219 lines
44 KiB
XML
219 lines
44 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="234D79679B60C65B64B3F42DE4964960">Coccolithophores in Polar Waters: HOL Revisited Papposphaera sagittifera HET and</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8CAB2BEE006AC7E3BEA2AFB70057CA2C">Thomsen, Helge A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D42E2EB2131EAF839C9E59D8B283352B">Heldal, Mikal</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03EB512EFF9CFF8EFF0D794C90AFB51E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534979" ID-GBIF-Taxon="233767180" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12534979" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EB512EFF9CFF8EFF0D794C90AFB51E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EB512EFF9CFF8EFF0D794C90AFB51E" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
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<subSubSection id="C358B3B3FF9CFF80FF0D794C9003B461" box="[132,776,1827,1854]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFDE038FF9CFF80FF0D794C9003B461" blockId="6.[132,776,1827,1854]" box="[132,776,1827,1854]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
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<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF9CFF80FF0D794C9003B461" bold="true" box="[132,776,1827,1854]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
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<taxonomicName id="4C429BBBFF9CFF80FF0D794C9210B461" box="[132,283,1827,1854]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Papposphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="sagittifera">
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<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF9CFF80FF0D794C9210B461" bold="true" box="[132,283,1827,1854]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">P. sagittifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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combination coccospheres (
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<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF9CFF80FDF1794B900BB461" box="[632,768,1827,1853]" captionStart="Figs 17–22" captionStartId="8.[132,175,1810,1832]" captionTargetId="figure-8@7.[132,1447,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 17–22. Papposphaera sagittifera combination coccospheres (TEM whole mounts from West Greenland). 17 – separated halves of a combination coccosphere; 18 – detail of calyces from Fig. 17 showing the regular triangular outline; the arrow points to a rosette wing that has a distal stepwise notching; 19 – combination coccosphere with the two halves united; 20–21 – detail of the calyces from Fig. 19; the arrow (Fig. 20) points to a rosette wing with a distal step-wise notching; 22 – the four rosette wings are spread out in a fan-like manner clearly showing the shape of the individual wing: the arrow points to a rosette wing with a distal step-wise notching." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534737/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Figs 17–22</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C358B3B3FF9CFF8EFF23793E90AFB51E" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFDE038FF9CFF80FF23793E90E4B473" blockId="6.[132,778,1878,1939]" lastBlockId="6.[816,1463,1709,1943]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
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Two new occurrences of combination coccospheres from West
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<collectingCountry id="F355A0A8FF9CFF80FE8A79109276B4CE" box="[259,381,1912,1938]" name="Greenland" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Greenland</collectingCountry>
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are shown in
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<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF9CFF80FD97791091A9B4CE" box="[542,674,1912,1938]" captionStart="Figs 17–22" captionStartId="8.[132,175,1810,1832]" captionTargetId="figure-8@7.[132,1447,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 17–22. Papposphaera sagittifera combination coccospheres (TEM whole mounts from West Greenland). 17 – separated halves of a combination coccosphere; 18 – detail of calyces from Fig. 17 showing the regular triangular outline; the arrow points to a rosette wing that has a distal stepwise notching; 19 – combination coccosphere with the two halves united; 20–21 – detail of the calyces from Fig. 19; the arrow (Fig. 20) points to a rosette wing with a distal step-wise notching; 22 – the four rosette wings are spread out in a fan-like manner clearly showing the shape of the individual wing: the arrow points to a rosette wing with a distal step-wise notching." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534737/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Figs 17, 19</figureCitation>
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. The cell shown in
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<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF9CFF80FC2A78C590FEB59B" box="[931,1013,1709,1735]" captionStart="Figs 17–22" captionStartId="8.[132,175,1810,1832]" captionTargetId="figure-8@7.[132,1447,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 17–22. Papposphaera sagittifera combination coccospheres (TEM whole mounts from West Greenland). 17 – separated halves of a combination coccosphere; 18 – detail of calyces from Fig. 17 showing the regular triangular outline; the arrow points to a rosette wing that has a distal stepwise notching; 19 – combination coccosphere with the two halves united; 20–21 – detail of the calyces from Fig. 19; the arrow (Fig. 20) points to a rosette wing with a distal step-wise notching; 22 – the four rosette wings are spread out in a fan-like manner clearly showing the shape of the individual wing: the arrow points to a rosette wing with a distal step-wise notching." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534737/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
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is particularly appealing because here the two groups of coccoliths have become partly separated to clearly show the morphological characteristics of each of them.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFDE038FF9CFF8EFCDF795F91F1B766" blockId="6.[816,1463,1709,1943]" lastBlockId="8.[132,779,223,1602]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
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With reference to the combination coccospheres of
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<taxonomicName id="4C429BBBFF9CFF80FCB9793390C3B428" box="[816,968,1882,1908]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Papposphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="sagittifera">
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<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF9CFF80FCB9793390C3B428" box="[816,968,1882,1908]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">P. sagittifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C429BBBFF9CFF80FB8C79339788B428" authorityName="Thomsen, Ostergaard and Hansen" authorityYear="1991" baseAuthorityName="Manton, Sutherland and Oates" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1029,1155,1882,1908]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Papposphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="borealis">
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<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF9CFF80FB8C79339788B428" box="[1029,1155,1882,1908]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">T. borealis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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there is one issue of particular concern. It has become apparent that in each of the combination coccospheres illustrated by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD39DC9FF92FF8EFD147EB79219B240" author="Thomsen H. A. & Ostergaard J. B. & Hansen L. E." pageId="8" pageNumber="41" pagination="634 - 642" refId="ref9573" refString="Thomsen H. A., Ostergaard J. B., Hansen L. E. (1991) Heteromor- phic life histories in Arctic coccolithophorids (Prymnesiophy- ceae). J. Phycol. 27: 634 - 642" type="journal article" year="1991">
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Thomsen
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<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF92FF8EFF0D7F6B93B5B240" box="[132,190,258,284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
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(1991)
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</bibRefCitation>
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and also in the two new images reproduced here, the
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<taxonomicName id="4C429BBBFF92FF8EFF707F4E92DDB263" authority="HET" authorityName="HET" box="[249,470,293,319]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Papposphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="sagittifera">
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<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF92FF8EFF707F4E9298B263" box="[249,403,293,319]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">P. sagittifera</emphasis>
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HET
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</taxonomicName>
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calyx is in fact different from what is typically found in
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<taxonomicName id="4C429BBBFF92FF8EFE7B7F2091CFB23E" authority="HET" authorityName="HET" box="[498,708,327,354]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Papposphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="sagittifera">
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<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF92FF8EFE7B7F20918DB23D" box="[498,646,327,353]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">P. sagittifera</emphasis>
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HET
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</taxonomicName>
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when not forming part of a combination coccosphere. In the
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<taxonomicName id="4C429BBBFF92FF8EFF0D7FE69212B2FB" box="[132,281,397,423]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Papposphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="sagittifera">
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<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF92FF8EFF0D7FE69212B2FB" box="[132,281,397,423]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">P. sagittifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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combination coccosphere the four-winged rosette comprises wings that are fairly narrow, hardly ever stepwise elaborated on the inside, and with an angle proximally between the exterior edge of the wing and the connecting line between the two edges of the wing that leads to a much less flaring rosette in comparison with that generally found in
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<taxonomicName id="4C429BBBFF92FF8EFDBD7C369001B12B" authority="HET" authorityName="HET" box="[564,778,605,631]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Papposphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="sagittifera">
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<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF92FF8EFDBD7C3691C1B12B" box="[564,714,605,631]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">P. sagittifera</emphasis>
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HET
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF92FF8EFF047C1793E7B1C6" box="[141,236,639,666]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[125,160,1156,1178]" captionTargetBox="[124,773,248,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-628@3.[123,773,223,1155]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3. Interpretational drawings of coccolith structure within species of Papposphaera. Intraspecific variation is shown where relevant. A – P. sagittifera; B – P. sagittifera cfr.; C – P. sarion; D – P. arctica; E – P. iugifera; F – P. heldalii; a – body coccolith central area calcification; b – calyx design; c – calicate coccolith central area calcification; d – holococcolith contour (flagellar pole coccolith); e – holococcolith contour (body coccolith). Notice the inclusion of schematic drawings of a rosette wing from each of the P. sagittifera types of calyces." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994322" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994322/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
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). The line distally connecting the exterior and interior edges of the wing deviates a few degrees from being perpendicular (
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<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF92FF8EFEF67CAD9103B183" box="[383,520,709,735]" captionStart="Figs 17–22" captionStartId="8.[132,175,1810,1832]" captionTargetId="figure-8@7.[132,1447,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 17–22. Papposphaera sagittifera combination coccospheres (TEM whole mounts from West Greenland). 17 – separated halves of a combination coccosphere; 18 – detail of calyces from Fig. 17 showing the regular triangular outline; the arrow points to a rosette wing that has a distal stepwise notching; 19 – combination coccosphere with the two halves united; 20–21 – detail of the calyces from Fig. 19; the arrow (Fig. 20) points to a rosette wing with a distal step-wise notching; 22 – the four rosette wings are spread out in a fan-like manner clearly showing the shape of the individual wing: the arrow points to a rosette wing with a distal step-wise notching." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534737/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Figs 18, 20</figureCitation>
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). In
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<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF92FF8EFDB47CAD919AB183" box="[573,657,709,735]" captionStart="Figs 17–22" captionStartId="8.[132,175,1810,1832]" captionTargetId="figure-8@7.[132,1447,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 17–22. Papposphaera sagittifera combination coccospheres (TEM whole mounts from West Greenland). 17 – separated halves of a combination coccosphere; 18 – detail of calyces from Fig. 17 showing the regular triangular outline; the arrow points to a rosette wing that has a distal stepwise notching; 19 – combination coccosphere with the two halves united; 20–21 – detail of the calyces from Fig. 19; the arrow (Fig. 20) points to a rosette wing with a distal step-wise notching; 22 – the four rosette wings are spread out in a fan-like manner clearly showing the shape of the individual wing: the arrow points to a rosette wing with a distal step-wise notching." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534737/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
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the wings of the individual rosette have been pushed apart only to confirm the description of the individual wing provided above. A stepwise elaboration of the distal inner edge of the individual wing is occasionally observed (
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<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF92FF8EFD5F7D27920BB0D0" captionStart="Figs 17–22" captionStartId="8.[132,175,1810,1832]" captionTargetId="figure-8@7.[132,1447,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 17–22. Papposphaera sagittifera combination coccospheres (TEM whole mounts from West Greenland). 17 – separated halves of a combination coccosphere; 18 – detail of calyces from Fig. 17 showing the regular triangular outline; the arrow points to a rosette wing that has a distal stepwise notching; 19 – combination coccosphere with the two halves united; 20–21 – detail of the calyces from Fig. 19; the arrow (Fig. 20) points to a rosette wing with a distal step-wise notching; 22 – the four rosette wings are spread out in a fan-like manner clearly showing the shape of the individual wing: the arrow points to a rosette wing with a distal step-wise notching." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534737/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Figs 18, 20, 22</figureCitation>
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; arrows). The design of the individual wing and the reduced overall flaring of the rosette cause the individual rosette to appear with an overall triangular outline when viewed in a TEM (
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<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF92FF8EFD847DB291CCB0A8" box="[525,711,986,1012]" captionStart="Figs 17–22" captionStartId="8.[132,175,1810,1832]" captionTargetId="figure-8@7.[132,1447,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 17–22. Papposphaera sagittifera combination coccospheres (TEM whole mounts from West Greenland). 17 – separated halves of a combination coccosphere; 18 – detail of calyces from Fig. 17 showing the regular triangular outline; the arrow points to a rosette wing that has a distal stepwise notching; 19 – combination coccosphere with the two halves united; 20–21 – detail of the calyces from Fig. 19; the arrow (Fig. 20) points to a rosette wing with a distal step-wise notching; 22 – the four rosette wings are spread out in a fan-like manner clearly showing the shape of the individual wing: the arrow points to a rosette wing with a distal step-wise notching." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534737/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Figs 18, 20–21</figureCitation>
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). The very same features as described above are evident when consulting
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD39DC9FF92FF8EFE8C7A7792FCB766" author="Thomsen H. A. & Ostergaard J. B. & Hansen L. E." box="[261,503,1055,1082]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" pagination="634 - 642" refId="ref9573" refString="Thomsen H. A., Ostergaard J. B., Hansen L. E. (1991) Heteromor- phic life histories in Arctic coccolithophorids (Prymnesiophy- ceae). J. Phycol. 27: 634 - 642" type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
Thomsen
|
||
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF92FF8EFEF37A4892BEB765" box="[378,437,1055,1081]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1991
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(loc. cit.
|
||
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF92FF8EFDEF7A7791E7B766" box="[614,748,1055,1082]" captionStart-0="Figs 1–2" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Figs 4–9" captionStartId-0="2.[132,175,1596,1618]" captionStartId-1="3.[125,160,1156,1178]" captionStartId-2="4.[132,175,1780,1802]" captionTargetBox-0="[131,774,244,1544]" captionTargetBox-1="[124,773,248,1127]" captionTargetBox-2="[203,1391,223,1747]" captionTargetId-0="figure-532@2.[127,777,223,1575]" captionTargetId-1="figure-628@3.[123,773,223,1155]" captionTargetId-2="figure-157@4.[203,1391,223,1747]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionText-0="Figs 1–2. Maps of collection sites. 1 – northern hemisphere; 2 – southern hemisphere. Showing also the AMERIEZ sampling grid (Thomsen et al. 1988)." captionText-1="Fig. 3. Interpretational drawings of coccolith structure within species of Papposphaera. Intraspecific variation is shown where relevant. A – P. sagittifera; B – P. sagittifera cfr.; C – P. sarion; D – P. arctica; E – P. iugifera; F – P. heldalii; a – body coccolith central area calcification; b – calyx design; c – calicate coccolith central area calcification; d – holococcolith contour (flagellar pole coccolith); e – holococcolith contour (body coccolith). Notice the inclusion of schematic drawings of a rosette wing from each of the P. sagittifera types of calyces." captionText-2="Figs 4–9. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Figs 4–5, 7; SEM / Figs 6, 8–9) from the Arctic (West Greenland / Fig. 7; NEW / Figs 4–5; Svalbard / Figs 6, 8, 9). 4 – whole cell with curled up flagella and haptonema (arrow); 5 – detail of calyx; 6 – lateral view of coccolith displaying the two cycles of elements in the rim and details of the stem and the calyx; 7 – complete cell; notice the difference in length of coccolith processes from one end of the cell to the other; 8 – details of central area calcification; notice the short stub-like central proboscis and also possibly tilted pentagonal elements from the distal rim circle (arrows); 9 – detail of two coccoliths one with a short central process and the other with just a central upheaval of the arms of the crossbar." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994320" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994322" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994324" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10994320/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10994322/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10994324/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Figs 2–4, 9</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFDE038FF92FF8EFF237A2A9796B16E" blockId="8.[132,779,223,1602]" lastBlockId="8.[816,1463,223,1603]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
|
||
A search among images of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C429BBBFF92FF8EFE727A2B91D2B701" authority="HET" authorityName="HET" box="[507,729,1090,1117]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Papposphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="sagittifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF92FF8EFE727A2B919EB700" box="[507,661,1090,1116]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">P. sagittifera</emphasis>
|
||
HET
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has fortunately unveiled rare occurrences of this particular
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F95E9AFF92FF8EFF0D7AE093BCB7FE" box="[132,183,1160,1186]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of calyx scattered among others with the traditional stepwise and flared rosette design. First and foremost it should be mentioned that in the illustrations accompanying the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F95E9AFF92FF8EFE9F7A989242B656" box="[278,329,1264,1290]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">type</typeStatus>
|
||
description (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD39DC9FF92FF8EFE6B7A9891D8B655" author="Manton I. & Sutherland J. & McCully M." box="[482,723,1263,1290]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" pagination="225 - 238" refId="ref9103" refString="Manton I., Sutherland J., McCully M. (1976 a) Fine structural obser- vations on coccolithophorids from South Alaska in the genera Papposphaera Tangen and Pappomonas Manton et Oates. Br. Phycol. J. 11: 225 - 238" type="journal article" year="1976">
|
||
Manton
|
||
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF92FF8EFDCE7A989189B655" box="[583,642,1263,1289]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1976a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, loc. cit.
|
||
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF92FF8EFF3A7B7A93F1B670" box="[179,250,1298,1324]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[125,160,1156,1178]" captionTargetBox="[124,773,248,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-628@3.[123,773,223,1155]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3. Interpretational drawings of coccolith structure within species of Papposphaera. Intraspecific variation is shown where relevant. A – P. sagittifera; B – P. sagittifera cfr.; C – P. sarion; D – P. arctica; E – P. iugifera; F – P. heldalii; a – body coccolith central area calcification; b – calyx design; c – calicate coccolith central area calcification; d – holococcolith contour (flagellar pole coccolith); e – holococcolith contour (body coccolith). Notice the inclusion of schematic drawings of a rosette wing from each of the P. sagittifera types of calyces." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994322" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994322/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) there is in fact a single calyx among more than 15 ‘normal’ ones that fairly closely resembles those that occur in combination coccospheres. However, this feature was not specifically commented on in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F95E9AFF92FF8EFF477BF5920AB6EB" box="[206,257,1437,1463]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">type</typeStatus>
|
||
description. Also the SEM image of a Svalbard cell (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF92FF8EFE8C7BD79255B686" box="[261,350,1471,1498]" captionStart="Figs 10–16" captionStartId="6.[132,175,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[147,1440,223,1427]" captionTargetId="figure-241@6.[147,1440,223,1430]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 10–16. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Fig. 13; SEM / Figs 10–12, 14–16) from the Arctic (Svalbard / Figs 10–12, 14–16; NEW / Fig. 13). 10–12 – whole cells selected to show the limited occurrence of coccoliths with central processes and the obvious irregularities in size and placement of the body coccoliths; 13 – whole cell showing flagella and haptonema; 14 – cell selected to illustrate the variability in coccolith size, orientation and central area calcification; notice the presence of two types of calyces (encircled); 15 – calyx of the standard ‘flaring’ P. sagittifera HET type (enlargement from Fig. 14); 16 – ‘triangular’ calyx (enlargement from Fig. 14) similar to those found in P. sagittifera HET when forming part of a combination coccosphere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994326" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994326/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
with enlargements in
|
||
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF92FF8EFDF17BD7900AB686" box="[632,769,1471,1498]" captionStart="Figs 10–16" captionStartId="6.[132,175,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[147,1440,223,1427]" captionTargetId="figure-241@6.[147,1440,223,1430]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 10–16. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Fig. 13; SEM / Figs 10–12, 14–16) from the Arctic (Svalbard / Figs 10–12, 14–16; NEW / Fig. 13). 10–12 – whole cells selected to show the limited occurrence of coccoliths with central processes and the obvious irregularities in size and placement of the body coccoliths; 13 – whole cell showing flagella and haptonema; 14 – cell selected to illustrate the variability in coccolith size, orientation and central area calcification; notice the presence of two types of calyces (encircled); 15 – calyx of the standard ‘flaring’ P. sagittifera HET type (enlargement from Fig. 14); 16 – ‘triangular’ calyx (enlargement from Fig. 14) similar to those found in P. sagittifera HET when forming part of a combination coccosphere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994326" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994326/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Figs 15–16</figureCitation>
|
||
) displays at least one calyx that resembles those that occur in combination coccospheres (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF92FF8EFD96786D917DB57C" box="[543,630,1541,1568]" captionStart="Figs 10–16" captionStartId="6.[132,175,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[147,1440,223,1427]" captionTargetId="figure-241@6.[147,1440,223,1430]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 10–16. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Fig. 13; SEM / Figs 10–12, 14–16) from the Arctic (Svalbard / Figs 10–12, 14–16; NEW / Fig. 13). 10–12 – whole cells selected to show the limited occurrence of coccoliths with central processes and the obvious irregularities in size and placement of the body coccoliths; 13 – whole cell showing flagella and haptonema; 14 – cell selected to illustrate the variability in coccolith size, orientation and central area calcification; notice the presence of two types of calyces (encircled); 15 – calyx of the standard ‘flaring’ P. sagittifera HET type (enlargement from Fig. 14); 16 – ‘triangular’ calyx (enlargement from Fig. 14) similar to those found in P. sagittifera HET when forming part of a combination coccosphere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994326" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994326/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
) in between more typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C429BBBFF92FF8EFEA078409103B51E" authority="HET" authorityName="HET" box="[297,520,1576,1602]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Papposphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="sagittifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF92FF8EFEA0784092CFB51E" box="[297,452,1576,1602]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">P. sagittifera</emphasis>
|
||
HET
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
rosettes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF92FF8EFD0A784F91D5B51E" box="[643,734,1575,1602]" captionStart="Figs 10–16" captionStartId="6.[132,175,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[147,1440,223,1427]" captionTargetId="figure-241@6.[147,1440,223,1430]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 10–16. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Fig. 13; SEM / Figs 10–12, 14–16) from the Arctic (Svalbard / Figs 10–12, 14–16; NEW / Fig. 13). 10–12 – whole cells selected to show the limited occurrence of coccoliths with central processes and the obvious irregularities in size and placement of the body coccoliths; 13 – whole cell showing flagella and haptonema; 14 – cell selected to illustrate the variability in coccolith size, orientation and central area calcification; notice the presence of two types of calyces (encircled); 15 – calyx of the standard ‘flaring’ P. sagittifera HET type (enlargement from Fig. 14); 16 – ‘triangular’ calyx (enlargement from Fig. 14) similar to those found in P. sagittifera HET when forming part of a combination coccosphere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994326" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994326/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
). It must also be noticed that there is typically a size difference between the
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D442BB1FF92FF8EFBA27F6B9794B241" box="[1067,1183,259,285]" count="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
|
||
of rosettes. The ‘triangular’ rosette (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF92FF8EFC577F4D973FB21C" box="[990,1076,293,320]" captionStart="Figs 10–16" captionStartId="6.[132,175,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[147,1440,223,1427]" captionTargetId="figure-241@6.[147,1440,223,1430]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 10–16. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Fig. 13; SEM / Figs 10–12, 14–16) from the Arctic (Svalbard / Figs 10–12, 14–16; NEW / Fig. 13). 10–12 – whole cells selected to show the limited occurrence of coccoliths with central processes and the obvious irregularities in size and placement of the body coccoliths; 13 – whole cell showing flagella and haptonema; 14 – cell selected to illustrate the variability in coccolith size, orientation and central area calcification; notice the presence of two types of calyces (encircled); 15 – calyx of the standard ‘flaring’ P. sagittifera HET type (enlargement from Fig. 14); 16 – ‘triangular’ calyx (enlargement from Fig. 14) similar to those found in P. sagittifera HET when forming part of a combination coccosphere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994326" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994326/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
) is thus close to 1 µm in length, whereas the ‘flaring’ rosette (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF92FF8EFB1F7F2097E5B23E" box="[1174,1262,327,354]" captionStart="Figs 10–16" captionStartId="6.[132,175,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[147,1440,223,1427]" captionTargetId="figure-241@6.[147,1440,223,1430]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 10–16. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Fig. 13; SEM / Figs 10–12, 14–16) from the Arctic (Svalbard / Figs 10–12, 14–16; NEW / Fig. 13). 10–12 – whole cells selected to show the limited occurrence of coccoliths with central processes and the obvious irregularities in size and placement of the body coccoliths; 13 – whole cell showing flagella and haptonema; 14 – cell selected to illustrate the variability in coccolith size, orientation and central area calcification; notice the presence of two types of calyces (encircled); 15 – calyx of the standard ‘flaring’ P. sagittifera HET type (enlargement from Fig. 14); 16 – ‘triangular’ calyx (enlargement from Fig. 14) similar to those found in P. sagittifera HET when forming part of a combination coccosphere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994326" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994326/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
) is only 0.6 µm in length which is typical for this kind of rosette (ca. 0.65 µm in e.g.
|
||
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF92FF8EFC607FE59735B2FB" box="[1001,1086,397,423]" captionStart="Figs 10–16" captionStartId="6.[132,175,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[147,1440,223,1427]" captionTargetId="figure-241@6.[147,1440,223,1430]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 10–16. Papposphaera sagittifera HET (TEM / Fig. 13; SEM / Figs 10–12, 14–16) from the Arctic (Svalbard / Figs 10–12, 14–16; NEW / Fig. 13). 10–12 – whole cells selected to show the limited occurrence of coccoliths with central processes and the obvious irregularities in size and placement of the body coccoliths; 13 – whole cell showing flagella and haptonema; 14 – cell selected to illustrate the variability in coccolith size, orientation and central area calcification; notice the presence of two types of calyces (encircled); 15 – calyx of the standard ‘flaring’ P. sagittifera HET type (enlargement from Fig. 14); 16 – ‘triangular’ calyx (enlargement from Fig. 14) similar to those found in P. sagittifera HET when forming part of a combination coccosphere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994326" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994326/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
). The size range among rosettes in
|
||
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF92FF8EFCD87FD890A3B296" box="[849,936,432,458]" captionStart="Figs 17–22" captionStartId="8.[132,175,1810,1832]" captionTargetId="figure-8@7.[132,1447,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 17–22. Papposphaera sagittifera combination coccospheres (TEM whole mounts from West Greenland). 17 – separated halves of a combination coccosphere; 18 – detail of calyces from Fig. 17 showing the regular triangular outline; the arrow points to a rosette wing that has a distal stepwise notching; 19 – combination coccosphere with the two halves united; 20–21 – detail of the calyces from Fig. 19; the arrow (Fig. 20) points to a rosette wing with a distal step-wise notching; 22 – the four rosette wings are spread out in a fan-like manner clearly showing the shape of the individual wing: the arrow points to a rosette wing with a distal step-wise notching." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534737/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
is 0.8–0.9 µm which equals measurements from previously published combination coccospheres (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD39DC9FF92FF8EFCB17F9D9736B153" author="Thomsen H. A. & Ostergaard J. B. & Hansen L. E." box="[824,1085,501,527]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" pagination="634 - 642" refId="ref9573" refString="Thomsen H. A., Ostergaard J. B., Hansen L. E. (1991) Heteromor- phic life histories in Arctic coccolithophorids (Prymnesiophy- ceae). J. Phycol. 27: 634 - 642" type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
Thomsen
|
||
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF92FF8EFC3A7F9E90F8B153" box="[947,1011,501,527]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1991
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; mean value 0.75 ± 0.09 µm / range: 0.65–1.00 µm / n = 12).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFDE038FF92FF8EFCDF7C53962BB656" blockId="8.[816,1463,223,1603]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
|
||
We have at present no explanation to offer with respect to these observations. Based in particular on the few findings referred to above of a combination coccosphere rosette
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F95E9AFF92FF8EFC707CCB9727B1E1" box="[1017,1068,675,701]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">type</typeStatus>
|
||
among ‘normal’ ones in genuine heterococcolithophore stages, but also on the fact that we have never observed a heterococcolithophore with a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C429BBBFF92FF8EFCCC7D6390D1B078" box="[837,986,778,804]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Papposphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="sagittifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF92FF8EFCCC7D6390D1B078" box="[837,986,778,804]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">P. sagittifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
central area calcification pattern and exclusively ‘triangular’ rosettes, we strongly believe that the heterococcolithophore forming part of combination coccospheres, such as those illustrated here in
|
||
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF92FF8EFADE7D1A9044B0F3" captionStart="Figs 17–22" captionStartId="8.[132,175,1810,1832]" captionTargetId="figure-8@7.[132,1447,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 17–22. Papposphaera sagittifera combination coccospheres (TEM whole mounts from West Greenland). 17 – separated halves of a combination coccosphere; 18 – detail of calyces from Fig. 17 showing the regular triangular outline; the arrow points to a rosette wing that has a distal stepwise notching; 19 – combination coccosphere with the two halves united; 20–21 – detail of the calyces from Fig. 19; the arrow (Fig. 20) points to a rosette wing with a distal step-wise notching; 22 – the four rosette wings are spread out in a fan-like manner clearly showing the shape of the individual wing: the arrow points to a rosette wing with a distal step-wise notching." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534737/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Figs 17, 19</figureCitation>
|
||
, is in fact
|
||
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF92FF8EFC467DFE960FB0F3" box="[975,1284,917,943]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C429BBBFF92FF8EFC467DFE976CB0F3" box="[975,1127,917,943]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Papposphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="sagittifera">P. sagittifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2058151FF92FF8EFBE67DFE960FB0F3" box="[1135,1284,918,943]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Somehow the explanation behind these anomalies must be an integrated part of events taking place during a phase transition. However, it is very obvious that we are lacking in understanding the phenomenon of phase shift to the extent that this remains unexplainable for the time being. In our minds it makes most sense to think of combination coccospheres with these differing rosette features as representing stages in the haploid to diploid phase shift and that the ‘triangular’ rosette is thus a
|
||
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF92FF8EFAD17AA596BCB7BB" box="[1368,1463,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">de novo</emphasis>
|
||
feature of a ‘new-born’ diploid individual.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFDE038FF92FF8EFCDF7B7A90AFB51E" blockId="8.[816,1463,223,1603]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
|
||
The holococcoliths forming part of a combination coccosphere appear to be closely similar to those described from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C429BBBFF92FF8EFC697B30908CB6C9" authority="(Manton et al. 1976 b)" baseAuthorityName="Manton" baseAuthorityYear="1976" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Calyptrosphaeraceae" genus="Turrisphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="borealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF92FF8EFC697B3097E0B62E" box="[992,1259,1368,1394]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Turrisphaera borealis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD39DC9FF92FF8EFA8D7B309074B6C9" author="Manton I. & Sutherland J. & Oates K." pageId="8" pageNumber="41" pagination="179 - 194" refId="ref9149" refString="Manton I., Sutherland J., Oates K. (1976 b) Arctic coccolithophorids: two species of Turrisphaera gen. nov. from West Greenland, Alaska and the Northwest Passage. Proc. Royal Soc. London, Ser. B. Biol. Sci. 194: 179 - 194" type="journal article" year="1976">
|
||
Manton
|
||
<emphasis id="B9363C2AFF92FF8EFAFB7B3196BCB62E" box="[1394,1463,1368,1394]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1976b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Holococcoliths in
|
||
<figureCitation id="1379FCBDFF92FF8EFBE37B1297B5B6C9" box="[1130,1214,1402,1429]" captionStart="Figs 17–22" captionStartId="8.[132,175,1810,1832]" captionTargetId="figure-8@7.[132,1447,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 17–22. Papposphaera sagittifera combination coccospheres (TEM whole mounts from West Greenland). 17 – separated halves of a combination coccosphere; 18 – detail of calyces from Fig. 17 showing the regular triangular outline; the arrow points to a rosette wing that has a distal stepwise notching; 19 – combination coccosphere with the two halves united; 20–21 – detail of the calyces from Fig. 19; the arrow (Fig. 20) points to a rosette wing with a distal step-wise notching; 22 – the four rosette wings are spread out in a fan-like manner clearly showing the shape of the individual wing: the arrow points to a rosette wing with a distal step-wise notching." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534737/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
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measure 3.0–3.5 µm in length and ca. 0.7 µm in width at the most narrow part of the tower. There are 5–6 plates of crystallites spanning the width of the tower and they each have an edge-to-edge distance of ca. 0.09 µm (
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<typeStatus id="54F95E9AFF92FF8EFA87786D9649B543" box="[1294,1346,1541,1567]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">type</typeStatus>
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material: 0.15 µm).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |