kentucky" type="journal article" year="2009">Martino and Greb (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,1273,1292]" gridrow="39" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,1273,1292]" gridcol="4" gridrow="39" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">trackways</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,1301,1320]" gridrow="40" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,1301,1320]" gridcol="0" gridrow="40" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">56</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,1301,1320]" gridcol="1" gridrow="40" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gzhelian</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,1301,1320]" gridcol="2" gridrow="40" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Eiche Member</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,1301,1320]" gridcol="3" gridrow="40" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Flechtingen Volcanic</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,1301,1320]" gridcol="4" gridrow="40" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Multiple</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,1301,1320]" gridcol="5" gridrow="40" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Walter, H. & Gaitzsch, B." box="[1044,1278,1301,1320]" journalOrPublisher="Teil II: Diplichnites minimus n. ichnosp. aus dem Permosiles des Flechtinger Hohenzuges. Freiberger Forschungshefter." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="73 - 84" part="C 427" refId="ref20173" refString="Walter, H. and Gaitzsch, B. 1988. Beitrage zur Ichnologie limnisch-terrestrischer Sedimentationsraume. Teil II: Diplichnites minimus n. ichnosp. aus dem Permosiles des Flechtinger Hohenzuges. Freiberger Forschungshefter. C 427, 73 - 84." title="Beitrage zur Ichnologie limnisch-terrestrischer Sedimentationsraume" type="journal article" year="1988">Walter and Gaitzsch (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Schneider and
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,1327,1346]" gridrow="41" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[369,596,1327,1346]" gridcol="2" gridrow="41" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">(Flechtingen Formation)</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,1327,1346]" gridcol="3" gridrow="41" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Complex, Germany</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,1327,1346]" gridcol="4" gridrow="41" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">trackways</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,1327,1346]" gridcol="5" gridrow="41" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Werneburg (2010)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,1355,1374]" gridrow="42" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,1355,1374]" gridcol="0" gridrow="42" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">57</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,1355,1374]" gridcol="1" gridrow="42" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gzhelian</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,1355,1374]" gridcol="2" gridrow="42" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Graissessac Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,1355,1374]" gridcol="3" gridrow="42" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Graissessac, Hérault, France</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,1355,1374]" gridcol="4" gridrow="42" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Multiple</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,1355,1374]" gridcol="5" gridrow="42" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moreau, J. D. & Gand, G. & Fara, E. & Galtier, J. & Aubert, N. & Fouche, S." box="[1044,1221,1355,1374]" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="996 - 1007" part="33" refId="ref17812" refString="Moreau, J. D., Gand, G., Fara, E., Galtier, J., Aubert, N. and Fouche, S. 2019. Trackways of Arthropleura from the Late Pennsylvanian of Graissessac (Herault, southern France). Historical Biology, 33, 996 - 1007, https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 08912963.2019.1675055" title="Trackways of Arthropleura from the Late Pennsylvanian of Graissessac (Herault, southern France)" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Moreau
|
||
<emphasis box="[1115,1159,1355,1374]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2019)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,1380,1399]" gridrow="43" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,1380,1399]" gridcol="4" gridrow="43" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">trackways</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,1408,1427]" gridrow="44" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,1408,1427]" gridcol="0" gridrow="44" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">58</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,1408,1427]" gridcol="1" gridrow="44" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gzhelian–</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,1408,1427]" gridcol="2" gridrow="44" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Montceau Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,1408,1427]" gridcol="3" gridrow="44" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Montceau-les-Mines,</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,1408,1427]" gridcol="4" gridrow="44" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Multiple</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,1408,1427]" gridcol="5" gridrow="44" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Langiaux, J. & Sotty, D." box="[1044,1273,1408,1427]" journalOrPublisher="La Physiophile" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="74 - 91" part="86" refId="ref17298" refString="Langiaux, J. and Sotty, D. 1977. Ichnologie 4: pistes et empreintes dans le Stephanien de Blanzy-Montceau. La Physiophile, 86, 74 - 91." title="Ichnologie 4: pistes et empreintes dans le Stephanien de Blanzy-Montceau" type="journal article" year="1977">Langiaux and Sotty (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Briggs, D. E. G." box="[1285,1403,1408,1427]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin trimestriel de la Societe d' histoire naturelle et des amis du Museum d' Autun" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="141 - 147" part="117" refId="ref13945" refString="Briggs, D. E. G. 1986. Walking trails of the giant arthropod Arthropleura. Bulletin trimestriel de la Societe d' histoire naturelle et des amis du Museum d' Autun, 117, 141 - 147." title="Walking trails of the giant arthropod Arthropleura" type="journal article" year="1986">Briggs (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,1433,1452]" gridrow="45" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[198,320,1433,1452]" gridcol="1" gridrow="45" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Asselian</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,1433,1452]" gridcol="3" gridrow="45" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Burgundy, France</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,1433,1452]" gridcol="4" gridrow="45" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">trackways</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,1461,1480]" gridrow="46" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,1461,1480]" gridcol="0" gridrow="46" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">59</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,1461,1480]" gridcol="1" gridrow="46" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gzhelian</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,1461,1480]" gridcol="2" gridrow="46" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Stull Shale Member</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,1461,1480]" gridcol="3" gridrow="46" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Waverly, Kansas, USA</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,1461,1480]" gridcol="4" gridrow="46" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Multiple</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,1461,1480]" gridcol="5" gridrow="46" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mangano, M. G. & Buatois, L. A. & West, R. R. & Maples, C. G." box="[1044,1236,1461,1480]" journalOrPublisher="Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" part="245" refId="ref17546" refString="Mangano, M. G., Buatois, L. A., West, R. R. and Maples, C. G. 2002. Ichnology of a Pennsylvanian Equatorial Tidal Flat: the Stull Shale Member at Waverly, Eastern Kansas. Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin, 245." title="Ichnology of a Pennsylvanian Equatorial Tidal Flat: the Stull Shale Member at Waverly, Eastern Kansas" type="book" year="2002">
|
||
Mángano
|
||
<emphasis box="[1130,1174,1461,1480]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,1487,1506]" gridrow="47" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[369,596,1487,1506]" gridcol="2" gridrow="47" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">(Kanwaka Formation)</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,1487,1506]" gridcol="4" gridrow="47" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">trackways</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[113,1441,1515,1534]" gridrow="48" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th box="[113,182,1515,1534]" gridcol="0" gridrow="48" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">60</th>
|
||
<td box="[198,320,1515,1534]" gridcol="1" gridrow="48" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Asselian</td>
|
||
<td box="[369,596,1515,1534]" gridcol="2" gridrow="48" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Halgaito Formation</td>
|
||
<td box="[612,871,1515,1534]" gridcol="3" gridrow="48" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lime Ridge, Utah, USA</td>
|
||
<td box="[886,1021,1515,1534]" gridcol="4" gridrow="48" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Single trackway</td>
|
||
<td box="[1044,1441,1515,1534]" gridcol="5" gridrow="48" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chaney D. S. & Lucas S. G. & Elrick S." box="[1044,1219,1515,1534]" editor="Lucas, S. G. & DiMichele, W. A. & Barrick, J. E. & Schneider, J. W. & Spielmann, J. A." journalOrPublisher="New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="64 - 65" part="60" refId="ref14496" refString="Chaney D. S., Lucas S. G. and Elrick S. 2013. New occurrence of an arthropleurid trackway from the lower Permian of Utah. In: Lucas, S. G., DiMichele, W. A., Barrick, J. E., Schneider, J. W. and Spielmann, J. A. (eds) The Carboniferous - Permian Transition. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 60, 64 - 65." title="New occurrence of an arthropleurid trackway from the lower Permian of Utah" type="journal article" volumeTitle="The Carboniferous - Permian Transition" year="2013">
|
||
Chaney
|
||
<emphasis box="[1114,1158,1515,1534]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[113,749,1634,2095]" lastBlockId="11.[809,1445,1634,2095]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
This setting contrasts with the traditional view that arthropleurids predominantly occupied swampy environments (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Donovan, S. K." journalOrPublisher="Geology Today" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="35 - 37" part="18" refId="ref15507" refString="Donovan, S. K. 2002. Arthropleurid myriapods. Geology Today, 18, 35 - 37, https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2451.2002.00322. x" title="Arthropleurid myriapods" type="journal article" year="2002">Donovan 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kraus, O. & Brauckmann, C." box="[186,499,1839,1860]" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="5 - 50" part="40" refId="ref17219" refString="Kraus, O. and Brauckmann, C. 2003. Fossil giants and surviving dwarfs. Arthropleurida and Pselaphognatha (Atelocerata, Diplopoda): characters, phylogenetic relationships and construction. Verhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg, 40, 5 - 50." title="Fossil giants and surviving dwarfs. Arthropleurida and Pselaphognatha (Atelocerata, Diplopoda): characters, phylogenetic relationships and construction" type="journal article" year="2003">Kraus and Brauckmann 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although even early investigations noted that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[377,502,1868,1889]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[377,502,1868,1889]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was more common in fluvial sandstones that were intercalated with coals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Guthorl, P." journalOrPublisher="Palaontologische Zeitschrift" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="109 - 119" part="22" refId="ref16389" refString="Guthorl, P. 1940. Zur Arthropoden-Fauna des Karbons und Perms. 12. Insekten- und Arthropleura - Reste aus der Tiefbohrung 38 (Hangard) bei Neunkirchen- Saar. Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 22, 109 - 119, https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 03041719" title="Zur Arthropoden-Fauna des Karbons und Perms. 12. Insekten- und Arthropleura - Reste aus der Tiefbohrung 38 (Hangard) bei Neunkirchen- Saar" type="journal article" year="1940">Guthörl 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the common perception of an association of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[624,749,1927,1948]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[624,749,1927,1948]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with coal swamp environments appears to have arisen as an artefact of the earliest fossil discoveries of the organism being made in working coal mine settings and excavation dumps (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Guthorl P." journalOrPublisher="Gluckauf" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="965 - 976" part="39" refId="ref16361" refString="Guthorl P. 1936. Arthropleura, der Riesengliederfussler des Oberkarbons, und seine Verbreitung in den europaischen Steinkohlenbecken. Gluckauf, 39, 965 - 976." title="Arthropleura, der Riesengliederfussler des Oberkarbons, und seine Verbreitung in den europaischen Steinkohlenbecken" type="journal article" year="1936">Guthörl 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The interpretation of tightly vegetated coal-forming swamps as the preferred habitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[359,484,2074,2095]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[359,484,2074,2095]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not supported by finds of more or less allochthonous body remains and especially not by the absolutely autochthonous
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[1070,1195,1663,1684]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1070,1195,1663,1684]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tracks (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schneider, J. W. & Werneburg, R." journalOrPublisher="Semana" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="75 - 100" part="25" refId="ref19380" refString="Schneider, J. W. and Werneburg, R. 2010. Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen. Semana, 25, 75 - 100." title="Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Schneider
|
||
<emphasis box="[1390,1445,1663,1684]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Awealth of more recent ichnological evidence is aligned to the setting recorded by the Howick example, namely sparsely wooded, alluvial and littoral environments (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pearson, P. N." box="[1302,1437,1751,1772]" journalOrPublisher="Scottish Journal of Geology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="127 - 133" part="28" refId="ref18133" refString="Pearson, P. N. 1992. Walking traces of the giant myriapod Arthropleura from the Strathclyde Group (Lower Carboniferous) of Fife. Scottish Journal of Geology, 28, 127 - 133, https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / sjg 28020127" title="Walking traces of the giant myriapod Arthropleura from the Strathclyde Group (Lower Carboniferous) of Fife" type="journal article" year="1992">Pearson 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lucas, S. G. & Lerner, A. J. & Hannibal, J. T. & Hunt, A. P. & Schneider, J. W." box="[809,972,1780,1801]" journalOrPublisher="New Mexico Geological Society, 56 th Field Conference Guidebook" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="279 - 282" refId="ref17470" refString="Lucas, S. G., Lerner, A. J., Hannibal, J. T., Hunt, A. P. and Schneider, J. W. 2005. Trackway of a giant Arthropleura from the Upper Pennsylvanian of El Cobre Canyon, New Mexico. In: Geology of the Chana Basin. New Mexico Geological Society, 56 th Field Conference Guidebook, 279 - 282." title="Trackway of a giant Arthropleura from the Upper Pennsylvanian of El Cobre Canyon, New Mexico" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="Geology of the Chana Basin" year="2005">
|
||
Lucas
|
||
<emphasis box="[871,919,1780,1801]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schneider, J. W. & Werneburg, R." box="[984,1186,1780,1801]" journalOrPublisher="Semana" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="75 - 100" part="25" refId="ref19380" refString="Schneider, J. W. and Werneburg, R. 2010. Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen. Semana, 25, 75 - 100." title="Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Schneider
|
||
<emphasis box="[1085,1133,1780,1801]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Getty, P. & Sproule, R. & Stimson, M. & Lyons, P." box="[1198,1357,1780,1801]" journalOrPublisher="Atlantic Geology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="185 - 206" part="53" refId="ref16192" refString="Getty, P., Sproule, R., Stimson, M. and Lyons, P. 2017. Invertebrate trace fossils from the Pennsylvanian Rhode Island formation of Massachusetts, USA. Atlantic Geology, 53, 185 - 206, https: // doi. org / 10.4138 / atlgeol. 2017.007" title="Invertebrate trace fossils from the Pennsylvanian Rhode Island formation of Massachusetts, USA" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Getty
|
||
<emphasis box="[1256,1304,1780,1801]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pearson, P. N. & Gooday, R. J." journalOrPublisher="Scottish Journal of Geology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="135 - 140" part="55" refId="ref18181" refString="Pearson, P. N. and Gooday, R. J. 2019. A large Taenidium burrow from the Upper Carboniferous of Corrie, Isle of Arran, and remarks on the association of Taenidium burrows and Diplichnites trails. Scottish Journal of Geology, 55, 135 - 140, https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / sjg 2019 - 011" title="A large Taenidium burrow from the Upper Carboniferous of Corrie, Isle of Arran, and remarks on the association of Taenidium burrows and Diplichnites trails" type="journal article" year="2019">Pearson and Gooday 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In addition, the close proximity of the fossil to the trackway
|
||
<emphasis box="[933,1030,1839,1860]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Baropezia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Scarboro, D. D. & Tucker, M. E." box="[1043,1292,1839,1860]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="335 - 349" part="113" refId="ref19139" refString="Scarboro, D. D. and Tucker, M. E. 1995. Amphibian footprints from the mid- Carboniferous of Northumberland, England: sedimentological context, preservation and significance. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 113, 335 - 349, https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0031 - 0182 (95) 00068 - W" title="Amphibian footprints from the mid- Carboniferous of Northumberland, England: sedimentological context, preservation and significance" type="journal article" year="1995">Scarboro and Tucker 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) provides direct evidence that confirms that arthropleurids shared an environmental niche with tetrapods, even by the end Mississippian (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Falcon-Lang, H. J. & Benton, M. J. & Braddy, S. J. & Davies, S. J." journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Geological Society, London" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="561 - 576" part="163" refId="ref15647" refString="Falcon-Lang, H. J., Benton, M. J., Braddy, S. J. and Davies, S. J. 2006. The Pennsylvanian tropical biome reconstructed from the Joggins Formation of Nova Scotia, Canada. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 163, 561 - 576, https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / 0016 - 764905 - 063" title="The Pennsylvanian tropical biome reconstructed from the Joggins Formation of Nova Scotia, Canada" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Falcon-Lang
|
||
<emphasis box="[809,858,1927,1948]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Martino, R. L. & Greb, S. F." box="[924,1150,1927,1948]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="140 - 146" part="83" refId="ref17600" refString="Martino, R. L. and Greb, S. F. 2009. Walking trails of the giant terrestrial arthropod Arthropleura from the Upper Carboniferous of Kentucky. Journal of Paleontology, 83, 140 - 146, https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 08 - 093 R. 1" title="Walking trails of the giant terrestrial arthropod Arthropleura from the Upper Carboniferous of Kentucky" type="journal article" year="2009">Martino and Greb 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schneider, J. W. & Werneburg, R." box="[1163,1366,1927,1948]" journalOrPublisher="Semana" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="75 - 100" part="25" refId="ref19380" refString="Schneider, J. W. and Werneburg, R. 2010. Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen. Semana, 25, 75 - 100." title="Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Schneider
|
||
<emphasis box="[1264,1313,1927,1948]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Minter, N. J. & Buatois, L. A. & Mangano, M. G. & Davies, N. S. & Gibling, M. R. & Labandeira, C." editor="Buatois, L. A. & Mangano, M. G." journalOrPublisher="Springer" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="205 - 324" refId="ref17733" refString="Minter, N. J., Buatois, L. A., Mangano, M. G., Davies, N. S., Gibling, M. R. and Labandeira, C. 2016. The establishment of continental ecosystems. In: Buatois, L. A. and Mangano, M. G. (eds) The Trace-Fossil Record of Major Evolutionary Events. Springer, 205 - 324." title="The establishment of continental ecosystems" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Trace-Fossil Record of Major Evolutionary Events" year="2016">
|
||
Minter
|
||
<emphasis box="[809,863,1956,1977]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Getty, P. & Sproule, R. & Stimson, M. & Lyons, P." box="[941,1119,1956,1977]" journalOrPublisher="Atlantic Geology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="185 - 206" part="53" refId="ref16192" refString="Getty, P., Sproule, R., Stimson, M. and Lyons, P. 2017. Invertebrate trace fossils from the Pennsylvanian Rhode Island formation of Massachusetts, USA. Atlantic Geology, 53, 185 - 206, https: // doi. org / 10.4138 / atlgeol. 2017.007" title="Invertebrate trace fossils from the Pennsylvanian Rhode Island formation of Massachusetts, USA" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Getty
|
||
<emphasis box="[1005,1059,1956,1977]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dernov, V." box="[1137,1268,1956,1977]" journalOrPublisher="Geo & Bio" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="37 - 63" part="18" refId="ref15202" refString="Dernov, V. 2019. Taphonomy and paleoecology of fauna and flora from deltaic sandstones of Mospinka Formation (Middle Carboniferous) of Donets Basin. Geo & Bio, 18, 37 - 63, https: // doi. org / 10.15407 / gb 1805" title="Taphonomy and paleoecology of fauna and flora from deltaic sandstones of Mospinka Formation (Middle Carboniferous) of Donets Basin" type="journal article" year="2019">Dernov 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), contrary to the traditional view that the latter would have outcompeted them (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="DiMichele, W. A. & Hook, R. W." box="[809,1020,2015,2036]" editor="Behrensmeyer, A. K. & Damuth, J. D. & DiMichele, W. A. & Potts, R. & Sues, H. - D. & Wing, S. L." journalOrPublisher="University of Chicago Press" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="205 - 325" refId="ref15292" refString="DiMichele, W. A., Hook, R. W. et al. 1992. Paleozoic terrestrial ecosystems. In: Behrensmeyer, A. K., Damuth, J. D., DiMichele, W. A., Potts, R., Sues, H. - D. and Wing, S. L. (eds) Terrestrial Ecosystems Through Time. University of Chicago Press, 205 - 325." title="Paleozoic terrestrial ecosystems" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Terrestrial Ecosystems Through Time" year="1992">
|
||
DiMichele
|
||
<emphasis box="[917,966,2015,2036]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[809,1445,1634,2095]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Ichnological evidence that has been attributed to arthropleurid activity includes the large trackways
|
||
<emphasis box="[1173,1393,2074,2095]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Diplichnites cuithensis</emphasis>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801532" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5801532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801532/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[144,175,767,786]" targetBox="[167,1451,167,742]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[144,1464,767,999]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[144,211,767,786]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 12.</emphasis>
|
||
Trace fossil evidence for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[432,542,767,786]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[432,542,767,786]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the trackway
|
||
<emphasis box="[707,900,767,786]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Diplichnites cuithensis</emphasis>
|
||
, preserved in strata, near contemporaneous in age to the Howick specimen, from adjacent basins in northern Britain (see Fig. 3 for localities). (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[805,816,794,813]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">a</emphasis>
|
||
) Trackway from which the
|
||
<emphasis box="[1052,1163,794,813]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. cuithensis</emphasis>
|
||
holotype was cast (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Briggs, D. E. G. & Rolfe, W. D. I. & Brannan, J." journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="273 - 291" part="22" refId="ref14033" refString="Briggs, D. E. G., Rolfe, W. D. I. and Brannan, J. 1979. A giant myriapod trail from the Namurian of Arran, Scotland. Palaeontology, 22, 273 - 291." title="A giant myriapod trail from the Namurian of Arran, Scotland" type="journal article" year="1979">
|
||
Briggs
|
||
<emphasis box="[1395,1439,794,813]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1979
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in the Serpukhovian Limestone Coal Formation of Laggan, Isle of Arran, Scotland. Stick is 1 m long, inner and outer width of trackway highlighted. (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[150,162,847,866]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">b</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis box="[175,286,847,866]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. cuithensis</emphasis>
|
||
trackway of near-analogous width to the Howick body fossil, Visean Pittenweem Formation, Crail, Fife, Scotland. (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1273,1282,847,866]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">c</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis box="[1295,1406,847,866]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. cuithensis</emphasis>
|
||
trackway>10 m long (arrowed) in the Visean Pittenweem Formation, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Whyte, M. A." box="[1013,1118,874,893]" journalOrPublisher="Scottish Journal of Geology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="63 - 68" part="54" refId="ref20384" refString="Whyte, M. A. 2018. Mating trackways of a fossil giant millipede. Scottish Journal of Geology, 54, 63 - 68, https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / sjg 2017 - 013" title="Mating trackways of a fossil giant millipede" type="journal article" year="2018">Whyte 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Geologist is 1.8 m tall. (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1342,1354,874,893]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">d</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1365,1374,874,893]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">e</emphasis>
|
||
) Photograph and interpreted sketch of context of
|
||
<emphasis box="[553,664,900,919]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. cuithensis</emphasis>
|
||
on a true substrate (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Davies, N. S. & Shillito, A. P." box="[837,1047,900,919]" journalOrPublisher="Geology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="679 - 682" part="46" refId="ref14947" refString="Davies, N. S. and Shillito, A. P. 2018. Incomplete but intricately detailed: the inevitable preservation of true substrates in a time-deficient stratigraphic record. Geology, 46, 679 - 682, https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / G 45206.1" title="Incomplete but intricately detailed: the inevitable preservation of true substrates in a time-deficient stratigraphic record" type="journal article" year="2018">Davies and Shillito 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Allport, H. A. & Davies, N. S. & Shillito, A. P. & Mitchell, E. G. & Herron, S. T." box="[1059,1101,900,919]" journalOrPublisher="Sedimentology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref13139" refString="Allport, H. A., Davies, N. S., Shillito, A. P., Mitchell, E. G. and Herron, S. T. 2021. Non-palimpsested crowded Skolithos ichnofabrics in a Carboniferous tidal rhythmite: disentangling ecological signatures from the spatio-temporal bias of outcrop. Sedimentology, https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / sed. 12947" title="Non-palimpsested crowded Skolithos ichnofabrics in a Carboniferous tidal rhythmite: disentangling ecological signatures from the spatio-temporal bias of outcrop" type="book" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) recording the passage of two animals between emergent and subaqueous substrates. Convex bedform, colonized with plants, provided small island surrounded by shallow water puddles in a delta-top setting. Trackways are well-defined on emergent substrate and less so on subaqueous parts of substrate. Visean Anstruther Formation, 3.5 km NW of Kingsbarns, Fife, Scotland. Measuring stick 60 cm long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[144,779,1076,2095]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Briggs, D. E. G. & Rolfe, W. D. I. & Brannan, J." box="[144,311,1076,1097]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="273 - 291" part="22" refId="ref14033" refString="Briggs, D. E. G., Rolfe, W. D. I. and Brannan, J. 1979. A giant myriapod trail from the Namurian of Arran, Scotland. Palaeontology, 22, 273 - 291." title="A giant myriapod trail from the Namurian of Arran, Scotland" type="journal article" year="1979">
|
||
Briggs
|
||
<emphasis box="[212,259,1076,1097]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1979
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Briggs, D. E. G. & Plint, A. G. & Pickerill, R. K." box="[321,369,1076,1097]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="843 - 855" part="27" refId="ref14077" refString="Briggs, D. E. G., Plint, A. G. and Pickerill, R. K. 1984. Arthropleura trails from the Westphalian of eastern Canada. Palaeontology, 27, 843 - 855." title="Arthropleura trails from the Westphalian of eastern Canada" type="journal article" year="1984">1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ryan, R." box="[381,483,1076,1097]" journalOrPublisher="Atlantic Geology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="156 - 161" part="22" refId="ref18899" refString="Ryan, R. 1986. Fossil myriapod trails in the Permo-Carboniferous strata of northern Nova Scotia, Canada. Atlantic Geology, 22, 156 - 161, https: // doi. org / 10.4138 / 1604" title="Fossil myriapod trails in the Permo-Carboniferous strata of northern Nova Scotia, Canada" type="journal article" year="1986">Ryan 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pearson, P. N." box="[495,622,1076,1097]" journalOrPublisher="Scottish Journal of Geology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="127 - 133" part="28" refId="ref18133" refString="Pearson, P. N. 1992. Walking traces of the giant myriapod Arthropleura from the Strathclyde Group (Lower Carboniferous) of Fife. Scottish Journal of Geology, 28, 127 - 133, https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / sjg 28020127" title="Walking traces of the giant myriapod Arthropleura from the Strathclyde Group (Lower Carboniferous) of Fife" type="journal article" year="1992">Pearson 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schneider, J. W. & Werneburg, R." journalOrPublisher="Semana" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="75 - 100" part="25" refId="ref19380" refString="Schneider, J. W. and Werneburg, R. 2010. Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen. Semana, 25, 75 - 100." title="Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Schneider
|
||
<emphasis box="[732,779,1076,1097]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moreau, J. D. & Gand, G. & Fara, E. & Galtier, J. & Aubert, N. & Fouche, S." box="[207,398,1106,1127]" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="996 - 1007" part="33" refId="ref17812" refString="Moreau, J. D., Gand, G., Fara, E., Galtier, J., Aubert, N. and Fouche, S. 2019. Trackways of Arthropleura from the Late Pennsylvanian of Graissessac (Herault, southern France). Historical Biology, 33, 996 - 1007, https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 08912963.2019.1675055" title="Trackways of Arthropleura from the Late Pennsylvanian of Graissessac (Herault, southern France)" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Moreau
|
||
<emphasis box="[290,341,1106,1127]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), possible large
|
||
<emphasis box="[564,668,1106,1127]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Beaconites</emphasis>
|
||
aestivation burrows (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Falcon-Lang, H. J. & Benton, M. J. & Braddy, S. J. & Davies, S. J." box="[236,471,1135,1156]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Geological Society, London" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="561 - 576" part="163" refId="ref15647" refString="Falcon-Lang, H. J., Benton, M. J., Braddy, S. J. and Davies, S. J. 2006. The Pennsylvanian tropical biome reconstructed from the Joggins Formation of Nova Scotia, Canada. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 163, 561 - 576, https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / 0016 - 764905 - 063" title="The Pennsylvanian tropical biome reconstructed from the Joggins Formation of Nova Scotia, Canada" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Falcon-Lang
|
||
<emphasis box="[365,416,1135,1156]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Falcon-Lang, H. J. & Miller, R. F." box="[486,772,1135,1156]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Geological Society, London" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="945 - 957" part="164" refId="ref15581" refString="Falcon-Lang, H. J. and Miller, R. F. 2007. Palaeoenvironments and palaeoecology of the Early Pennsylvanian Lancaster Formation (' Fern Ledges') of Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 164, 945 - 957, https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / 0016 - 76492006 - 189" title="Palaeoenvironments and palaeoecology of the Early Pennsylvanian Lancaster Formation (' Fern Ledges') of Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada" type="journal article" year="2007">Falcon-Lang and Miller 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pearson, P. N. & Gooday, R. J." box="[144,402,1165,1186]" journalOrPublisher="Scottish Journal of Geology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="135 - 140" part="55" refId="ref18181" refString="Pearson, P. N. and Gooday, R. J. 2019. A large Taenidium burrow from the Upper Carboniferous of Corrie, Isle of Arran, and remarks on the association of Taenidium burrows and Diplichnites trails. Scottish Journal of Geology, 55, 135 - 140, https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / sjg 2019 - 011" title="A large Taenidium burrow from the Upper Carboniferous of Corrie, Isle of Arran, and remarks on the association of Taenidium burrows and Diplichnites trails" type="journal article" year="2019">Pearson and Gooday 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and rare coprolites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Scott, A. C. & Taylor, T. N." journalOrPublisher="The Botanical Review" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="259 - 307" part="49" refId="ref19494" refString="Scott, A. C. and Taylor, T. N. 1983. Plant / animal interactions during the Upper Carboniferous. The Botanical Review, 49, 259 - 307, https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02861089" title="Plant / animal interactions during the Upper Carboniferous" type="journal article" year="1983">Scott and Taylor 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The identification of an arthropleurid trace-maker for many of these ichnofossils is assumed primarily based on their size; sites that yield both trace and body fossils are thus far unknown (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[695,765,1253,1274]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="10.[144,195,167,186]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 1 Details of previously reported Arthropleura localities" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF26BE92FFB1FFE25696FF5173B1FF77" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" tableUuid="DF26BE92FFB1FFE25696FF5173B1FF77">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Trace fossil localities have a different bias to body fossil localities, requiring the presence of true substrates (bedding planes that have archived ancient air–substrate interfaces), which are most favourably exposed in areas of extensive rock outcrop rather than abundant spoil debris (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Davies, N. S. & Shillito, A. P." box="[272,515,1399,1420]" journalOrPublisher="Geology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="679 - 682" part="46" refId="ref14947" refString="Davies, N. S. and Shillito, A. P. 2018. Incomplete but intricately detailed: the inevitable preservation of true substrates in a time-deficient stratigraphic record. Geology, 46, 679 - 682, https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / G 45206.1" title="Incomplete but intricately detailed: the inevitable preservation of true substrates in a time-deficient stratigraphic record" type="journal article" year="2018">Davies and Shillito 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Allport, H. A. & Davies, N. S. & Shillito, A. P. & Mitchell, E. G. & Herron, S. T." box="[529,577,1399,1420]" journalOrPublisher="Sedimentology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref13139" refString="Allport, H. A., Davies, N. S., Shillito, A. P., Mitchell, E. G. and Herron, S. T. 2021. Non-palimpsested crowded Skolithos ichnofabrics in a Carboniferous tidal rhythmite: disentangling ecological signatures from the spatio-temporal bias of outcrop. Sedimentology, https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / sed. 12947" title="Non-palimpsested crowded Skolithos ichnofabrics in a Carboniferous tidal rhythmite: disentangling ecological signatures from the spatio-temporal bias of outcrop" type="book" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Shillito, A. P. & Davies, N. S." journalOrPublisher="Geological Magazine" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1939 - 1970" part="157" refId="ref19662" refString="Shillito, A. P. and Davies, N. S. 2020. The Tumblagooda Sandstone revisited: exceptionally abundant trace fossils and geological outcrop provide a window onto Palaeozoic littoral habitats before invertebrate terrestrialization. Geological Magazine, 157, 1939 - 1970, https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0016756820000199" title="The Tumblagooda Sandstone revisited: exceptionally abundant trace fossils and geological outcrop provide a window onto Palaeozoic littoral habitats before invertebrate terrestrialization" type="journal article" year="2020">Shillito and Davies 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[144,779,1076,2095]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis box="[168,401,1458,1479]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Diplichnites cuithensis</emphasis>
|
||
is thus far known from the Northumberland Basin, but the Stainmore Formation is directly contemporaneous in age, and comparable in facies, with the Upper Limestone Formation of the adjacent Midland Valley basin of southern Scotland. Despite different lithostratigraphic and basin names, the units were deposited within a linked deposystem during the Pendleian, connected by contiguous deltaic sedimentary environments in the present North Sea area, with upland and emergent areas in the region of the Southern Uplands Block (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[716,771,1692,1713]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[1127,1158,1812,1831]" captionTargetBox="[113,1066,1030,2092]" captionTargetId="figure-64@1.[113,1066,1030,2092]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 2. Interpreted sketch of the fossil, as preserved in slab A, while still intact in fallen block of host sandstone prior to excavation. The overlap pattern of the paratergites on the left indicates that this is the ventral site of the dorsal exoskeleton. The typical ornamentation of the dorsal site of Arthropleura tergites and paratergites is therefore not visible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801512" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801512/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kearsey, T. & Ellen, R. & Millward, D. & Monaghan, A. A." box="[151,341,1722,1743]" journalOrPublisher="Energy and Marine Geoscience Programme Commissioned Report CR / 15 / 117" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref16938" refString="Kearsey, T., Ellen, R., Millward, D. and Monaghan, A. A. 2015. Devonian and Carboniferous Stratigraphical Correlation and Interpretation in the Central North Sea, Quadrants 25 - 44. Energy and Marine Geoscience Programme Commissioned Report CR / 15 / 117." title="Devonian and Carboniferous Stratigraphical Correlation and Interpretation in the Central North Sea, Quadrants 25 - 44" type="book" year="2015">
|
||
Kearsey
|
||
<emphasis box="[236,286,1722,1743]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kearsey, T. I. & Millward, D. & Ellen, R. & Whitbread, K. & Monaghan, A. A." box="[354,402,1722,1743]" journalOrPublisher="Geological Society, London, Special Publications" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="91 - 113" part="471" refId="ref16992" refString="Kearsey, T. I., Millward, D., Ellen, R., Whitbread, K. and Monaghan, A. A. 2019. Revised stratigraphic framework of pre-Westphalian Carboniferous petroleum system elements from the Outer Moray Firth to the Silverpit Basin, North Sea, UK. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 471, 91 - 113, https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / SP 471.11" title="Revised stratigraphic framework of pre-Westphalian Carboniferous petroleum system elements from the Outer Moray Firth to the Silverpit Basin, North Sea, UK" type="journal article" year="2019">2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,642,1722,1743]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Diplichnites cuithensis</emphasis>
|
||
trackways are common in the Upper Limestone Formation, recorded from both Glasgow city, 170 km WNW (Buckman 2021, pers. comm) and the Isle of Arran, 220 km WNW (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[458,531,1810,1831]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[144,175,767,786]" captionTargetBox="[167,1451,167,742]" captionTargetId="figure-682@12.[167,1451,167,742]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 12. Trace fossil evidence for Arthropleura from the trackway Diplichnites cuithensis, preserved in strata, near contemporaneous in age to the Howick specimen, from adjacent basins in northern Britain (see Fig. 3 for localities). (a) Trackway from which the D. cuithensis holotype was cast (Briggs et al. 1979) in the Serpukhovian Limestone Coal Formation of Laggan, Isle of Arran, Scotland. Stick is 1 m long, inner and outer width of trackway highlighted. (b) D. cuithensis trackway of near-analogous width to the Howick body fossil, Visean Pittenweem Formation, Crail, Fife, Scotland. (c) D. cuithensis trackway>10 m long (arrowed) in the Visean Pittenweem Formation, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland (see Whyte 2018). Geologist is 1.8 m tall. (d, e) Photograph and interpreted sketch of context of D. cuithensis on a true substrate (Davies and Shillito 2018, 2021) recording the passage of two animals between emergent and subaqueous substrates. Convex bedform, colonized with plants, provided small island surrounded by shallow water puddles in a delta-top setting. Trackways are well-defined on emergent substrate and less so on subaqueous parts of substrate. Visean Anstruther Formation, 3.5 km NW of Kingsbarns, Fife, Scotland. Measuring stick 60 cm long." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801532/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
; the type locality of
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. cuithensis</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Briggs, D. E. G. & Rolfe, W. D. I. & Brannan, J." box="[252,425,1839,1860]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="273 - 291" part="22" refId="ref14033" refString="Briggs, D. E. G., Rolfe, W. D. I. and Brannan, J. 1979. A giant myriapod trail from the Namurian of Arran, Scotland. Palaeontology, 22, 273 - 291." title="A giant myriapod trail from the Namurian of Arran, Scotland" type="journal article" year="1979">
|
||
Briggs
|
||
<emphasis box="[322,371,1839,1860]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1979
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[144,779,1076,2095]" lastBlockId="12.[839,1475,1076,1420]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
The marginally older Visean strata of the Midland Valley basin in Fife (the Anstruther and Pittenweem formations) also have abundant reported
|
||
<emphasis box="[325,450,1927,1948]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. cuithensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pearson, P. N." box="[466,596,1927,1948]" journalOrPublisher="Scottish Journal of Geology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="127 - 133" part="28" refId="ref18133" refString="Pearson, P. N. 1992. Walking traces of the giant myriapod Arthropleura from the Strathclyde Group (Lower Carboniferous) of Fife. Scottish Journal of Geology, 28, 127 - 133, https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / sjg 28020127" title="Walking traces of the giant myriapod Arthropleura from the Strathclyde Group (Lower Carboniferous) of Fife" type="journal article" year="1992">Pearson 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Whyte, M. A." box="[610,729,1927,1948]" journalOrPublisher="Scottish Journal of Geology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="63 - 68" part="54" refId="ref20384" refString="Whyte, M. A. 2018. Mating trackways of a fossil giant millipede. Scottish Journal of Geology, 54, 63 - 68, https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / sjg 2017 - 013" title="Mating trackways of a fossil giant millipede" type="journal article" year="2018">Whyte 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and original fieldwork at these localities has yielded 26 individual instances of the track form, ranging in external width from 23 to 47 cm (mean 32 cm) and indented into sand to depths of up to 8 mm. These dimensions strongly suggest that the trackways were made by organisms of the same size and posited weight as recorded by the Howick body fossil. The trackways all occur in similar sedimentary facies to the Howick body fossil: delta-top alluvial and littoral sandstone facies with patchy standing tree fossils and abundant
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A.T.Brongniart" authorityYear="1822" box="[936,1030,1165,1186]" class="Lycopodiopsida" family="Lepidodendraceae" genus="Stigmaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lepidodendrales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[936,1030,1165,1186]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Stigmaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but no evidence for extensive afforestation. They provide direct evidence for arthropleurid habitat preferences, with individual trackways traversing both submerged and emergent substrates (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[948,1019,1252,1273]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[144,175,767,786]" captionTargetBox="[167,1451,167,742]" captionTargetId="figure-682@12.[167,1451,167,742]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 12. Trace fossil evidence for Arthropleura from the trackway Diplichnites cuithensis, preserved in strata, near contemporaneous in age to the Howick specimen, from adjacent basins in northern Britain (see Fig. 3 for localities). (a) Trackway from which the D. cuithensis holotype was cast (Briggs et al. 1979) in the Serpukhovian Limestone Coal Formation of Laggan, Isle of Arran, Scotland. Stick is 1 m long, inner and outer width of trackway highlighted. (b) D. cuithensis trackway of near-analogous width to the Howick body fossil, Visean Pittenweem Formation, Crail, Fife, Scotland. (c) D. cuithensis trackway>10 m long (arrowed) in the Visean Pittenweem Formation, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland (see Whyte 2018). Geologist is 1.8 m tall. (d, e) Photograph and interpreted sketch of context of D. cuithensis on a true substrate (Davies and Shillito 2018, 2021) recording the passage of two animals between emergent and subaqueous substrates. Convex bedform, colonized with plants, provided small island surrounded by shallow water puddles in a delta-top setting. Trackways are well-defined on emergent substrate and less so on subaqueous parts of substrate. Visean Anstruther Formation, 3.5 km NW of Kingsbarns, Fife, Scotland. Measuring stick 60 cm long." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801532/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). This ichnological evidence supports physiological evidence that arthropleurids were suited to both subaerial and very shallow water locomotion (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Stormer, L." box="[1234,1365,1311,1332]" journalOrPublisher="Senckenbergiana Lethaea" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="335 - 359" part="51" refId="ref19752" refString="Stormer, L. 1976. Arthropods from the Lower Devonian (Lower Emsian) of Alken an der Mosel, Germany. 5. Myriapoda and additional forms, with general remarks on fauna and problems regarding invasion of land by arthropods. Senckenbergiana Lethaea, 51, 335 - 359." title="Arthropods from the Lower Devonian (Lower Emsian) of Alken an der Mosel, Germany. 5. Myriapoda and additional forms, with general remarks on fauna and problems regarding invasion of land by arthropods" type="journal article" year="1976">Størmer 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Shear, W. & Selden, P." journalOrPublisher="Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie-Abhandlungen" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="347 - 375" part="196" refId="ref19588" refString="Shear, W. and Selden, P. 1995. Eoarthropleura (Arthropoda, Arthropleurida) from the Silurian of Britain and the Devonian of North America. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie-Abhandlungen, 196, 347 - 375." title="Eoarthropleura (Arthropoda, Arthropleurida) from the Silurian of Britain and the Devonian of North America" type="journal article" year="1995">Shear and Selden 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schneider, J. & Barthel, M." box="[976,1248,1340,1361]" journalOrPublisher="Freiberger Forschungsheft C" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="183 - 223" part="466" refId="ref19291" refString="Schneider, J. and Barthel, M. 1997. Eine Taphocoenose mit Arthropleura (Arthropoda) aus dem Rotliegend (? Unterperm) des Dohlen-Becken (Elbe- Zone, Sachsen). Freiberger Forschungsheft C, 466, 183 - 223." title="Eine Taphocoenose mit Arthropleura (Arthropoda) aus dem Rotliegend (? Unterperm) des Dohlen-Becken (Elbe- Zone, Sachsen)" type="journal article" year="1997">Schneider and Barthel 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and would have been well-suited to the patchily wet lower delta plain environment recorded in the Howick section.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[839,1320,1469,1493]" box="[839,1320,1469,1493]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[839,1320,1469,1493]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[839,1320,1469,1493]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Palaeogeographical and stratigraphic range</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[839,1475,1517,2095]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
The full known stratigraphic and palaeogeographical range of arthropleurids is shown in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1095,1187,1546,1567]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[113,144,694,713]" captionTargetBox="[136,1421,167,670]" captionTargetId="figure-765@13.[136,1421,167,670]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 13. Palaeogeographical range of Arthropleura body and trace fossils. (a) Known sites of evidence plotted on a palaeogeographical map of the late Carboniferous (c. 310 Ma; after Torsvik and Cocks 2016). Numbers refer to sites listed in Table 1. (b) Visean to Serpukhovian sites (latitudinal parallels shown for c. 320 Ma; from Torsvik and Cocks 2016). (c) Bashkirian to Moscovian sites (latitudinal parallels shown for c. 310 Ma; from Torsvik and Cocks 2016). (d) Kasimovian to Sakmarian sites (latitudinal parallels shown for c. 290 Ma; from Torsvik and Cocks 2016)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801534/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 13</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1235,1307,1546,1567]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="10.[144,195,167,186]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 1 Details of previously reported Arthropleura localities" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF26BE92FFB1FFE25696FF5173B1FF77" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" tableUuid="DF26BE92FFB1FFE25696FF5173B1FF77">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
. The organism is known from Visean to Sakmarian strata and has a tight palaeogeographical range in the narrow equatorial belt (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schneider, J. W. & Werneburg, R." journalOrPublisher="Semana" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="75 - 100" part="25" refId="ref19380" refString="Schneider, J. W. and Werneburg, R. 2010. Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen. Semana, 25, 75 - 100." title="Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen" type="journal article" year="2010">Schneider and Werneburg 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[839,1475,1517,2095]" lastBlockId="13.[113,749,871,2095]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
The earliest fossil evidence is known from a handful of Mississippian sites in Britain and Germany (including this study) and becomes widespread across equatorial Euramerica later in the Carboniferous. The peak geographical distribution of unequivocal body and trace fossils is known from the Early to MidPennsylvanian. Post-Kasimovian body fossils are less common, with evidence primarily from a few sites in central and southern Europe (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[927,1005,1869,1890]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="10.[144,195,167,186]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 1 Details of previously reported Arthropleura localities" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF26BE92FFB1FFE25696FF5173B1FF77" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" tableUuid="DF26BE92FFB1FFE25696FF5173B1FF77">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
), despite a notably abundant trackway record from this interval across North America (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ryan, R." box="[1255,1363,1898,1919]" journalOrPublisher="Atlantic Geology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="156 - 161" part="22" refId="ref18899" refString="Ryan, R. 1986. Fossil myriapod trails in the Permo-Carboniferous strata of northern Nova Scotia, Canada. Atlantic Geology, 22, 156 - 161, https: // doi. org / 10.4138 / 1604" title="Fossil myriapod trails in the Permo-Carboniferous strata of northern Nova Scotia, Canada" type="journal article" year="1986">Ryan 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ryan, R. J. & Boehner, R. C." journalOrPublisher="Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy Branches, Memoir" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" part="10" refId="ref18938" refString="Ryan, R. J. and Boehner, R. C. 1994. Geology of the Cumberland Basin, Cumberland, Colchester and Pictou Counties, Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy Branches, Memoir, 10." title="Geology of the Cumberland Basin, Cumberland, Colchester and Pictou Counties, Nova Scotia" type="book" year="1994">Ryan and Boehner 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mangano, M. G. & Buatois, L. A. & West, R. R. & Maples, C. G." box="[991,1196,1927,1948]" journalOrPublisher="Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" part="245" refId="ref17546" refString="Mangano, M. G., Buatois, L. A., West, R. R. and Maples, C. G. 2002. Ichnology of a Pennsylvanian Equatorial Tidal Flat: the Stull Shale Member at Waverly, Eastern Kansas. Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin, 245." title="Ichnology of a Pennsylvanian Equatorial Tidal Flat: the Stull Shale Member at Waverly, Eastern Kansas" type="book" year="2002">
|
||
Mángano
|
||
<emphasis box="[1090,1141,1927,1948]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lucas, S. G. & Lerner, A. J. & Hannibal, J. T. & Hunt, A. P. & Schneider, J. W." box="[1211,1383,1927,1948]" journalOrPublisher="New Mexico Geological Society, 56 th Field Conference Guidebook" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="279 - 282" refId="ref17470" refString="Lucas, S. G., Lerner, A. J., Hannibal, J. T., Hunt, A. P. and Schneider, J. W. 2005. Trackway of a giant Arthropleura from the Upper Pennsylvanian of El Cobre Canyon, New Mexico. In: Geology of the Chana Basin. New Mexico Geological Society, 56 th Field Conference Guidebook, 279 - 282." title="Trackway of a giant Arthropleura from the Upper Pennsylvanian of El Cobre Canyon, New Mexico" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="Geology of the Chana Basin" year="2005">
|
||
Lucas
|
||
<emphasis box="[1276,1327,1927,1948]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Martino, R. L. & Greb, S. F." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="140 - 146" part="83" refId="ref17600" refString="Martino, R. L. and Greb, S. F. 2009. Walking trails of the giant terrestrial arthropod Arthropleura from the Upper Carboniferous of Kentucky. Journal of Paleontology, 83, 140 - 146, https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 08 - 093 R. 1" title="Walking trails of the giant terrestrial arthropod Arthropleura from the Upper Carboniferous of Kentucky" type="journal article" year="2009">Martino and Greb 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schneider, J. W. & Werneburg, R." box="[1000,1208,1957,1978]" journalOrPublisher="Semana" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="75 - 100" part="25" refId="ref19380" refString="Schneider, J. W. and Werneburg, R. 2010. Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen. Semana, 25, 75 - 100." title="Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Schneider
|
||
<emphasis box="[1102,1153,1957,1978]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chaney D. S. & Lucas S. G. & Elrick S." box="[1223,1409,1957,1978]" editor="Lucas, S. G. & DiMichele, W. A. & Barrick, J. E. & Schneider, J. W. & Spielmann, J. A." journalOrPublisher="New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="64 - 65" part="60" refId="ref14496" refString="Chaney D. S., Lucas S. G. and Elrick S. 2013. New occurrence of an arthropleurid trackway from the lower Permian of Utah. In: Lucas, S. G., DiMichele, W. A., Barrick, J. E., Schneider, J. W. and Spielmann, J. A. (eds) The Carboniferous - Permian Transition. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 60, 64 - 65." title="New occurrence of an arthropleurid trackway from the lower Permian of Utah" type="journal article" volumeTitle="The Carboniferous - Permian Transition" year="2013">
|
||
Chaney
|
||
<emphasis box="[1303,1353,1957,1978]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Two secondary reports of fragmentary remains and trackways from Kazakhstan (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Novozhylov, N." box="[965,1138,2015,2036]" editor="Rodendorf, B. B." journalOrPublisher="Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="37 - 63" refId="ref17993" refString="Novozhylov, N. 1962. Family Arthropleuridae Zittel, 1848. In: Rodendorf, B. B. (ed.) Fundamentals of Paleontology. Arthropods. Tracheata and Chelicerata. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 37 - 63." title="Family Arthropleuridae Zittel" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Fundamentals of Paleontology. Arthropods. Tracheata and Chelicerata" year="1962">Novozhylov 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nelikhov, A." box="[1152,1296,2015,2036]" journalOrPublisher="PaleoMir" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="60 - 69" part="1" publicationUrl="http://iae.makorzh.ru/Tchudinov/Nelikhov1/index.htm" refId="ref17956" refString="Nelikhov, A. 2010. In the dungeons of Dzhezkazgan. PaleoMir, 1, 60 - 69, http: // iae. makorzh. ru / Tchudinov / Nelikhov 1 / index. htm" title="the dungeons of Dzhezkazgan" type="journal article" year="2010">Nelikhov 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), cited by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dernov, V." journalOrPublisher="Geo & Bio" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="37 - 63" part="18" refId="ref15202" refString="Dernov, V. 2019. Taphonomy and paleoecology of fauna and flora from deltaic sandstones of Mospinka Formation (Middle Carboniferous) of Donets Basin. Geo & Bio, 18, 37 - 63, https: // doi. org / 10.15407 / gb 1805" title="Taphonomy and paleoecology of fauna and flora from deltaic sandstones of Mospinka Formation (Middle Carboniferous) of Donets Basin" type="journal article" year="2019">Dernov (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, represent a higher latitude palaeogeographical outlier, but these instances remain anecdotal in the absence of published illustration and the host strata are only coarsely dated to the Pennsylvanian.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801534" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5801534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801534/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[113,144,694,713]" targetBox="[136,1421,167,670]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[113,1436,694,793]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[113,180,694,713]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 13.</emphasis>
|
||
Palaeogeographical range of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[432,543,694,713]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[432,543,694,713]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
body and trace fossils. (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[751,762,694,713]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">a</emphasis>
|
||
) Known sites of evidence plotted on a palaeogeographical map of the late Carboniferous (
|
||
<emphasis box="[246,262,721,740]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c.</emphasis>
|
||
310 Ma; after
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Torsvik, T. H. & Cocks, L. R. M." box="[388,596,721,740]" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref19805" refString="Torsvik, T. H. and Cocks, L. R. M. 2016. Earth History and Palaeogeography. Cambridge University Press." title="Earth History and Palaeogeography" type="book" year="2016">Torsvik and Cocks 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Numbers refer to sites listed in Table 1. (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[963,975,721,740]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">b</emphasis>
|
||
) Visean to Serpukhovian sites (latitudinal parallels shown for
|
||
<emphasis box="[204,220,748,767]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c.</emphasis>
|
||
320 Ma; from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Torsvik, T. H. & Cocks, L. R. M." box="[348,556,748,767]" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref19805" refString="Torsvik, T. H. and Cocks, L. R. M. 2016. Earth History and Palaeogeography. Cambridge University Press." title="Earth History and Palaeogeography" type="book" year="2016">Torsvik and Cocks 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[582,591,748,767]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c</emphasis>
|
||
) Bashkirian to Moscovian sites (latitudinal parallels shown for
|
||
<emphasis box="[1131,1146,748,767]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c.</emphasis>
|
||
310 Ma; from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Torsvik, T. H. & Cocks, L. R. M." journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref19805" refString="Torsvik, T. H. and Cocks, L. R. M. 2016. Earth History and Palaeogeography. Cambridge University Press." title="Earth History and Palaeogeography" type="book" year="2016">Torsvik and Cocks 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[181,193,774,793]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">d</emphasis>
|
||
) Kasimovian to Sakmarian sites (latitudinal parallels shown for
|
||
<emphasis box="[739,755,774,793]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c.</emphasis>
|
||
290 Ma; from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Torsvik, T. H. & Cocks, L. R. M." box="[883,1091,774,793]" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref19805" refString="Torsvik, T. H. and Cocks, L. R. M. 2016. Earth History and Palaeogeography. Cambridge University Press." title="Earth History and Palaeogeography" type="book" year="2016">Torsvik and Cocks 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[113,749,871,2095]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
The shifting distribution of both body and trace fossil evidence for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[149,274,959,980]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[149,274,959,980]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[289,358,959,980]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[113,144,694,713]" captionTargetBox="[136,1421,167,670]" captionTargetId="figure-765@13.[136,1421,167,670]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 13. Palaeogeographical range of Arthropleura body and trace fossils. (a) Known sites of evidence plotted on a palaeogeographical map of the late Carboniferous (c. 310 Ma; after Torsvik and Cocks 2016). Numbers refer to sites listed in Table 1. (b) Visean to Serpukhovian sites (latitudinal parallels shown for c. 320 Ma; from Torsvik and Cocks 2016). (c) Bashkirian to Moscovian sites (latitudinal parallels shown for c. 310 Ma; from Torsvik and Cocks 2016). (d) Kasimovian to Sakmarian sites (latitudinal parallels shown for c. 290 Ma; from Torsvik and Cocks 2016)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801534/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
) may imply that the palaeogeographical range of arthropleurids expanded from a localized subequatorial crucible in the Mid- to Late Mississippian. The fossil described here, in addition to the Scottish trackways, indicates Mississippian gigantism in this group before arthropleurid fossils become widespread in the late Carboniferous. By the Pennsylvanian,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[113,238,1135,1156]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[113,238,1135,1156]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had an extensive west–east palaeogeographical range across the entire continent of Laurussia/Pangaea, but no verified evidence for the organism is present from palaeolatitudes higher than 10° Nor 10° Sand most known instances tightly follow the palaeoequator (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schneider, J. W. & Werneburg, R." box="[296,598,1253,1274]" journalOrPublisher="Semana" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="75 - 100" part="25" refId="ref19380" refString="Schneider, J. W. and Werneburg, R. 2010. Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen. Semana, 25, 75 - 100." title="Arthropleura, der grosste landlebende Arthropode der Erdgeschichte - neue Funde und neue Ideen" type="journal article" year="2010">Schneider and Werneburg 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 16). In the Late Pennsylvanian and early Permian, a transcontinental range was maintained, but almost all known arthropleurid and track instances remain within 10° of the palaeoequator. The Carboniferous– Permian northwards drift of Pangaea appears to be reflected by the increased abundance of younger
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[483,608,1399,1420]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[483,608,1399,1420]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains from more southern modern latitudes because fossil evidence tracks the relative southwards migration of the palaeoequator during this interval.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[113,749,871,2095]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
The strong relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[456,581,1516,1537]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[456,581,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
body fossils and the location of the palaeoequator could be counter-argued to be reflective of sampling biases, tracking the distribution of mined coal-bearing strata. However, the trend is also seen within the trace fossil record (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[245,313,1634,1655]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[113,144,694,713]" captionTargetBox="[136,1421,167,670]" captionTargetId="figure-765@13.[136,1421,167,670]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 13. Palaeogeographical range of Arthropleura body and trace fossils. (a) Known sites of evidence plotted on a palaeogeographical map of the late Carboniferous (c. 310 Ma; after Torsvik and Cocks 2016). Numbers refer to sites listed in Table 1. (b) Visean to Serpukhovian sites (latitudinal parallels shown for c. 320 Ma; from Torsvik and Cocks 2016). (c) Bashkirian to Moscovian sites (latitudinal parallels shown for c. 310 Ma; from Torsvik and Cocks 2016). (d) Kasimovian to Sakmarian sites (latitudinal parallels shown for c. 290 Ma; from Torsvik and Cocks 2016)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5801534/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
), which is subject to a different and mutually exclusive suite of biases (i.e. extensive bedding plane outcrop instead of excavated spoil tips). For example, in Britain, multiple outcrops of strata with bedding plane exposures persist through the latest Carboniferous and early Permian and have been investigated for (vertebrate) trackways (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sarjeant, W. A. S." box="[414,547,1780,1801]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="265 - 378" part="16" refId="ref19083" refString="Sarjeant, W. A. S. 1974. A history and bibliography of the study of fossil vertebrate footprints in the British Isles. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 16, 265 - 378, https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0031 - 0182 (74) 90024 - 8" title="A history and bibliography of the study of fossil vertebrate footprints in the British Isles" type="journal article" year="1974">Sarjeant 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hedge, J. & Shillito, A. P. & Davies, N. S. & Butler, R. J. & Sansom, I. J." box="[561,735,1780,1801]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Geologists' Association" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="103 - 111" part="130" refId="ref16639" refString="Hedge, J., Shillito, A. P., Davies, N. S., Butler, R. J. and Sansom, I. J. 2019. Invertebrate trace fossils from the Alveley member, Salop Formation (Pennsylvanian, Carboniferous), Shropshire, UK. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 130, 103 - 111, https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. pgeola. 2018.10. 002" title="Invertebrate trace fossils from the Alveley member, Salop Formation (Pennsylvanian, Carboniferous), Shropshire, UK" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Hedge
|
||
<emphasis box="[631,680,1780,1801]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, despite these directed ichnological surveys and the correct outcrop type, the youngest British trace fossil evidence for
|
||
<emphasis box="[113,238,1868,1889]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. cuithensis</emphasis>
|
||
is Serpukhovian (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Briggs, D. E. G. & Rolfe, W. D. I. & Brannan, J." box="[414,588,1868,1889]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="273 - 291" part="22" refId="ref14033" refString="Briggs, D. E. G., Rolfe, W. D. I. and Brannan, J. 1979. A giant myriapod trail from the Namurian of Arran, Scotland. Palaeontology, 22, 273 - 291." title="A giant myriapod trail from the Namurian of Arran, Scotland" type="journal article" year="1979">
|
||
Briggs
|
||
<emphasis box="[485,534,1868,1889]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1979
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). By contrast, in Spain, the oldest worked coal measures are of Moscovian age (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Piedad-Sanchez, N. & Suarez-Ruiz, I. & Martinez, L. & Izart, A. & Elie, M. & Keravis, D." box="[121,390,1927,1948]" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Coal Geology" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="211 - 242" part="57" refId="ref18292" refString="Piedad-Sanchez, N., Suarez-Ruiz, I., Martinez, L., Izart, A., Elie, M. and Keravis, D. 2004. Organic petrology and geochemistry of the Carboniferous coal seams from the Central Asturian Coal Basin (NW Spain). International Journal of Coal Geology, 57, 211 - 242, https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. coal. 2003.12.003" title="Organic petrology and geochemistry of the Carboniferous coal seams from the Central Asturian Coal Basin (NW Spain)" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Piedad-Sánchez
|
||
<emphasis box="[282,334,1927,1948]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and spoil from these measures has been intensively interrogated for plant and other fossil remains (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, R. H. & Alvarez-Vazquez, C." box="[113,481,1986,2007]" journalOrPublisher="Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="239 - 324" part="162" refId="ref20120" refString="Wagner, R. H. and Alvarez-Vazquez, C. 2010. The Carboniferous floras of the Iberian Peninsula: a synthesis with geological connotations. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 162, 239 - 324, https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. revpalbo. 2010.06.005" title="The Carboniferous floras of the Iberian Peninsula: a synthesis with geological connotations" type="journal article" year="2010">Wagner and Álvarez-Vázquez 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, despite these directed palaeontological surveys and the correct outcrop type, the earliest Spanish body fossil evidence for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[498,623,2044,2065]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[498,623,2044,2065]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not known until the Kasimovian (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Castro, M. P." box="[328,444,2074,2095]" journalOrPublisher="Revista espanola de Paleontologia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="15 - 22" part="12" refId="ref14412" refString="Castro, M. P. 1997. Hallazgos de " Arthropleura " en el Estefaniense de la Peninsula Iberica. Revista espanola de Paleontologia, 12, 15 - 22." title="Hallazgos de " Arthropleura " en el Estefaniense de la Peninsula Iberica" type="journal article" year="1997">Castro 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[809,1444,871,1127]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
These examples illustrate that although different outcrop expressions can bias evidence for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[1156,1281,900,921]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1156,1281,900,921]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the appearance and disappearance of suitable outcrop types is discordant with the appearance and disappearance of evidence for
|
||
<emphasis box="[1268,1399,959,980]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[1268,1396,959,980]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Arthropleura</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The most parsimonious explanation for the southwards drift of evidence through the Carboniferous and Permian is that the affinity of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bauplan" box="[809,934,1047,1068]" class="Arthropleuridea" family="Arthropleuridae" genus="Arthropleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropleurida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[809,934,1047,1068]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Arthropleura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for equatorial latitudes was robust and that the genus maintained its geographical range as the Carboniferous continents drifted northwards.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |