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<document id="6175EB2807A74DAC7CAC87A36E708321" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3722.4.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d2db5db0-c5ca-4150-8d74-d39f2d96a78f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="249140" ID-ZooBank="C1F59CA8-0F0E-471B-9B2D-26980A002511" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460692944579" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Trager, James C." docDate="2013" docId="03DBDC46FFB1FF904BBEFD2DFB886C91" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03722p548.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3722 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Polyergus rufescens" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="511" masterDocId="FFE2A43EFFB8FF9A4B29FFC1FFE46976" masterDocTitle="Global revision of the dulotic ant genus Polyergus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae, Formicinae, Formicini)" masterLastPageNumber="548" masterPageNumber="501" pageNumber="510" updateTime="1698351922635" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="C2F250DF11EAFC14ED96B981EBC4FD01">Global revision of the dulotic ant genus Polyergus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae, Formicinae, Formicini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1155BFCD54AF9AB4D350DADC890C255D">Trager, James C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="45E57A857D42B40F0C464A0511AE360F">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="BF1246516182E8B1CAE52DD022A706FC" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3722.4.5</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03DBDC46FFB1FF904BBEFD2DFB886C91" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6150047" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119580902" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6150047" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DBDC46FFB1FF904BBEFD2DFB886C91" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DBDC46FFB1FF904BBEFD2DFB886C91" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="511" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">
<subSubSection id="C3683EDBFFB1FF934BBEFD2DFB936A1A" pageId="9" pageNumber="510" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFB1FF934BBEFD2DFE6E6A70" blockId="9.[151,394,748,807]" box="[151,394,748,774]" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">
<heading id="D085DA3CFFB1FF934BBEFD2DFE6E6A70" bold="true" box="[151,394,748,774]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="510" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB1FF934BBEFD2DFE6E6A70" ID-CoL="4L73B" box="[151,394,748,774]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="510" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufescens">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB1FF934BBEFD2DFE6E6A70" bold="true" box="[151,394,748,774]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">Polyergus rufescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFB1FF934BBEFCCFFEDC6A51" blockId="9.[151,394,748,807]" box="[151,312,782,807]" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">
<figureCitation id="134971D5FFB1FF934BBEFCCFFEDC6A51" box="[151,312,782,807]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 5" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1686,1709]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1664]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1436,193,1666]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 5. Lateral, full face, and dorsal views of Polyergus rufescens worker CASENT 0173859. Photographs by April Nobile from www. AntWeb. org." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/249143/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">Figures 3, 4, 5</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFB1FF934BBEFC96FB936A1A" blockId="9.[151,1436,854,1061]" box="[151,1143,854,876]" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB1FF934BBEFC96FDF66A1A" authority="Latreille 1798: 44" authorityName="Latreille" authorityPageNumber="44" authorityYear="1798" box="[151,530,854,876]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="510" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufescens">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB1FF934BBEFC96FEB06A1A" box="[151,340,855,876]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">Formica rufescens</emphasis>
Latreille 1798: 44
</taxonomicName>
.
<typeStatus id="54C9D3F2FFB1FF934935FC97FD8B6A1A" box="[540,623,854,876]" pageId="9" pageNumber="510" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
worker, gyne:
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB1FF93482EFC97FC8F6A1A" box="[775,875,854,876]" name="France" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">FRANCE</collectingCountry>
[MNHN] (not examined).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3683EDBFFB1FF904BBEFCB4FD3E69A3" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="511" pageId="9" pageNumber="510" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFB1FF934BBEFCB4FDCF6ADC" blockId="9.[151,1436,854,1061]" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB1FF934BBEFCB4FDD16AFD" authority="Latreille 1804:179" authorityName="Latreille" authorityPageNumber="179" authorityYear="1804" box="[151,565,885,907]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="510" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufescens">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB1FF934BBEFCB4FE816AFC" box="[151,357,885,906]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">Polyergus rufescens</emphasis>
: Latreille 1804:179
</taxonomicName>
. Schenck, 1852:70 (male). Forel, 1874:137 (gynandromorph). André, 1882:163 (redescription of worker, gyne, male).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFB1FF934BBEFC72FD866A91" blockId="9.[151,1436,854,1061]" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB1FF934BBEFC72FDA66ABE" authority="Fabricius 1804: 400" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityPageNumber="400" authorityYear="1804" box="[151,578,946,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="510" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testacea">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB1FF934BBEFC72FEB86ABE" box="[151,348,947,968]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">Polyergus testacea</emphasis>
Fabricius 1804: 400
</taxonomicName>
.
<typeStatus id="54C9D3F2FFB1FF93497BFC73FD546ABE" box="[594,688,946,968]" pageId="9" pageNumber="510" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
gyne: “
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB1FF934823FC73FC156ABE" box="[778,1009,946,968]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">CZECHOSLOVAKIA</collectingCountry>
” (=
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB1FF934F32FC73FB1D6ABE" box="[1051,1273,946,968]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">CZECH REPUBLIC</collectingCountry>
) [ZMUC] (not examined). Smith, 1858:57 (synonymy).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFB1FF934BBEFC31FC096D52" blockId="9.[151,1436,854,1061]" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB1FF934BBEFC31FCDB6D70" authority="Kuznetsov-Ugamsky 1927: 41" authorityName="Kuznetsov-Ugamsky" authorityPageNumber="41" authorityYear="1927" box="[151,831,1008,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="510" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="rufescens" subSpecies="tianschanicus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB1FF934BBEFC31FE1D6D73" box="[151,505,1008,1029]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">Polyergus rufescens tianschanicus</emphasis>
Kuznetsov-Ugamsky 1927: 41
</taxonomicName>
.
<typeStatus id="54C9D3F2FFB1FF934862FC31FC7A6D70" box="[843,926,1008,1030]" pageId="9" pageNumber="510" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
worker, gyne, male:
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB1FF934F56FC31FACF6D70" box="[1151,1323,1008,1030]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">KYRGYZSTAN</collectingCountry>
, Issik-Kul, Tal des Dzhulek, Tian-Shan Mountains [ZIN] (not examined).
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB1FF934868FBCEFC036D53" bold="true" box="[833,999,1038,1061]" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">New Synonymy</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFB1FF934BBEFB8CFBD96DDB" blockId="9.[151,1436,1100,2025]" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">Measurements (N=41) HL 1.23–1.72 (1.59), HW 1.20–1.66 (1.51), SL 0.99–1.31 (1.22), ½ VeM 0–11 (2.41), ½ PnM 3–13 (6.8), WL 1.96–2.60 (2.37), GL 1.44–2.18 (2.13), HFL 1.36–1.92 (1.78), CI 90–99 (95), SI 77–88 (81), HFI 110–130 (1.18), FSI 136–155 (146), LI 3.23–4.32 (3.96), TL 4.67–6.98 (6.14).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFB1FF934BEEFB76FDB56CBB" blockId="9.[151,1436,1100,2025]" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB1FF934BEEFB76FE5F6DA6" bold="true" box="[199,443,1207,1232]" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">Worker description.</emphasis>
Head subrectangular, its length greater than breadth; with conspicuous vertex pilosity (usually 6–12 setae) on most specimens from more western locations and no vertex pilosity (0–1 seta) on specimens from farther east; scape apex reaching about 1/4 the distance between eye and vertex corner, weakly clavate in the apical third, or gradually thickening apically; pronotum with (6)10–20 (25) erect setae; mesonotum with profile flat or very weakly convex for most of its length; propodeum evenly rounded; petiole high, its profile about equal in height to propodeum, petiole straight-sided, petiolar dorsum convex, not emarginate or weakly emarginate; first tergite densely pubescent, with numerous, bent or strongly flexuous, decumbent pilosity concentrated in anterior half of sclerite.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFB1FF934BEEFA16FD586C99" blockId="9.[151,1436,1100,2025]" box="[199,700,1495,1520]" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">Head matte; mesonotum matte; gaster matte.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFB1FF934BEEFA3DFBE06F4E" blockId="9.[151,1436,1100,2025]" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">Color deep red (especially west) to orangey red (especially east) with weak to notable infuscation (deep, often purplish tinted, brown) of pleura, gaster and appendages in darker individuals.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFB1FF934BEEF985FC2C6E66" blockId="9.[151,1436,1100,2025]" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">
This is the unique
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB1FF934ABDF985FDE16F2B" box="[404,517,1604,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="510" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB1FF934ABDF985FDE16F2B" box="[404,517,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">Polyergus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species of Europe and western temperate Asia, and appears morphologically to be closely related to the
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB1FF934ABBF9A6FE186FF6" box="[402,508,1639,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="510" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="breviceps">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB1FF934ABBF9A6FE186FF6" box="[402,508,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">breviceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, particularly the essentially Mexican species
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB1FF934F7EF9A9FB446FF6" box="[1111,1184,1640,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="510" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="topoffi">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB1FF934F7EF9A9FB446FF6" box="[1111,1184,1640,1664]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">topoffi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Future genetic study should deepen our understanding of the relationships of this apparent outlier of what is otherwise a western North American group, distinguished from all other red
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB1FF9349E8F96EFCD56FBE" box="[705,817,1711,1736]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="510" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB1FF9349E8F96EFCD56FBE" box="[705,817,1711,1736]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">Polyergus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its Eurasian distribution. It is most similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB1FF934E7AF971FA786FBE" box="[1363,1436,1712,1736]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="510" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="topoffi">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB1FF934E7AF971FA786FBE" box="[1363,1436,1712,1736]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">topoffi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
among the American species, differing by its slightly (average) narrower head and petiole, and denser, more regular array of bent or strongly flexuous, decumbent pilosity on the first tergite.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFB1FF904BEEF8DDFD3E69A3" blockId="9.[151,1436,1100,2025]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,1511]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="511" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">
Specimens from western and especially southwestern Europe are darker in color than those from Asia. Populations of central western Europe have a more pilose vertex than those from the Iberian Peninsula, northern and eastern Europe, and central Asia (½ VeM usually 2–12, compared to ½ VeM 0–2). Lighter color and reduced pilosity were noted as characteristic of the subspecies
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB1FF9349D0F846FC7F6ED6" box="[761,923,1927,1952]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="510">tianschianicus</emphasis>
in Kuznetsov-Ugamsky’s (1927) description, but in fact, color variation seems to be a west to east clinal feature, and the reduced pilosity is a characteristic of peripheral populations, as it is also found in samples from the far west of the range. Thus, the two traits do not covary. In any case, the subspecies are indistinguishable by any other ecological, metric or obvious morphological characters; hence, my synonymy of this subspecies.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3683EDBFFB2FF904BEEFF1EFBBF6D41" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFB2FF904BEEFF1EFF26686B" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1511]" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904BEEFF1EFEAA698E" bold="true" box="[199,334,223,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">Etymology.</emphasis>
Latreille coined this name from the Latin verbal form “
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB2FF9048E2FF1EFBD8698E" box="[971,1084,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufescens">rufescens</taxonomicName>
”, meaning reddish or fading to red.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFB2FF904BEEFEE6FB6A6811" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1511]" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904BEEFEE6FE616836" bold="true" box="[199,389,295,320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">Natural history.</emphasis>
Found from Atlantic western Europe east to mountains of western
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF904F5FFEE6FB5D6836" box="[1142,1209,295,320]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">China</collectingCountry>
and “Central Asia”. Extending to 57o N and 88o E, then south to the Caspian, Black, and Mediterranean Coasts.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFB2FF904BEEFEB3FBBF6D41" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1511]" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">
The “classical” summaries of the behavior of this ant are from Huber (1810) and Wheeler (1910). In the last decade or so, a number of papers, especially those by le Moli’s Laboratory in
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF904F2AFE57FBD368D9" box="[1027,1079,406,431]" name="Italy" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">Italy</collectingCountry>
, have refined our knowledge of this species, particularly regarding the role of secondary compounds in regulating their behavior (Castracani
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904E4AFE7DFA7168A5" box="[1379,1429,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">et al</emphasis>
. 2003, 2005, 2008; Grasso
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904AE8FE21FE166881" box="[449,498,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">et al</emphasis>
. 2003, 2004, 2005; Le Moli
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904813FE21FC8F6881" box="[826,875,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">et al</emphasis>
. 2001; Romani
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904F0AFE21FBB06881" box="[1059,1108,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">et al</emphasis>
. 2006; Visicchio
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904E35FE21FAB16881" box="[1308,1365,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">et al.</emphasis>
2001, 2003, 2007). The following natural history is paraphrased from a summary kindly provided by Bernhard Seifert (pers. comm., 2009) “
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB2FF904AA6FDE9FDF16B49" box="[399,533,551,575]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufescens">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904AA6FDE9FDF16B49" box="[399,533,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">P. rufescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characteristic of dry, semi-dry and sparse grasslands of any sort that supports sufficiently dense host populations. Hosts vary geographically and include a variety of species:
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB2FF904FF8FD8DFA8A6B15" box="[1233,1390,586,611]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cunicularia">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904FF8FD8DFA8A6B15" box="[1233,1390,586,611]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">F. cunicularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(16 observations),
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB2FF904A17FDB1FE736BF1" box="[318,407,623,647]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fusca">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904A17FDB1FE736BF1" box="[318,407,623,647]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">F. fusca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(12),
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB2FF904AF7FDB1FD886BF1" box="[478,620,622,647]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufibarbis">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904AF7FDB1FD886BF1" box="[478,620,622,647]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">F. rufibarbis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(10),
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB2FF90499DFDB1FCE96BF1" box="[692,781,622,647]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clara">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF90499DFDB1FCE96BF1" box="[692,781,622,647]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">F. clara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(3),
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB2FF90486EFDB1FC5F6BF1" box="[839,955,624,647]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gagates">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF90486EFDB1FC5F6BF1" box="[839,955,624,647]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">F. gagates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(3) and
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB2FF904F09FDB1FB746BF1" box="[1056,1168,624,647]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinerea">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904F09FDB1FB746BF1" box="[1056,1168,624,647]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">F. cinerea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(1). Local host species preferences are obvious, and considering the whole distributional range, host species selection appears to be a trade-off between host species abundance and mortality risk—strong and aggressive colonies of
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB2FF904FDBFD79FAAF6BB9" box="[1266,1355,694,719]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clara">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904FDBFD79FAAF6BB9" box="[1266,1355,694,719]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">F. clara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB2FF904EAEFD79FF0E6B85" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinerea">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904EAEFD79FF0E6B85" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">F. cinerea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are only attacked in the absence of less resistant alternatives. In many regions of Central Asia,
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904E31FD1DFA886B85" box="[1304,1388,730,755]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">F. c l a r a</emphasis>
is a main host, as it is a dominant species there and has smaller workers than in Central Europe.” And from Roland Schultz (pers. comm., 2012) “The host of
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB2FF904946FCE5FD116A4D" box="[623,757,803,827]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufescens">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904946FCE5FD116A4D" box="[623,757,803,827]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">P. rufescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in cases from
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF9048B0FCE2FBF96A4D" box="[921,1053,803,827]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF904F0EFCE3FB4E6A4D" box="[1063,1194,802,827]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
and western
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF904E16FCE3FA666A4D" box="[1343,1410,802,827]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">China</collectingCountry>
is
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904BBEFC89FE4C6A29" box="[151,424,838,863]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB2FF904BBEFC89FF106A29" box="[151,244,838,863]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clara">F. clara</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB2FF904A2BFC89FE4C6A29" box="[258,424,838,863]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clara">Formica clara</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is the most common “
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB2FF90499FFC86FCA36A29" box="[694,839,839,863]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Serviformica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF90499FFC86FCA36A29" box="[694,839,839,863]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">Serviformica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” in the high steppes of the Tianshan Mountains of
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF904BBEFCABFF3E6AF5" box="[151,218,874,899]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">China</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF904A26FCAAFE776AF5" box="[271,403,875,899]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
, at the altitudes in which also
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB2FF9049CBFCABFCB66AF5" box="[738,850,874,899]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF9049CBFCABFCB66AF5" box="[738,850,874,899]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">Polyergus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears, below
<quantity id="4C8AC0B5FFB2FF904F21FCABFBBB6AF4" box="[1032,1119,874,899]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" unit="m" value="2500.0">2500 m</quantity>
. In one case, Seifert found
<specimenCount id="9D74A6D9FFB2FF904EA7FCABFF156AD1" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" type="worker">5 workers</specimenCount>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB2FF904A33FC51FE6D6AD1" box="[282,393,912,935]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exsecta">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904A33FC51FE6D6AD1" box="[282,393,912,935]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">F. exsecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including one freshly eclosed from the pupa, among a lot of
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB2FF904F66FC51FB436AD1" box="[1103,1191,910,935]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clara">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904F66FC51FB436AD1" box="[1103,1191,910,935]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">F. clara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB2FF904FCBFC51FA8D6AD1" box="[1250,1385,911,935]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufescens">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904FCBFC51FA8D6AD1" box="[1250,1385,911,935]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">P. rufescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.” In a sample from the Tarbagatai Mountains
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF904948FC73FD036ABD" box="[609,743,946,971]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
, Schulz confirmed a mix of
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB2FF904F09FC75FB926ABD" box="[1056,1142,946,971]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clara">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904F09FC75FB926ABD" box="[1056,1142,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">F. clara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB2FF904F85FC75FAD36ABD" box="[1196,1335,946,971]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufibarbis">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904F85FC75FAD36ABD" box="[1196,1335,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">F. rufibarbis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as hosts. In addition, I have series from the Pyrenees with
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB2FF904990FC19FCC26A99" box="[697,806,982,1007]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gerardi">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904990FC19FCC26A99" box="[697,806,982,1007]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">F. gerardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where this is the most abundant potential host. Seifert’s abundance/trade-off hypothesis seems plausible and testable; there is much opportunity for careful study of host selection in this species (as also in the quite polylectic North American
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFB2FF904890FBE1FBAF6D41" box="[953,1099,1056,1079]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904890FBE1FBAF6D41" box="[953,1099,1056,1079]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">P. mexicanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3683EDBFFB2FF904BEEFB83FB886C91" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFB2FF904BEEFB83FB886C91" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1511]" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFB2FF904BEEFB83FDB96D2D" bold="true" box="[199,605,1090,1115]" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">Distribution of studied specimens.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF90494DFB82FD116D2D" box="[612,757,1091,1115]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">BULGARIA</collectingCountry>
(Locality?) Her J. Morįk (JCTC);
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF904F50FB82FB036D2D" box="[1145,1255,1091,1115]" name="France" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">FRANCE</collectingCountry>
(Dépt.?) Smith coll. Pres. By Mrs. Farren White 1899-303 (LACM);
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF9049D2FBA6FC8D6D09" box="[763,873,1127,1151]" name="France" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">FRANCE</collectingCountry>
BOUCHES du RHÔNE Marseilles. Lawn at Ctr. Nat. Rech. Sci.
<date id="FFCC4B90FFB2FF904A71FB4AFE156DD5" box="[344,497,1162,1187]" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" value="1986-09-02">2 Sept. 1986</date>
L. Morel (JCTC);
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF9049F4FB4AFCAF6DD5" box="[733,843,1163,1187]" name="France" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">FRANCE</collectingCountry>
SEINE-et-MARNE Fontain Bleau
<date id="FFCC4B90FFB2FF904FD9FB4BFAD76DD5" box="[1264,1331,1162,1187]" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" value="1959-06">VI-59</date>
(JCTC);
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF904BBEFB6EFEC06DB1" box="[151,292,1199,1223]" name="Germany" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">GERMANY</collectingCountry>
BAVARIA Würzburg
<date id="FFCC4B90FFB2FF90491BFB6EFD406DB1" box="[562,676,1199,1223]" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" value="1917-07-07">VII-17-07</date>
WM Wheeler (LACM);
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF9048E7FB6EFBB16DB1" box="[974,1109,1199,1223]" name="Netherlands" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">HOLLAND</collectingCountry>
Roermond.
<date id="FFCC4B90FFB2FF904FCCFB6FFAB36DB1" box="[1253,1367,1198,1223]" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" value="1947-07-25">VII-25-47</date>
JKA van Boven (LACM);
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF904ABDFB12FE076D9D" box="[404,483,1235,1259]" name="Italy" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">ITALY</collectingCountry>
VENETO Verona. Settimo Coll. Priv. C. Baroni
<date id="FFCC4B90FFB2FF904F01FB13FB656D9D" box="[1064,1153,1234,1259]" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" value="1956-09-17">17-9-56</date>
(JCTC);
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF904FDBFB12FE666C79" name="Serbia" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">REPUBLIC of SERBIA Yugoslavia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF904AA6FB37FE3E6C79" box="[399,474,1270,1295]" name="Serbia" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">Serbia</collectingCountry>
. Ratje, Zupa
<date id="FFCC4B90FFB2FF90495BFB36FCEC6C79" box="[626,776,1271,1295]" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" value="1993-08-13">13.VIII.1993</date>
. I Petrov (LACM);
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF9048C2FB36FB936C79" box="[1003,1143,1271,1295]" name="Slovakia" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">SLOVAKIA</collectingCountry>
Czechslovakia,
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF904E13FB37FA786C79" box="[1338,1436,1270,1295]" name="Slovakia" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
May, 1984 P. Werner #358 (JCTC);
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF90496DFADAFD346C45" box="[580,720,1307,1331]" name="Slovakia" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">SLOVAKIA</collectingCountry>
Trebišov District. Somotor
<date id="FFCC4B90FFB2FF904F31FADBFB856C45" box="[1048,1121,1306,1331]" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" value="72-07-05">5.7.72</date>
. K Denea (LACM);
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF904E64FADAFA7F6C45" box="[1357,1435,1307,1331]" name="Spain" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">SPAIN</collectingCountry>
CÁCERES
<date id="FFCC4B90FFB2FF904A36FAFFFEB26C21" box="[287,342,1342,1367]" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" value="1985-05">V-85</date>
(JCTC);
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF904AEFFAFEFDF06C21" box="[454,532,1343,1367]" name="Spain" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">SPAIN</collectingCountry>
CATALUNYA El Corredor, Barcelona
<date id="FFCC4B90FFB2FF9048CAFAFFFB836C21" box="[995,1127,1342,1367]" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" value="1987-07-10">10/Jul/1987</date>
X. Espadaler #1 (JCTC);
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF904BBEFAA2FF016C0D" box="[151,229,1379,1403]" name="Spain" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">SPAIN</collectingCountry>
CUENCA
<date id="FFCC4B90FFB2FF904A53FAA2FE326C0D" box="[378,470,1379,1403]" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" value="1981-05-30">30-V-81</date>
(JCTC);
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF90497AFAA2FCFE6C0D" box="[595,794,1379,1403]" name="Switzerland" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">SWITZERLAND</collectingCountry>
TICINO Locarno
<date id="FFCC4B90FFB2FF904F20FAA2FB886C0D" box="[1033,1132,1379,1403]" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" value="2007-07-04">VII-4-07</date>
WM Wheeler (LACM);
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF904BBEFA46FEBA6CE9" box="[151,350,1415,1439]" name="Switzerland" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">SWITZERLAND</collectingCountry>
VAUD 1902-120. Col. Bingham (LACM);
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF90484FFA46FBC96CE9" box="[870,1069,1415,1439]" name="Switzerland" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">SWITZERLAND</collectingCountry>
VAUD
<date id="FFCC4B90FFB2FF904FB8FA49FAC36CE9" box="[1169,1319,1415,1439]" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" value="1907-06-07">June-7, 1907</date>
W.M.W. (LACM);
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF904A39FA6AFE336CB5" box="[272,471,1451,1475]" name="Switzerland" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">SWITZERLAND</collectingCountry>
VAUD Swisse. La Sarraz
<date id="FFCC4B90FFB2FF90480DFA6BFC8F6CB5" box="[804,875,1450,1475]" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" value="49-06-06">6.6.49</date>
(LACM);
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF9048DBFA6AFB5D6CB5" box="[1010,1209,1451,1475]" name="Switzerland" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">SWITZERLAND</collectingCountry>
VAUD La Sarraz.
<date id="FFCC4B90FFB2FF904BBEFA0FFF0A6C91" box="[151,238,1486,1511]" pageId="10" pageNumber="511" value="49-07-26">26.7.49</date>
. Bibikoff (LACM);
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFB2FF904AFEFA0EFD476C91" box="[471,675,1487,1511]" name="Switzerland" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">SWITZERLAND</collectingCountry>
: VAUD
<date id="FFCC4B90FFB2FF90482BFA0EFCAF6C91" box="[770,843,1487,1511]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="10" pageNumber="511">8-VIII</date>
? Col. Bingham (LACM).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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