537 lines
55 KiB
XML
537 lines
55 KiB
XML
<document id="B65DA58EC7371794FC19A1EEA5B6F247" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3711.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5e40586a-e502-471a-ac38-0d7368e7edc6" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="284676" ID-ZooBank="7D6B537E-A945-417D-9632-58240DA6F6A2" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460677805307" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Phillip, Dawn A. T., Taphorn, Donald C., Holm, Erling, Gilliam, James F., Lamphere, Bradley A. & López-Fernández, Hernán" docDate="2013" docId="03879C69FFE4FFD245DFFC49C4B3FACD" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03711p064.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3711 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Characiformes" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="FFBEE411FFE9FFC24548FF87C051FFE8" masterDocTitle="Annotated list and key to the stream fishes of Trinidad & Tobago" masterLastPageNumber="64" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="14" updateTime="1698350215556" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="55C858F05FBBE94630C417AD4017DDB3" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="1F0A0E29A0062A9CBED7978BDC01564B">
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<mods:title id="694B4CA5E38A034683A4F5BEF1D3B812">Annotated list and key to the stream fishes of Trinidad & Tobago</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="D2992A14CC1CBEC7C9D787D909B6E476" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="BA33F4669162552F62E26CB61E3F07A6">
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<mods:roleTerm id="A43527BD5426FC17783459939646187F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="6E5ADD616B64499E6EACA7880F612805">Phillip, Dawn A. T.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="ACEFBEECC2481B8759F8DEBA27C38195" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="E1A5491F5E3F3BEB25B397098E3F0236">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="884DC8E49FE085B2854278D4E8544A82">Taphorn, Donald C.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="218FF694F3535E067A00354A8239E77E" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="204BA9CFF6A8F39176500C2D8816602E">
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<mods:roleTerm id="528F90F33D21E0EC54066892232BC105">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="2DBD7A4EE3082F6DD6AADFD624B927B3">Holm, Erling</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="60277C99583917A95FE5AA62631C223E" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="706DC2506BA5C3E79914CFDDDF0DD8E1">
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<mods:roleTerm id="322DE98FD38CD12A882112A6CC52B652">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="7EC2A096871D8B9B611380C4064B4672">Gilliam, James F.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="F02D651A3FB6EB6568F872A04E144F8B" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="536112F7611627536A1CAA3BED47BE97">
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<mods:roleTerm id="26853CFB59104ACD8CAD37B1FD7EDB3E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="BEFC20CF40A69CF5E23FC23CA22C5C7E">Lamphere, Bradley A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="A22B654829A1CF0695D0D708F76B6333" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="1834D1F3BFE01DDEBC6BC335D074859D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="9C9A516AAD910635452D3AA07FA1FFAA">López-Fernández, Hernán</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="EE0574EA57435D8943342CA340000C8B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="B73B51E90FB03720C9A20DEEF36E8DE6">
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<mods:title id="C46BFE73714D5D292CC3767E1BCDD813">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="3E4758DF90B3BA6AA0044526B6493CE9">
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<mods:date id="0CA22A44472388CEE539F22B35209F8B">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="2CC3F8093592FBDE8286BAF15C995626" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="42E2B6DC65DF6EC61B7997EDD267D34E">3711</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="A86E969F9F3085F66025D8911C45CF0D" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="605737D380EA5DA30624FBC4BCC30C1C">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="3222E2B56200F437B8004EF3AB78D89D">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="923050BDFC7A62A12C6967D2727CCF9A">64</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="61F969B3F487B4712AB3FBA3FBE7DD17">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="0398B51744A75590415079BFD9B5AF54" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3711.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="35072276143838F2AEF1AAE38E137E1E" type="GBIF-Dataset">5e40586a-e502-471a-ac38-0d7368e7edc6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C3C98C6A372C8B524F79186607F6E685" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F5F6CA189C20466B0722161812BADF4D" type="Zenodo-Dep">284676</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03879C69FFE4FFD245DFFC49C4B3FACD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6153112" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127665768" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6153112" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03879C69FFE4FFD245DFFC49C4B3FACD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03879C69FFE4FFD245DFFC49C4B3FACD" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<subSubSection id="C3347EF4FFE4FFCF45DFFC49C180FBC6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE4FFCF45DFFC49C240FC00" blockId="13.[151,529,974,1000]" box="[151,529,974,1000]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<heading id="D0D99A13FFE4FFCF45DFFC49C240FC00" bold="true" box="[151,529,974,1000]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE4FFCF45DFFC49C240FC00" bold="true" box="[151,529,974,1000]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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ORDER
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE4FFCF4440FC49C240FC00" ID-CoL="X2" ID-ENA="7991" box="[264,529,974,1000]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">CHARACIFORMES</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE4FFCF45DFFB91C180FBC6" blockId="13.[151,465,1046,1070]" box="[151,465,1046,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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FAMILY
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE4FFCF444CFB91C180FBC6" box="[260,465,1046,1070]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">ANOSTOMIDAE</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3347EF4FFE4FFD245DFFBDEC4B3FACD" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE4FFCF45DFFBDEC2AEFB98" blockId="13.[151,1436,1111,1352]" box="[151,767,1111,1136]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE4FFCF45DFFBDEC256FB98" authority="Bloch 1794" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1794" box="[151,519,1111,1136]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="friderici">
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE4FFCF45DFFBDEC13AFB98" box="[151,363,1111,1136]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Leporinus friderici</emphasis>
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(Bloch 1794)
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</taxonomicName>
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[three-spot
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE4FFCF47C6FBD0C2A8FB98" box="[654,761,1111,1136]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">leporinus</taxonomicName>
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]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE4FFCF458FFBFBC3DCFB17" blockId="13.[151,1436,1111,1352]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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Slow-moving streams and ponds; single record collected from Matura River on the east coast of
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<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFE4FFCF407DFBFBC5C9FB7D" box="[1333,1432,1148,1173]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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; believed to be locally extinct (Kenny 1995). Probably a natural colonist (Kenny 1995). Potamodromous. Extended (Ponton & de Mérona 1998) or seasonal spawning (Lopes
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE4FFCF4664FB42C30CFB35" box="[812,861,1220,1245]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
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. 2000); eggs deposited in lentic habitats in benthic nest, guarded by parents. Omnivore (de Melo
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE4FFCF47D2FB6EC29AFAE8" box="[666,715,1255,1280]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
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. 2004).
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<quantity id="4CD6809AFFE4FFCF4661FB60C3D8FB17" box="[809,905,1255,1280]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="500.0">500 mm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE4FFCF458FFA8BC35AFAA0" blockId="13.[151,1436,1111,1352]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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As with many “species" in this genus,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE4FFCF47C0FA8AC30EFACD" box="[648,863,1292,1317]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="friderici">
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE4FFCF47C0FA8AC30EFACD" box="[648,863,1292,1317]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Leporinus friderici</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a poorly understood species complex currently being investigated; taxonomic changes can be expected.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE4FFCF45DFFA1BC194FA5C" blockId="13.[151,453,1436,1460]" box="[151,453,1436,1460]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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FAMILY
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE4FFCF444CFA1BC194FA5C" box="[260,453,1436,1460]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Curimatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">CURIMATIDAE</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE4FFCF45DFFA63C40FFA15" blockId="13.[151,1436,1508,1677]" box="[151,1118,1508,1533]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE4FFCF45DFFA63C26AFA15" authority="Gill 1858" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,571,1508,1533]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Curimatidae" genus="Steindachnerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="argentea">
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE4FFCF45DFFA63C1E9FA14" box="[151,440,1508,1533]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Steindachnerina argentea</emphasis>
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(Gill 1858)
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</taxonomicName>
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[silver fish, hump-backed sardine, stout sardine]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE4FFCF458FF980C4B0F964" blockId="13.[151,1436,1508,1677]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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Clear or slightly turbid water (Kenny 1995, Winemiller
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE4FFCF4672F98EC33AF9C8" box="[826,875,1543,1568]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
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. 2008) in ponds, drainage ditches, and the middle courses of streams, where it prefers muddy or sandy substrates; tolerant of hypoxic conditions (Winemiller 1989). South American fauna, with limited distribution in north central
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<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFE4FFCF46DAF9C8C3A3F980" box="[914,1010,1615,1640]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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(Kenny 1995, Phillip 1998). Native (Kenny 1995). Lays sticky eggs on substrate. Epibenthic mud-feeder (Winemiller 1992).
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<quantity id="4CD6809AFFE4FFCF4135F9F3C48DF964" box="[1149,1244,1652,1676]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="110.0">110 mm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE4FFCF45DFF951C182F906" blockId="13.[151,467,1750,1774]" box="[151,467,1750,1774]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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FAMILY
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE4FFCF444CF951C182F906" box="[260,467,1750,1774]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Erythrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">ERYTHRINIDAE</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE4FFCF45DFF89BC331F8DD" blockId="13.[151,1436,1820,1983]" box="[151,864,1820,1845]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE4FFCF45DFF89BC2E9F8DC" authority="Bloch & Schneider 1801" authorityName="Bloch & Schneider" authorityYear="1801" box="[151,696,1820,1845]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Erythrinidae" genus="Erythrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythrinus">
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE4FFCF45DFF89BC1D9F8DD" box="[151,392,1820,1845]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Erythrinus erythrinus</emphasis>
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(Bloch & Schneider 1801)
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</taxonomicName>
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[red wolf fish]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE4FFCF458FF8B9C0AAF856" blockId="13.[151,1436,1820,1983]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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Slow-moving lowland streams; facultative air breather (Stevens & Holeton 1978). In
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<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFE4FFCF41C6F8B9C4A0F8BF" box="[1166,1265,1854,1879]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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, found only on the southwestern peninsula (Kenny 1995, Phillip 1998), including the South Oropuche drainage. Native (Kenny 1995). Probably deposits eggs in pits in the stream bed. Carnivore; young may mimic prey species (Brosset 1997).
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<quantity id="4CD6809AFFE4FFCF45DFF820C0A6F856" box="[151,247,1959,1983]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="200.0">200 mm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE7FFCC45DFFF10C315FF58" blockId="14.[151,1436,151,464]" box="[151,836,151,176]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE7FFCC45DFFF10C28DFF58" authority="Spix & Agassiz 1829" authorityName="Spix & Agassiz" authorityYear="1829" box="[151,732,151,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Erythrinidae" genus="Hoplerythrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unitaeniatus">
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE7FFCC45DFFF10C182FF58" box="[151,467,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus</emphasis>
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(Spix & Agassiz 1829)
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</taxonomicName>
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[yarrow]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE7FFCC458FFF3BC4D5FE8C" blockId="14.[151,1436,151,464]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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Variety of habitats including clear, free-flowing, and sluggish streams and swamps, including anoxic waters (Kenny 1995); facultative air breather (Stevens & Holeton 1978); South American fauna, with distribution on
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<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFE7FFCC45DFFE83C0A7FEF5" box="[151,246,260,285]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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limited to populations in streams draining to the east coast (Kenny 1995), easternmost drainages of the Caroni River (Phillip 1998), and the southwestern peninsula. Native or natural colonist (Kenny 1995). Seasonal spawning (Ponton & de Mérona 1998); likely spawns in benthic pits. Carnivore.
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<quantity id="4CD6809AFFE7FFCC4168FECBC4D1FE8C" box="[1056,1152,332,357]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="250.0">250 mm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE7FFCC458FFEE8C4CCFE38" blockId="14.[151,1436,151,464]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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Gill (1858) described
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE7FFCC4489FEE8C282FE60" box="[449,723,367,392]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Erythrinidae" genus="Hoplerythrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE7FFCC4489FEE8C282FE60" box="[449,723,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Hoplerythrinus cinereus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as an endemic species from
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<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFE7FFCC4155FEE8C42EFE60" box="[1053,1151,367,392]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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, however, in the absence of more collections, we currently treat all
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE7FFCC4730FE13C372FE45" box="[632,803,404,429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Erythrinidae" genus="Hoplerythrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE7FFCC4730FE13C372FE45" box="[632,803,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Hoplerythrinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFE7FFCC4623FE13C39BFE45" box="[875,970,404,429]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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as
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE7FFCC46BBFE12C4F0FE44" box="[1011,1185,405,428]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Erythrinidae" genus="Hoplerythrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unitaeniatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE7FFCC46BBFE12C4F0FE44" box="[1011,1185,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. unitaeniatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which also occurs in the nearby Orinoco basin. Further studies should reveal whether this treatment is warranted.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE7FFCC45DFFE78C35BFDF0" blockId="14.[151,1436,511,752]" box="[151,778,511,536]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE7FFCC45DFFE78C24FFDF0" authority="Bloch 1794" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1794" box="[151,542,511,536]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Erythrinidae" genus="Hoplias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE7FFCC45DFFE78C1D3FDF0" box="[151,386,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Hoplias malabaricus</emphasis>
|
|
(Bloch 1794)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
[guabine, wolf fish].
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE7FFCC458FFDA3C408FD07" blockId="14.[151,1436,511,752]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
|
Ponds, drainage ditches, and streams from lowlands to some headwaters; clear or turbid, fast- or slow-flowing water (Kenny 1995); dermal lip protuberances allow aquatic surface breathing in hypoxic conditions (Winemiller 1989). South American fauna, widely distributed in streams below the Northern Range zoogeographic barrier (Kenny 1995, Phillip 1998). Native. Potamodromous on mainland. Spawns all year (Ponton & de Mérona 1998); spawns in pits dug in shallow areas, male guards eggs and young (Lowe McConnel 1999). Piscivore (Winemiller 1992, Ibañez
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE7FFCC4466FD5EC131FD18" box="[302,352,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. 2007), juveniles carnivorous (Meschiatti & Arcifa 2002).
|
|
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFE7FFCC46BDFD50C404FD07" box="[1013,1109,727,752]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="560.0">560 mm</quantity>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE7FFCC45DFFCC3C197FCB4" blockId="14.[151,454,836,860]" box="[151,454,836,860]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
|
FAMILY
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE7FFCC444CFCC3C197FCB4" box="[260,454,836,860]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lebiasinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">LEBIASINIDAE</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE7FFCC45DFFC0BC35BFC4D" blockId="14.[151,1436,908,1112]" box="[151,778,908,933]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE7FFCC45DFFC0BC1B8FC4C" authority="Regan 1912" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1912" box="[151,489,908,933]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lebiasinidae" genus="Copella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnoldi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE7FFCC45DFFC0BC119FC4D" box="[151,328,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Copella arnoldi</emphasis>
|
|
(Regan 1912)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
[splashing tetra, copeina]
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE7FFCC458FFC28C13AFBBF" blockId="14.[151,1436,908,1112]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
|
Sluggish or stagnant forested streams and swamps. Introduced (Kenny 1995); distribution initially restricted to the eastern part of the island (Kenny 1995), but it has spread to the far inland drainages of the Caroni River, which empties along the upper regions of the west coast (Kenny 1995; Phillip 1998). Lays eggs on leaves overhanging water (Krekorian & Dunham 1972); male splashes water onto developing eggs (Krekorian & Dunham 1972). Carnivore.
|
|
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFE7FFCC445DFBB8C136FBBF" box="[277,359,1087,1112]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE7FFCC45DFFB0EC3C4FB48" blockId="14.[151,1436,1159,1293]" box="[151,917,1159,1184]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE7FFCC45DFFB0EC2C4FB48" authority="Steindachner 1876" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1876" box="[151,661,1159,1184]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lebiasinidae" genus="Nannostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unifasciatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE7FFCC45DFFB0EC1ECFB48" box="[151,445,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nannostomus unifasciatus</emphasis>
|
|
Steindachner 1876
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
[one-lined pencil fish]
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE7FFCC458FFB2BC2B2FAE4" blockId="14.[151,1436,1159,1293]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
|
Slow-moving streams among vegetation or other cover (Staeck & Schindler 2008). Introduced from
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFE7FFCC4076FB2BC5C9FB2C" box="[1342,1432,1196,1220]" name="Guyana" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Guyana</collectingCountry>
|
|
, but believed to be locally extinct (Kenny 1995). Eggs laid in open water or among vegetation (Vorderwinkler 1957). Carnivore/omnivore (Taphorn 1992).
|
|
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFE7FFCC47C5FB73C28EFAE4" box="[653,735,1268,1292]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE7FFCC45DFFABBC2AEFABD" blockId="14.[151,1436,1340,1437]" box="[151,767,1340,1365]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE7FFCC45DFFABBC1B5FABC" authority="Cope 1872" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1872" box="[151,484,1340,1365]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lebiasinidae" genus="Pyrrhulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laeta">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE7FFCC45DFFABBC101FABD" box="[151,336,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Pyrrhulina laeta</emphasis>
|
|
(Cope 1872)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
[half-banded
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE7FFCC47C9FABBC2A8FABD" box="[641,761,1340,1365]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lebiasinidae" genus="Pyrrhulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">pyrrhulina</taxonomicName>
|
|
]
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE7FFCC458FFAE7C569FA74" blockId="14.[151,1436,1340,1437]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
|
Large and small streams. Distribution in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFE7FFCC47E5FAD8C35CFA90" box="[685,781,1375,1400]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
|
limited to eastern streams (Kenny 1995, Phillip 1998). Introduced (Kenny 1995). Eggs shed in open water or deposited on various substrates. Carnivore.
|
|
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFE7FFCC41A9FA03C565FA74" box="[1249,1332,1412,1436]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="90.0">90 mm</quantity>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE7FFCC45DFFA77C24CF9E0" blockId="14.[151,541,1520,1544]" box="[151,541,1520,1544]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
|
FAMILY
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE7FFCC444CFA77C24CF9E0" box="[260,541,1520,1544]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gasteropelecidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">GASTEROPELECIDAE</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE7FFCC45DFF9B0C31DF9B8" blockId="14.[151,1436,1591,1797]" box="[151,844,1591,1616]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE7FFCC45DFF9B0C23DF9B8" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,620,1591,1616]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gasteropelecidae" genus="Gasteropelecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sternicla">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE7FFCC45DFF9B0C1FCF9B8" box="[151,429,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Gasteropelecus sternicla</emphasis>
|
|
(Linnaeus 1758)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
[silver hatchet fish]
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE7FFCC458FF9DBC1C0F8EC" blockId="14.[151,1436,1591,1797]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
|
Slow-moving, turbid, lowland streams (Kenny 1995). Two populations on
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFE7FFCC4150F9DBC42DF99D" box="[1048,1148,1628,1653]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
|
: one on the southwestern peninsula (Kenny 1995), and the other in the eastern part of the island (Phillip 1998, Mohammed
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE7FFCC4046F906C518F970" box="[1294,1353,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2010). Recent colonist (Kenny 1995). Oviparous; brief spawning period in the wet season (Alkins-Koo 2000); eggs deposited on various substrates. Insectivore (Planquette
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE7FFCC466BF94EC306F908" box="[803,855,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. 1996); frequently breaches water surface to take flying insects.
|
|
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFE7FFCC4473F96BC1DCF8EC" box="[315,397,1772,1797]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE7FFCC45DFF8DFC1EAF898" blockId="14.[151,443,1880,1904]" box="[151,443,1880,1904]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
|
FAMILY
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE7FFCC444CF8DFC1EAF898" box="[260,443,1880,1904]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">CHARACIDAE</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE7FFCC45DFF826C55AF851" blockId="14.[151,1436,1952,2013]" box="[151,1291,1952,1977]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE7FFCC45DFF826C21DF851" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,588,1952,1977]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bimaculatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE7FFCC45DFF826C1DCF851" box="[151,397,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Astyanax bimaculatus</emphasis>
|
|
(Linnaeus 1758)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
[sardine, two-spot sardine, sardine doree, pink-finned sardine]
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE7FFCD458FF843C296FEF4" blockId="14.[151,1436,1952,2013]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
|
Midwater dweller (Winemiller 1992) in large, clear streams to small, turbid drainage ditches and ponds (Kenny 1995); tolerates hypoxic conditions by aquatic surface respiration (Winemiller 1989). Native; widely distributed throughout
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFE6FFCD4456FF3BC12CFF3D" box="[286,381,188,213]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
|
(Kenny 1995, Phillip 1998). Oviparous; spawning season likely to be brief (Alkins-Koo 2000), during the early wet season (Ponton & de Mérona 1998); eggs deposited on various substrates. Omnivore (Alkins-Koo 2000, de Melo
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE6FFCD449DFE82C257FEF5" box="[469,518,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. 2004).
|
|
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFE6FFCD472BFE83C292FEF4" box="[611,707,260,285]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="150.0">150 mm</quantity>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE6FFCD458FFEA0C368FE8D" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,357]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
|
The
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE6FFCD45B2FEAFC1A0FEA8" box="[250,497,295,320]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bimaculatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE6FFCD45B2FEAFC1A0FEA8" box="[250,497,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Astyanax bimaculatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group has recently been reviewed (Garutti 2003), but the species present in the Orinoco Basin, and hence
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFE6FFCD44A0FECBC21BFE8D" box="[488,586,332,357]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
|
, are still under study.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE6FFCD45DFFE12C21DFE44" blockId="15.[151,1437,404,645]" box="[151,588,404,429]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE6FFCD45DFFE12C119FE45" box="[151,328,404,429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="falcatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE6FFCD45DFFE12C119FE45" box="[151,328,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Brycon falcatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group [No local name]
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE6FFCD458FFE3FC3FDFE1D" blockId="15.[151,1437,404,645]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
|
Large and small streams. South coast,
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFE6FFCD47C6FE30C2A1FE38" box="[654,752,439,464]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
|
, based on one specimen (catalogue no. UWIZM.2011.29). Natural colonist. Oviparous. Omnivore (de Melo
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE6FFCD4788FE5AC2A3FE1D" box="[704,754,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. 2004).
|
|
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFE6FFCD4607FE5BC3F9FE1D" box="[847,936,476,501]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="600.0">600mm</quantity>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE6FFCD458FFE78C2F2FDD4" blockId="15.[151,1437,404,645]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
|
Species of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE6FFCD4423FD86C24DFDF0" box="[363,540,511,536]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="falcatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE6FFCD4423FD86C24DFDF0" box="[363,540,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Brycon falcatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group are in need of revision. Other names are often assigned to Orinoco Basin species such as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE6FFCD440FFDA2C2CFFDD4" authority="Pellegrin 1909" authorityName="Pellegrin" authorityYear="1909" box="[327,670,548,573]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE6FFCD440FFDA2C1A1FDD5" box="[327,496,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Brycon bicolor</emphasis>
|
|
Pellegrin 1909
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE6FFCD458FFDC0C2B2FD6D" blockId="15.[151,1437,404,645]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
|
Members of this genus are found in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFE6FFCD4713FDC0C2EBFD88" box="[603,698,583,608]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
|
from time to time,
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE6FFCD46DBFDCEC3E5FD88" box="[915,948,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">e.g</emphasis>
|
|
.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE6FFCD4681FDCEC4F4FD88" box="[969,1189,585,608]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amazonicus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE6FFCD4681FDCEC4F4FD88" box="[969,1189,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Brycon amazonicus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Alkins and de Souza 1984), but they generally fail to become established.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE6FFCD45DFFD32C3CDFD25" blockId="15.[151,1437,692,933]" box="[151,924,692,717]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE6FFCD45DFFD32C18AFD25" authority="Gill 1858" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,475,692,717]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Corynopoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riisei">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE6FFCD45DFFD32C138FD24" box="[151,361,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Corynopoma riisei</emphasis>
|
|
Gill 1858
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
[swordtail sardine, swallowtail sardine]
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE6FFCD458FFD5FC49BFC4C" blockId="15.[151,1437,692,933]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
|
Large and small streams, slow, turbid waters (Nelson 1964); tolerates brackish conditions. Widely distributed in lowland streams south of the Northern Range divide (Kenny 1995, Phillip 1998); does not penetrate far up Northern Range valleys, but reaches higher elevations on the South and Central ranges (Kenny 1995). Native. Oviparous, internal fertilisation with extended spawning coincident with high rainfall (Alkins-Koo 2000), females capable of storing viable sperm for months (Alkins-Koo 2000); eggs laid on submerged plants. Carnivore, feeding mostly on insects (Bushman & Burns 1994, Alkins-Koo 2000, Arnqvist & Kolm 2010).
|
|
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFE6FFCD413CFC0BC497FC4C" box="[1140,1222,908,932]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="80.0">80 mm</quantity>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE6FFCD45DFFC49C3E6FC0E" blockId="15.[151,1436,974,1214]" box="[151,951,974,999]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE6FFCD45DFFC49C220FC0F" authority="Eigenmann 1920" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1920" box="[151,625,974,999]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valencia">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE6FFCD45DFFC49C1FAFC0F" box="[151,427,974,999]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Gephyrocharax valencia</emphasis>
|
|
Eigenmann 1920
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
[No known common names]
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE6FFCD458FFC75C09BFB56" blockId="15.[151,1436,974,1214]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
|
Moriquite and Moruga drainages on south coast of
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFE6FFCD4647FC75C33FFBE3" box="[783,878,1010,1035]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
|
(Phillip 1998) (UWIZM.2010.14.253) (Vanegas- Rios & Phillip in press). Recent arrival (Phillip 1998). Internal fertilisation, eggs laid on various substrates; four months generation time; fecundity: about 734 embryos/female; egg diameter: approximately 0.75 mm. Spawns during rainy season, possibly more than once per season (Winemiller & Taphorn 1989). Omnivore, but feeds mainly on terrestrial and aquatic insects and microcrustaceans (Taphorn 1992). Origin on the island uncertain.
|
|
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFE6FFCD40C8FB05C097FB56" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE6FFCD45DFFB6EC283FAE9" blockId="15.[151,1436,1257,1462]" box="[151,722,1257,1282]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE6FFCD45DFFB6EC213FAEA" authority="Fowler 1911" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,578,1257,1282]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gymnocorymbus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bondi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE6FFCD45DFFB6EC1CDFAEA" box="[151,412,1257,1282]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Gymnocorymbus bondi</emphasis>
|
|
(Fowler 1911)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
[silver tetra]
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE6FFCD458FFA8AC09BFA85" blockId="15.[151,1436,1257,1462]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
|
Clear or turbid, slow-flowing streams. Lower reaches of coastal streams on the western south coast of
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFE6FFCD4075FA8AC5CDFACE" box="[1341,1436,1293,1318]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
|
(Kenny 1995). Native. Eggs shed in open water or deposited on various substrates (Taphorn 1992). Omnivore.
|
|
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFE6FFCD40C8FAB6C097FA85" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE6FFCD458FFAFEC3E6FA5E" blockId="15.[151,1436,1257,1462]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
|
This species was originally described as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE6FFCD47DBFAFEC3D2FA7A" box="[659,899,1401,1426]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Phenacogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bondi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE6FFCD47DBFAFEC3D2FA7A" box="[659,899,1401,1426]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Phenacogaster bondi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
by Fowler (1911), later considered a species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE6FFCD45DFFA1AC17FFA5E" box="[151,302,1437,1462]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE6FFCD45DFFA1AC17FFA5E" box="[151,302,1437,1462]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Moenkhausia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and finally placed in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE6FFCD4760FA1AC3E3FA5E" authority="Reis et al. 2003" authorityName="Reis et al." authorityYear="2003" box="[552,946,1437,1462]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gymnocorymbus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE6FFCD4760FA1AC2B7FA5E" box="[552,742,1437,1462]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Gymnocorymbus</emphasis>
|
|
(Reis
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE6FFCD4667FA19C336FA5E" box="[815,871,1437,1462]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2003)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE6FFCD45DFFA62C413FA15" blockId="15.[151,1436,1509,1858]" box="[151,1090,1509,1534]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE6FFCD45DFFA62C247FA16" authority="Gill 1858" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,534,1509,1534]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Hemibrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taeniurus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE6FFCD45DFFA62C1C3FA15" box="[151,402,1509,1534]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hemibrycon taeniurus</emphasis>
|
|
(Gill 1858)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
[mountain stream sardine, sardine, bandtail tetra]
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE6FFCD458FF98EC471F982" blockId="15.[151,1436,1509,1858]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
|
Clear upper reaches of streams. Endemic to
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFE6FFCD47FEF98EC344F9CA" box="[694,789,1545,1570]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
|
(Bertaco & Malabarba 2010); previously restricted to the upper reaches of streams on the southern slopes of the Northern Range and Nariva Swamp (Kenny 1995), more recently in streams draining the Central Range (Phillip 1998). Omnivore.
|
|
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFE6FFCD4699F9D5C44DF982" box="[977,1052,1618,1642]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="80.0">80mm</quantity>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE6FFCD458FF9F2C201F8AA" blockId="15.[151,1436,1509,1858]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
|
There was some confusion regarding the correct identity of the species on
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFE6FFCD414FF9F2C438F966" box="[1031,1129,1653,1678]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
|
, which was described three times. According to Kenny (1995), Boeseman confirmed that the species was
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE6FFCD4164F91DC4EDF959" box="[1068,1212,1690,1713]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Hemibrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taeniurus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE6FFCD4164F91DC4EDF959" box="[1068,1212,1690,1713]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. taeniurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but listed it as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE6FFCD40C9F91DC0B2F93D" class="Actinopterygii" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Girardinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guppyi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE6FFCD40C9F91DC0B2F93D" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. guppyi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
based on a description of the species by Regan (1906b); Kenny (1995) concluded that the species was an island race of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE6FFCD4404F965C18EF911" box="[332,479,1762,1785]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Hemibrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taeniurus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE6FFCD4404F965C18EF911" box="[332,479,1762,1785]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. taeniurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, rejecting the idea of an island endemic,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE6FFCD46A1F965C40EF911" box="[1001,1119,1762,1785]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Girardinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guppyi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE6FFCD46A1F965C40EF911" box="[1001,1119,1762,1785]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. guppyi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. It was also described as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE6FFCD45DFF881C34EF8F6" authority="Lutken (1875a)" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1875" box="[151,799,1797,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" genus="Tetragonopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trinitatis" subGenus="Hemibrycon">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE6FFCD45DFF881C20EF8F5" box="[151,607,1797,1822]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Tetragonopterus (Hemibrycon) trinitatis</emphasis>
|
|
Lütken (1875a)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, a name now also considered to be a synonym of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE6FFCD40C9F881C21DF8AA" authority="Bertaco & Malabarba 2010" authorityName="Bertaco & Malabarba" authorityYear="2010" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Hemibrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taeniatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE6FFCD40C9F881C0AFF8A9" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. taeniatus</emphasis>
|
|
(Bertaco & Malabarba 2010)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE6FFCD45DFF8F5C32CF862" blockId="15.[151,1436,1905,2038]" box="[151,893,1905,1930]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFE6FFCD45DFF8F5C212F862" authority="Gill 1858" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,579,1905,1930]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unilineatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFE6FFCD45DFF8F5C191F862" box="[151,448,1905,1930]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hemigrammus unilineatus</emphasis>
|
|
(Gill 1858)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
[featherfin tetra, featherfin]
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFE6FFD2458FF812C16DFF1F" blockId="15.[151,1436,1905,2038]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
|
Fresh and weakly brackish water (Kenny 1995). Clear and turbid waters in ponds, slow-flowing steams, and drainage ditches; swamp forests (Kenny 1995). Historically found in streams throughout most of
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFE6FFCD41ADF83EC516F83A" box="[1253,1351,1977,2002]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
|
, except for those on the north coast (Kenny 1995), but some evidence of retraction of the distribution toward the north east (Phillip 1998); does not penetrate far up stream valleys. Native. Extended spawning coincident with high rainfall (Ponton & de Mérona 1998, Alkins-Koo 2000); eggs deposited on various substrates. Omnivore (Alkins-Koo 2000).
|
|
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFF9FFD245AEFF67C169FF1F" box="[230,312,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF9FFD245DFFEA0C3B2FED7" blockId="16.[151,1436,295,573]" box="[151,995,295,320]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF9FFD245DFFEA0C22DFEA8" authority="Travassos 1959" authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1959" box="[151,636,295,320]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Hyphessobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="axelrodi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF9FFD245DFFEA0C1E5FEA8" box="[151,436,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hyphessobrycon axelrodi</emphasis>
|
|
(Travassos 1959)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
[
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF9FFD247C1FEA0C289FEA8" box="[649,728,295,320]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Pristella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riddlei">riddlei</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF9FFD247ACFEA0C310FEA8" box="[740,833,295,320]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Pristella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">pristella</taxonomicName>
|
|
, calypso tetra]
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF9FFD2458FFECBC13DFE44" blockId="16.[151,1436,295,573]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
|
Clear to slightly turbid, standing, fresh and mildly brackish waters at low elevations (Kenny 1995); swamp forests. Usually found in the lower parts of the water column. Native. Oviparous (Baensch & Riehl 1995). Omnivore.
|
|
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFF9FFD2445EFE13C139FE44" box="[278,360,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF9FFD2458FFE30C2EEFDD5" blockId="16.[151,1436,295,573]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
|
Originally described as an
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF9FFD24764FE30C290FE38" box="[556,705,439,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Aphyocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF9FFD24764FE30C290FE38" box="[556,705,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Aphyocharax</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, ongoing research into the phylogenetic relationships of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF9FFD245DFFE5BC103FE1D" box="[151,338,476,501]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Hyphessobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF9FFD245DFFE5BC103FE1D" box="[151,338,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hyphessobrycon</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
species indicates that this species groups with those described as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF9FFD24123FE5BC577FE1D" box="[1131,1318,476,501]" family="Characidae" genus="Megalamphodus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF9FFD24123FE5BC577FE1D" box="[1131,1318,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Megalamphodus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which is currently considered a subgenus of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF9FFD24763FE78C2B7FDF0" box="[555,742,511,536]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Hyphessobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF9FFD24763FE78C2B7FDF0" box="[555,742,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hyphessobrycon</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
by most authors (García-Alzate 2009). Mistakenly identified as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF9FFD245FDFDA3C139FDD5" box="[181,360,548,573]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Pristella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riddlei">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF9FFD245FDFDA3C139FDD5" box="[181,360,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pristella riddlei</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(=
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF9FFD244CFFDA3C1A8FDD5" box="[391,505,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">maxillaris</emphasis>
|
|
) by Price (1955).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF9FFD245DFFDEBC349FD6D" blockId="16.[151,1436,620,789]" box="[151,792,620,645]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF9FFD245DFFDEBC25BFD6D" authority="Gill 1858" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,522,620,645]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Odontostilbe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchra">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF9FFD245DFFDEBC1D4FD6D" box="[151,389,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Odontostilbe pulchra</emphasis>
|
|
(Gill 1858)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
[sardine, sardine doree]
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF9FFD2458FFD08C285FCFC" blockId="16.[151,1436,620,789]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
|
Clear to slightly turbid, flowing large and small streams, ponds, and drainage ditches; tolerant of hypoxic conditions by using aquatic surface respiration (Winemiller 1989). Southern slopes of the Northern Range (Kenny 1995) to northern slopes of the Central Range (Phillip 1998). Native (Kenny 1995). Oviparous (Winemiller & Taphorn 1989). Carnivore (Taphorn 1992).
|
|
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFF9FFD24735FD7BC29EFCFC" box="[637,719,764,789]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF9FFD245DFFCB9C38CFCBF" blockId="16.[151,1436,830,1035]" box="[151,989,830,855]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF9FFD245DFFCB9C24FFCBF" authority="Schultz 1944" authorityName="Schultz" authorityYear="1944" box="[151,542,830,855]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Roeboides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dientonito">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF9FFD245DFFCB9C1D4FCBF" box="[151,389,830,855]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Roeboides dientonito</emphasis>
|
|
Schultz 1944
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
[hunchback or glass sardine, glass fish]
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF9FFD2458FFCE5C52EFBE2" blockId="16.[151,1436,830,1035]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
|
Slow-moving streams and slightly turbid, standing waters (Kenny 1995); can tolerate hypoxic conditions (Winemiller 1989). Previously widely distributed only in streams throughout east
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFF9FFD24103FC01C4FCFC77" box="[1099,1197,902,927]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
|
, except those on the north and south coasts (Kenny 1995), but more recently also found in streams draining to the west and south coasts (Phillip 1998). Natural colonist. Extended breeding season with peak in wet season (Peterson & Winemiller 1997). Carnivore; eats fish scales (Winemiller 1992) and aquatic invertebrates (Peterson & Winemiller 1997).
|
|
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFF9FFD24053FC74C52AFBE2" box="[1307,1403,1011,1035]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="120.0">120 mm</quantity>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF9FFD245DFFBB2C348FBA5" blockId="16.[151,1436,1077,1318]" box="[151,793,1077,1102]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF9FFD245DFFBB2C20DFBA6" authority="Valenciennes 1850" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1850" box="[151,604,1077,1102]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" genus="Triportheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auritus">
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF9FFD245DFFBB2C13EFBA5" box="[151,367,1077,1102]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Triportheus auritus</emphasis>
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(Valenciennes 1850)
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</taxonomicName>
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[No local name]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF9FFD2458FFBDEC4B3FACD" blockId="16.[151,1436,1077,1318]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
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Moderate to slow-moving large and small streams, tidal regions of streams, and freshwater swamps; can breathe at the surface during hypoxic conditions (Winemiller 1989), but prefers well-oxygenated waters (de Melo
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF9FFD24051FBF9C519FB7E" box="[1305,1352,1149,1174]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
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|
. 2009). South coast,
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<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFF9FFD2446BFB26C1D5FB52" box="[291,388,1185,1210]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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|
; recent colonist from South
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<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFF9FFD247FEFB26C345FB52" box="[694,788,1185,1210]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">America</collectingCountry>
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first collected from two western streams on the south coast in mid 1980s (Alkins and de Souza 1984; Sturm and de Souza 1984). Thought to have gone locally extinct (Kenny 1995), but recently collected from a stream on the eastern portion of the south coast (Mohammed
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF9FFD24186FB6DC4AFFAEA" box="[1230,1278,1257,1282]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. 2010). These may represent separate colonising events. Eggs deposited on various substrates. Omnivore.
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<quantity id="4CD6809AFFF9FFD241C8FA8AC48EFACD" box="[1152,1247,1293,1318]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="260.0">260 mm</quantity>
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.
|
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |