537 lines
62 KiB
XML
537 lines
62 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2022.2118642" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7156370" ID-ZooBank="7A50603A-9D73-449D-A2E7-343C20AF3A23" checkinTime="1665136553669" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Abato, Jamael, Yoshida, Ryuta & Kajihara, Hiroshi" docDate="2022" docId="03D387A3E764C976CD7831B6FEA2FF33" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.56.29-32.1265-1277.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 56 (29 - 32)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2118642" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Tetrastemma parallelos Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="1273" masterDocId="FFEAFFDBE760C97FCC133531FF8EFFF9" masterDocTitle="Histology-free description and phylogenetics of Tetrastemma parallelos sp. nov. (Nemertea: Eumonostilifera) from Japan" masterLastPageNumber="1277" masterPageNumber="1265" pageNumber="1269" updateTime="1665166992238" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Histology-free description and phylogenetics of Tetrastemma parallelos sp. nov. (Nemertea: Eumonostilifera) from Japan</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Abato, Jamael</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Yoshida, Ryuta</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kajihara, Hiroshi</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-09-19</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>56</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>29 - 32</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1265</mods:start>
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<mods:end>1277</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2118642</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1080/00222933.2022.2118642</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7156370</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">7A50603A-9D73-449D-A2E7-343C20AF3A23</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D387A3E764C976CD7831B6FEA2FF33" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D387A3E764C976CD7831B6FEA2FF33" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="1273" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269">
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<subSubSection box="[363,953,1159,1185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[363,953,1159,1185]" box="[363,953,1159,1185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269">
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<heading bold="true" box="[363,953,1159,1185]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269" reason="3">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[363,953,1159,1185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269">
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<taxonomicName authority="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara, 2022" authorityName="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara" authorityYear="2022" box="[363,654,1159,1185]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="parallelos" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[363,654,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269">Tetrastemma parallelos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[661,759,1159,1185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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(
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<figureCitation box="[776,875,1159,1185]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[160,225,854,877]" captionTargetBox="[164,1150,143,820]" captionTargetId="figure-295@5.[163,1152,142,822]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Tetrastemma parallelos sp. nov., holotype ICHUM 8300: (a) anaesthetised specimen, dorsal view; (b) anaesthetised specimen, ventral view; (c) magnification of the head, squeezed specimen, dorsal view; (d) magnified stylet apparatus. Scale bars: a, b = 1 mm; c, d = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7156372" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7156372/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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(a–d))
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="1269" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[160,1156,1247,1377]" box="[160,383,1247,1273]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,383,1247,1273]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269">Material examined</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[160,1156,1247,1377]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-12-02" collectionCode="ICHUM" country="Japan" elevation="18" latitude="34.984" location="Kouyatsu" longLatPrecision="71" longitude="139.803" municipality="Tateyama" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269" specimenCode="ICHUM 8300" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Chiba" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis box="[160,257,1283,1308]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269">
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<typeStatus box="[160,257,1283,1308]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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:
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<specimenCode box="[268,409,1283,1308]" collectionCode="ICHUM" country="Japan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dk9x-54ca" name="Invertebrate Collection of the Hokkaido University Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269">ICHUM 8300</specimenCode>
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, total DNA extracted from a single specimen dredged from a depth between 11 and
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<quantity box="[367,429,1318,1343]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269" unit="m" value="18.0">
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<elevation box="[367,429,1318,1343]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269" unit="m" value="18.0">18 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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on
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<date box="[483,696,1318,1343]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269" value="2021-12-02">
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<collectingDate box="[483,696,1318,1343]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269" value="2021-12-02">2 December 2021</collectingDate>
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</date>
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, off
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D387A3E764C976CD7831B6FEA2FF33:8EA5606EE764C97BCEE13017FCD0FAC6" box="[754,862,1318,1343]" country="Japan" latitude="34.984" longLatPrecision="71" longitude="139.803" municipality="Tateyama" name="Kouyatsu" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269" stateProvince="Chiba">Kouyatsu</location>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality box="[877,991,1318,1343]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269">Tateyama</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[1005,1074,1318,1343]" country="Japan" name="Chiba" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269">Chiba</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1089,1156,1318,1343]" name="Japan" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269">Japan</collectingCountry>
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(between
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<geoCoordinate box="[273,376,1352,1377]" degrees="34.988" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269" precision="55" value="34.988">34.988°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate box="[386,495,1352,1377]" degrees="139.809" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269" precision="55" value="139.809">139.809°E</geoCoordinate>
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and 34.984°N, 139.803°E).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="1269" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[160,1155,1423,1518]" box="[160,276,1423,1449]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,276,1423,1449]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[160,1155,1423,1518]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269">
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A
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1828" box="[185,328,1458,1483]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[185,328,1458,1483]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269">Tetrastemma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with a reddish cephalic patch and two orange, parallel dorsal stripes on a semi-transparent/translucent body.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="1271" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[160,1157,1564,1728]" box="[160,294,1564,1590]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,294,1564,1590]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269">Description</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[160,1157,1564,1728]" lastBlockId="5.[160,1156,1010,1728]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="1270" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269">
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<emphasis box="[160,342,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269">External features</emphasis>
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: The
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<typeStatus box="[406,506,1599,1624]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269">holotype</typeStatus>
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specimen in the anaesthetised state is
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<quantity box="[959,1044,1599,1624]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269" unit="mm" value="2.6">2.6 mm</quantity>
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long and 0.52, 0.65 and
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<quantity box="[339,443,1634,1659]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="1269" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.60 mm</quantity>
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wide at the anterior, mid and posterior body, respectively. Generally, the body is nearly flat, colourless except for some pigmented regions and marginally round at both ends. Dorsally, the head is spatulate in shape, narrower, and not completely demarcated from the body. The cephalic lobe is dotted with a quadrangular reddish patch somewhat restricted and concentrated at the centre of the cephalic lobe, in the anterior-eye region, leaving a transparent lobe margin. Two pairs of distinct, oblique lateral cephalic furrows, anterior and posterior, are present. The cephalic furrows in each pair do not join with one another. Two large, dark red anterior eyes are prominently visible within the pigmented cephalic region (above the anterior cephalic furrow) (
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<figureCitation box="[168,260,1218,1243]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[160,225,854,877]" captionTargetBox="[164,1150,143,820]" captionTargetId="figure-295@5.[163,1152,142,822]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Tetrastemma parallelos sp. nov., holotype ICHUM 8300: (a) anaesthetised specimen, dorsal view; (b) anaesthetised specimen, ventral view; (c) magnification of the head, squeezed specimen, dorsal view; (d) magnified stylet apparatus. Scale bars: a, b = 1 mm; c, d = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7156372" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7156372/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="1270">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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(a)). These anterior eyes appear to be almost black at higher magnification (
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<figureCitation box="[168,258,1253,1278]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[160,225,854,877]" captionTargetBox="[164,1150,143,820]" captionTargetId="figure-295@5.[163,1152,142,822]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Tetrastemma parallelos sp. nov., holotype ICHUM 8300: (a) anaesthetised specimen, dorsal view; (b) anaesthetised specimen, ventral view; (c) magnification of the head, squeezed specimen, dorsal view; (d) magnified stylet apparatus. Scale bars: a, b = 1 mm; c, d = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7156372" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7156372/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="1270">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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(c)). The two posterior eyes are situated near the posterior cephalic furrows, smaller than the anterior ones, and visible only ventrally (
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<figureCitation box="[833,924,1287,1312]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[160,225,854,877]" captionTargetBox="[164,1150,143,820]" captionTargetId="figure-295@5.[163,1152,142,822]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Tetrastemma parallelos sp. nov., holotype ICHUM 8300: (a) anaesthetised specimen, dorsal view; (b) anaesthetised specimen, ventral view; (c) magnification of the head, squeezed specimen, dorsal view; (d) magnified stylet apparatus. Scale bars: a, b = 1 mm; c, d = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7156372" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7156372/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="1270">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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(b)) or in squeezing preparation (
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<figureCitation box="[311,404,1322,1347]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[160,225,854,877]" captionTargetBox="[164,1150,143,820]" captionTargetId="figure-295@5.[163,1152,142,822]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Tetrastemma parallelos sp. nov., holotype ICHUM 8300: (a) anaesthetised specimen, dorsal view; (b) anaesthetised specimen, ventral view; (c) magnification of the head, squeezed specimen, dorsal view; (d) magnified stylet apparatus. Scale bars: a, b = 1 mm; c, d = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7156372" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7156372/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="1270">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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(c)). Dorsally, the body is characterised by the presence of two orange-pigmented parallel lines, which originate near the posterior cephalic furrows and are transversely connected to each other at their anterior ends. These orange lines run through the entire body: anteriorly, the stripes appear thinner; posteriorly, the stripes are thicker and begin to converge near the anus but never connect to each other (
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<figureCitation box="[1065,1155,1461,1486]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[160,225,854,877]" captionTargetBox="[164,1150,143,820]" captionTargetId="figure-295@5.[163,1152,142,822]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Tetrastemma parallelos sp. nov., holotype ICHUM 8300: (a) anaesthetised specimen, dorsal view; (b) anaesthetised specimen, ventral view; (c) magnification of the head, squeezed specimen, dorsal view; (d) magnified stylet apparatus. Scale bars: a, b = 1 mm; c, d = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7156372" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7156372/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="1270">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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(a)). Ventrally, the body is semi-transparent/translucent (
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<figureCitation box="[794,882,1495,1520]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[160,225,854,877]" captionTargetBox="[164,1150,143,820]" captionTargetId="figure-295@5.[163,1152,142,822]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Tetrastemma parallelos sp. nov., holotype ICHUM 8300: (a) anaesthetised specimen, dorsal view; (b) anaesthetised specimen, ventral view; (c) magnification of the head, squeezed specimen, dorsal view; (d) magnified stylet apparatus. Scale bars: a, b = 1 mm; c, d = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7156372" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7156372/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="1270">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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(b)).
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7156372" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7156372" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7156372/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="1270" startId="5.[160,225,854,877]" targetBox="[164,1150,143,820]" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[160,1157,854,936]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1270">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,251,854,877]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1270">Figure 1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara, 2022" authorityName="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara" authorityYear="2022" box="[259,484,854,877]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1270" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="parallelos" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[259,484,854,877]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1270">Tetrastemma parallelos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[491,572,854,877]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1270" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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, holotype ICHUM 8300: (a) anaesthetised specimen, dorsal view; (b) anaesthetised specimen, ventral view; (c) magnification of the head, squeezed specimen, dorsal view; (d) magnified stylet apparatus. Scale bars: a, b = 1 mm; c, d = 50 µm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[160,1156,1010,1728]" lastBlockId="6.[160,1156,142,271]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="1271" pageId="5" pageNumber="1270">
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<emphasis box="[192,373,1530,1555]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1270">Internal features</emphasis>
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: Dorsally, portions of the digestive system are visible through the transparent body as a wide, creamy to pale yellow region running along the body from below the neck area down to the posterior end (
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<figureCitation box="[711,798,1599,1624]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[160,225,854,877]" captionTargetBox="[164,1150,143,820]" captionTargetId="figure-295@5.[163,1152,142,822]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Tetrastemma parallelos sp. nov., holotype ICHUM 8300: (a) anaesthetised specimen, dorsal view; (b) anaesthetised specimen, ventral view; (c) magnification of the head, squeezed specimen, dorsal view; (d) magnified stylet apparatus. Scale bars: a, b = 1 mm; c, d = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7156372" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7156372/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="1270">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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(a)). Ventrally, an opaque-white region is notable between the cephalic patch and the posterior eyes. The rhynchocoel is visible and as long as the body. Lateral diverticula of the intestine are apparent; the anterior-most intestinal caecal diverticula extend behind the brain (
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<figureCitation box="[928,1017,1703,1728]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[160,225,854,877]" captionTargetBox="[164,1150,143,820]" captionTargetId="figure-295@5.[163,1152,142,822]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Tetrastemma parallelos sp. nov., holotype ICHUM 8300: (a) anaesthetised specimen, dorsal view; (b) anaesthetised specimen, ventral view; (c) magnification of the head, squeezed specimen, dorsal view; (d) magnified stylet apparatus. Scale bars: a, b = 1 mm; c, d = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7156372" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7156372/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="1270">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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(c)). Gonads are very apparent (
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<figureCitation box="[372,460,142,167]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[160,225,854,877]" captionTargetBox="[164,1150,143,820]" captionTargetId="figure-295@5.[163,1152,142,822]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Tetrastemma parallelos sp. nov., holotype ICHUM 8300: (a) anaesthetised specimen, dorsal view; (b) anaesthetised specimen, ventral view; (c) magnification of the head, squeezed specimen, dorsal view; (d) magnified stylet apparatus. Scale bars: a, b = 1 mm; c, d = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7156372" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7156372/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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(b)). Central stylet is 67.2 µm long. Stylet basis is 93.0 µm long and 55.5 µm wide at the most posterior part. It is nearly triangular, with darker, truncated posterior region and lighter, nearly acute anterior region. Two accessory-stylet pouches are visible, each containing 2–3 accessory stylets (
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||
<figureCitation box="[723,811,246,271]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[160,225,854,877]" captionTargetBox="[164,1150,143,820]" captionTargetId="figure-295@5.[163,1152,142,822]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Tetrastemma parallelos sp. nov., holotype ICHUM 8300: (a) anaesthetised specimen, dorsal view; (b) anaesthetised specimen, ventral view; (c) magnification of the head, squeezed specimen, dorsal view; (d) magnified stylet apparatus. Scale bars: a, b = 1 mm; c, d = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7156372" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7156372/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
(d)).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="1271" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[160,1155,319,483]" box="[160,285,319,345]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,285,319,345]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[160,1155,319,483]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">
|
||
The new specific name is a noun in apposition (in the nominative case), derived from the Greek παράλληλος (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara" authorityYear="2022" box="[399,507,389,414]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="parallelos">
|
||
<emphasis box="[399,507,389,414]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">parallelos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ‘parallel’). The specific name pertains to the orangepigmented parallel lines on the dorsal body, which are one of the diagnostic features of the new species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="1271" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[160,1156,530,660]" box="[160,508,530,556]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,508,530,556]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">Type locality and distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[160,1156,530,660]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">
|
||
<materialsCitation country="Japan" county="Tateyema" elevation="15" location="At" municipality="Kouyatsu" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Chiba" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D387A3E764C976CD7831B6FEA2FF33:8EA5606EE766C979CCB33707FF37FDB6" box="[160,185,566,591]" country="Japan" county="Tateyema" municipality="Kouyatsu" name="At" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271" stateProvince="Chiba">At</location>
|
||
present, the species is only known from its type locality, off
|
||
<collectingMunicipality box="[854,960,566,591]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">Kouyatsu</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty box="[970,1082,566,591]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">Tateyema</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1091,1156,566,591]" country="Japan" name="Chiba" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">Chiba</collectingRegion>
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[160,228,601,626]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<elevation box="[241,421,601,626]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271" unit="m" value="14.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="11.0">
|
||
<quantity box="[241,341,601,626]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271" unit="m" value="14.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="11.0">11–18 m</quantity>
|
||
depth
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, mudstone and sandy bottom (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[787,882,601,626]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1704,1727]" captionTargetBox="[259,1056,1073,1671]" captionTargetId="figure-235@6.[258,1058,1072,1673]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Conditions of the bottom surface where Tetrastemma parallelos sp. nov. was collected." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7156376" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7156376/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
); the
|
||
<emphasis box="[951,1019,601,626]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
water temperature was 18–20°C when the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[528,628,635,660]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was collected
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="1274" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[160,1155,707,872]" box="[160,408,707,733]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,408,707,733]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">Molecular phylogeny</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[160,1155,707,872]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">
|
||
The phylogenetic analyses confirmed that
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara, 2022" authorityName="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara" authorityYear="2022" box="[637,892,743,768]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="parallelos" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[637,892,743,768]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">Tetrastemma parallelos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[898,985,743,768]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
belongs to the Asian–Australian Pacific
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1828" box="[435,578,778,803]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[435,578,778,803]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">Tetrastemma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subclade. Our species was more closely related to those
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[234,471,812,837]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">
|
||
<emphasis box="[234,377,812,837]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">Tetrastemma</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
labelled as VE
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[658,754,812,837]" name="Vietnam" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[768,789,812,837]" country="Norway" name="Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">VI</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[801,895,812,837]" name="Vietnam" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
and 1G4
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1017,1115,812,837]" name="Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chernyshev AV & Polyakova NE & Norenburg JL & Kajihara H" box="[160,413,847,872]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271" pagination="824 - 836" refId="ref5974" refString="Chernyshev AV, Polyakova NE, Norenburg JL, Kajihara H. 2021. A molecular phylogeny of Tetrastemma and its allies (Nemertea, Monostilifera). Zool Scr. 50 (6): 824 - 836. doi: 10.1111 / zsc. 12511." type="journal article" year="2021">Chernyshev et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) than to the remaining species included in the analyses (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1051,1142,847,872]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[160,225,739,762]" captionTargetBox="[169,1145,150,700]" captionTargetId="figure-293@7.[163,1153,142,707]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Rooted Bayesian phylogenetic tree showing the position of Tetrastemma parallelos sp. nov. within the Tetrastemma Asian–Australian Pacific subclade (Chernyshev et al. 2021) based on concatenated sequences of five gene markers (16S, 18S, 28S, COI and H3). Numbers near each node indicate Bayesian posterior probability (PP)/RAxML maximum-likelihood bootstrap value (BS)/IQTree maximum-likelihood ultrafast bootstrap value (UFBoot). Solid circles indicate full support (1.00 PP/ 100% BS/100% UFBoot). Open circles indicate 1.00 PP." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7156378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7156378/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[160,1156,919,1014]" box="[160,262,919,945]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,262,919,945]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[160,1156,919,1014]" lastBlockId="7.[160,1156,975,1728]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="1272" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">
|
||
Several
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[246,476,955,980]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">
|
||
<emphasis box="[246,389,955,980]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">Tetrastemma</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known to have one or more longitudinal dorsal stripes. In having two parallel dorsal stripes,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara, 2022" authorityName="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara" authorityYear="2022" box="[580,847,989,1014]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="parallelos" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[580,847,989,1014]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">Tetrastemma parallelos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[859,953,989,1014]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
resembles some congeners such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Coe, 1904" authorityName="Coe" authorityYear="1904" box="[374,758,975,1000]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="bilineatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[374,640,975,1000]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272">Tetrastemma bilineatum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Coe WR" box="[647,758,975,1000]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" pagination="164 - 165" refId="ref6141" refString="Coe WR. 1904. The nemerteans. Harriman Alaska Expedition. 11: 164 - 165." type="journal article" year="1904">Coe, 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Timofeev, 1911)" baseAuthorityName="Timofeev" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="bistriatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[771,1032,975,1000]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272">Tetrastemma bistriatum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Timofeev T" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" pagination="32 - 45" refId="ref8264" refString="Timofeev T. 1911. Nemertiny Villa-frankskoi bukhty. In: Dawydoff M, Spiczakow F, Korotneff AA, editors. Otchet (yubileinyi) o deyatelnosti Villa-Frankskoi Zoologicheskoi Stantsii za 1909 - 1910 gody. Kiev: Imperatorskii Universitet sv. Vladimira; p. 32 - 45. [In Russian]." type="book chapter" year="1911">Timofeev, 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Correa, 1963" authorityName="Correa" authorityYear="1963" box="[236,620,1010,1035]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="herthae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[236,469,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272">Tetrastemma herthae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Correa DD" box="[477,620,1010,1035]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" pagination="41 - 56" refId="ref6219" refString="Correa DD. 1963. Nemerteans from Curacao. Stud Fauna Curacao Other Caribb Islands. 17 (1): 41 - 56." type="journal article" year="1963">Corrêa, 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Wheeler, 1934" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1934" box="[633,1105,1010,1035]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigrolineatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[633,936,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272">Tetrastemma nigrolineatum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wheeler JFG" box="[944,1105,1010,1035]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" pagination="215 - 294" refId="ref8320" refString="Wheeler JFG. 1934. Nemerteans from the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans. Discovery Rep. 9: 215 - 294." type="journal article" year="1934">Wheeler, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Burger, 1895" authorityName="Burger" authorityYear="1895" box="[160,592,1045,1070]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="scutelliferum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[160,446,1045,1070]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272">Tetrastemma scutelliferum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Burger O" box="[451,592,1045,1070]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" refId="ref5683" refString="Burger O. 1895. Die Nemertinen des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. Berlin: Verlag von R. Friedlander & Sohn; p. 581." type="journal volume" year="1895">Bürger, 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as some varieties of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Coe, 1904" authorityName="Coe" authorityYear="1904" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigrifrons">
|
||
<emphasis box="[904,1155,1045,1070]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272">Tetrastemma nigrifrons</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Coe WR" box="[160,274,1079,1104]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" pagination="164 - 165" refId="ref6141" refString="Coe WR. 1904. The nemerteans. Harriman Alaska Expedition. 11: 164 - 165." type="journal article" year="1904">Coe, 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
including
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Iwata 1954)" baseAuthorityName="Iwata" baseAuthorityYear="1954" box="[398,666,1079,1104]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="bilineatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[398,514,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272">bilineatum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Iwata F" box="[531,658,1079,1104]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" pagination="1 - 39" refId="ref6809" refString="Iwata F. 1954. The fauna of Akkeshi Bay: XX. Nemertini in Hokkaido. J Fac Sci Hokkaido Uni Ser VI Zool. 12 (6): 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1954">Iwata 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[680,825,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272">bimaculatum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chernyshev AV" box="[841,1039,1079,1104]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" pagination="995 - 1002" refId="ref5713" refString="Chernyshev AV. 1998. Nemerteans of the genus Tetrastemma (Enopla, Monostilifera) from the Far East seas of Russia. Zool Zhurnal. 77: 995 - 1002." type="journal article" year="1998">Chernyshev 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zaslavskaya NI & Akhmatova AF & Chernyshev AV" box="[160,416,1114,1139]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" pagination="2303 - 2320" refId="ref8400" refString="Zaslavskaya NI, Akhmatova AF, Chernyshev AV. 2010. Allozyme comparison of the species and colour morphs of the nemertean genus Quasitetrastemma Chernyshev, 2004 (Hoplonemertea: Tetrastemmatidae) from the Sea of Japan. J Nat Hist. 44 (37 - 40): 2303 - 2320. doi: 10.1080 / 00222933.2010. 504891." type="journal article" year="2010">Zaslavskaya et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<emphasis box="[481,629,1114,1139]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272">trimaculatum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chernyshev AV" box="[641,837,1114,1139]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" pagination="995 - 1002" refId="ref5713" refString="Chernyshev AV. 1998. Nemerteans of the genus Tetrastemma (Enopla, Monostilifera) from the Far East seas of Russia. Zool Zhurnal. 77: 995 - 1002." type="journal article" year="1998">Chernyshev 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7156376" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7156376" box="[160,1117,1704,1727]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7156376/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271" startId="6.[160,225,1704,1727]" targetBox="[259,1056,1073,1671]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[160,1117,1704,1727]" box="[160,1117,1704,1727]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,250,1704,1727]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Conditions of the bottom surface where
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara, 2022" authorityName="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara" authorityYear="2022" box="[662,887,1704,1727]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="parallelos" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[662,887,1704,1727]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271">Tetrastemma parallelos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[893,971,1704,1727]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1271" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
was collected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7156378" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7156378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7156378/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" startId="7.[160,225,739,762]" targetBox="[169,1145,150,700]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[160,1156,739,908]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,250,739,762]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Rooted Bayesian phylogenetic tree showing the position of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara, 2022" authorityName="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara" authorityYear="2022" box="[849,1073,739,762]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="parallelos" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[849,1073,739,762]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272">Tetrastemma parallelos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1079,1156,739,762]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
within the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1828" box="[274,399,768,791]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[274,399,768,791]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272">Tetrastemma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Asian–Australian Pacific subclade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chernyshev AV & Polyakova NE & Norenburg JL & Kajihara H" box="[756,992,768,791]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" pagination="824 - 836" refId="ref5974" refString="Chernyshev AV, Polyakova NE, Norenburg JL, Kajihara H. 2021. A molecular phylogeny of Tetrastemma and its allies (Nemertea, Monostilifera). Zool Scr. 50 (6): 824 - 836. doi: 10.1111 / zsc. 12511." type="journal article" year="2021">Chernyshev et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) based on concatenated sequences of five gene markers (16S, 18S, 28S, COI and H3). Numbers near each node indicate Bayesian posterior probability (PP)/RAxML maximum-likelihood bootstrap value (BS)/IQTree maximum-likelihood ultrafast bootstrap value (UFBoot). Solid circles indicate full support (1.00 PP/ 100% BS/100% UFBoot). Open circles indicate 1.00 PP.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[160,1156,975,1728]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Iwata" baseAuthorityYear="1954" box="[226,375,1149,1174]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="bilineatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[226,375,1149,1174]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272">T. bilineatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the dorsal twin stripes are reddish brown to deep chocolate in colouration. Anteriorly, the stripes terminate somewhat in front of the ocelli but sometimes reach the very tip of the snout. Posteriorly, they extend nearly, though not quite, to the posterior extremity of the body and are sharp and conspicuous throughout. Anteriorly, these stripes are not transversely connected with one another but converge at the tail region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Coe WR" box="[361,469,1322,1347]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" pagination="164 - 165" refId="ref6141" refString="Coe WR. 1904. The nemerteans. Harriman Alaska Expedition. 11: 164 - 165." type="journal article" year="1904">Coe 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, this species lacks a cephalic patch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[160,1156,975,1728]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Timofeev" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[192,452,1357,1382]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="bistriatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[192,452,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272">Tetrastemma bistriatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has two dark brown stripes running dorsally that are separated by a wide area darker than the rest of the body. A dark-brown half-ring is present behind the posterior eyes, from which the two dorsal stripes extend (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Timofeev T" box="[854,1022,1426,1451]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" pagination="32 - 45" refId="ref8264" refString="Timofeev T. 1911. Nemertiny Villa-frankskoi bukhty. In: Dawydoff M, Spiczakow F, Korotneff AA, editors. Otchet (yubileinyi) o deyatelnosti Villa-Frankskoi Zoologicheskoi Stantsii za 1909 - 1910 gody. Kiev: Imperatorskii Universitet sv. Vladimira; p. 32 - 45. [In Russian]." type="book chapter" year="1911">Timofeev 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[160,1156,975,1728]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272">
|
||
Dorsally,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Correa" authorityYear="1963" box="[296,405,1461,1486]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="herthae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[296,405,1461,1486]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272">T. herthae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has two lateral longitudinal stripes strongly conspicuous for their deep brown colour. Sometimes they are not continuous but appear as rows of brown irregular spots placed closely together. The stripes do not join at the ends (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Correa DD" box="[1004,1142,1530,1555]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" pagination="41 - 56" refId="ref6219" refString="Correa DD. 1963. Nemerteans from Curacao. Stud Fauna Curacao Other Caribb Islands. 17 (1): 41 - 56." type="journal article" year="1963">Corrêa 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[160,1156,975,1728]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1934" box="[192,495,1565,1590]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigrolineatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[192,495,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272">Tetrastemma nigrolineatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterised by two parallel black lines passing dorsally from the tip of the snout to the tip of the tail. At the head, these lines are thinner than they are in the body (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wheeler JFG" box="[346,503,1634,1659]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" pagination="215 - 294" refId="ref8320" refString="Wheeler JFG. 1934. Nemerteans from the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans. Discovery Rep. 9: 215 - 294." type="journal article" year="1934">Wheeler 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[160,1156,975,1728]" lastBlockId="8.[160,1157,142,1727]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="1273" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Burger" authorityYear="1895" box="[192,480,1669,1694]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="scutelliferum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[192,480,1669,1694]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1272">Tetrastemma scutelliferum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has two wide, dark brown longitudinal dorsal stripes, which begin behind the cephalic region and almost reach the hind end of the body. Also, the two dark brown stripes are separated by a broad yellow stripe which similarly extends near the posterior end. It also has a dark brown, lobular cephalic patch, which is divided into four lobules: two large lobes at the front and two smaller ones at the sides (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Burger O" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" refId="ref5683" refString="Burger O. 1895. Die Nemertinen des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. Berlin: Verlag von R. Friedlander & Sohn; p. 581." type="journal volume" year="1895">Bürger 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[160,1157,142,1727]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">
|
||
The three varieties of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Coe" authorityYear="1904" box="[448,704,281,306]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigrifrons">
|
||
<emphasis box="[448,704,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">Tetrastemma nigrifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
commonly have brown or dark brown dorsal stripes, with varied colour and shape of the cephalic patch (dark brown, non-split cephalic patch in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[362,526,350,375]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" rank="variety" variety="bilineatum">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[410,526,350,375]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">bilineatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; two dark brown, split cephalic patches in
|
||
<taxonomicName pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" rank="variety" variety="bimaculatum">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">bimaculatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and three dark brown, split cephalic patches in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[800,999,385,410]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" rank="variety" variety="trimaculatum">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[851,999,385,410]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">trimaculatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Iwata F" box="[1022,1150,385,410]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" pagination="1 - 39" refId="ref6809" refString="Iwata F. 1954. The fauna of Akkeshi Bay: XX. Nemertini in Hokkaido. J Fac Sci Hokkaido Uni Ser VI Zool. 12 (6): 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1954">Iwata 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chernyshev AV" box="[160,354,420,445]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" pagination="995 - 1002" refId="ref5713" refString="Chernyshev AV. 1998. Nemerteans of the genus Tetrastemma (Enopla, Monostilifera) from the Far East seas of Russia. Zool Zhurnal. 77: 995 - 1002." type="journal article" year="1998">Chernyshev 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zaslavskaya NI & Akhmatova AF & Chernyshev AV" box="[366,622,420,445]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" pagination="2303 - 2320" refId="ref8400" refString="Zaslavskaya NI, Akhmatova AF, Chernyshev AV. 2010. Allozyme comparison of the species and colour morphs of the nemertean genus Quasitetrastemma Chernyshev, 2004 (Hoplonemertea: Tetrastemmatidae) from the Sea of Japan. J Nat Hist. 44 (37 - 40): 2303 - 2320. doi: 10.1080 / 00222933.2010. 504891." type="journal article" year="2010">Zaslavskaya et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[160,1157,142,1727]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara, 2022" authorityName="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara" authorityYear="2022" box="[192,449,454,479]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="parallelos" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[192,449,454,479]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">Tetrastemma parallelos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[456,543,454,479]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
can be differentiated from these
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[922,1155,454,479]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">
|
||
<emphasis box="[922,1066,454,479]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">Tetrastemma</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with two dorsal stripes by its orange-pigmented parallel lines transversely connected anteriorly and by its reddish cephalic patch. Although
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara, 2022" authorityName="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara" authorityYear="2022" box="[771,902,524,549]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="parallelos" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[771,902,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">T. parallelos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[908,995,524,549]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is smaller, the general body shape and the dorsal body feature of our species likely resemble those of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Timofeev" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[160,302,593,618]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="bistriatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[160,302,593,618]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">T. bistriatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Burger" authorityYear="1895" box="[366,535,593,618]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="scutelliferum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[366,535,593,618]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">T. scutelliferum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Our species is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Timofeev" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[845,986,593,618]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="bistriatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[845,986,593,618]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">T. bistriatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the latter’s dorsal stripes appear to be connected anteriorly by way of its dark-brown half-ring. Internally, the morphology of the stylet basis differs between the two. The basis in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Timofeev" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[160,298,697,722]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="bistriatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[160,298,697,722]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">T. bistriatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is rounded at the posterior end, unlike the truncated one in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara, 2022" authorityName="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara" authorityYear="2022" box="[986,1117,697,722]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="parallelos" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[986,1117,697,722]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">T. parallelos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Aside from the slight dorsal-body feature resemblance, our species, like
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Burger" authorityYear="1895" box="[160,329,766,791]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="scutelliferum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[160,329,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">T. scutelliferum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has two accessory-stylet pouches. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara, 2022" authorityName="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara" authorityYear="2022" box="[868,1004,766,791]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="parallelos" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[868,1004,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">T. parallelos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1015,1106,766,791]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
has only 2–3 accessory stylets in each pouch, compared with four accessory stylets per pouch in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Burger" authorityYear="1895" box="[270,436,836,861]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="scutelliferum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[270,436,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">T. scutelliferum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[160,1157,142,1727]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">
|
||
In the resulting trees,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara, 2022" authorityName="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara" authorityYear="2022" box="[457,592,870,895]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="parallelos" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[457,592,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">T. parallelos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[604,696,870,895]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
was more closely related to the three undescribed forms in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chernyshev AV & Polyakova NE & Norenburg JL & Kajihara H" box="[442,748,905,930]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" pagination="824 - 836" refId="ref5974" refString="Chernyshev AV, Polyakova NE, Norenburg JL, Kajihara H. 2021. A molecular phylogeny of Tetrastemma and its allies (Nemertea, Monostilifera). Zool Scr. 50 (6): 824 - 836. doi: 10.1111 / zsc. 12511." type="journal article" year="2021">Chernyshev et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[795,992,905,930]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[795,942,905,930]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">Tetrastemma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
VE
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1054,1153,905,930]" name="Vietnam" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[160,341,940,965]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[160,303,940,965]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">Tetrastemma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
VI
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[373,469,940,965]" name="Vietnam" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[526,720,940,965]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="undefined-1">
|
||
<emphasis box="[526,669,940,965]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">Tetrastemma</emphasis>
|
||
sp. 1
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
G4
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[763,860,940,965]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
– than to other congeners (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[168,261,974,999]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1704,1727]" captionTargetBox="[259,1056,1073,1671]" captionTargetId="figure-235@6.[258,1058,1072,1673]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Conditions of the bottom surface where Tetrastemma parallelos sp. nov. was collected." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7156376" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7156376/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). However,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara, 2022" authorityName="Abato & Yoshida & Kajihara" authorityYear="2022" box="[397,530,974,999]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="parallelos" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[397,530,974,999]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">T. parallelos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[538,627,974,999]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
can be distinguished from these three by the presence of the reddish cephalic patch and dorsal stripes. In addition, our species is shorter in body size than
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[456,640,1044,1069]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[456,599,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">Tetrastemma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
VI
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[679,772,1044,1069]" name="Vietnam" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity box="[788,896,1044,1069]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" unit="mm" value="10.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="8.0">8–12 mm</quantity>
|
||
long) and VE
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1062,1155,1044,1069]" name="Vietnam" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity box="[167,238,1078,1103]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
long); and it has a semi-transparent/translucent body compared to the pale yellowish-orange and pale yellow body colouration of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[787,972,1113,1138]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[787,930,1113,1138]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">Tetrastemma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
VI
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1010,1103,1113,1138]" name="Vietnam" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[160,343,1148,1173]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[160,303,1148,1173]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">Tetrastemma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
VE
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[384,480,1148,1173]" name="Vietnam" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[160,1157,142,1727]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">In this study, the histology-free approach was successful because (1) the assessment of genus affiliation was facilitated by molecular phylogenetics and (2) the new species obviously differed from all congeners in external appearance. If the new species had nested in a clade to which no generic name was reliably applied, its generic affiliation would have had to be assessed by traditional histology. Our enumeration indicates that there are ~40 eumonostiliferous hoplonemertean genera that are not yet represented by any molecular data; until all of these generic names are molecularly tagged, histological examination will continue to be indispensable in eumonostiliferous hoplonemertean systematics.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[160,1157,142,1727]" lastBlockId="9.[160,1156,142,202]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="1274" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1828" box="[227,374,1494,1519]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Tetrastemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[227,374,1494,1519]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">Tetrastemma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, body colouration and patterns have been considered effective morphological characters to delimit species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Strand M & Sundberg P" box="[676,1004,1529,1554]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273" pagination="201 - 212" refId="ref7958" refString="Strand M, Sundberg P. 2005 b. Delimiting species in the hoplonemertean genus Tetrastemma (phylum Nemertea): morphology is not concordant with phylogeny as evidenced from mtDNA sequences. Biol J Linn Soc. 86 (2): 201 - 212. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2005.00535. x." type="journal article" year="2005">Strand and Sundberg 2005b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Meanwhile, two or more closely related, similar-looking species of eumonostiliferous hoplonemerteans can be distinguished by subtle differences such as the epidermal texture (Abato pers. obs.), which would have not been noticed and verbalised without the use of a high-quality digital camera. This indicates that external features of all the
|
||
<taxonomicName pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1011,1155,1668,1693]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1273">Tetrastemma</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in living state – no matter if the species is already described or not – should be photographed at high resolution, so that future histology-free descriptions continue to be effective.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |