612 lines
82 KiB
XML
612 lines
82 KiB
XML
<document id="FBE416C471E5E98088323A0DAFD8B995" ID-CLB-Dataset="187951" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5206.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d3d3273a-0f58-4e50-b685-6468869b61fa" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7318829" ID-ZooBank="CE749F6C-5832-4152-AB4B-6D89ACCDD560" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1668423279735" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Johnson, Robert A., Borowiec, Marek L., Snelling, Roy R. & Cole, Arthur C." docDate="2022" docId="039387FDFFC5FFE87FC5FF1B58B4FC65" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5206.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5206 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5206.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Veromessor chicoensis Smith 1956" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="40" masterDocId="FFAAFF85FFE5FFCF7F52FF8C5C7EFFAC" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision and a review of the biology of the North American seed-harvester ant genus Veromessor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)" masterLastPageNumber="115" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="33" updateTime="1699411435789" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="F37FB6668C5F85BAA884307A502297ED">
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<mods:title id="B853759F1527283B733229A9B3AAF425">A taxonomic revision and a review of the biology of the North American seed-harvester ant genus Veromessor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C16842FB2E70FA44FB597942A7C4CD05">Johnson, Robert A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4DCACCD32EA2C42DC122F677A6116587">Borowiec, Marek L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="AB5A62F4EF85A201BB04684B787FE193" type="email">marek.borowiec@colostate.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="DCC028FB19A4CABBB701F9A1835D624D">Snelling, Roy R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="22CC6F9706E9B52CCAAF94BCEC49FA49">Cole, Arthur C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="548CCDE76F73142A4B4CBFF92A385527">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A3363D993DE76D8F93A3721F7378A651">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9CF6EF21C9B15DDC5E82137347A066D0">5206</mods:number>
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<treatment id="039387FDFFC5FFE87FC5FF1B58B4FC65" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7327842" ID-GBIF-Taxon="205077679" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7327842" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039387FDFFC5FFE87FC5FF1B58B4FC65" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039387FDFFC5FFE87FC5FF1B58B4FC65" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<subSubSection id="C3206560FFC5FFEF7FC5FF1B5DD6FF1E" box="[151,424,151,178]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC5FFEF7FC5FF1B5DD6FF1E" blockId="32.[151,441,151,249]" box="[151,424,151,178]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<heading id="D0CD8187FFC5FFEF7FC5FF1B5DD6FF1E" bold="true" box="[151,424,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC5FFEF7FC5FF1B5DD6FF1E" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1956" box="[151,424,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">
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<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC5FFEF7FC5FF1B5DD6FF1E" bold="true" box="[151,424,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Veromessor chicoensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3206560FFC5FFEF7FC5FF375DC7FF55" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC5FFEF7FC5FF375DD4FF79" blockId="32.[151,441,151,249]" box="[151,426,187,214]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFC5FFEF7FCDFF375D63FF79" box="[159,285,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1768,1792]" captionTargetBox="[378,1208,181,1742]" captionTargetId="figure-26@8.[378,1208,181,1744]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photographs of the metasternal process on males of Veromessor: (A) V. andrei (CASENT4010823), (B) V. chamberlini (UCRC_ENT00500152), (C)V.chicoensis (CASENT0869853), (D) V.julianus (LACMENT359792),(E)V.lariversi (CASENT0761204), (F) V. lobognathus (LACMENT363986), (G) V. pergandei (CASENT0869850), (H) V. pseudolariversi (CASENT0869851), (I) V. smithi (LACMENT364071), and (J) V. stoddardi (LACMENT364102). Photographs by Robert Johnson from www.AntWeb.org." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318831/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Figures 1C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFC5FFEF7E78FF375D31FF79" box="[298,335,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1642,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1618]" captionTargetId="figure-18@21.[151,1436,181,1618]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 6. Photographs of the four categories of increasing psammophore development for species of Veromessor based on number and distribution of long J-shaped hairs on the ventral surface of the head capsule (= hypostomal region) (see text). Photograph of: (A) V. chicoensis (CASENT0923125)—J-shaped hairs mostly absent with scattered straight or evenly curved hairs, (B) V. andrei (CASENT0923140)—J-shaped hairs present but not arranged in a distinct row, usually mixed with straight or evenly curved hairs, (C) V. chamberlini (CASENT0761101) and (D) V. smithi (CASENT0923131)—J-shaped hairs present, arranged in a V-shaped row which does not reach the posterior part of the lateroventral margin of head capsule, usually mixed with straight or evenly curved hairs, and (E) V. pergandei (CASENT0923124)—J-shaped hairs present, many long J-shaped hairs arranged in a distinct row around the outer margin of the ventral region of the head capsule. Photographs by Wade Lee from www.AntWeb.org." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318842/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">6A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFC5FFEF7E08FF375DDFFF79" box="[346,417,187,214]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 15" captionStart-1="FIGURE 16" captionStart-2="FIGURE 17" captionStart-3="FIGURE 18" captionStartId-0="34.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionStartId-1="35.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionStartId-2="36.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionStartId-3="37.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox-0="[420,1168,181,1920]" captionTargetBox-1="[418,1170,181,1919]" captionTargetBox-2="[413,1174,181,1920]" captionTargetBox-3="[429,1159,181,1920]" captionTargetId-0="figure-26@34.[420,1168,181,1920]" captionTargetId-1="figure-18@35.[418,1170,181,1919]" captionTargetId-2="figure-26@36.[413,1174,181,1920]" captionTargetId-3="figure-18@37.[429,1159,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId-0="34" captionTargetPageId-1="35" captionTargetPageId-2="36" captionTargetPageId-3="37" captionText-0="FIGURE 15. Photograph of Veromessor chicoensis minor worker: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (LACMENT359751). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org." captionText-1="FIGURE 16. Photograph of Veromessor chicoensis major worker: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (LACMENT359767). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org." captionText-2="FIGURE 17. Photograph of Veromessor chicoensis alate queen: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT0922823). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org." captionText-3="FIGURE 18. Photograph of Veromessor chicoensis male: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (LACMENT359769). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318860" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318862" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318864" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318866" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7318860/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7318862/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/7318864/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/7318866/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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15
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<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC5FFEF7E24FF375DFAFF79" bold="true" box="[374,388,187,213]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">–</emphasis>
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18
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</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC5FFEF7FC5FF535DC7FF55" blockId="32.[151,441,151,249]" box="[151,441,223,249]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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Distribution—
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<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFC5FFEF7E69FF535DC7FF55" box="[315,441,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[417,1169,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-18@25.[417,1170,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 10. Geographic distribution of: (A) Veromessor andrei, (B) V. chamberlini, and (C) V. chicoensis. The larger black circle in each panel denotes the type locality. The northernmost locale for V. chamberlini was given only as Santa Clara County, and we have placed this locale near the center of the county." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318850/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Figure 10C</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3206560FFC5FFEF7FC5FEA8597AFE79" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC5FFEF7FC5FEA858E0FED5" blockId="32.[151,1437,291,469]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB2A11C5FFC5FFEF7FC5FEA859E3FE90" box="[151,1437,291,316]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9B10FAFFC5FFEF7FC5FEA85F5BFE90" author="Smith, M. R." box="[151,805,291,316]" page="37" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" year="1956">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC5FFEF7FC5FEA85F5BFE90" authority="Smith, 1956: 37" authorityName="Smith" authorityPageNumber="37" authorityYear="1956" box="[151,805,291,316]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="stoddardi" subSpecies="chicoensis">
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<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC5FFEF7FC5FEA85DFFFE90" box="[151,385,292,316]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Veromessor stoddardi</emphasis>
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B523CB6FFC5FFEF7EC7FEA85F5BFE90" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3965991350" box="[405,805,291,316]" collectionCode="USNM" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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subsp.
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<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC5FFEF7EBBFEA85E2DFE90" box="[489,595,292,316]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">chicoensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFC5FFEF7D35FEA85F5BFE90" author="Smith, M. R." box="[615,805,291,316]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="36 - 38" refId="ref72723" refString="Smith, M. R. (1956) A key to the workers of Veromessor Forel of the United States and the description of a new subspecies. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 32 (1), 36 - 38." type="journal article" year="1956">Smith, 1956: 37</bibRefCitation>
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</materialsCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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(worker). Types examined:
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||
<typeStatus id="54818849FFC5FFEF7B29FEA858AAFE90" box="[1147,1236,292,316]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
worker [USNM:
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B523CB6FFC5FFEF7F95FECE59E7FEF6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3965991353" box="[199,1433,322,347]" collectionCode="USNM, LACM" country="United States of America" location="UNITED STATES" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" specimenCount="14" specimenCount-worker="14" typeStatus="paratype">
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USNMENT00529087], USNM#62959,
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<specimenCount id="9D3CFD62FFC5FFEF7D31FECE5F55FEF6" box="[611,811,322,347]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="worker" typeStatus="paratype">8 paratype workers</specimenCount>
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||
[
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<collectionCode id="ED2BAE2EFFC5FFEF7C68FECE5FF4FEF6" box="[826,906,322,346]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
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],
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||
<specimenCount id="9D3CFD62FFC5FFEF7CCFFECE581BFEF6" box="[925,1125,322,347]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="worker" typeStatus="paratype">6 paratype workers</specimenCount>
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[
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||
<collectionCode id="ED2BAE2EFFC5FFEF7B21FECE58BAFEF6" box="[1139,1220,322,346]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="Museum">LACM</collectionCode>
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],
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<collectingCountry id="F32D767BFFC5FFEF7B85FECF59E7FEF6" box="[1239,1433,322,346]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">UNITED STATES</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
|
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,
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||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFC5FFEF7F95FEED5D4CFED5" box="[199,306,353,377]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">California</collectingRegion>
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: Butte County, Chico (T22N, R2E, Section 17), 450’,
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<date id="FF84102BFFC5FFEF7C05FEED5F9BFED5" box="[855,997,353,377]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" value="1954-03-02">2 March 1954</date>
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(Adrian Wenner).
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||
</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC5FFEF7FC5FE0C5833FE3B" blockId="32.[151,1437,291,469]" box="[151,1101,383,408]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC5FFEF7FC5FE0C5E2BFE34" ID-CoL="7KBJ7" authority="(Smith)" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1956" box="[151,597,384,408]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="stoddardi" subSpecies="chicoensis">
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||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC5FFEF7FC5FE0C5D36FE34" box="[151,328,384,408]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Messor stoddardi</emphasis>
|
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subsp.
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<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC5FFEF7EC7FE0C5D81FE34" box="[405,511,384,408]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Smith)
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</taxonomicName>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFC5FFEF7D32FE0C5F69FE3B" author="Bolton, B." box="[608,791,383,408]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref66297" refString="Bolton, B. (1995) A New General Catalogue of the Ants of the World. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 504 pp." type="book" year="1995">Bolton, 1995: 253</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(first combination in
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC5FFEF7CA6FE0C5841FE3B" ID-CoL="5Q45" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1890" box="[1012,1087,384,407]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC5FFEF7CA6FE0C5841FE3B" box="[1012,1087,384,407]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Messor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC5FFEF7FC5FE1358CAFE1A" blockId="32.[151,1437,291,469]" box="[151,1204,414,438]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC5FFEF7FC5FE135DE6FE1A" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" box="[151,408,414,438]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC5FFEF7FC5FE135D2CFE1A" box="[151,338,414,438]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Messor chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
Smith
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Johnson, 2000: 96 (raised to species, in list); see also Ward, 2005: 13 (in list).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC5FFEF7FC5FE32597AFE79" blockId="32.[151,1437,291,469]" box="[151,1284,445,469]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC5FFEF7FC5FE325DBDFE79" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1956" box="[151,451,445,469]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC5FFEF7FC5FE325D03FE79" box="[151,381,445,469]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Veromessor chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
Smith
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFC5FFEF7E9EFE315FFEFE79" author="Ward, P. S. & Brady, S. G. & Fisher, B. L. & Schultz, T. R." box="[460,896,445,469]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="61 - 81" refId="ref73206" refString="Ward, P. S., Brady, S. G., Fisher, B. L. & Schultz, T. R. (2015) The evolution of myrmicine ants: phylogeny and biogeography of a hyperdiverse ant clade (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology, 40 (1), 61 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12090" type="journal article" year="2015">Ward, Brady, Fisher, and Schultz, 2015: 13</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(revived combination in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC5FFEF7BD2FE32588BFE79" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[1152,1269,446,469]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC5FFEF7BD2FE32588BFE79" box="[1152,1269,446,469]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Veromessor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3206560FFC5FFEE7FC5FD8F5EE9FD5D" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC5FFEF7FC5FD8F5D60FBBA" blockId="32.[151,1437,515,2018]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC5FFEF7FC5FD8F5D0CFDB1" bold="true" box="[151,370,515,541]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Worker diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
This species is uniquely characterized by the following combination of features: (1) head and mesosoma orangish-red or orangish-brown to reddish-brown, gaster blackish-orange to blackish, (2) medial lobe of clypeus lacking medial groove but with several lateral longitudinal rugae, medial lobe not thick and protuberant in profile, not elevated above lateral lobes in frontal view, (3) mandibles with 8 teeth, (4)scape narrowest near midlength, (5) MOD distinctly less than OMD, OI <23.0, (6) cephalic dorsum weakly shining between fine longitudinal rugae, usually becoming somewhat reticulate on posterior margin; antennal fossa sometimes with several concentric rugae, (7) psammophore poorly developed; ventral surface of head capsule with scattered straight or evenly curved hairs, but J-shaped hairs mostly absent, (8) pronotum with fine, wavy to irregular, longitudinal rugae; sides of pronotum with longitudinal rugae that sometimes fade to disappear posterad, becoming granulate posterad; mesonotum with wavy to weakly irregular longitudinal rugae; mesopleura with wavy to irregular rugae that traverse longitudinally to posterodorsally, rugae sometimes with lateral branches, interrugae moderately to strongly granulate, (9) propodeal spines short, acuminate, length less than distance between their bases; infraspinal facet and propodeal declivity strongly coriarious or rugose, weakly dull to weakly shining, and (10) metasternal process large, higher than long with broadly rounded apex; anterior and posterior surfaces decline steeply; weakly translucent in profile (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFC5FFEF7A14FC5B5CC2FBB9" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1642,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1618]" captionTargetId="figure-18@21.[151,1436,181,1618]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 6. Photographs of the four categories of increasing psammophore development for species of Veromessor based on number and distribution of long J-shaped hairs on the ventral surface of the head capsule (= hypostomal region) (see text). Photograph of: (A) V. chicoensis (CASENT0923125)—J-shaped hairs mostly absent with scattered straight or evenly curved hairs, (B) V. andrei (CASENT0923140)—J-shaped hairs present but not arranged in a distinct row, usually mixed with straight or evenly curved hairs, (C) V. chamberlini (CASENT0761101) and (D) V. smithi (CASENT0923131)—J-shaped hairs present, arranged in a V-shaped row which does not reach the posterior part of the lateroventral margin of head capsule, usually mixed with straight or evenly curved hairs, and (E) V. pergandei (CASENT0923124)—J-shaped hairs present, many long J-shaped hairs arranged in a distinct row around the outer margin of the ventral region of the head capsule. Photographs by Wade Lee from www.AntWeb.org." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318842/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Figures 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFC5FFEF7F95FC775D6FFBBA" box="[199,273,1019,1046]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 15" captionStart-1="FIGURE 16" captionStartId-0="34.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionStartId-1="35.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox-0="[420,1168,181,1920]" captionTargetBox-1="[418,1170,181,1919]" captionTargetId-0="figure-26@34.[420,1168,181,1920]" captionTargetId-1="figure-18@35.[418,1170,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId-0="34" captionTargetPageId-1="35" captionText-0="FIGURE 15. Photograph of Veromessor chicoensis minor worker: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (LACMENT359751). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org." captionText-1="FIGURE 16. Photograph of Veromessor chicoensis major worker: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (LACMENT359767). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318860" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318862" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7318860/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7318862/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">15–16</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC5FFEF7F95FB935E1AFB0A" blockId="32.[151,1437,515,2018]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC5FFEF7F95FB935D08FB95" bold="true" box="[199,374,1055,1081]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Measurements</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54818849FFC5FFEF7ED6FB935D98FB95" box="[388,486,1055,1081]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC5FFEF7EA5FBAC5E7BFB95" box="[503,517,1056,1081]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 64). HL 1.63 (1.16–1.81); HW 1.66 (1.02–1.94); MOD 0.30 (0.21–0.34); OMD 0.39 (0.24–0.49); SL 1.25 (0.87–1.37); PNW 0.98 (0.69–1.19); HFL 1.51 (1.06–1.73); ML 2.01 (1.43–2.16); PW 0.30 (0.17–0.36); PPW 0.43 (0.27–0.52). Indices: SI 75.30 (67.03–94.58); CI 101.84 (80.56–119.5); OI 18.07 (16.4–22.66); HFI 90.96 (75.46–117.24).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC5FFEF7F95FB235E73F931" blockId="32.[151,1437,515,2018]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC5FFEF7F95FB235DEEFB65" bold="true" box="[199,400,1199,1225]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Queen diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
This caste is diagnosed by the following combination of features: (1) head and mesosoma dark orangish to orangish-brown with parts of mesopleura and mesoscutum blackish-orange to blackish; gaster blackishorange, (2) medial lobe of clypeus with strong submedial and sublateral rugae, (3) mandibles with 8 teeth, (4) dorsal base of scape weakly flattened; maximum basal width of scape greater than maximum preapical width, (5) MOD less than to greater than OMD, (6) cephalic dorsum weakly shining between fine, wavy to irregular, longitudinal rugae; medial rugae diverging toward posterior corners, rugae becoming strongly irregular to weakly rugoreticulate along posterior margin, (7) psammophore poorly developed, (8) sides of pronotum weakly shining between fine, longitudinal rugae; mesoscutum with fine, longitudinal rugae; mesoscutellum smooth and shining; anepisternum weakly shining between fine longitudinal rugae; katepisternum moderately shining between slightly more widely spaced rugae, (9) sides of propodeum weakly shining and densely punctate-granulate between longitudinal and oblique rugae; propodeal spines triangular, acuminate, length less than distance between their bases; infraspinal facet and propodeal declivity with fine transverse rugae, interrugae weakly dull to weakly shining, and (10) metasternal process large, higher than long with broadly rounded apex; anterior and posterior surfaces decline steeply; weakly translucent in profile (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFC5FFEF7EDDF90F5E7EF931" box="[399,512,1667,1693]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[413,1174,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-26@36.[413,1174,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 17. Photograph of Veromessor chicoensis alate queen: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT0922823). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318864" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318864/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Figure 17</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC5FFEF7F95F92B5DC5F8A5" blockId="32.[151,1437,515,2018]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC5FFEF7F95F92B5D08F96D" bold="true" box="[199,374,1703,1729]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Measurements</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC5FFEF7EDFF9245DE5F96D" box="[397,411,1704,1729]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 5). HL 1.44–1.61; HW 1.39–1.58; MOD 0.32–0.35; OMD 0.28–0.36; SL 1.08–1.12; HFL 1.34–1.50; ML 2.10–2.26; PW 0.35–0.39; PPW 0.49–0.55. Indices: SI 68.35–79.14; CI 94.74–98.14; OI 22.22– 26.58; HFI 94.44–100.00.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC5FFEE7F95F89F587EFF79" blockId="32.[151,1437,515,2018]" lastBlockId="33.[151,1437,151,1977]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC5FFEF7F95F89F5D01F881" bold="true" box="[199,383,1811,1837]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Male diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
This caste is diagnosed by the following combination of features: (11) head and mesosoma dark brown to dark blackish-brown; gaster a lighter medium brown, (12) clypeus weakly convex in profile; anteromedial margin weakly concave, with a weak medial longitudinal carina, (13) mandibles with 1
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC5FFEF7B3CF8D75802F8D9" bold="true" box="[1134,1148,1883,1909]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">–</emphasis>
|
||
3 teeth basad of preapical tooth, (14) anterior ocellus well above level of top of eyes, (15) mesopleura weakly shining, moderately to strongly lineopunctulate-lineogranulate, sometimes with rugae along posterior margin,(16)propodeum contiguously punctategranulate and with scattered, irregular, fine rugae; propodeal spines cariniform to knoblike and inconspicuous, (17) metasternal process prominent and acute to elongate and narrowly rounded, and (18) subpetiolar process short, elongate-triangular to spiniform, apex acuminate to rounded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFC4FFEE7C1AFF375FB9FF79" box="[840,967,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1768,1792]" captionTargetBox="[378,1208,181,1742]" captionTargetId="figure-26@8.[378,1208,181,1744]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photographs of the metasternal process on males of Veromessor: (A) V. andrei (CASENT4010823), (B) V. chamberlini (UCRC_ENT00500152), (C)V.chicoensis (CASENT0869853), (D) V.julianus (LACMENT359792),(E)V.lariversi (CASENT0761204), (F) V. lobognathus (LACMENT363986), (G) V. pergandei (CASENT0869850), (H) V. pseudolariversi (CASENT0869851), (I) V. smithi (LACMENT364071), and (J) V. stoddardi (LACMENT364102). Photographs by Robert Johnson from www.AntWeb.org." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318831/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Figures 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFC4FFEE7C81FF375F8CFF79" box="[979,1010,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[429,1159,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-18@37.[429,1159,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 18. Photograph of Veromessor chicoensis male: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (LACMENT359769). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318866" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318866/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">18</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC4FFEE7F95FF535861FEED" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7F95FF535D08FF55" bold="true" box="[199,374,223,249]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Measurements</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7EC3FF535DE1FF54" box="[401,415,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 10). HL 0.84–1.01; HW 0.80–1.00; MOD 0.34–0.40; OMD 0.09–0.13; SL 0.34–0.49; HFL 1.43–1.90; ML 2.12–2.59; PW 0.28–0.39; PPW 0.46–0.55;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFC4FFEE7C3BFE8F5FD8FEB1" box="[873,934,259,285]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">AOD</collectingRegion>
|
||
0.09–0.13; IOD 0.26–0.34; OOD 0.26–0.35. Indices: SI 40.70–61.25; CI 80.00–114.94; OI 34.00–46.25; HFI 159.00–235.00.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC4FFEE7F95FEC65EE9FD5D" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7F95FEC65FD9FEC9" bold="true" box="[199,935,330,357]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Additional material examined.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D767BFFC4FFEE7D69FEC75F65FEC8" box="[571,795,330,357]" name="United States of America" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">UNITED STATES</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7C74FEC65FE0FEC9" bold="true" box="[806,926,330,357]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFC4FFEE7C74FEC65FE0FEC9" box="[806,926,330,357]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7CFCFEC7586CFEC9" box="[942,1042,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Butte Co</emphasis>
|
||
.: Chico, 300’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFC4FFEE7BEBFEC75901FEC9" box="[1209,1407,330,357]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1956-05-18" valueMax="1956-05-19" valueMin="1956-05-18">May 18–19, 1956</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFC4FFEE7FC5FEE35D51FE25" box="[151,303,367,393]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1968-08-23">Aug 23, 1968</date>
|
||
& no date (LACM; USNM); Neal Rd at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFC4FFEE7DA6FEE35F45FE25" box="[756,827,367,393]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8169984" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mi" value="6.1">6.1 mi</quantity>
|
||
NE Jct Hwy 99, 1000’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFC4FFEE7B14FEE358AAFE25" box="[1094,1236,367,393]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1979-06-23">Jun 23, 1979</date>
|
||
(CASC; LACM); Hwy 99 at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFC4FFEE7E41FE1E5D2AFE01" box="[275,340,402,429]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.414016" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mi" value="15.0">15 mi</quantity>
|
||
S Chico,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFC4FFEE7E92FE1F5E2AFE01" box="[448,596,403,429]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1967-04-28">Apr 28, 1967</date>
|
||
(LACM; UAIC; USNM);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFC4FFEE7CD2FE1F5FC7FE01" box="[896,953,403,429]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="km" value="9.0">9 km</quantity>
|
||
N Oroville,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFC4FFEE7B14FE1F58F1FE01" box="[1094,1167,403,429]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="m" value="360.0">360 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFC4FFEE7BCBFE1F5950FE01" box="[1177,1326,403,429]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1992-04-18">Apr 18, 1992</date>
|
||
(UCDC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7FC5FE3B5D71FE7D" box="[151,271,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Colusa Co</emphasis>
|
||
.: Fouts Springs,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFC4FFEE7E9FFE3A5E68FE7D" box="[461,534,438,465]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFC4FFEE7D72FE3B5ECBFE7D" box="[544,693,439,465]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1986-04-12">Apr 12, 1986</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFC4FFEE7D8BFE3B5F0BFE7D" box="[729,885,438,465]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1995-05-28">May 28, 1995</date>
|
||
(UCDC); Stonyford,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFC4FFEE7B3BFE3A58CCFE7D" box="[1129,1202,438,465]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.55" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="m" value="355.0">355 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFC4FFEE7BEFFE3B592FFE7D" box="[1213,1361,439,465]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1986-04-12">Apr 12, 1986</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFC4FFEE7A27FE3B5C87FE59" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1988-06-19">Jun 19, 1988</date>
|
||
(UCDC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7E3FFE575DACFE59" box="[365,466,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Napa Co</emphasis>
|
||
.: Twin Peaks at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFC4FFEE7DDBFE575EBFFE59" box="[649,705,475,501]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
|
||
W Aetna Springs,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFC4FFEE7CC1FE575FA2FE59" box="[915,988,475,501]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="m" value="660.0">660 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFC4FFEE7CB5FE5758FDFE59" box="[999,1155,475,501]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1988-05-28">May 28, 1988</date>
|
||
(UCDC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7BA5FE575907FE59" box="[1271,1401,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Sonoma Co</emphasis>
|
||
.:
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFC4FFEE7ADCFE575CC5FDB5" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="km" value="6.0">6 km</quantity>
|
||
N Sonoma,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFC4FFEE7E17FE735DF0FDB5" box="[325,398,511,537]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFC4FFEE7EC5FE735E55FDB5" box="[407,555,511,537]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1997-04-13">Apr 13, 1997</date>
|
||
(UCDC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7DCDFE735F6EFDB5" box="[671,784,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Sutter Co.</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFC4FFEE7C4CFE735F29FDB5" box="[798,855,511,537]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
|
||
W North Butte, Sutter Buttes,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFC4FFEE7BFFFE735888FDB5" box="[1197,1270,511,537]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFC4FFEE7A53FE7359E2FDB5" box="[1281,1436,511,537]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="2007-05-28">May 28, 2007</date>
|
||
(UCDC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7E56FDAF5DFDFD91" box="[260,387,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Tehama Co</emphasis>
|
||
.: Hwy 36 at 5.8 Rd mi E Jct Hwy 99, 550’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFC4FFEE7C36FDAF5F8FFD91" box="[868,1009,547,573]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1979-06-22">Jun 22, 1979</date>
|
||
(CASC; LACM; USNM); Vina Plains Nature Preserve at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFC4FFEE7E22FDCB5DC6FDCD" box="[368,440,583,609]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="km" value="16.0">16 km</quantity>
|
||
E Corning,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFC4FFEE7D16FDCB5EFEFDCD" box="[580,640,583,609]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="m" value="60.0">60 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFC4FFEE7DDFFDCB5F5FFDCD" box="[653,801,583,609]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1992-10-10">Oct 10, 1992</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFC4FFEE7C14FDCB5F9EFDCD" box="[838,992,583,609]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1993-03-28">Mar 28, 1993</date>
|
||
(UCDC); Dye Creek at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFC4FFEE7BA5FDCB5941FDCD" box="[1271,1343,583,609]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="km" value="18.0">18 km</quantity>
|
||
SE Red Bluff,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFC4FFEE7FB2FDE65D57FD29" box="[224,297,618,645]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="m" value="335.0">335 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFC4FFEE7E66FDE75E76FD29" box="[308,520,619,645]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="2002-06-30" valueMax="2002-07-02" valueMin="2002-06-30">Jun 30–Jul 2, 2002</date>
|
||
(CASC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7D2AFDE75E91FD29" box="[632,751,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Tulare Co.</emphasis>
|
||
: Woodlake (on label as “Wood L.”),
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFC4FFEE7BDCFDE75954FD29" box="[1166,1322,619,645]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1947-05-14">May 14, 1947</date>
|
||
(LACM); James K. Herbert Wetland Prairie Preserve, 310’, no date, 2004 (not examined, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFC4FFEE7B15FD035909FD05" author="Hamm, C. A. & Kamansky, B." box="[1095,1399,655,681]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="543 - 547" refId="ref68677" refString="Hamm, C. A. & Kamansky, B. (2009) New record of Messor chicoensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the San Joaquin Valley of California. Sociobiology, 53 (2), 543 - 547." type="journal article" year="2009">Hamm & Kamansky, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) &
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFC4FFEE7FC5FD3F5D67FD61" box="[151,281,691,717]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="2018-10-02">Oct 2, 2018</date>
|
||
(LACM; NHMW; RAJC; UCDC); Pixley National Wildlife Refuge, 200’, no date, 2004 (not examined, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFC4FFEE7F90FD5B5D8EFD5D" author="Hamm, C. A. & Kamansky, B." box="[194,496,727,753]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="543 - 547" refId="ref68677" refString="Hamm, C. A. & Kamansky, B. (2009) New record of Messor chicoensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the San Joaquin Valley of California. Sociobiology, 53 (2), 543 - 547." type="journal article" year="2009">Hamm & Kamansky, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFC4FFEE7D54FD5B5EF4FD5D" box="[518,650,727,753]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[417,1169,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-18@25.[417,1170,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 10. Geographic distribution of: (A) Veromessor andrei, (B) V. chamberlini, and (C) V. chicoensis. The larger black circle in each panel denotes the type locality. The northernmost locale for V. chamberlini was given only as Santa Clara County, and we have placed this locale near the center of the county." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318850/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Figure 10C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3206560FFC4FFEE7F95FD77580AFCB9" box="[199,1140,763,789]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC4FFEE7F95FD77580AFCB9" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,1977]" box="[199,1140,763,789]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7F95FD775D30FCB9" bold="true" box="[199,334,763,789]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
This species was named based on the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54818849FFC4FFEE7DAFFD775F53FCB9" box="[765,813,763,789]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality at Chico,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFC4FFEE7CA9FD77580EFCB9" box="[1019,1136,763,789]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3206560FFC4FFEE7F95FC925E08F9D9" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC4FFEE7F95FC925D0FFBBD" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7F95FC925D3BFC94" bold="true" box="[199,325,798,824]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
. The poorly developed psammophore and short propodeal spines distinguish workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC4FFEE7A5CFC9359E3FC95" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1956" box="[1294,1437,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7A5CFC9359E3FC95" box="[1294,1437,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">V. chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from all congeners except the closely related
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC4FFEE7DCAFCCF5F60FCF1" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[664,798,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stoddardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7DCAFCCF5F60FCF1" box="[664,798,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">V. stoddardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC4FFEE7C7FFCCF5855FCF1" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1956" box="[813,1067,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7C7FFCCF5855FCF1" box="[813,1067,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Veromessor chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished by: (1) antennal scape narrowest near mid-length; maximum basal width of scape greater than maximum preapical width, and (2) in dorsal view, rugae on mesonotum similar to those on pronotum, interrugae weakly dull. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC4FFEE7BB2FC075917FC09" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[1248,1385,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stoddardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7BB2FC075917FC09" box="[1248,1385,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">V. stoddardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: (1) antennal scape narrowest immediately distad of basal bend; maximum basal width of scape about equal to maximum preapical width, and (2) in dorsal view, the mesonotum usually smooth and shining, rugae distinctly weaker than those on pronotum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC4FFEE7F95FB975962FB69" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFC4FFEE7F95FB975D27FB99" author="Smith, M. R." box="[199,345,1050,1077]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="36 - 38" refId="ref72723" refString="Smith, M. R. (1956) A key to the workers of Veromessor Forel of the United States and the description of a new subspecies. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 32 (1), 36 - 38." type="journal article" year="1956">Smith (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC4FFEE7E9FFB975EB4FB99" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1956" box="[461,714,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="stoddardi" subSpecies="chicoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7E9FFB975EB4FB99" box="[461,714,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">V. stoddardi chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from a
|
||
<typeStatus id="54818849FFC4FFEE7C4BFB975F05FB99" box="[793,891,1051,1077]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3CFD62FFC4FFEE7CFEFB9758F5FB99" box="[940,1163,1051,1077]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="worker" typeStatus="paratype">20 paratype workers</specimenCount>
|
||
and indicated specimens were deposited at USNM. We examined
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3CFD62FFC4FFEE7D38FBB35EADFBF5" box="[618,723,1087,1113]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="generic">nine type</specimenCount>
|
||
workers (on three pins) from USNM. All nine had type labels USNM #62959, but none of these specimens had a
|
||
<typeStatus id="54818849FFC4FFEE7D9FFBEF5F51FBD1" box="[717,815,1123,1149]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
label. Two pins had a USNM
|
||
<typeStatus id="54818849FFC4FFEE7B2EFBEF58A0FBD1" box="[1148,1246,1123,1149]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
No. 62959 label, and one pin had a USNM Type No. 62959 label; the latter pin also had a black dot on the uppermost triangle, and this specimen is presumed to be the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54818849FFC4FFEE7D7EFB275EECFB69" box="[556,658,1195,1221]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. Consequently, we placed a
|
||
<typeStatus id="54818849FFC4FFEE7C9CFB27584EFB69" box="[974,1072,1195,1221]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
label on this worker.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC4FFEE7F95FB435F35FA31" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC4FFEE7F95FB435DBCFB45" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1956" box="[199,450,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7F95FB435DBCFB45" box="[199,450,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Veromessor chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described as a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC4FFEE7C7EFB435FD1FB45" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[812,943,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stoddardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7C7EFB435FD1FB45" box="[812,943,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">V. stoddardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because of the similarity between workers of the two species. The two species are allopatric and workers of the two species display few consistent morphological differences, but queens and males differ in both morphology and size. Worker allometry is similar for both species (see above), but queens and males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC4FFEE7D11FAB75EABFAF9" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1956" box="[579,725,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7D11FAB75EABFAF9" box="[579,725,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">V. chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are distinctly smaller than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC4FFEE7B3FFAB7588AFAF9" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[1133,1268,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stoddardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7B3FFAB7588AFAF9" box="[1133,1268,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">V. stoddardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFC4FFEE7A56FAB75908FAF9" box="[1284,1398,1339,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[217,1373,196,1910]" captionTargetId="figure-26@38.[203,1384,181,1925]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 19. Bivariate plots for workers, queens, and males of Veromessor chicoensis and V. stoddardi: (A) head width versus head length and (B) head width versus mesosoma length. Sample size for each caste is in parentheses." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318868/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Figure 19</figureCitation>
|
||
). A molecular phylogeny that used UCEs shows
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC4FFEE7DDEFAD35F5EFAD5" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1956" box="[652,800,1375,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7DDEFAD35EE3FAD4" box="[652,669,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">V</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7DF9FAD35F5EFAD5" box="[683,800,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC4FFEE7C07FAD35FA0FAD5" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[853,990,1375,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stoddardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7C07FAD35F18FAD4" box="[853,870,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">V</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7C26FAD35FA0FAD5" box="[884,990,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">stoddardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be sister lineages, but well-separated and reciprocally monophyletic (M.L. Borowiec, unpub. data).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC4FFEE7F95FA2B5E08F9D9" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
As discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFC4FFEE7EC2FA2B5E92FA6D" author="Hamm, C. A. & Kamansky, B." box="[400,748,1447,1473]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="543 - 547" refId="ref68677" refString="Hamm, C. A. & Kamansky, B. (2009) New record of Messor chicoensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the San Joaquin Valley of California. Sociobiology, 53 (2), 543 - 547." type="journal article" year="2009">Hamm and Kamansky (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, workers from an apparently disjunct population in Tulare County,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFC4FFEE7FA4FA475D16FA49" box="[246,360,1483,1509]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
(see
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFC4FFEE7EF6FA475E5DFA49" box="[420,547,1483,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[417,1169,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-18@25.[417,1170,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 10. Geographic distribution of: (A) Veromessor andrei, (B) V. chamberlini, and (C) V. chicoensis. The larger black circle in each panel denotes the type locality. The northernmost locale for V. chamberlini was given only as Santa Clara County, and we have placed this locale near the center of the county." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318850/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Figure 10C</figureCitation>
|
||
and below), differed slightly from those in northern populations with rugae on the head and mesosoma less pronounced with the interrugae more shining. A molecular phylogeny based on UCEs shows that these populations show little divergence compared to interspecific genetic distances in the genus (M.L. Borowiec, unpub. data). Specimens referred to in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFC4FFEE7DECF9BB5879F9FD" author="Hamm, C. A. & Kamansky, B." box="[702,1031,1591,1617]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="543 - 547" refId="ref68677" refString="Hamm, C. A. & Kamansky, B. (2009) New record of Messor chicoensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the San Joaquin Valley of California. Sociobiology, 53 (2), 543 - 547." type="journal article" year="2009">Hamm and Kamansky (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were deposited in LACM, but could not be located, and they are presumed lost.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3206560FFC4FFE87F95F9F258B4FC65" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC4FFEE7F95F9F25E99F815" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7F95F9F25D59F934" bold="true" box="[199,295,1662,1688]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
Little is known about the biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC4FFEE7DA3F9F35FECF935" box="[753,914,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicocensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7DA3F9F35FECF935" box="[753,914,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">V. chicocensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Workers are diurnal foragers during spring and summer months, but shift to crepuscular foraging at temperatures of about 30
|
||
<superScript id="7C4F9BA3FFC4FFEE7B1DF92F5829F91D" attach="left" box="[1103,1111,1699,1713]" fontSize="6" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">o</superScript>
|
||
C and forage nocturnally at temperatures of 35
|
||
<superScript id="7C4F9BA3FFC4FFEE7E23F94B5D07F979" attach="left" box="[369,377,1735,1749]" fontSize="6" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">o</superScript>
|
||
C (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFC4FFEE7EF6F94B5E9DF94D" author="Hamm, C. A. & Kamansky, B." box="[420,739,1735,1761]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="543 - 547" refId="ref68677" refString="Hamm, C. A. & Kamansky, B. (2009) New record of Messor chicoensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the San Joaquin Valley of California. Sociobiology, 53 (2), 543 - 547." type="journal article" year="2009">Hamm & Kamansky, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Previous indications were that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC4FFEE7B30F94B5888F94D" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1956" box="[1122,1270,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7B30F94B5888F94D" box="[1122,1270,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">V. chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers were solitary foragers based on “no conspicuous foraging trail was observed” (M. Bennett, pers. comm.). However, the senior author observed two colonies in Tulare County in early
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFC4FFEE7C02F8835F96F885" box="[848,1000,1807,1833]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="2018-10">October 2018</date>
|
||
that were foraging in a narrow
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFC4FFEE7A1AF88259E2F885" box="[1352,1436,1806,1833]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="m" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">5–10 m</quantity>
|
||
long column during mid-morning. Colonies appeared to contain about
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0E502CFFC4FFEE7CEFF8BF5F85F8E1" box="[957,1019,1843,1869]" degrees="1,000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" precision="55" value="1.0">1,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0E502CFFC4FFEE7CA9F8BF5837F8E1" box="[1019,1097,1843,1869]" degrees="2,000" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" precision="55" value="-2.0">–2,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
workers (R.A. Johnson, pers. obs). Workers are polymorphic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFC4FFEE7EACF8DB5E10F8DD" box="[510,622,1879,1905]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[217,1373,196,1910]" captionTargetId="figure-26@38.[203,1384,181,1925]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 19. Bivariate plots for workers, queens, and males of Veromessor chicoensis and V. stoddardi: (A) head width versus head length and (B) head width versus mesosoma length. Sample size for each caste is in parentheses." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318868/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Figure 19</figureCitation>
|
||
). Nests are placed in hard clay soils.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC4FFEE7B5AF8DB597BF8DD" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1956" box="[1032,1285,1879,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7B5AF8DB597BF8DD" box="[1032,1285,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Veromessor chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sometimes sympatric with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC4FFEE7E19F8F75DCFF839" box="[331,433,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Novomessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andrei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7E19F8F75DCFF839" box="[331,433,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">V. andrei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas it appears to occur without
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC4FFEE7C35F8F75FB0F839" box="[871,974,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Novomessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andrei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC4FFEE7C35F8F75FB0F839" box="[871,974,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">V. andrei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at other locations, especially those with marginal, thin soil habitats (P.S. Ward, pers. comm.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF456663FFC7FFED7FC5F81B58E3F878" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318860" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7318860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318860/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" startId="34.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[420,1168,181,1920]" targetPageId="34">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC7FFED7FC5F81B58E3F878" blockId="34.[151,1436,1943,2004]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC7FFED7FC5F81B5D5EF803" bold="true" box="[151,288,1943,1967]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
|
||
Photograph of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC7FFED7E92F8145ED8F81C" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1956" box="[448,678,1944,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC7FFED7E92F8145ED8F81C" box="[448,678,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Veromessor chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
minor worker: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (LACMENT359751). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF456663FFC6FFEC7FC5F81B58E3F87F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318862" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7318862" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318862/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" startId="35.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[418,1170,181,1919]" targetPageId="35">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC6FFEC7FC5F81B58E3F87F" blockId="35.[151,1436,1943,2003]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC6FFEC7FC5F81B5D5FF803" bold="true" box="[151,289,1943,1967]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">FIGURE 16.</emphasis>
|
||
Photograph of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC6FFEC7E92F8145ED8F803" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1956" box="[448,678,1943,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC6FFEC7E92F8145ED8F803" box="[448,678,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Veromessor chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
major worker: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (LACMENT359767). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF456663FFC1FFEB7FC5F81B58ECF878" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318864" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7318864" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318864/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" startId="36.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[413,1174,181,1920]" targetPageId="36">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC1FFEB7FC5F81B58ECF878" blockId="36.[151,1436,1943,2004]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC1FFEB7FC5F81B5D5CF803" bold="true" box="[151,290,1943,1967]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">FIGURE 17.</emphasis>
|
||
Photograph of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC1FFEB7E97F8145ED2F81C" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1956" box="[453,684,1944,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC1FFEB7E97F8145ED2F81C" box="[453,684,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Veromessor chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
alate queen: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT0922823). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF456663FFC0FFEA7FC5F81B585FF878" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318866" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7318866" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318866/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" startId="37.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[429,1159,181,1920]" targetPageId="37">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC0FFEA7FC5F81B585FF878" blockId="37.[151,1436,1943,2004]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC0FFEA7FC5F81B5D61F803" bold="true" box="[151,287,1943,1967]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">FIGURE 18.</emphasis>
|
||
Photograph of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC0FFEA7EEBF8145EE3F81C" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1956" box="[441,669,1944,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC0FFEA7EEBF8145EE3F81C" box="[441,669,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Veromessor chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (LACMENT359769). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF456663FFC3FFE97FC5F81158DFF875" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318868" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7318868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318868/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" startId="38.[151,250,1949,1973]" targetBox="[217,1373,196,1910]" targetPageId="38">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC3FFE97FC5F81158DFF875" blockId="38.[151,1436,1949,2010]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC3FFE97FC5F8115D5EF819" bold="true" box="[151,288,1949,1973]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">FIGURE 19.</emphasis>
|
||
Bivariate plots for workers, queens, and males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC3FFE97C4CF812587AF819" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1956" box="[798,1028,1949,1973]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC3FFE97C4CF812587AF819" box="[798,1028,1949,1973]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Veromessor chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC3FFE97B67F81258D0F819" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[1077,1198,1949,1973]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stoddardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC3FFE97B67F81258D0F819" box="[1077,1198,1949,1973]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">V. stoddardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: (A) head width versus head length and (B) head width versus mesosoma length. Sample size for each caste is in parentheses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC2FFE87F95FF1B5876FEED" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Mating flights have not been observed, but sexuals have been collected from May 14 through August 28, suggesting that mating flights start early in the summer and last for an extended period. Nothing is known about colony founding, but head width and head length of queens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC2FFE87C37FF535F89FF55" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1956" box="[869,1015,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC2FFE87C37FF535F89FF55" box="[869,1015,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">V. chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are about the same as medium-sized workers, whereas mesosoma length is greater in queens than in workers (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFC2FFE87CB2FE8F582DFEB1" box="[992,1107,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[217,1373,196,1910]" captionTargetId="figure-26@38.[203,1384,181,1925]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 19. Bivariate plots for workers, queens, and males of Veromessor chicoensis and V. stoddardi: (A) head width versus head length and (B) head width versus mesosoma length. Sample size for each caste is in parentheses." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318868/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Figure 19</figureCitation>
|
||
). Their small size infers that founding queens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC2FFE87E24FEAB5E79FEED" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1956" box="[374,519,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC2FFE87E24FEAB5E79FEED" box="[374,519,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">V. chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are semiclaustral, probably obligate foragers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC2FFE87F95FEC75896FE01" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC2FFE87F95FEC75DB7FEC9" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1956" box="[199,457,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC2FFE87F95FEC75DB7FEC9" box="[199,457,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Veromessor chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also unusual because dealate queens sometimes occur in foraging columns (one foraging dealate queen collected by the senior author on
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFC2FFE87C44FEE35FAFFE25" box="[790,977,367,393]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="2018-10-02">October 2, 2018</date>
|
||
). Foraging by dealate queens is common in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC2FFE87FE6FE1F5D69FE01" box="[180,279,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Novomessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andrei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC2FFE87FE6FE1F5D69FE01" box="[180,279,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">V. andrei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but this is the first such record in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC2FFE87DCEFE1F5F53FE01" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1956" box="[668,813,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC2FFE87DCEFE1F5F53FE01" box="[668,813,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">V. chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see above discussion under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC2FFE87B26FE1F58A9FE01" box="[1140,1239,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Novomessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andrei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC2FFE87B26FE1F58A9FE01" box="[1140,1239,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">V. andrei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC2FFE87F95FE3B593AFE59" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Gland chemistry has not been examined in
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC2FFE87D92FE3B5F24FE7D" box="[704,858,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC2FFE87D92FE3B5F28FE7D" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1956" box="[704,854,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">V. chicoensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Like other small-colony congeners, workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC2FFE87ADAFE3B5D72FE59" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1956" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC2FFE87ADAFE3B5D72FE59" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">V. chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a small pygidial gland reservoir and lack a textured tergal cuticle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFC2FFE87B61FE575946FE59" author="Holldobler, B. & Plowes, N. J. R. & Johnson, R. A. & Nishshanka, U. & Liu, C. & Attygalle, A. B." box="[1075,1336,475,501]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="863 - 869" refId="ref69008" refString="Holldobler, B., Plowes, N. J. R., Johnson, R. A., Nishshanka, U., Liu, C. & Attygalle, A. B. (2013) Pygidial gland chemistry and potential alarm-recruitment function in column foraging, but not solitary, Nearctic Messor harvesting ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 59 (9), 863 - 869. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jinsphys. 2013.06.006" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Hölldobler
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC2FFE87BE7FE575893FE59" box="[1205,1261,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC2FFE87F95FE735FF6FD91" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
The Pacific
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFC2FFE87E1FFE735DF3FDB5" box="[333,397,511,537]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Coast</collectingRegion>
|
||
horned lizard (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC2FFE87D64FE735F4AFDB4" baseAuthorityName="Harlan" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[566,820,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Phrynosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cornutum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC2FFE87D64FE735F4AFDB4" box="[566,820,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Phrynosoma cornutum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) preys upon
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC2FFE87C97FE73582AFDB5" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1956" box="[965,1108,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC2FFE87C97FE73582AFDB5" box="[965,1108,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">V. chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and it sometimes is the main component in the diet of these lizards (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFC2FFE87D18FDAF5F02FD91" author="Hamm, C. A. & Kamansky, B." box="[586,892,547,573]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="543 - 547" refId="ref68677" refString="Hamm, C. A. & Kamansky, B. (2009) New record of Messor chicoensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the San Joaquin Valley of California. Sociobiology, 53 (2), 543 - 547." type="journal article" year="2009">Hamm & Kamansky, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC2FFE87F95FDCB5E20FC2D" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC2FFE87F95FDCB5DBDFDCD" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1956" box="[199,451,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC2FFE87F95FDCB5DBDFDCD" box="[199,451,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Veromessor chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be restricted to the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys in northern and central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFC2FFE87FC5FDE75D77FD29" box="[151,265,619,645]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
and in low mountains along the northwestern edge of the Sacramento Valley.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC2FFE87BCEFDE759E3FD29" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1956" box="[1180,1437,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC2FFE87BCEFDE759E3FD29" box="[1180,1437,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Veromessor chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
probably occurred throughout most to all of the San Joaquin Valley historically given a 1947 record of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3CFD62FFC2FFE87A67FD0359E2FD05" box="[1333,1436,655,681]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
|
||
from Tulare County, and more recent collections from Tulare County near vernal pools in Pixley National Wildlife Refuge and James K. Herbert Wetland Prairie Preserve (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFC2FFE87C48FD5B582CFD5D" author="Hamm, C. A. & Kamansky, B." box="[794,1106,727,753]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="543 - 547" refId="ref68677" refString="Hamm, C. A. & Kamansky, B. (2009) New record of Messor chicoensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the San Joaquin Valley of California. Sociobiology, 53 (2), 543 - 547." type="journal article" year="2009">Hamm & Kamansky, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The senior author collected two colonies in the James K. Herbert Wetland Prairie Preserve in
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFC2FFE87CDBFD775859FCB9" box="[905,1063,763,789]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="2018-10">October 2018</date>
|
||
, but this species was not located during a brief survey at Pixley National Wildlife Refuge at that time. Moreover, the current range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFC2FFE87A59FC9359E3FC95" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1956" box="[1291,1437,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chicoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC2FFE87A59FC9359E3FC95" box="[1291,1437,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">V. chicoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the San Joaquin Valley appears to be limited to isolated properties and refuges that have not been developed for agriculture (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFC2FFE87E4DFCEB5E2CFC2D" author="Hamm, C. A. & Kamansky, B." box="[287,594,871,897]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="543 - 547" refId="ref68677" refString="Hamm, C. A. & Kamansky, B. (2009) New record of Messor chicoensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the San Joaquin Valley of California. Sociobiology, 53 (2), 543 - 547." type="journal article" year="2009">Hamm & Kamansky, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFC2FFE87F95FC0758B4FC65" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
This species occurs at elevations from
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFC2FFE87DC5FC075F70FC09" box="[663,782,907,933]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" metricValueMax="6.6" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="m" value="360.0" valueMax="660.0" valueMin="60.0">60–660 m</quantity>
|
||
in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFC2FFE87C38FC075FA2FC09" box="[874,988,907,933]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
interior chaparral and woodlands and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFC2FFE87FC5FC235D77FC65" box="[151,265,943,969]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
Central Valley grasslands ecoregions, as defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFC2FFE87C04FC235854FC65" author="Olson, D. M. & Dinerstein, E. & Wikramanayake, E. D. & Burgess, N. D. & Powell, G. V. N. & Underwood, E. C. & D'Amico, J. A. & Itoua, I. & Strand, H. E. & Morrison, J. C. & Loucks, C. J. & Allnutt, T. F. & Ricketts, T. H. & Kura, Y. & Lamoreux, J. F. & Wettengel, W. W. & Hedao, P. & Kassem, K. R." box="[854,1066,943,969]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="933 - 938" refId="ref70788" refString="Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G. V. N., Underwood, E. C., D'Amico, J. A., Itoua, I., Strand, H. E., Morrison, J. C., Loucks, C. J., Allnutt, T. F., Ricketts, T. H., Kura, Y., Lamoreux, J. F., Wettengel, W. W., Hedao, P. & Kassem, K. R. (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth. Bioscience, 51 (11), 933 - 938. https: // doi. org / 10.1641 / 0006 - 3568 (2001) 051 [0933: TEOTWA] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Olson
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFC2FFE87CF2FC235FA7FC65" box="[928,985,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2001)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFC2FFE87B6AFC2358C3FC65" box="[1080,1213,943,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[417,1169,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-18@25.[417,1170,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 10. Geographic distribution of: (A) Veromessor andrei, (B) V. chamberlini, and (C) V. chicoensis. The larger black circle in each panel denotes the type locality. The northernmost locale for V. chamberlini was given only as Santa Clara County, and we have placed this locale near the center of the county." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318850/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Figure 10C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |