161 lines
19 KiB
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161 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="1FE8B81A5DD92F9AA80F139E537A8691" ID-CLB-Dataset="33981" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.541.6058" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fa40454d-8f0e-4387-86ee-8dfc421d0e05" ID-PMC="PMC4714381" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-541-109" ID-PubMed="26798284" ID-ZooBank="C336A3C4DBCB49C5898C8FA38BDFF0C0" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-541-109" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 541" ModsDocTitle="Systematics of Nothopsini (Serpentes, Dipsadidae), with a new species of Synophis from the Pacific Andean slopes of southwestern Ecuador" checkinTime="1451243656936" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Pyron, R. Alexander, Guayasamin, Juan M., Penafiel, Nicolas, Bustamante, Lucas & Arteaga, Alejandro" docDate="2015" docId="2E518478D6279C6F9889E64B1FE1C977" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 541: 109-147" docOrigin="ZooKeys 541" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.541.6058" docTitle="Synophis zaheri Pyron, Guayasamin, Penafiel, Bustamante & Arteaga, 2015, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="AEE122E3-497B-4DBF-8A2B-79DDD231E42B" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="115" masterDocId="FF8E84462424FFD3A52779666640FF82" masterDocTitle="Systematics of Nothopsini (Serpentes, Dipsadidae), with a new species of Synophis from the Pacific Andean slopes of southwestern Ecuador" masterLastPageNumber="147" masterPageNumber="109" pageNumber="114" updateTime="1701381387359" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="063139766DC3A179D040558A5D7B4715">Systematics of Nothopsini (Serpentes, Dipsadidae), with a new species of Synophis from the Pacific Andean slopes of southwestern Ecuador</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="602542D06F7072865A4E2EDDCEFB8997">Pyron, R. Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="73DFDECCF92222D9AA143FAE2E5C3CEA">Guayasamin, Juan M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="790C75F1700C8707CFE8C2E1F090E8DA">Penafiel, Nicolas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F86901BC81A9F47009C43A9F3FC69EA2">Bustamante, Lucas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D9F303EAEA45929B429D5242680EC5E7">Arteaga, Alejandro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="6E1BEA165A81383582A71B8B78219BC1">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="7417EABDA480618EA2AFFD423CFEEEB5">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A820ED1D2F858CBB83EE94808AE0489C">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="A9464AE4AF1F0C07A0CE9B9C56CFC8B7" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="1BE8624D01CA7527B0D5531CF8512875">541</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="704E1AD255EDC6F597EBF5DC757DDE4D">109</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="2DF71180C3F7110CC5BDDEBF2FF1BC9C">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.541.6058</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="00995AE0EBDD85A049E1718585E324F2">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="1A195AF4051B796C83830FF3B061C979" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.541.6058</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="CA354BD48F7DF4288ABA63E78E8F3628" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-541-109</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="2E518478D6279C6F9889E64B1FE1C977" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127891633" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AEE122E3-497B-4DBF-8A2B-79DDD231E42B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2E518478D6279C6F9889E64B1FE1C977" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="115" pageId="5" pageNumber="114">
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<subSubSection id="830838C86644DF91D9BEA01B082E4CEC" pageId="5" pageNumber="114" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="A6ABCB6F750F2321B490725944AB4FF8" pageId="5" pageNumber="114">Taxon classification Animalia Squamata Colubridae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="95ACE15F17E75C9B877EF1E8FAC733CF" pageId="5" pageNumber="114" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="FCF63444140F3DE7B09C84AACB40776E" pageId="5" pageNumber="114">
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<taxonomicName id="007BBE4531DD05DDFDECC1CC692C33CB" ID-CoL="897LN" LSID="http://zoobank.org/AEE122E3-497B-4DBF-8A2B-79DDD231E42B" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synophis zaheri" pageId="5" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zaheri">Synophis zaheri</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="78D898EF699164626837E6396846088F" pageId="5" pageNumber="114">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 3, 5, 8
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="26547303EA88271FC728BF64798E2790" pageId="5" pageNumber="114" type="holotype">
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<paragraph id="66E9B238C8EA94C23941A181E1E30639" pageId="5" pageNumber="114">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="ABA37DEB98EBC5EBD7D6E1EA096F5730" pageId="5" pageNumber="114">
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MZUTI 3353 (Fig. 3A), an adult male collected on 30 December 2013 at ~2200h by Alejandro Arteaga, Lucas Bustamante, Rita Hidalgo, Daniel Mideros, and Diana Troya, in the vicinity of Buenaventura Reserve (
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<normalizedToken id="FAEE55794C108810ED9F68AC3C83A2D2" originalValue="Fundación">Fundacion</normalizedToken>
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Jocotoco), near
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<normalizedToken id="1F80F33A8E8D92D5B3275F36203E0033" originalValue="Piñas">Pinas</normalizedToken>
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, El Oro Province, SW Ecuador, 874m above sea level (-3.65, -79.76; Fig. 5), in a narrow band of cloud forest on the Pacific versant of the Andes.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FEC8E3031E5E56898E97E07248CC0C1D" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" type="paratype">
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<paragraph id="AC3E3FE383E868EF89DA72E2BEF226EA" pageId="6" pageNumber="115">
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<pageBreakToken id="AB9E0B1A80E393E8208051CB9BE481C1" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" start="start">Paratype</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA7378541BE13B886C8EC5288222F7" pageId="6" pageNumber="115">MZUTI 3355 (Fig. 3B), adult male collected a few minutes after the holotype, a few meters away.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8A022F97D0B21780D21B01E0AEE32E16" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="338FD1B4E97F9FEC606C408B9C124BDC" pageId="6" pageNumber="115">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="39E7F1DC136FC4CF23AE5358D5555B68" pageId="6" pageNumber="115">Named after the preeminent Brazilian herpetologist Hussam El-Dine Zaher, for his innumerable contributions to South American herpetology and snake systematics.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="ABD28F8A47EFB9A6F0F1ABA529F6FD85" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="10674BA6B0571DE08E981A340A94CB18" pageId="6" pageNumber="115">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1BA85BDE4359EB3C4F33C792EEED47B7" pageId="6" pageNumber="115">
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<taxonomicName id="F5D65874DD7600CE539B6F79133DE15D" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synophis zaheri" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zaheri">Synophis zaheri</taxonomicName>
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can be differentiated from
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<taxonomicName id="EC5D3979E46CC729D23ECDF6FBC57274" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Diaphorolepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diaphorolepis" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diaphorolepis</taxonomicName>
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by an unmodified vertebral scale row with a single weak keel (versus a laterally expanded vertebral scale row, bicarinate or smooth); from
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<taxonomicName id="E17A9C1D929CB3150266E9E611B28500" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Emmochliophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Emmochliophis" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Emmochliophis</taxonomicName>
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by the presence of a loreal (versus absence); from
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<taxonomicName id="78CB78BDEF3A4B0539ABB6E023AE4199" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synophis bicolor" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">Synophis bicolor</taxonomicName>
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by having 166-169 ventrals (versus 174-183) and 111-112 subcaudals (versus 129-143); from
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<taxonomicName id="550B3277B2D2744C53112700138938C7" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synophis" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Synophis</taxonomicName>
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aff.
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<taxonomicName id="6065CEC1A7D88F4C6B583DA12A34733E" lsidName="bicolor" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="bicolor">bicolor</taxonomicName>
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by having 8 or 9 infralabials (versus 10 or 11) and lighter brown dorsal coloration in life (versus darker black); from
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<taxonomicName id="7F2AA592EC53A8F2171DD0DE833E9ED2" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synophis" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Synophis</taxonomicName>
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cf.
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<taxonomicName id="6603EA28FFC55E0ACDDD9C80595F95B0" lsidName="bicolor" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="bicolor">bicolor</taxonomicName>
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by having 166-169 ventrals (versus 184-193), 111-112 subcaudals (versus 127-131), and 8 or 9 infralabials (versus 10-12); from
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<taxonomicName id="0873AAF4B43F45FF8C5A57002A92F3AD" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synophis calamitus" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamitus">Synophis calamitus</taxonomicName>
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by having two postoculars (versus one typically) and internasals in contact (versus divided typically); from
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<taxonomicName id="4F7E6BB81391BD6E4E5D32219ADD2D87" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synophis lasallei" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lasallei">Synophis lasallei</taxonomicName>
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by having 166-169 ventrals (versus 144-165), 19 dorsal scale rows at midbody (versus 21-23 typically), 8 or 9 infralabials (versus 10 or 11), and by having the anteriormost dorsal scale rows smooth (versus keeled); and from
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<taxonomicName id="87CA34E9F11ED53C7ACFDE2E94C41F76" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synophis plectrovertebralis" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plectrovertebralis">Synophis plectrovertebralis</taxonomicName>
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by absence of a nuchal collar (versus presence) and two postoculars (versus one).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="84FD6289E2E9488E5CA088FBAC898521" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" type="description">
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<paragraph id="3A60FD1EF48789F28598E3844ACCE002" pageId="6" pageNumber="115">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0EB16C348BCAD012F5509A1D54DF9D21" pageId="6" pageNumber="115">
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Small-sized snakes (351-372mm SVL, 184-194mm TL) with slender bodies and head distinct from neck. Eye large (>1/3 head height), bulbous, and black in life, with pupil not easily distinguishable from iris. Pupil round in preservative (though this may be an effect of fixation). Dorsum coloration grayish-brown with iridescent sheen in life and preservation, no light-colored nuchal collar in adults, and posterior supralabials mostly pigmented (>50%). Ventral coloration primarily bright yellowish-white, extending onto margins of ventral scales and supralabials. Posterior one-third of ventral surface anterior to vent becomes increasingly mottled, and ventral surface of tail color of dorsum. Squamation pattern includes 166-169 ventral scales, 111-112 subcaudals, 19-19-17 dorsal scale rows (scale-row reduction of 2 rows past midbody), anal single, no apical pits, mid-body dorsal scales with weak single keel (first few dorsal scale-rows smooth), vertebral scale row not enlarged, nuchal scales smooth, 8 supralabials, 8 or 9 infralabials, 2 postoculars, loreal present, nasal undivided, fused prefrontals, internasals in contact, and rostral concave. Condition of the vertebrae, which are heavily modified in
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<taxonomicName id="1306C15FE2BEA1B8ECA149D32B1B1170" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Emmochliophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Emmochliophis" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Emmochliophis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="73C64A71D29CDE60B1870EEC533D6CD7" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synophis" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Synophis</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="7D882E1341BA6E987AD35D9D4B575E93" author="Fritts, TH" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science" pageId="24" pageNumber="133" pagination="60 - 66" title="A new genus and species of snake from western Ecuador." url="10.2307/3627049" volume="72" year="1969">Fritts and Smith 1969</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="2E441A2F26B2E9460723DD9EE9307926" author="Savitzky, AH" journalOrPublisher="University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS" pageId="25" pageNumber="134" title="The relationships of the xenodontine colubrid snakes related to Ninia." year="1974">Savitzky 1974</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="7CB03FABD502533F933BDA19C9D78C7B" author="Hillis, DM" journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History University of Kansas" pageId="24" pageNumber="133" pagination="1 - 9" title="A new species of xenodontine colubrid snake of the genus Synophis from Ecuador and the phylogeny of the genera Synophis and Emmochliophis." volume="135" year="1990">Hillis 1990</bibRefCitation>
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) unknown, pending skeletal preparation or micro- CT scanning. Everted hemipenes are slightly bilobed, semicalyculate, and semicapitate, relatively stout and bulbous, covered in large spines or hooks, similar to that of
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<taxonomicName id="497123AF8316877D2B903713E8501C24" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Diaphorolepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diaphorolepis" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diaphorolepis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="38E5A93931EF1161340092D4F27B0F92" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synophis" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Synophis</taxonomicName>
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aff.
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<taxonomicName id="4C9EAD28687EE337918AD03F8E6F6338" lsidName="bicolor" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="bicolor">bicolor</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="3A357C2FE064EC9C186C94B0C11F7F5E" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synophis lasallei" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lasallei">Synophis lasallei</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="4A7FA6A58CC4F91AE48A035A9E5803AC" author="Bogert, CM" journalOrPublisher="Senckenbergiana Biologica" pageId="23" pageNumber="132" pagination="509 - 531" title="Snakes of the genera Diaphorolepis and Synophis and the colubrid subfamily Xenoderminae." volume="45" year="1964">Bogert 1964</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="91E3025E07CE5E44A0E543C4A6391B5E" author="Zaher, H" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="26" pageNumber="135" pagination="1 - 168" title="Hemipenial morphology of the South American xenodontine snakes, with a proposal for a monophyletic Xenodontinae and a reappraisal of colubroid hemipenes." volume="240" year="1999">Zaher 1999</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="76ACD52CB0B2C380C606DA4BA78DE953" author="Martinez, PMS" journalOrPublisher="Departamento de Zoologia. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo" pageId="25" pageNumber="134" title="Comparative anatomy of the tribe Nothopsini (Serpentes, Dipsadidae)" year="2011">Martinez 2011</bibRefCitation>
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). Both specimens were active by night in primary evergreen foothill forest, with canopy cover between 70 and 100%. The holotype MZUTI 3353 was found on the ground, whereas the paratype MZUTI 3355 was found 50 cm above the ground in a bush. Neither were found close to water, but were active after a rainy day.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="795F2EA2D6BC3B8D33290B34B617ABA0" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="6" pageNumber="115">
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In light of this new species and the updated material we have located and examined (Tables 1, 2), we have prepared updated accounts for the tribe and the other
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<pageBreakToken id="68A5756956865E800314FE773733C2FF" pageId="7" pageNumber="116" start="start">species</pageBreakToken>
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. Hopefully, these will serve as useful descriptive summaries for taxonomic boundaries, species delimitation, and the assignment of new specimens and populations to species-level groups. We focus primarily on the external morphological characters that will be of greatest use for identifying specimens in the field and from
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<pageBreakToken id="23A824F8523757711EBF7C88EC7C5EB5" pageId="8" pageNumber="117" start="start">preserved</pageBreakToken>
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collections. In some cases, more detailed information can be found in the original descriptions cited. The tribe name
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<taxonomicName id="034499A2B8C202D00B40A1F829F0299C" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="117" rank="tribe" tribe="Diaphorolepidini">Diaphorolepidini</taxonomicName>
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was introduced in the PhD thesis of
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<bibRefCitation id="02821D30DEF94BE3F22537F966B24065" author="Jenner, JV" journalOrPublisher="New York University, New York" pageId="24" pageNumber="133" title="A zoogeographic study and the taxonomy of the xenodontine snakes" year="1981">Jenner (1981)</bibRefCitation>
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, for which availability as a published work is ambiguous. We conservatively continue to credit the name to her, rather than treat it as unavailable and re-describe it ourselves.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |