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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.494.6837" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9284c7a4-0d8c-418c-9ca5-31d324ea27c1" ID-PMC="PMC4400376" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-494-31" ID-PubMed="25901113" ID-ZBK="1AF03AFB5B0A4C0AA2F23CC8D52CFA48" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-494-31" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 494" ModsDocTitle="Parachironomus Lenz from China and Japan (Diptera, Chironomidae)" checkinTime="1451244477938" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Yan, Chun-Cai, Yan, Jiao, Jiang, Li, Guo, Qin, Liu, Ting, Ge, Xin-yu, Wang, Xin-Hua &amp; Pan, Bao-ping" docDate="2015" docId="BA9908B5F2A6332E86991636F7E0ABEA" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 494: 31-50" docOrigin="ZooKeys 494" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.494.6837" docTitle="Parachironomus frequens" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="34" masterDocId="04000A13FF8EFFA9FFE95621FFD3FFE7" masterDocTitle="Parachironomus Lenz from China and Japan (Diptera, Chironomidae)" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="31" pageNumber="33" updateTime="1668160167643" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Parachironomus Lenz from China and Japan (Diptera, Chironomidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Yan, Chun-Cai</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Yan, Jiao</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Jiang, Li</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Guo, Qin</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Liu, Ting</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Ge, Xin-yu</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Wang, Xin-Hua</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Pan, Bao-ping</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>494</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>31</mods:start>
<mods:end>50</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.494.6837</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.494.6837</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-494-31</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">1AF03AFB5B0A4C0AA2F23CC8D52CFA48</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">1AF03AFB5B0A4C0AA2F23CC8D52CFA48</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152059252" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BA9908B5F2A6332E86991636F7E0ABEA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BA9908B5F2A6332E86991636F7E0ABEA" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="33" type="multiple">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="33">Taxon classification Animalia Diptera Chironomidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="33" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName authority="Johannsen" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parachironomus frequens" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frequens">Parachironomus frequens (Johannsen)</taxonomicName>
Figs 1-4
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="33" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chironomus frequens" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frequens">Chironomus frequens</taxonomicName>
Johannsen, 1905: 230. -
<bibRefCitation author="Malloch, JR" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" pagination="275 - 543" title="The Chironomidae or midges of Illinois, with particular reference to the species occurring in the Illinois river." volume="10" year="1915">Malloch (1915</bibRefCitation>
: 452).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) lhoneuxi" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lhoneuxi" subGenus="Cryptochironomus">Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) lhoneuxi</taxonomicName>
Goetghebuer, 1921b: 168.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Cryptochironomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptochironomus longiforceps" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longiforceps">Cryptochironomus longiforceps</taxonomicName>
Kieffer, 1921d: 66.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Harnischia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Harnischia (Harnischia) frequens" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frequens" subGenus="Harnischia">Harnischia (Harnischia) frequens</taxonomicName>
(Johannsen). -
<bibRefCitation author="Townes, HKJr" journalOrPublisher="The American Midland Naturalist" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 206" title="The Nearctic species of Tendipedini (Diptera, Tendipedidae = Chironomidae)." url="10.2307/2421112" volume="34" year="1945">Townes (1945</bibRefCitation>
: 155).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parachironomus frequens" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frequens">Parachironomus frequens</taxonomicName>
(Johannsen). -
<bibRefCitation author="Lehmann, J" journalOrPublisher="Hydrobiologia" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" pagination="129 - 158" title="Revision der Europaeischen Arten (Imagines ♂♂) der Gattung Parachironomus Lenz (Diptera, Chironomidae)." url="10.1007/BF00751287" volume="33" year="1970">Lehmann (1970</bibRefCitation>
: 143);
<bibRefCitation author="Pinder, LCV" journalOrPublisher="Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 169" title="A key to adult males of British Chironomidae the non-biting midges" year="1978">Pinder (1978</bibRefCitation>
: 132).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parachironomus toneabeus" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="toneabeus">Parachironomus toneabeus</taxonomicName>
Sasa &amp; Tanaka, 1999: 38, syn. n.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parachironomus kamaabeus" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kamaabeus">Parachironomus kamaabeus</taxonomicName>
Sasa &amp; Tanaka, 2001: 45, syn. n.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="33" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="33">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="33">CHINA: 1 male, Hebei Province, Zunhua City, Dongling, Longmenkou Reservoir, 7. vii. 2001, Y. Guo; 1 male, Yunnan Province, Kunming City, Yiliang County, 2. vi. 1996, X. Wang; 1 male, Xizang Autonomous Region, Nyalam County, Zhangmu Town, 2400 m, a. s. l., 16. viii. 1987, light trap, C. Deng.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
JAPAN: Holotype of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parachironomus kamaabeus" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kamaabeus">Parachironomus kamaabeus</taxonomicName>
Sasa &amp; Tanaka, 2001 (No. 391: 45), male, Gunma Prefecture, Tone River, Taisho Bridge, light trap, 1. vii. 1999. -Paratype of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parachironomus kamaabeus" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kamaabeus">Parachironomus kamaabeus</taxonomicName>
Sasa &amp; Tanaka, 2001 (No. 391: 47), male, Gunma Prefecture, Tone River, Taisho Bridge, light trap, 3. vii. 1999.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="33" type="diagnostic characters">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="33">Diagnostic characters.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="33">The species is distinguished by the following combination of characters: mid and hind legs with dark brown rings, tergite IX with shoulder-like caudal margin; basal half of anal point with lateral setae, superior volsella finger-like.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" type="redescription">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="33">Redescription</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="33">(Chinese specimens). Male imago (n=3, unless otherwise stated). Total length 4.15-4.70, 4.46 mm. Wing length 1.98-2.54, 2.33 mm. Total length / wing length 1.78-2.10, 1.93. Wing length / length of profemur 2.20-2.47, 2.37.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
Coloration. Thorax yellowish green to yellowish brown. Femora and tibiae of front legs yellowish green with distal 1/3 of tibiae and tarsi I dark brown, tarsi II with distal dark brown rings, tarsi
<normalizedToken originalValue="IIIV">III-V</normalizedToken>
dark brown; femora and tibiae of mid and hind legs yellowish green, tarsi I, II of mid legs and tarsi
<normalizedToken originalValue="IIII">I-III</normalizedToken>
of hind legs pale with distal dark brown rings, tarsi
<normalizedToken originalValue="IIIV">III-V</normalizedToken>
of mid legs and tarsi IV, V of hind legs completely dark brown (Fig. 1). Abdomen yellowish green to yellowish brown.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
Figures 1-4.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parachironomus frequens" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frequens">Parachironomus frequens</taxonomicName>
(Johannsen), Chinese specimens. 1 Legs a front leg b mid leg c hind leg 2 Wing 3 Dorsal view of hypopygium 4 Ventral view of hypopygium.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="33">Head. AR 2.66-2.86, 2.79. Terminal flagellomere 850-1030, 960 mm long. Frontal tubercles absent. Temporal setae 16-17, 17, including 3-4, 4 inner verticals, 7-9, 8 outer verticals and 5-6, 5 postorbitals. Clypeus with 19-26, 22 setae. Tentorium 100-150, 133 mm long, 40-50, 47 mm wide. Palpomere lengths (in mm): 37-55, 47; 55-68, 59; 145-220, 184; 160-213, 181; 178-338, 255. Length ratio 5th /3rd palpomere 0.95-1.71, 1.40.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="33">Thorax. Antepronotals 3-5 (2), acrostichals 5-9 (2), dorsocentrals 10-12 (2), prealars 5-9 (2). Scutellum with 18-20 (2) setae.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="33">Wing (Fig. 2). VR 1.16-1.18, 1.17. R with 20-25, 22 setae, R1 with 20-21, 21 setae, R4+5 with 22-26, 24 setae. Brachiolum with 3-4, 3 setae. Squama with 13 setae.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
Legs. Front tibia with 3 subapical setae, 110 (1), 138-140 (2) and 150 (2)
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
long; spurs of mid tibia 28-48, 36 and 33-50, 41
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
long, comb with 40-56, 47 teeth, 10-15, 12
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
long; spurs of hind tibia 33-55, 42 and 42-75, 56
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
long, comb with 56-68, 62 teeth, 10-15, 12
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
long. Tarsus 1 of mid leg with 22 sensilla chaetica, hind legs without sensilla chaetica. Lengths (in
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
) and proportions of legs as in Table 1.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
Table 1. Lengths (µm) and proportions of adult male legs in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parachironomus frequens" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frequens">Parachironomus frequens</taxonomicName>
(Johannsen), (n=3).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
<table pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" rowspan="1">fe</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" rowspan="1">ti</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" rowspan="1">
ta
<sub pageId="2" pageNumber="33">1</sub>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" rowspan="1">
ta
<sub pageId="2" pageNumber="33">2</sub>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" rowspan="1">
ta
<sub pageId="2" pageNumber="33">3</sub>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" rowspan="1">
ta
<sub pageId="2" pageNumber="33">4</sub>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" rowspan="1">
ta
<sub pageId="2" pageNumber="33">5</sub>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" rowspan="1">LR</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" rowspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" rowspan="1">2</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" rowspan="1">3</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="34" start="start">Hypopygium</pageBreakToken>
(Figs 3, 4). Laterosternite IX with 7-8 (2) setae. Anal tergite bands Y-shaped, fading far apart medially. Tergite IX with shoulder-like margin, bearing 2 setae at base of anal point. Anal point originating from caudal margin of anal tergite, bearing 14-22, 17 lateral setae in basal half, widened at base, constricted medially, slightly swollen apically, 130-155, 143 mm long, 30-35 (2) mm wide at base, 8-12 (2) mm wide in middle, 14-15 (2) mm wide at apex. Transverse sternapodeme 40-50, 46 mm long. Phallapodeme 95-118, 107 mm long. Superior volsella slightly curved, finger-like, slender distally, with an apical seta and a proximal lateral seta, both not arising in conspicuous pits. Inferior volsella with a moderately pointed caudal projection, covered with microtrichia, and reaching beyond anal tergite margin. Gonocoxite 148-175, 158 mm long, with 4-5 (2) strong medial setae. Gonostylus 230-275, 256 mm long with apical hook (2), slightly swollen at base, parallel-sided medially, curved distally, bearing 9-10 (2) setae along the basal inner margin and 12-14 (2) setae along the distal inner margin. HR 0.58-0.64, 0.62; HV 1.64-1.80, 1.74.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="34" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
Holarctic (
<bibRefCitation author="Saether, OA" editor="Beuk, P" journalOrPublisher="Science Herald, Budapest" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" title="Fauna Europaea: DipteraNematocera. Fauna Europaea version 2.6" url="http://www.faunaeur.org/" year="2013">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sæther">Saether</normalizedToken>
and Spies 2013
</bibRefCitation>
). The species is also known from Japan and China; the record for China is new.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="34" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
<bibRefCitation author="Sasa, M" journalOrPublisher="Annual Report of Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" pagination="38 - 40" title="Study on the new species of chironomids collected with light traps at the side of Ino River, Gunma Prefecture." volume="31" year="1999">Sasa and Tanaka (1999)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parachironomus toneabeus" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="toneabeus">Parachironomus toneabeus</taxonomicName>
from Japan based on material collected at Kamakura Bridge, Ino River, Gunma Prefecture on 21 August 1998. The sample number was given as &quot;391: 45
<normalizedToken originalValue="47”">-47&quot;</normalizedToken>
.
<bibRefCitation author="Sasa, M" journalOrPublisher="Annual Report of Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" pagination="41 - 73" title="Studies on the chironomids midges collected with light traps during the Summer Season by the Bridges of the Tone River, Gunma Prefecture." volume="33" year="2001">Sasa and Tanaka (2001)</bibRefCitation>
proposed
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parachironomus kamaabeus" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kamaabeus">Parachironomus kamaabeus</taxonomicName>
according to material collected at Taisho Bridge, Tone River, Gunma Prefecture on 1 July 1999. However, the number of the specimen is also &quot;391: 45
<normalizedToken originalValue="47”">-47&quot;</normalizedToken>
. Based on the type specimens and the original descriptions and figures, we place both
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parachironomus toneabeus" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="toneabeus">Parachironomus toneabeus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parachironomus kamaabeus" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kamaabeus">Parachironomus kamaabeus</taxonomicName>
as new junior synonyms of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parachironomus frequens" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frequens">Parachironomus frequens</taxonomicName>
(Johannsen), due to distinct matches in leg color, shapes of the anal point, superior volsella and gonostylus, and the shoulder-like tergite IX margin.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>