490 lines
55 KiB
XML
490 lines
55 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-231-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="0D762CF99C605B04AF072C867EEB1488" ModsDocID="1314-2003-231-1" checkinTime="1693383686345" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Knapp, Sandra, Saerkinen, Tiina & Barboza, Gloria E." docDate="2023" docId="0062D5AA2ECEEE4A4B7B8B5B41E37EE1" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 231: 1-342" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 231" docPubDate="2023-08-29" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894" docTitle="Solanum macrotonum Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 222. 1912." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="0D762CF99C605B04AF072C867EEB1488" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="0D762CF99C605B04AF072C867EEB1488" masterDocTitle="A revision of the South American species of the Morelloid clade (Solanum L., Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="342" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1693383686345" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title id="E318DF586EE9C213CD0B1021518F5441">A revision of the South American species of the Morelloid clade (Solanum L., Solanaceae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="F7A3071F5598E75450EFC2CFD7236A3F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="2CFCE18FE1B9C8B71B39AD56293F6F43">Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="26BE51E7492387CEFF6C4BAACE276E62">Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="E9E55101B23F5DFF42B0B5F7A4495EEA" type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="0BE092E8F815A67C074325970E5F3DEC">Saerkinen, Tiina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="DEA012E0E61EA7A6C6487925331F6445" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6956-3093</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="FC08738F815880517FAEC7D2164382D1">Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20 A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH 3 5 LR, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="04FA85FE4647CA2211A07135FE43187D">Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="C670C338956F1D95407880B85FC89CE7" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1085-036X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="D7A8531FC93B02748CDBE11161D36EA4">Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="2C569CA4BB68927305CB1CA9C2D35E1D">PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="AEA9166530D7DFF111A90451EFAB6461">
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<mods:date id="374FC13F3B9B81DBBA5EA88CEC042560">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9BE43E9C19F86FC4DBFD532AE4CD0324">2023-08-29</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="AC478B102F0D7AC4CB796DA2136AF737">231</mods:number>
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<mods:end id="E9F752CF78DA2284D0B10CBFB7E60F6D">342</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="C66DBE6D9998D074BDCB795FFF7F9EE7">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="0062D5AA2ECEEE4A4B7B8B5B41E37EE1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0062D5AA2ECEEE4A4B7B8B5B41E37EE1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0062D5AA2ECEEE4A4B7B8B5B41E37EE1" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection id="CD03DDFEE0CAB8DAA1FE4649F9AF638D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="01EDB3F9AEB2100AB1EA5E79B4CEEDB1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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30.
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<taxonomicName id="6BD88A9516BAEC5FC761AA2EDFA35A4C" ID-CoL="6YTH7" ID-ENA="2835110" authority="Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 222. 1912." authorityName="Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 222. 1912." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum macrotonum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrotonum">Solanum macrotonum Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 222. 1912.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="88BB1C52FCE2BFCAEBCD3DECDC279F5F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C10783F45FA700E77D3D32E921372A24" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<figureCitation id="074D4476DAB11AF6DD11D67F76EB0C0F" captionStart="Figure 92" captionStartId="F92" captionText="Figure 92. Solanum macrotonum A fertile branch with flower buds and fruits B flowering and fruiting branch C stem detail with eglandular multi-cellular trichomes D flower bud E flower at full anthesis F dissected flower G infructescence H fruit I seed (A-C, G-I Ezedin & Saerkinen 48; D-F Balls 7528). Illustration by C. Banks." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure92" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897553" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 92</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="54B946546485585EBAE0E548AE5E9973" captionStart="Figure 93" captionStartId="F93" captionText="Figure 93. Solanum macrotonum A habit B inflorescence C flower at full anthesis D maturing fruits (A-D Ezedin & Saerkinen 48). Photos by T. Saerkinen. Previously published in Knapp et al. (2019: 77)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure93" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897554" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 93</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E007B704415B7B404C9FED52E52A8A12" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="FD8A7502DC9CA5A05B0D98BB46B596ED" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="CBF6CE58967E2CBD6DBFE3ECB99D7BFC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum frutescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="frutescens">Solanum frutescens</taxonomicName>
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A.Braun & C.D.
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<normalizedToken id="9794DC3C85062897DD9CDB4F3438158F" originalValue="Bouché">Bouche</normalizedToken>
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, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App. 9. 1853, nom. utique rej. Type. Cultivated at Berlin Botanical Garden from seed sent from Caracas, Venezuela by J.W.K. Moritz,
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<emphasis id="7A633F1F91A47E86C9295439984DCC85" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Anon. s.n.</emphasis>
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(possibly described from living material; if type material at B, destroyed;
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<bibRefCitation id="8A2DD24B67CB36920617C925F3CE718A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/674.24" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="820 - 821" refId="B135" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Bohs, L, Saerkinen, T, 2018. (2693) Proposal to reject the name Solanum frutescens (Solancaeae). Taxon 67 (4): 820 - 821, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12705/674.24" title="(2693) Proposal to reject the name Solanum frutescens (Solancaeae)." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/674.24" volume="67" year="2018">Knapp et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="DC267C65F9F38E919E6081BD82FD4030" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12675" author="Applequist, W" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="219 - 227" refId="B5" refString="Applequist, W, 2022. Report of the Committee for Vascular Plants 72. Taxon 71 (1): 219 - 227, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12675" title="Report of the Committee for Vascular Plants 72." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12675" volume="71" year="2022">Applequist 2022</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9987C8235AD2D18A3315743A844A88E6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="20E938D14FD1AFD74BF5CC879C99CBDA" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum megalophyllum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megalophyllum">Solanum megalophyllum</taxonomicName>
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Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 202. 1912. Type. Cultivated in England (?) ex Herb. A.B. Lambert "Villa Caracas cultum in hort. Boyton, Ph. Woodford",
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<emphasis id="D28537737C970DB0DA976C501F16EAB6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Anon. s.n.</emphasis>
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(lectotype, designated by
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<bibRefCitation id="406335F000E2D4AA12BB415790DCB37B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 174" refId="B136" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Bohs, L, Saerkinen, T, 2019. A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America. PhytoKeys 123: 1 - 174, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" title="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" volume="123" year="2019">Knapp et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
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||
, pg. 75: W [acc. # 1889-0291427]; isolectotype: W [acc. # 1889-0291426 = F neg. 33091]).
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="62658A947A085D89B5564DF2A16B34CE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||
<taxonomicName id="9B25BF30DA4681ED44D3AFC5D9480563" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1913" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum diodontum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="diodontum">Solanum diodontum</taxonomicName>
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Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 552. 1913. Type. Panama. Chiriqui: around El Potrero Camp, 2,800-3,000 m, 10-13 Mar 1911,
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<emphasis id="8DE496863B606468AE19EC139D8A250D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H. Pittier 3104</emphasis>
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(holotype: US [US00027551, acc. # 677494]; isotype: GH [GH00077485], NY [NY00138980], US [US00027550, acc. # 1405957]).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="B9B56BAA8040D9239DEB37A8E22552CD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||
<taxonomicName id="6D5A49FEA313CDB0DBCAACADC67BE7E3" authorityName="Heiser" authorityYear="1955" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum leonii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leonii">Solanum leonii</taxonomicName>
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Heiser, Ceiba 4: 298. 1955. Type. Costa Rica. Cartago: near Robert,
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<normalizedToken id="BFEB59DE53811435049307D7112A4DF2" originalValue="Irazú">Irazu</normalizedToken>
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[protologue -wooded ravine 1/2 mile below Finca Robert], 8,500 ft., 4 Oct 1953,
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<emphasis id="A6C4BB2DE466F1BA9D93E83798A6C263" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C.B. Heiser 3597</emphasis>
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(holotype [two sheets]: IND [sheet 1, IND-0136009, acc. # 95138; sheet 2, IND-00136010, acc. # 95137]; isotype: F [V0073111F, acc. # 143245 = F neg. 49431]).
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E5645055B5496E0F57B51BEEEE2BF52E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="A9B6E180ACB3229CDD36770F5C502C9C" authorityName="C.B.Heiser" authorityYear="1963" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum paredesii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paredesii">Solanum paredesii</taxonomicName>
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Heiser, Ci. & Naturaleza [Quito] 6: 55. 1963. Type. Ecuador. Pichincha: [
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<normalizedToken id="B7D97CDDF9BFF46DD450D0AE8738F106" originalValue="Cantón">Canton</normalizedToken>
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||
Quito] laderas al norte de los terrenos de la Universidad Central, Ciudad Universitaria Quito, 24 May 1962,
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<emphasis id="7063A8F57306E3DB2ECF77240A40A973" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C.B. Heiser 5001</emphasis>
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(holotype: IND [IND-0136006, acc. # 106787]; isotype: Q [n.v.]).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="D4D6245AC0692EEE1AA1ABBB12481046" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="4E0B30D130913C673BE8931AF48EBFCE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<typeStatus id="86761F79C702CBFB3FC4021FD04EFBEC">Type</typeStatus>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A4825C8AA22FF25836403EE84763BC7B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="581EE46723A4FFDF22CFC673207354FC" collectingDate="1847-09" collectorName="J. W. K. Moritz" country="Venezuela" location="Colonia Tovar" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Aragua" typeStatus="holotype">
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||
<collectingCountry id="2C68408AC90880DDF9247432CB460A9D" name="Venezuela">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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||
.
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||
<collectingRegion id="34839A56947F76CC1EFD2B1782161925" country="Venezuela" name="Aragua">Aragua</collectingRegion>
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||
:
|
||
<location id="0CDD30729D634B647D82C17A0E458E54" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0062D5AA2ECEEE4A4B7B8B5B41E37EE1:0CDD30729D634B647D82C17A0E458E54" country="Venezuela" name="Colonia Tovar" stateProvince="Aragua">Colonia Tovar</location>
|
||
,
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||
<collectingDate id="C166E78A59345A0CF421E01EC3239F7B" value="1847-09">Sep 1847</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="5795DE27873D2608816577DE0E1CC123" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<collectorName id="128443340042B63F0A1766193620C020">J.W.K. Moritz</collectorName>
|
||
1643
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="3A376A34E2B4F10A99E99CF31F60DBF9">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
: B, destroyed [F neg 2669];
|
||
<typeStatus id="3CFD987C772E6A01F7C456FCDB529E00">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D61BC10855ED921E9D1D885BC5DDFE11" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B53" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" title="[1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" volume="60" year="1974 a">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D1B09D7D343C41B1B1BB49CB9FA913E4" originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
|
||
1974a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pg. 737: P [P00336967]; isolectotypes: BM [BM000617678], F [v0073325F, acc. # 612111], HBG [HBG511459], K [K000585559])
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DAB024A7803F7AD84F71097598D75C5D" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure92" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897553" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 92" startId="F92">
|
||
<paragraph id="874EC47E4AE5E0E625226EBFED87E66E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="D71CCC109FFEEBC274CF5AE3D605923C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 92.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBA75D09A770C71608DACE0201D0106D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum macrotonum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrotonum">
|
||
<emphasis id="CA537D72E3D5DB36C06AD7AC8C6585D2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum macrotonum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="A929792DBDBF9E27844D0DDFA04D9E49" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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||
fertile branch with flower buds and fruits
|
||
<emphasis id="CE2310EF49193776775A08E99EDD635B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
flowering and fruiting branch
|
||
<emphasis id="F94060FC911D0578D59AF37B2A6EE391" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
stem detail with eglandular multi-cellular trichomes
|
||
<emphasis id="733AD0E7F7844C70C78122BC0BD9E5F4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
flower bud
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||
<emphasis id="68BBB20EB28387B40FD3444477EDD51E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
flower at full anthesis
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||
<emphasis id="497884B84312AB3105C3ACB031C38119" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||
dissected flower
|
||
<emphasis id="D20A2C419662CA4F20B6A2C4FE2FDA75" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
|
||
infructescence
|
||
<emphasis id="F7B1E45970430184646D4845F6AEB826" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
|
||
fruit
|
||
<emphasis id="F63D39B807580A485983F6010947A7E6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
|
||
seed (
|
||
<emphasis id="B1D780CA2F3E7343038D5CBB5A3E3F1E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-C, G-I</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="776F4534082210E4734080E74B8C6096" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Ezedin &
|
||
<normalizedToken id="806F0546EE6C81739DE62DFB857FE57E" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||
48
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="E7ECF531EE5ADCAA2868B367A579716C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D-F</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="83869C324FFE23E1749CFDC4BADB8624" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Balls 7528</emphasis>
|
||
). Illustration by C. Banks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DBCCD839219D989774FB148C6AC226B8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="EC4755D3E68391FF0658C6C6909C66FF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7AC706B9A42E8BA34C9B0DBACB1AB6E9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Perennial herbs to subwoody shrubs, 0.7-2 m high, perhaps occasionally annual or only persisting for a few years, often described as
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5B014259E6F03CEA800CCE796B52E589" originalValue="“viney”">"viney"</normalizedToken>
|
||
. Stems terete or angled with spinose processes, arching and scrambling over other vegetation, often drying blackish grey; young stems densely pubescent with somewhat antrorse, simple uniseriate eglandular trichomes 0.5-1 mm long, the trichomes drying white, soon glabrescent; new growth densely white pubescent like the young stems, glabrescent; bark of older stems green to greenish brown. Sympodial units difoliate or unifoliate, the leaves not geminate. Leaves simple, occasionally with a few dentate teeth near the base, the blades (2)4-10(12) cm long, (0.8)1.8-4.5(5.5) cm wide, elliptic to narrowly obovate, widest at the middle or in the upper half, sometimes thick (described as succulent), but more often membranous, concolorous; adaxial surfaces sparsely pubescent with simple 3-4-celled uniseriate trichomes or almost glabrous, the trichomes denser on veins and midrib; abaxial surfaces sparsely pubescent to glabrous like the adaxial surfaces, but the trichomes denser along the veins; principal veins 5-7 pairs, drying paler abaxially; base abruptly attenuate along the petiole; margins entire to sparsely toothed near the base; apex acute to narrowly acute; petiole 0.5-2.5 cm, sparsely pubescent with antrorse simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems and leaves. Inflorescences internodal or very occasionally opposite the leaves, unbranched or very occasionally forked (e.g.,
|
||
<emphasis id="A9B8F779A3EBBCF1034F5474816AFC4D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1F475015A02C936351CD88E21B29A2D3" originalValue="Ruíz-Teran">Ruiz-Teran</normalizedToken>
|
||
14155
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), 0.7-4 cm long, with 2-3(7) flowers clustered in the distal part of the axis (sub-umbelliform), sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems and leaves; peduncle 0.5-4 cm long; pedicels 1-1.3 cm long, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the apex, tapering gradually and appearing relatively stout, often described as reddish purple or purple, spreading at anthesis, sparsely pubescent or glabrous, articulated at the base; pedicel scars tightly packed in the distal portion of the inflorescence, less than 0.5 mm apart or occasionally the lowermost scar to 2 mm apart. Buds broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, the corolla long-exserted from the calyx tube before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, cosexual (hermaphroditic). Calyx tube 1-1.5 mm long, conical, the lobes 0.5-0.8(1) mm long, 0.5-1 mm wide, broadly deltate with acute apices, sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the pedicel or almost glabrous. Corolla 1-2 cm in diameter, white to lilac or tinged with lilac, the central portion yellowish green, stellate, lobed halfway to 2/3 of the way to the base, the lobes 4-6 mm long, 1.5-3 mm wide, triangular, reflexed or spreading at anthesis, abaxially sparsely puberulent with tiny simple uniseriate trichomes. Stamens equal; filament tube minute and barely visible, the free portion of the filaments 1-2 mm long, pubescent with tangled simple uniseriate trichomes adaxially; anthers (2.7)3-4 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, ellipsoid, bright yellow, the surfaces smooth, poricidal at the tips, the pores elongating to slits with age. Ovary glabrous; style 5-6 mm long, straight, exserted beyond the anther cone, densely pubescent with tangled simple uniseriate trichomes in the basal half where included in the anther cone, markedly exserted from the anther cone; stigma capitate or minutely capitate, bright green, the surface densely papillate. Fruit a globose berry, 0.8-1 cm in diameter, green turning to black when ripe or occasionally green when ripe (
|
||
<emphasis id="1815209B98B6752AD29B4AB0B57F3E4C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nee & Whalen 16839</emphasis>
|
||
), the pericarp thin, more or less shiny but not brilliantly so, opaque, glabrous; fruiting pedicels 15-17 mm long, tapering from a base 0.7-1 mm in diameter to an apex 1.5-2 cm in diameter, somewhat woody, strongly deflexed (very occasionally appearing spreading due to herbarium specimen preparation), not persistent or occasionally remaining on the inflorescence axis; fruiting calyx not accrescent, the tube 1-1.5(2) cm long, appressed to the berry, the lobes 0.5-1 mm long, appressed or spreading at the tips. Seeds (10)30-50 per berry, 1.2-1.5 mm long, 0.8-1 mm wide, flattened and teardrop shaped, tan to reddish brown, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells pentagonal, more elongate and rectangular near the hilum. Stone cells (2)4-5(6) per berry, 0.5-0.7 mm in diameter, white or cream-coloured. Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="03DED03A9AD4C1B0510D9B37817D688D" author="Heiser, CB" journalOrPublisher="Ceiba" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="293 - 299" refId="B101" refString="Heiser, CB, 1955. The Solanum nigrum complex in Costa Rica. Ceiba 4: 293 - 299" title="The Solanum nigrum complex in Costa Rica." volume="4" year="1955">Heiser 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E0CD440DB072203A4DF910DFAAC187C7" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. leonii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="leonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="E51A51076DC0C731301429BF159372D8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. leonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); n = 36 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="551622496C9AF1BE6EC0674C5E947B4F" author="Heiser, CB" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia y Naturaleza" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="50 - 58" refId="B102" refString="Heiser, CB, 1963. Estudio biosistematico de Solanum (Morella), en el Ecuador. Ciencia y Naturaleza 6: 50 - 58" title="Estudio biosistematico de Solanum (Morella), en el Ecuador." volume="6" year="1963">Heiser 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="51B2ACFAB14FF72F59E06C19AA503F05" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. paredesii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="paredesii">
|
||
<emphasis id="CC3C4E8827EE0BB87F5B2875D58993EC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. paredesii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BE29CD0AAE38662C3B4F343DE2D5B7C6" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure93" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897554" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 93" startId="F93">
|
||
<paragraph id="DC8BE2310DEEDA7C85D670F19609200D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1C5E6768AD9A4C565AE008A74D251A6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 93.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C5ECA488605C479319A3631047F38E75" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum macrotonum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrotonum">
|
||
<emphasis id="34B33FE9BE57F486CA994AC32B898D0F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum macrotonum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9BA271168121138264C3C917A81638A3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
habit
|
||
<emphasis id="4BDA21DD9DA749E668101E428D311C66" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
inflorescence
|
||
<emphasis id="077C36BFFE891A4A9C6F606CD3DC8926" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
flower at full anthesis
|
||
<emphasis id="B1E033D2C837F95E0C9B47CCF425A6F0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
maturing fruits (
|
||
<emphasis id="608CAC7ABBD13B45250F49AD507301DC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-D</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="E1AD8AE0A7F1891CE3B92D5BF9AA8321" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Ezedin &
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F4D252A09C1D52724D38B7E1E4C897A5" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||
48
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). Photos by T.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="50F2CFF3EFB97DE0BDF4E02F4F4B8A24" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||
. Previously published in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5DA92BA2A0B0DAFC0076E02BE24F8EEC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 174" refId="B136" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Bohs, L, Saerkinen, T, 2019. A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America. PhytoKeys 123: 1 - 174, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" title="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" volume="123" year="2019">Knapp et al. (2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 77).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C6935092DE54529BD4EDA6A0ACBF0345" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="89AAB5A1E542F4F15F69D4C4F7C65A7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A039A3358534EB7CB9BE8C476C1141E5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="AE6A319050C5A811C2669AFBD4578BD9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="57F3110369D3004F836178B239398258" captionStart="Figure 94" captionStartId="F94" captionText="Figure 94. Distribution map of Solanum macrotonum in South America. For distribution in North and Central America and the Caribbean, see Knapp et al. (2019: 78)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure94" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897555" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">94</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="106461037C6EBCCE6C036EB993AB10F1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum macrotonum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrotonum">
|
||
<emphasis id="53A9931CE24F181C177A8F9D511E45AC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum macrotonum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widely distributed from Guatemala to northern South America; Colombia (Depts. Antioquia,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B6F6513AD526CB7543F39FED0212D500" originalValue="Boyacá">Boyaca</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Huila, Magdalena, Meta,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="50A61F8EA7853904EB74F281104082E6" originalValue="Nariño">Narino</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Norte de Santander, Putumayo,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="04635F6D9E358D607B49AF67316A358B" originalValue="Quindío">Quindio</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Risaralda, Santander, Tolima, Valle de Cauca), Ecuador (Provs. Azuay,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3F852677B0B54712BF96C6A7792B6739" originalValue="Bolívar">Bolivar</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, Imbabura, Loja, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pichincha, Sucumbios, Tungurahua, Zamora-Chinchipe), Venezuela (States of Aragua, Lara,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="24C1473D479335F46492A1F1CEB7B432" originalValue="Mérida">Merida</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Miranda, Sucre,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2FC27747C214BF1C29EE3D77BCAD7F6A" originalValue="Táchira">Tachira</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Trujillo, Vargas) and in the Antilles on the islands of Hispaniola and Jamaica.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="4AC5BD880FCDEE40106847E12319FD86" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure94" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897555" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 94" startId="F94">
|
||
<paragraph id="A00866DACCBFB870BA9D87F4FAFE3DBD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="9B6FD308988AAD12305F485C9760226C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 94.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution map of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="986CD77277308C4B5EDE206A17E422EF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum macrotonum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrotonum">
|
||
<emphasis id="F205F8FD0E22EF89CECA1FF24E9591DB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum macrotonum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in South America. For distribution in North and Central America and the Caribbean, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8CD8D6F693060A6F70365C445C3ECA57" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 174" refId="B136" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Bohs, L, Saerkinen, T, 2019. A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America. PhytoKeys 123: 1 - 174, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" title="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" volume="123" year="2019">Knapp et al. (2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 78).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="07018A7B2E004C6306F19DFAF3D7B32D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="5F7D818C23909F7B694EDD9F408E5468" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology and habitat.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DCD216E2257E13279AA2FDF0198D4E19" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3CF2FDC35348C686B2C566D36ED0AD5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum macrotonum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrotonum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FBD04AA76DCB304DB3250D7F00E671AE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum macrotonum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a plant of open areas in cloud forests and premontane and montane forests, occurring in treefall gaps and along roads and other disturbances, from (200-)1,000 to 3,400 m elevation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5170190C2F7B8032A27C8F0B039F3E28" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names and uses">
|
||
<paragraph id="97159E1D83678CA6C785FFC924DAAE74" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7883FB9DF6BE16F400A4FFFAB9CD1415" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Colombia. Antioquia: hierba mora (
|
||
<emphasis id="B1E1294BC09704B865D630505236A708" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Kirkbride & Forero 1853</emphasis>
|
||
); Pasta: yerba mora (
|
||
<emphasis id="41FF9B26E0EA9B6DDB858AC878436C7C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vogelmann 2006</emphasis>
|
||
); Cundinamarca: yerba mora (
|
||
<emphasis id="70A57FBB39B084A72E84A0C569739D8C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A850238F637394AFD4F5000C30BA744B" originalValue="Barragán-Fonseca">Barragan-Fonseca</normalizedToken>
|
||
9
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
); Santander: yerba mora (
|
||
<emphasis id="35979E577C46AD2A62E930E046EDD10C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Combita et al. 114</emphasis>
|
||
). Ecuador. Chimborazo: hierba mora (
|
||
<emphasis id="81F05FB6174988BFF6F776164222EE52" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="708AC00BEDF87D824C88163569CE1D9A" originalValue="Cerón">Ceron</normalizedToken>
|
||
15905 [a
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
]); Napo: hierba mora macho (
|
||
<emphasis id="C6A18C10EC62DEE8089F564759C1ED4A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Baez et al. 32B</emphasis>
|
||
); Pichincha: papa de monte (
|
||
<emphasis id="D43C117A5891E6D3E146A23AF23FEE55" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mena V. 123</emphasis>
|
||
). Venezuela: Vargas: yerba mora (
|
||
<emphasis id="D958B60404FA233768D4ED97F48B42B8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D3289F1C0D31A2A9B7801814A2F707AD" originalValue="González">Gonzalez</normalizedToken>
|
||
17
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). In Ecuador (Chimborazo,
|
||
<emphasis id="D636F11D095120F3663C218824AF9490" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F7CB65EBB41CBB5B4B2A0E74001FAA82" originalValue="Ceròn">Ceron</normalizedToken>
|
||
15905 [a
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
]) an infusion of leaves is used as a bath for medicinal purposes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="556F4813244DF5904102D0F811677BA5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph id="9ADC71B331DA1D142C71819654FC7280" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C2F6357891E520BD427A9120DEF04DA1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E6B72B5E5EF428B197D1A98A53B0CC7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2E96FCB166DC43B5CD73435B6B2A1C90" author="Ibarrola, DA" journalOrPublisher="Nueva Serie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" refId="B116" refString="2022. . https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" url="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" year="2022">IUCN 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Least Concern [LC]. EOO = 4,218,133 km2 [LC]; AOO = 936 km2 [EN]; calculated on entire range in the Americas.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2207B2D448B75D2E1BD17891013CF65" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum macrotonum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrotonum">
|
||
<emphasis id="292700AC17993E794A31A44B432DE4F6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum macrotonum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widespread and is a weedy plant throughout its range. It occurs in several protected areas in Colombia (e.g., Selva de las Ventanas Natural Reserve), Ecuador (e.g., Bosque Protector de Pasochoa, Parque Nacional Llanganates) and Venezuela (e.g., Parque Nacional Chorro del Indio).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BAB951E6C7FF3DD5C92ECC478AA0209C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="039A5AD79E1DBBE38683EE9C47612BB5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="ACB5675E4735D49006BBE8EB10E193DA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62812E6E16511165F88BAD5E22FBE017" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum macrotonum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrotonum">
|
||
<emphasis id="148FD375E09B29F45CB080C2D6EBF7E5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum macrotonum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is broadly sympatric with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="401C283450CA536CD8DF23C3C8458689" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FF845796618CE105957D0E5FAB8E79E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
across its entire range (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E01B46FB25278770EA34E858C7D93289" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 174" refId="B136" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Bohs, L, Saerkinen, T, 2019. A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America. PhytoKeys 123: 1 - 174, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" title="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" volume="123" year="2019">Knapp et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1EBADDCF9578ECCF33FE86547E272D2E" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="6A2E3E5AE38ADBDC122C8B77A26F7158" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having usually 4 to 5 stone cells per berry and black fruits that are more or less shiny. It can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="002699A20A6E26ADCA2D8D019E5C9173" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="0DBE1283B87FD2F46EDAB8BB79E052ED" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having longer anthers (to 4 mm rather than to 2.5 mm) and in having more robust, longer fruiting pedicels that are strongly deflexed. Many annotations in herbaria have been done based on elevation (see comments in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="428C2F2BD44EBCE05BB51181F8FD1677" author="Bohs, L" editor="Hammel, B" journalOrPublisher="III) Dicotolidoneas (Sabiaceae-Zygophyllaceae). Monographs in Systematic Botany (Vol. 131). Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="274 - 330" refId="B26" refString="Bohs, L, 2015. Solanum. In: Hammel, B, Grayum, MH, Herrera, C, Zamora, N, Eds., Man-ual de Plantas de Costa Rica (Vol. III) Dicotolidoneas (Sabiaceae-Zygophyllaceae). Monographs in Systematic Botany (Vol. 131). Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis: 274 - 330" title="Solanum." volumeTitle="Man-ual de Plantas de Costa Rica (Vol." year="2015">Bohs 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) so care must be taken with determinations of these species. Measurement of anthers is the best way to determine specimens unambiguously. In general,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C2DF3D3257A11F12987B8AD3D58CCC2" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. macrotonum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="macrotonum">
|
||
<emphasis id="4F38A52D57D2F197819F01AEC27E1B2F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. macrotonum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does occupy slightly higher elevations than does
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F34DB2A606E1981E0F2C05E9DA2FBB22" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="27EB146DC3374989071C532A2659DBBA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and appears to be confined to cloud forests, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5C51A1337F521878B1D5FF361E54E42D" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="57830F9BD7FD1602370932E01DB6C189" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a wide elevational range and ecological tolerance. The two species are sympatric throughout northern South America (Colombia and Venezuela).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A13064B48E7D92E9D19E6D8944286D39" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ACC9A2FE887883346189B85709003227" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum macrotonum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrotonum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B1002B189C560A815D9E5048D1F6A051" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum macrotonum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also morphologically similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D3C4869E56949255AC795817FC11CC0D" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. longifilamentum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="longifilamentum">
|
||
<emphasis id="F9507B9AC32F8761E6CC09688F14C906" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. longifilamentum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but as with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7251A46907B8C5410F81091ABA55660D" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="534511764D3A1F0CF5425E637A7E7E17" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, differs from it in its longer anthers.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C6B837674BB9C528C8BD8790A39EB8A1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum macrotonum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrotonum">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFC4A3B5A15FE66294FDC67E49E9B3E4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum macrotonum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has larger corollas (1-2 cm in diameter versus 0.5-0.6 cm in diameter in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ADBCC5DD3686D4F6770596758B74D053" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="C472D77D4A783E548B8EFD6616EF0AA0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and broadly deltate (rather than triangular) calyx lobes that do not split at the sinuses. The strongly deflexed fruiting pedicels of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2ABA705A16CAF3BCC9A4EDC3105AB439" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. macrotonum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="macrotonum">
|
||
<emphasis id="128E46E28ABBD3FFF29365247F226E93" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. macrotonum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are distinct from the spreading ones of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04C031CBE99CD80B951329A8601F757F" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. longifilamentum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="longifilamentum">
|
||
<emphasis id="E2C858BBEC2559D89735491091110161" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. longifilamentum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="561B69704DE579C49E9A81BE0650CC48" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3EFEE905C87F09C5CC5E75B72AE9B7C2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum macrotonum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrotonum">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8A4908CEB23445BCCB63AB7E92227DF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum macrotonum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of few morelloids with differing chromosome counts across its range (but see also
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D64CB09419D4EB3C3287CF070C636DEF" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. interandinum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="interandinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="0025407CC447346BE18FD715789F432D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. interandinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2DFD360BD55463A206006CB245FAEDD3" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B53" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" title="[1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" volume="60" year="1974 a">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8CC20315BF0659C7B4D37F4DE14BA66B" originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1974a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported a chromosome number of "n = 36" for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7513FBF9B30B0A5B1A525C978F7D95DA" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. macrotonum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="macrotonum">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC5164B1FD9D0CFB68E0212F7A99EF9D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. macrotonum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a personal communication from J.M. Edmonds; the chromosome count in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="47FA532CBA846FBE2B0869A4CD7B5D5D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="95 - 114" refId="B73" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1972. A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America. Kew Bulletin 27 (1): 95 - 114, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" title="A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" volume="27" year="1972">Edmonds (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is not new and we presume it is a reference to the count (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="66A7CE219FC80DF6895553622457D10D" originalValue="“número">"numero</normalizedToken>
|
||
de cromosomas - 36";
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BE20FEC232D7B5F41F0B11D3C3EA06EB" author="Heiser, CB" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia y Naturaleza" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="50 - 58" refId="B102" refString="Heiser, CB, 1963. Estudio biosistematico de Solanum (Morella), en el Ecuador. Ciencia y Naturaleza 6: 50 - 58" title="Estudio biosistematico de Solanum (Morella), en el Ecuador." volume="6" year="1963">Heiser 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) given in the protologue of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0040901B405EC0BFE7550676494E11C9" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. paredesii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="paredesii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1C5CEE17E0AFC4A725F3A05C94807E48" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. paredesii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9219FDC22E72F3BD4028137000F84280" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="95 - 114" refId="B73" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1972. A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America. Kew Bulletin 27 (1): 95 - 114, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" title="A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" volume="27" year="1972">Edmonds (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
placed in tentative synonymy with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="544F6B08BD6A63007362A19BA7FCE0DB" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. macrotonum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="macrotonum">
|
||
<emphasis id="2A08FA0225F3BB34B7520F245C689D74" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. macrotonum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Some other chromosome vouchers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD461887778BA8A197DD77B0C80CFD7C" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. macrotonum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="macrotonum">
|
||
<emphasis id="5018F179BAF709B3878D8581F932D12E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. macrotonum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at IND, however (e.g.,
|
||
<emphasis id="46AE3EE24BAF30AF981A42527A2774F4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Heiser 4854</emphasis>
|
||
) are noted as having "n = 24" on the label;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="442CE84683E6BBCF33AFC71B47C39678" author="Heiser, CB" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia y Naturaleza" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="50 - 58" refId="B102" refString="Heiser, CB, 1963. Estudio biosistematico de Solanum (Morella), en el Ecuador. Ciencia y Naturaleza 6: 50 - 58" title="Estudio biosistematico de Solanum (Morella), en el Ecuador." volume="6" year="1963">Heiser (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not cite these in the description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D01EE45F3A3CF1BBF82034FDD163B9BA" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. paredesii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="paredesii">
|
||
<emphasis id="8530508EF07CA7C50C0AB5FDBF4B1668" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. paredesii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Chromosome counts for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDB4160C9D6F16DE249CAC89746110C9" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. leonii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="leonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="7063B96050A410D735BFDD2C264E6958" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. leonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, here treated in synonymy with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B310F4BCAC54EB621FAE164068DD525A" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. macrotonum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="macrotonum">
|
||
<emphasis id="BF629D80C7B7BA14A8F4AF2503D95DD8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. macrotonum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, indicate it is diploid, with 2n = 24 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="568D638DC48FB186D1A096EDCF707769" author="Heiser, CB" journalOrPublisher="Ceiba" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="293 - 299" refId="B101" refString="Heiser, CB, 1955. The Solanum nigrum complex in Costa Rica. Ceiba 4: 293 - 299" title="The Solanum nigrum complex in Costa Rica." volume="4" year="1955">Heiser 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Chromosome number variation within a species is known in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CE6269EE00B6A215A88D09CFB11ABF37" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8AADEE4B8A8355F5D4067ED33E597E55" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g., in the potatoes, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3D9743C3111DB062D5DE6E083A5E28D6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-014-9146-y" author="Spooner, DM" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Review" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="283 - 383" refId="B223" refString="Spooner, DM, Ghislain, M, Simon, R, Jansky, SH, Gavrilenko, T, 2014. Systematics, diversity, genetics, and evolution of wild and cultivated potatoes. Botanical Review 80 (4): 283 - 383, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-014-9146-y" title="Systematics, diversity, genetics, and evolution of wild and cultivated potatoes." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-014-9146-y" volume="80" year="2014">Spooner et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and sometimes occurs sporadically at the edges of species ranges. It will be important to assess this across the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73F1902060F21730E986AD827A0B091E" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. macrotonum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="macrotonum">
|
||
<emphasis id="078DFE0367BFEC51400EBD8D5DD61556" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. macrotonum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, because we cannot find any morphological characteristic that distinguishes vouchers with different chromosome counts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="370D726A665C4A601B66853EACE07FEF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Details of the typification of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBD5F750EB156B72EE4FA31A04B26D5F" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. macrotonum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="macrotonum">
|
||
<emphasis id="81BFC9F6B3EFE4FFD4D8E21411AF5A28" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. macrotonum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its synonyms can be found in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A2670E456E9DC0B46BE36A0C95C18774" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 174" refId="B136" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Bohs, L, Saerkinen, T, 2019. A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America. PhytoKeys 123: 1 - 174, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" title="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" volume="123" year="2019">Knapp et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The earlier name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="18A828016428EABBECE139D9814529C1" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. frutescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="frutescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="52EC1F06C390FC83E76A3EEE43EFA9EE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. frutescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
A.Braun & C.D.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9D51C8DC8E13694A66D538D5CAA89A67" originalValue="Bouché">Bouche</normalizedToken>
|
||
was proposed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CED1F57C6B0A66C0B6316A3A22B39825" DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/674.24" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="820 - 821" refId="B135" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Bohs, L, Saerkinen, T, 2018. (2693) Proposal to reject the name Solanum frutescens (Solancaeae). Taxon 67 (4): 820 - 821, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12705/674.24" title="(2693) Proposal to reject the name Solanum frutescens (Solancaeae)." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/674.24" volume="67" year="2018">Knapp et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and recommended for suppression (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="95016B933869E2BC402021141F8800A9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12675" author="Applequist, W" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="219 - 227" refId="B5" refString="Applequist, W, 2022. Report of the Committee for Vascular Plants 72. Taxon 71 (1): 219 - 227, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12675" title="Report of the Committee for Vascular Plants 72." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12675" volume="71" year="2022">Applequist 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |