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<document id="CBEB70394DE037A4E562095B530CD3B7" ID-CLB-Dataset="20221" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab018" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f9e8f82d-9939-457e-a339-8655da2ef52a" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10115057" ID-ZooBank="AC33BAD0-C05F-44BF-B3CB-72D674F93CE1" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1647256937022" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Jackson, Stephen M., Li, Quan, Wan, Tao, Li, Xue-You, Yu, Fa-Hong, Gao, Ge, He, Li-Kun, Helgen, Kristofer M. &amp; Jiang, Xue-Long" docDate="2022" docId="03E587B2354E8E477950BDD1FD5DFC27" docLanguage="en" docName="zlab018.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.7:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Eupetaurus cinereus Thomas 1888" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="516" masterDocId="FFDCFFCA35478E497A2FBB63FFD9FF9D" masterDocTitle="Across the great divide: revision of the genus Eupetaurus (Sciuridae: Pteromyini), the woolly flying squirrels of the Himalayan region, with the description of two new species" masterLastPageNumber="526" masterPageNumber="502" pageNumber="511" updateTime="1700041932649" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="14CB6C1A516E212BFD5CB372085F67B3">Across the great divide: revision of the genus Eupetaurus (Sciuridae: Pteromyini), the woolly flying squirrels of the Himalayan region, with the description of two new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B04BC8A0C0F17EC3B4D9D9B657AB5967">Jackson, Stephen M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3C696B76DBE6C4F436FF6E3AA6105EA0">Li, Quan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C93766011D3F0D973F44071EACCCCB3E">Wan, Tao</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C3F6475159074BB674809C7D1A9B747F">Li, Xue-You</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E5CF10BF3DF0A2B241D4ECA75C6410C9">Yu, Fa-Hong</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AB9A7F8807E89A6EC886855CA6EE4474">Gao, Ge</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D6A12B63E3A8B07A6AE8F203C190DB93">He, Li-Kun</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="765EFA1E8347C63C70398EE911E4B0BE">Helgen, Kristofer M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FB3E683763CFEC1A418381776878C0DD">Jiang, Xue-Long</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="D265267443CA09A4BF84556F0E82EBF1">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="8915CEB208138ECAC0D44614D08A4FF8">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="0A6F8C834AD8E2BF3189BF219490E2DE">2021-05-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="3CA516D2149E6DAAAD7FFF8720FF36E8">194</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="8133608E623FF9CE4D5402ACE23BC237">502</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="30322A717B14F6ABD091AB5860342CA0" type="CLB-Dataset">20221</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="1A8273D63E7ECEDAD800803206D8DA06" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab018</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E587B2354E8E477950BDD1FD5DFC27" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360076" ID-GBIF-Taxon="194040180" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6360076" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587B2354E8E477950BDD1FD5DFC27" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587B2354E8E477950BDD1FD5DFC27" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="516" pageId="9" pageNumber="511">
<subSubSection id="C356652F354E8E407950BDD1FA4BF89B" pageId="9" pageNumber="511" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BF336A4354E8E407950BDD1FAE3F957" blockId="9.[895,1338,1713,1738]" box="[895,1338,1713,1738]" pageId="9" pageNumber="511">
<heading id="D0BB81C8354E8E407950BDD1FAE3F957" box="[895,1338,1713,1738]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="511" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354E8E407950BDD1FAE3F957" ID-CoL="3CLXL" authority="THOMAS, 1888" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1888" box="[895,1338,1713,1738]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354E8E407950BDD1FB56F954" box="[895,1167,1714,1737]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="511">EUPETAURUS CINEREUS</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354E8E407EBABDD2FAE3F957" author="THOMAS" box="[1173,1338,1713,1738]" firstAuthor="THOMAS" pageId="9" pageNumber="511" pagination="256 - 260" refId="ref17317" refString="Thomas O. 1888. Eupetaurus, a new form of flying squirrel from Kashmir. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 57: 256 - 260." type="journal article" year="1888">THOMAS, 1888</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A4354E8E407906BD93FA4BF89B" blockId="9.[809,1426,1776,1798]" box="[809,1426,1776,1798]" pageId="9" pageNumber="511">
<heading id="D0BB81C8354E8E407906BD93FA4BF89B" box="[809,1426,1776,1798]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="511" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354E8E407906BD93FBE7F89B" box="[809,1086,1776,1798]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="511">Suggested common name:</emphasis>
Western woolly flying squirrel.
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C356652F354E8E477906BC45FD5DFC27" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="516" pageId="9" pageNumber="511" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF336A4354E8E407906BC45FBCBF8C7" blockId="9.[809,1424,1829,1882]" pageId="9" pageNumber="511">
<materialsCitation id="3B243CF9354E8E407906BC45FBCBF8C7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3705866305" collectionCode="BMNH" country="Pakistan" location="Astor District'" municipality="Astore" pageId="9" pageNumber="511" specimenCode="BMNH 88.9" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354E8E407906BC45FC40F8A6" box="[809,921,1830,1851]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="511">
<typeStatus id="54F78806354E8E407906BC45FC4AF8A6" box="[809,915,1830,1851]" pageId="9" pageNumber="511" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="DBEA9EDF354E8E40798ABC45FBF6F8A6" box="[933,1071,1830,1851]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="9" pageNumber="511">BMNH 88.9</specimenCode>
.28.1, adult, skin, ‘
<location id="8E93607F354E8E407EDDBC45FA49F8A6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587B2354E8E477950BDD1FD5DFC27:8E93607F354E8E407EDDBC45FA49F8A6" box="[1266,1424,1829,1851]" country="Pakistan" municipality="Astore" name="Astor District'" pageId="9" pageNumber="511">Astor District’</location>
(=
<collectingMunicipality id="6B97ACDE354E8E407969BC27FC4BF8C4" box="[838,914,1860,1881]" pageId="9" pageNumber="511">Astore</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCountry id="F35B7634354E8E4079B2BC27FBDFF8C7" box="[925,1030,1860,1882]" name="Pakistan" pageId="9" pageNumber="511">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF33662C354D8E437A8CBDE2FAB5F929" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10133335" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10133335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10133335/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="512" startId="10.[163,242,1665,1687]" targetBox="[163,1443,195,1625]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BF336A4354D8E437A8CBDE2FAB5F929" blockId="10.[163,1443,1665,1716]" pageId="10" pageNumber="512">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354D8E437A8CBDE2FED5F90B" bold="true" box="[163,268,1665,1687]" pageId="10" pageNumber="512">Figure 7.</emphasis>
Skulls of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354D8E437B53BDE2FE21F90B" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1888" box="[380,504,1665,1686]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354D8E437B53BDE2FE21F90B" box="[380,504,1665,1686]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="512">Eupetaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from left to right:
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354D8E4378ECBDE2FCEEF90A" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1888" box="[707,823,1665,1687]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354D8E4378ECBDE2FCEEF90A" box="[707,823,1665,1687]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="512">E. cinereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(FLMNH 28583) from Pakistan;
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354D8E437EB7BDE2FA44F90A" box="[1176,1437,1665,1687]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="512">
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354D8E437EB7BDE2FA8FF90B" authority="NML" authorityName="NML" box="[1176,1366,1665,1687]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tibetensis">E. tibetensis NML</taxonomicName>
19524
</emphasis>
, holotype, from Tibet; and
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354D8E437B81BDFCFD6BF929" box="[430,690,1694,1716]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="512">
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354D8E437B81BDFCFD86F929" authority="KIZ" authorityName="KIZ" box="[430,607,1694,1716]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivamons">E. nivamons KIZ</taxonomicName>
034190
</emphasis>
, holotype, from Yunnan. Scale bars (under each skull series): 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF33662C354C8E427ABEBF23FD72FB74" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10133337" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10133337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10133337/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" startId="11.[145,226,1088,1110]" targetBox="[145,1425,195,1048]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8BF336A4354C8E427ABEBF23FD72FB74" blockId="11.[145,1424,1088,1257]" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E427ABEBF23FF24FBC8" bold="true" box="[145,253,1088,1110]" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">Figure 8.</emphasis>
Cheek teeth of the nine known skulls of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E4278E8BF22FC45FBCB" box="[711,924,1088,1110]" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E4278E8BF22FC9CFBCB" box="[711,837,1089,1110]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">Eupetaurus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
: A,
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E4279E9BF22FB0AFBCB" authority="ZSI" authorityName="ZSI" box="[966,1235,1088,1110]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E4279E9BF22FB7CFBCB" box="[966,1189,1088,1110]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">Eupetaurus cinereus</emphasis>
ZSI
</taxonomicName>
9492, adult from Pakistan; B,
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E427B34BF3DFE04FBE9" authority="BNHS" authorityName="BNHS" box="[283,477,1118,1140]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E427B34BF3DFE48FBE9" box="[283,401,1118,1140]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">E. cinereus</emphasis>
BNHS
</taxonomicName>
7108, adult (now reported lost) from Pakistan (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354C8E4279CBBF3DFB5FFBE9" author="McKenna" box="[996,1158,1118,1140]" firstAuthor="McKenna" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref16169" refString="McKenna MC. 1962. Eupetaurus and the living petauristine sciurids. American Museum Novitates 2104: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1962">McKenna 1962</bibRefCitation>
); C,
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E427E96BF3DFA49FBE9" authority="FLMNH" authorityName="FLMNH" box="[1209,1424,1118,1140]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E427E96BF3DFAF6FBE9" box="[1209,1327,1118,1140]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">E. cinereus</emphasis>
FLMNH
</taxonomicName>
28583, old adult, from Pakistan; D,
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E427823BF1FFCA3FB0C" box="[524,890,1147,1169]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E427823BF1FFCEBFB0C" authority="NML" authorityName="NML" box="[524,818,1147,1169]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tibetensis">Eupetaurus tibetensis NML</taxonomicName>
19524
</emphasis>
, holotype, young adult, from Tibet; E,
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E427F3BBF1FFEFFFB33" authority="KIZ" authorityName="KIZ" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivamons">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E427F3BBF1FFF2EFB33" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">Eupetaurus nivamons</emphasis>
KIZ
</taxonomicName>
034189, immature, from Yunnan; F,
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E427888BFFAFC80FB33" authority="KIZ" authorityName="KIZ" box="[679,857,1176,1198]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivamons">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E427888BFFAFCF3FB33" box="[679,810,1176,1198]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">E. nivamons</emphasis>
KIZ
</taxonomicName>
034192, immature, from Yunnan; G,
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E427EF1BFFAFF07FB51" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E427EF1BFFAFA49FB33" authority="KIZ" authorityName="KIZ" box="[1246,1424,1176,1198]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivamons">E. nivamons KIZ</taxonomicName>
034190
</emphasis>
, holotype, young adult, from Yunnan; H,
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E4278B3BFD5FC8BFB51" authority="KIZ" authorityName="KIZ" box="[668,850,1206,1228]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivamons">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E4278B3BFD5FCF8FB51" box="[668,801,1206,1228]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">E. nivamons</emphasis>
KIZ
</taxonomicName>
035087, adult, from Yunnan; and I,
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E427EF5BFD5FA49FB51" authority="KIZ" authorityName="KIZ" box="[1242,1424,1206,1228]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivamons">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E427EF5BFD5FAB9FB51" box="[1242,1376,1206,1228]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">E. nivamons</emphasis>
KIZ
</taxonomicName>
035088, adult, from Yunnan. Left side is labial side.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF336A4354C8E427ABEBE40FEB3FACB" blockId="11.[145,759,1314,1366]" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E427ABEBE40FEE1FAAA" box="[145,312,1314,1336]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">Type locality:</emphasis>
‘Astor District, Kashmir’ (= Astore District,
<collectingCountry id="F35B7634354C8E427ADABE23FE87FACB" box="[245,350,1344,1366]" name="Pakistan" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A4354C8E427ABEBEE3FC42FA72" blockId="11.[145,761,1407,1889]" lastBlockId="11.[809,1425,1314,1520]" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E427ABEBEE3FDC0FA08" box="[145,537,1408,1429]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">
Diagnosis:
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E427B0BBEE3FDC0FA08" box="[292,537,1408,1429]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">Eupetaurus cinereus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
differs from other
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E427ABEBEFCFEACFA29" box="[145,373,1438,1460]" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E427ABEBEFCFEC0FA29" box="[145,281,1439,1460]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">Eupetaurus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in its overall more grizzled-grey pelage, with more pronounced grey frosting to the dorsal hairs (more saturated brown tones in the pelage of other species). Interspecific distinctions in the skull mainly concern the breadth of the rostrum and the shape of the frontal bones: the rostrum of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E427849BD5BFD06F9D0" box="[614,735,1592,1613]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E427849BD5BFD06F9D0" box="[614,735,1592,1613]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">E. cinereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E427B76BD35FE3BF9F6" box="[345,482,1622,1643]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tibetensis">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E427B76BD35FE3BF9F6" box="[345,482,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">E. tibetensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and narrower than that of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E427A83BD16FEE1F917" box="[172,312,1653,1674]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivamons">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E427A83BD16FEE1F917" box="[172,312,1653,1674]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">E. nivamons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the interorbital region of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E42784BBD16FD07F917" box="[612,734,1653,1674]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E42784BBD16FD07F917" box="[612,734,1653,1674]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">E. cinereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is broader than in the other two species, and its postorbital processes is larger; the temporal ridges of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E427854BDD1FD20F95A" box="[635,761,1714,1735]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E427854BDD1FD20F95A" box="[635,761,1714,1735]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">E. cinereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E427AEEBDB2FE9FF978" box="[193,326,1744,1766]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tibetensis">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E427AEEBDB2FE9FF978" box="[193,326,1744,1766]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">E. tibetensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are convergent posteriorly rather than parallel in
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E427B24BD93FE4EF898" box="[267,407,1776,1797]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivamons">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E427B24BD93FE4EF898" box="[267,407,1776,1797]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">E. nivamons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C6CE031F354C8E427B89BD8CFE2EF899" box="[422,503,1775,1797]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="7.[148,212,196,217]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 3. Easily observed diagnostic features of the three species of Eupetaurus" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">Table 3</tableCitation>
). The cusps and ridges of cheek teeth of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E427B7FBC6DFE12F8BE" box="[336,459,1806,1827]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E427B7FBC6DFE12F8BE" box="[336,459,1806,1827]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">E. cinereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are markedly more robust than in the other two species. The developed protocone and hypocone make the upper cheek teeth heart shaped, similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E4279B1BE41FBFEFAAA" box="[926,1063,1314,1335]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tibetensis">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E4279B1BE41FBFEFAAA" box="[926,1063,1314,1335]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">E. tibetensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and differ from the round ones in
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E427967BE22FC00FACB" box="[840,985,1345,1366]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivamons">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E427967BE22FC00FACB" box="[840,985,1345,1366]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">E. nivamons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Its lower molars are subsquare, also more robust than the subrectangular ones in the other two species.
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E427993BE1DFB74FA0E" box="[956,1197,1406,1427]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E427993BE1DFB74FA0E" box="[956,1197,1406,1427]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">Eupetaurus cinereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
preserves only one short anterior fosettid (one long anterior fosettid in
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E427906BEDFFC72FA4D" box="[809,939,1467,1489]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tibetensis">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E427906BEDFFC72FA4D" box="[809,939,1467,1489]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">E. tibetensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; two short anterior fosettids in
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354C8E427F2EBEDFFA51FA4C" box="[1281,1416,1468,1489]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivamons">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E427F2EBEDFFA51FA4C" box="[1281,1416,1468,1489]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">E. nivamons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="13772A21354C8E42791EBEB9FCAAFA72" box="[817,883,1498,1520]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="10.[163,242,1665,1687]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1625]" captionTargetId="figure-26@10.[163,1443,195,1625]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 7. Skulls of Eupetaurus, from left to right: E. cinereus (FLMNH 28583) from Pakistan; E. tibetensis NML 19524, holotype, from Tibet; and E. nivamons KIZ 034190, holotype, from Yunnan. Scale bars (under each skull series): 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10133335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10133335/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">Figs 7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13772A21354C8E427950BEB9FC55FA72" box="[895,908,1498,1519]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="11.[145,226,1088,1110]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1048]" captionTargetId="figure-358@11.[145,1425,195,1048]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 8. Cheek teeth of the nine known skulls of Eupetaurus species: A, Eupetaurus cinereus ZSI 9492, adult from Pakistan; B, E. cinereus BNHS 7108, adult (now reported lost) from Pakistan (McKenna 1962); C, E. cinereus FLMNH 28583, old adult, from Pakistan; D, Eupetaurus tibetensis NML 19524, holotype, young adult, from Tibet; E, Eupetaurus nivamons KIZ 034189, immature, from Yunnan; F, E. nivamons KIZ 034192, immature, from Yunnan; G, E. nivamons KIZ 034190, holotype, young adult, from Yunnan; H, E. nivamons KIZ 035087, adult, from Yunnan; and I, E. nivamons KIZ 035088, adult, from Yunnan. Left side is labial side." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10133337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10133337/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">8</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A4354C8E457906BD7AFB8DF889" blockId="11.[809,1425,1560,1889]" lastBlockId="12.[827,1442,1760,1812]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="514" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354C8E427906BD7AFBD4F9B3" box="[809,1037,1561,1582]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">Descriptive notes:</emphasis>
Size large: head-body length
<quantity id="4CB49B41354C8E427906BD54FC13F9D0" box="[809,970,1591,1613]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.65" metricValueMax="5.1" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" unit="mm" value="465.0" valueMax="510.0" valueMin="420.0">420–510 mm</quantity>
, tail length
<quantity id="4CB49B41354C8E427E42BD54FAD7F9D0" box="[1133,1294,1591,1613]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.875" metricValueMax="5.45" metricValueMin="4.3" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" unit="mm" value="487.5" valueMax="545.0" valueMin="430.0">430–545 mm</quantity>
, hind foot l e n g t h 8 3–9
<quantity id="4CB49B41354C8E4279E5BD35FC20F9F6" box="[970,1017,1622,1643]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
m a n d m a s s 2 5 0 0 g (Z a h l e r &amp; Woods, 1997). The dorsal pelage is typically grizzled greyish, although a melanistic example was recorded by
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354C8E42797EBDD1FB07F955" author="Chakraborty &amp; Agrawal" box="[849,1246,1714,1736]" firstAuthor="Chakraborty" pageId="11" pageNumber="513" pagination="346 - 347" refId="ref14572" refString="Chakraborty S, Agrawal VC. 1977. A melanistic example of woolly flying squirrel Eupetaurus cinereus Thomas (Rodentia: Sciuridae). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 74: 346 - 347." type="journal article" year="1977">Chakraborty &amp; Agrawal (1977)</bibRefCitation>
from Chitral,
<collectingCountry id="F35B7634354C8E427906BDB3FC4CF97B" box="[809,917,1744,1766]" name="Pakistan" pageId="11" pageNumber="513">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
. The pointed ears are hairy, with the outer fur black or brown and the fur of the inner ear greyish. The dorsal surface of the patagium is darker brown. The dorsal surfaces of the forefeet are black and those of the hindfeet are brown. The ventral pelage is pale brownish grey, with the hairs slate coloured basally and dirty white terminally. The tail is long, cylindrical and exceedingly bushy, with similar coloration to the body, often with the portion of the black tail tip short. The skull and dentition are as described above for the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354B8E457EC7BD83FAA9F968" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1888" box="[1256,1392,1760,1781]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354B8E457EC7BD83FAA9F968" box="[1256,1392,1760,1781]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="514">Eupetaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and diagnosis of the species.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF33662C354B8E457A8CBD5AFBFBF93A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10133339" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10133339" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10133339/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="514" startId="12.[163,243,1593,1615]" targetBox="[163,1443,195,1553]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8BF336A4354B8E457A8CBD5AFBFBF93A" blockId="12.[163,1443,1593,1703]" pageId="12" pageNumber="514">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354B8E457A8CBD5AFED4F9D3" bold="true" box="[163,269,1593,1615]" pageId="12" pageNumber="514">Figure 9.</emphasis>
Comparison of cheek teeth between
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354B8E4578B3BD59FCC1F9D2" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1888" box="[668,792,1594,1615]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354B8E4578B3BD59FCC1F9D2" box="[668,792,1594,1615]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="514">Eupetaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and related genera: A,
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354B8E457E3DBD5AFB33F9D2" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1872" box="[1042,1258,1593,1615]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Petaurista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthotis">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354B8E457E3DBD5AFB33F9D2" box="[1042,1258,1593,1615]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="514">Petaurista xanthotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(USNM 144021); B,
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354B8E457A91BD35FE45F9F1" baseAuthorityName="Milne-Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[190,412,1622,1644]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Aeretes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopterus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354B8E457A91BD35FE45F9F1" box="[190,412,1622,1644]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="514">Aeretes melanopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(USNM 219205); C,
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354B8E45785ABD34FCF9F9F1" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[629,800,1622,1644]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="volans">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354B8E45785ABD34FCF9F9F1" box="[629,800,1622,1644]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="514">Pteromys volans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(AMNH 19534); D,
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354B8E4579DFBD35FB16F9F1" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[1008,1231,1622,1644]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Aeromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tephromelas">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354B8E4579DFBD35FB16F9F1" box="[1008,1231,1622,1644]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="514">Aeromys tephromelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(USNM 292649); E,
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354B8E457A8CBD10FE76F914" authorityName="Saha" authorityYear="1981" box="[163,431,1651,1673]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354B8E457A8CBD10FE76F914" box="[163,431,1651,1673]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="514">Biswamoyopterus biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ZSI 20705); F,
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354B8E45787CBD17FCE3F914" box="[595,826,1651,1673]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivamons">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354B8E45787CBD17FCE3F914" box="[595,826,1651,1673]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="514">Eupetaurus nivamons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354B8E457968BD17FC1AF914" box="[839,963,1651,1673]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="514">KIZ 034190</emphasis>
); G,
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354B8E4579DDBD17FB03F914" baseAuthorityName="Milne-Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1010,1242,1651,1673]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Trogopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthipes">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354B8E4579DDBD17FB03F914" box="[1010,1242,1651,1673]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="514">Trogopterus xanthipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(FMNH 39835); H,
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354B8E457A8CBDF2FEB9F93A" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[163,352,1681,1703]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Belomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pearsonii">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354B8E457A8CBDF2FEB9F93A" box="[163,352,1681,1703]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="514">Belomys pearsonii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(FMNH 35443); and I,
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354B8E45787CBDF1FCB5F93A" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[595,876,1681,1703]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pteromyscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulverulentus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354B8E45787CBDF1FCB5F93A" box="[595,876,1681,1703]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="514">Pteromyscus pulverulentus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(USNM 481186).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF336A4354B8E447914BC5EFDF2FE0E" blockId="12.[827,1443,1853,1906]" lastBlockId="13.[145,762,197,863]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="515" pageId="12" pageNumber="514">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354B8E457914BC5EFC0AF8CF" box="[827,979,1853,1874]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="514">Distribution:</emphasis>
Until recently,
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354B8E457EBBBC5DFACFF8CE" box="[1172,1302,1854,1875]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354B8E457EBBBC5DFACFF8CE" box="[1172,1302,1854,1875]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="514">E. cinereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was known only by specimens and sightings from a few localities between 2400 and
<quantity id="4CB49B41354A8E447BA6BBA6FE3DFF46" box="[393,484,197,219]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" unit="m" value="3600.0">3600 m</quantity>
a.s.l. in the western Himalayan region, concentrated around Gilgit in northern
<collectingCountry id="F35B7634354A8E447B2ABA61FEABFE85" box="[261,370,258,280]" name="Pakistan" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
, where its range appears to fall within a small area where the Himalayan, Karakoram and Hindu Kush Mountain Ranges meet (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447847BA23FD2AFECB" author="Zahler" box="[616,755,320,342]" firstAuthor="Zahler" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="54 - 57" refId="ref17895" refString="Zahler P. 1996. Rediscovery of the woolly flying squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus). Journal of Mammalogy 77: 54 - 57." type="journal article" year="1996">Zahler, 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447ABEBA3DFE5EFEE9" author="Zahler &amp; Woods" box="[145,391,350,372]" firstAuthor="Zahler" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="495 - 514" refId="ref18124" refString="Zahler P, Woods CA. 1997. The status of the woolly flying squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus) in northern Pakistan. In: Mufti SA, Woods CA, Hasan SA, eds. Biodiversity of Pakistan. Islamabad: Museum of Natural History and Gainesville: Florida Museum of Natural History, 495 - 514." type="book chapter" year="1997">Zahler &amp; Woods, 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447BBCBA3DFD80FEE9" author="Molur" box="[403,601,350,372]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Molur" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" refId="ref16389" refString="Molur S, Srinivasulu C, Srinivasulu B, Walker S, Nameer PO, Ravikumar L. 2005. Status of non-volant small mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C. A. M. P.) workshop report. Coimbatore: Zoo Outreach Organisation / CBSG-South Asia." type="proceedings" year="2005">
Molur
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447BF0BA3CFDCFFEEE" box="[479,534,350,372]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">et al.</emphasis>
, 2005
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E44784ABA3DFD2AFEE9" author="Dinets" box="[613,755,350,372]" firstAuthor="Dinets" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="277 - 280" refId="ref14741" refString="Dinets V. 2011. Observations of the woolly flying squirrel Eupetaurus cinereus in Pakistan. Mammalia 75: 277 - 280." type="journal article" year="2011">Dinets, 2011</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447ABEBA1EFEBAFE0F" author="Qamar" box="[145,355,381,403]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Qamar" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="1333 - 1342" refId="ref16679" refString="Qamar QZ, Ali U, Minhas RA, Dar NI, Anwat M. 2012. New distribution information on woolly flying squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus Thomas, 1888) in Neelum Valley of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 44: 1333 - 1342." type="journal article" year="2012">
Qamar
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447AC8BA1DFEC6FE0F" box="[231,287,381,403]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447B40BA1EFDC5FE0E" author="Din" box="[367,540,381,403]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Din" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="7602 - 7604" refId="ref14694" refString="Din JU, Khan M, Ghaznavi M, Shah KA, Younus M. 2015. Note on the giant woolly gliding squirrel Eupetaurus cinereus (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae) in northern Pakistan. Journal of Threatened Taxa 7: 7602 - 7604." type="journal article" year="2015">
Din
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447B8FBA1DFE01FE0F" box="[416,472,381,403]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">et al.</emphasis>
, 2015
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A4354A8E447A86BAFFFEABFCC2" blockId="13.[145,762,197,863]" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">
More recently,
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354A8E447B4FBAFFFE35FE2C" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1888" box="[352,492,412,433]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447B4FBAFFFE35FE2C" box="[352,492,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Eupetaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been recorded by camera traps from the Upper Bhagirathi Basin,
<collectingRegion id="4988F846354A8E447ABEBABAFEEFFE72" box="[145,310,473,495]" country="India" name="Uttarakhand" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Uttarakhand</collectingRegion>
, north-western
<collectingCountry id="F35B7634354A8E44782DBABAFD9FFE72" box="[514,582,473,495]" name="India" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">India</collectingCountry>
, at elevations of 2700 and
<quantity id="4CB49B41354A8E447B01BA9BFE5EFD90" box="[302,391,504,525]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" unit="m" value="4800.0">4800 m</quantity>
a.s.l. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447BF0BA9BFD45FD90" author="Pal" box="[479,668,504,526]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pal" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="410 - 414" refId="ref16571" refString="Pal R, Thakur S, Bhattacharya T, Sathyakumar S. 2018. Range extension and high elevation record for the endangered woolly flying squirrel Eupetaurus cinereus in western Himalaya, India. Mammalia 83: 410 - 414." type="journal article" year="2018">
Pal
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E44783EBA9BFD91FD90" box="[529,584,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">et al</emphasis>
., 2018
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447881BA9BFD31FD90" author="Pal" box="[686,744,504,525]" firstAuthor="Pal" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" refId="ref16519" refString="Pal R, Bhattacharya T, Sathyakumar S. 2020. Woolly flying squirrel Eupetaurus cinereus: a new addition to the diet of the snow leopard Panthera uncia. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 117. doi: 10.17087 / jbnhs / 2020 / v 117 / 142056." type="book" year="2020">2020</bibRefCitation>
). On the basis of the colour of the animals and their geographical location, we regard these records as representing
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354A8E447B13B937FE1EFDF4" box="[316,455,596,617]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447B13B937FE1EFDF4" box="[316,455,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">E. cinereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This indicates a wider geographical and elevational range of occurrence for this species along the western margins of the Himalayas. The increasing use of camera-trap survey techniques might demonstrate that the species occurs in areas intermediate between the widely separated known localities in the Gilgit region of
<collectingCountry id="F35B7634354A8E447872B86FFD1CFCBF" box="[605,709,780,802]" name="Pakistan" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
and the Bhagirathi Basin of
<collectingCountry id="F35B7634354A8E447B8DB849FE39FCDD" box="[418,480,810,832]" name="India" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">India</collectingCountry>
, perhaps even extending into western
<collectingCountry id="F35B7634354A8E447B09B82AFEB7FCC2" box="[294,366,841,863]" name="Nepal" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Nepal</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A4354A8E447ABEB8EFFE89F9D9" blockId="13.[145,761,908,1880]" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447ABEB8EFFE8EFC3C" box="[145,343,908,929]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Natural history:</emphasis>
This species resides on cliffs and rock faces at high elevations, and individuals are not normally tree dwellers except when feeding (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E4478B5B8AAFF13FC60" author="Roberts" firstAuthor="Roberts" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" refId="ref16835" refString="Roberts TJ. 1997. The mammals of Pakistan, revised edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press." type="book" year="1997">Roberts, 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447AF5B88BFE3AFC60" author="Zahler &amp; Woods" box="[218,483,1000,1022]" firstAuthor="Zahler" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="495 - 514" refId="ref18124" refString="Zahler P, Woods CA. 1997. The status of the woolly flying squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus) in northern Pakistan. In: Mufti SA, Woods CA, Hasan SA, eds. Biodiversity of Pakistan. Islamabad: Museum of Natural History and Gainesville: Florida Museum of Natural History, 495 - 514." type="book chapter" year="1997">Zahler &amp; Woods, 1997</bibRefCitation>
). Within
<collectingCountry id="F35B7634354A8E447878B88BFD1DFC63" box="[599,708,1000,1022]" name="Pakistan" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
, the habitat of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354A8E447B38BF64FE79FB81" box="[279,416,1031,1052]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447B38BF64FE79FB81" box="[279,416,1031,1052]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">E. cinereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by patchy forests, with herbs and shrubs of the genus
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E4478A6BF46FD20FBA7" box="[649,761,1061,1082]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Artemisia</emphasis>
L., juniper (
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447B36BF27FE3DFBC4" box="[281,484,1092,1113]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Juniperus excelsa</emphasis>
M.Bieb.), Chilgoza pine (
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447AB6BF00FEB1FBEA" box="[153,360,1122,1144]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Pinus gerardiana</emphasis>
Wall. ex D.Don), blue pine (
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447899BF00FEF1FB0B" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Pinus wallichiana</emphasis>
A.B.Jacks.), Morinda spruce [
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E44789ABFE1FED0FB28" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Picea smithiana</emphasis>
(Wall.) Boiss.] and oaks (
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447816BFC3FD40FB28" box="[569,665,1184,1205]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Quercus</emphasis>
L. spp.)&gt;
<quantity id="4CB49B41354A8E447A87BFDDFEDBFB49" box="[168,258,1214,1236]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
a.s.l. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447B72BFDDFDACFB4E" author="Zahler &amp; Woods" box="[349,629,1214,1236]" firstAuthor="Zahler" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="495 - 514" refId="ref18124" refString="Zahler P, Woods CA. 1997. The status of the woolly flying squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus) in northern Pakistan. In: Mufti SA, Woods CA, Hasan SA, eds. Biodiversity of Pakistan. Islamabad: Museum of Natural History and Gainesville: Florida Museum of Natural History, 495 - 514." type="book chapter" year="1997">Zahler &amp; Woods, 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E4478A8BFDDFEFAFB6F" author="Zahler &amp; Karim" firstAuthor="Zahler" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="588 - 591" refId="ref18055" refString="Zahler P, Karim A. 1999. New distribution, elevation, habitat, and diurnal refuge for the Kashmir flying squirrel (Eoglaucomys fimbriatus). Mammalia 62: 588 - 591." type="journal article" year="1999">Zahler &amp; Karim, 1999</bibRefCitation>
). In
<collectingCountry id="F35B7634354A8E447B72BFBEFE44FB6E" box="[349,413,1245,1267]" name="India" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">India</collectingCountry>
, alpine vegetation associated with the
<quantity id="4CB49B41354A8E447B29BF9FFEBBFA8C" box="[262,354,1276,1297]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" unit="m" value="2700.0">2700 m</quantity>
record includes
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447816BF9FFD21FA8C" box="[569,760,1276,1297]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Bistorta affinis</emphasis>
(D.Don) Greene,
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447B78BE78FE1DFAAD" box="[343,452,1307,1328]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Gentiana</emphasis>
L. spp.,
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447805BE79FD45FAB2" box="[554,668,1306,1327]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Potentilla</emphasis>
L. spp.,
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447ABEBE5AFF2BFAD3" box="[145,242,1337,1358]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Primula</emphasis>
L. spp.,
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447B7ABE5AFE66FAD3" box="[341,447,1337,1358]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Rhodiola</emphasis>
L. spp. and
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447861BE5AFEC4FAF0" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Rhododendron anthopogon</emphasis>
D.Don. The nearest forest was located
<quantity id="4CB49B41354A8E447ABEBE15FF13FA11" box="[145,202,1398,1420]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
downhill of this sighting and was dominated by
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447ABEBEF6FEE2FA37" box="[145,315,1429,1450]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Abies pindrow</emphasis>
(Royle ex D.Don) Royle,
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E44784ABEF6FD20FA37" box="[613,761,1429,1450]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Betula utilis</emphasis>
D.Don and
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447B3CBED7FDA9FA54" box="[275,624,1460,1481]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Rhododendron campanulatum</emphasis>
D.Don. The
<quantity id="4CB49B41354A8E447ABEBEB1FF3CFA75" box="[145,229,1490,1512]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" unit="m" value="4800.0">4800 m</quantity>
record was lacking any woody or arborescent vegetation, which contrasts with other records that typically associate the species with scattered conifers (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447AB6BD4DFE99F9DE" author="Pal" box="[153,320,1582,1604]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pal" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="410 - 414" refId="ref16571" refString="Pal R, Thakur S, Bhattacharya T, Sathyakumar S. 2018. Range extension and high elevation record for the endangered woolly flying squirrel Eupetaurus cinereus in western Himalaya, India. Mammalia 83: 410 - 414." type="journal article" year="2018">
Pal
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447AEABD4CFF24F9DE" box="[197,253,1582,1604]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">et al.</emphasis>
, 2018
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A4354A8E447A86BD2EFC1EFD90" blockId="13.[145,761,908,1880]" lastBlockId="13.[809,1425,197,1231]" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">
In the original taxonomic description of the genus,
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447ABEBD0FFEE2F91F" author="Thomas" box="[145,315,1644,1666]" firstAuthor="Thomas" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="256 - 260" refId="ref17317" refString="Thomas O. 1888. Eupetaurus, a new form of flying squirrel from Kashmir. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 57: 256 - 260." type="journal article" year="1888">Thomas (1888)</bibRefCitation>
speculated that it might feed on fungi, lichens, mosses and other rock-loving plants in its high-elevation environment.
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447BCEBDCAFD53F922" author="Roberts" box="[481,650,1705,1727]" firstAuthor="Roberts" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" refId="ref16835" refString="Roberts TJ. 1997. The mammals of Pakistan, revised edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press." type="book" year="1997">Roberts (1997)</bibRefCitation>
proposed that the buds and cones of the Morinda spruce (
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447894BDABFEC9F966" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Picea smithiana</emphasis>
) may be an important food source for
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354A8E447ABEBC65FED4F886" box="[145,269,1798,1819]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447ABEBC65FED4F886" box="[145,269,1798,1819]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">E. cinereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, because buds occur in spring and cones in summer, which are shed in winter. Indeed,
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E4478A0BC47FEF2F8C5" author="Zahler &amp; Woods" firstAuthor="Zahler" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="495 - 514" refId="ref18124" refString="Zahler P, Woods CA. 1997. The status of the woolly flying squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus) in northern Pakistan. In: Mufti SA, Woods CA, Hasan SA, eds. Biodiversity of Pakistan. Islamabad: Museum of Natural History and Gainesville: Florida Museum of Natural History, 495 - 514." type="book chapter" year="1997">Zahler &amp; Woods (1997)</bibRefCitation>
found that one captive specimen would eat the buds of Morinda spruce but refused all fruits, nuts and other food offered. More recently, faecal samples from four individuals were found to contain 92–100% pine needles (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447E12BA42FAECFEAB" author="Zahler &amp; Khan" box="[1085,1333,289,311]" firstAuthor="Zahler" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="480 - 486" refId="ref18090" refString="Zahler P, Khan M. 2003. Evidence for dietary specialization on pine needles by the woolly flying squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus). Journal of Mammalogy 84: 480 - 486." type="journal article" year="2003">Zahler &amp; Khan, 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Other observations have found this species to consume the buds of blue pine, juniper, spruce, oaks, Chilgoza pine and deodar [
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447997BA1EFBB4FE0F" box="[952,1133,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Cedrus deodara</emphasis>
(Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don]. In August and September, they are also thought to visit walnut trees (
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447E3FBAD9FB6DFE4D" box="[1040,1204,442,464]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Juglans regia</emphasis>
L.), although it is not clear what parts of the plants they eat (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447F00BABAFC61FD90" author="Mirza &amp; Rasool" firstAuthor="Mirza" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="162 - 164" refId="ref16318" refString="Mirza ZB, Rasool G. 2005. The first report of the post-cranial skeletal measurements of woolly fly [sic] squirrel Eupetaurus cinerius [sic], with observations of its behaviour. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 37: 162 - 164." type="journal article" year="2005">Mirza &amp; Rasool, 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A4354A8E44796EB974FA57FD3B" blockId="13.[809,1425,197,1231]" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">
Known predators of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354A8E447E6DB974FB10FDB1" box="[1090,1225,535,556]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447E6DB974FB10FDB1" box="[1090,1225,535,556]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">E. cinereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
include the red fox [
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447970B956FBDAFDD7" box="[863,1027,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Vulpes vulpes</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)], snow leopard [
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E44791EB930FC06FDF4" box="[817,991,595,617]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Panthera uncia</emphasis>
(Schreber, 1775)] and eagle owl [
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447F79B930FCB8FD1A" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Bubo bubo</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)] (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447E6AB911FB0CFD15" author="Zahler" box="[1093,1237,626,648]" firstAuthor="Zahler" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="54 - 57" refId="ref17895" refString="Zahler P. 1996. Rediscovery of the woolly flying squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus). Journal of Mammalogy 77: 54 - 57." type="journal article" year="1996">Zahler, 1996</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447ECDB911FAC3FD1A" author="Zahler P" box="[1250,1306,626,647]" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="56 - 57" refId="ref17920" refString="Zahler P. 1998. The flap over the woolly flying squirrel. Wildlife Conservation 101: 56 - 57." type="journal article" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447F07B911FC35FD3B" author="Zahler &amp; Dietemann" firstAuthor="Zahler" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="98 - 99" refId="ref17991" refString="Zahler P, Dietemann C. 1999. A note on food habits of the eagle owl (Bubo bubo) in northern Pakistan. Forktail 15: 98 - 99." type="journal article" year="1999">Zahler &amp; Dietemann, 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E4479D7B9F2FB13FD3B" author="Qamar" box="[1016,1226,657,678]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Qamar" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="1333 - 1342" refId="ref16679" refString="Qamar QZ, Ali U, Minhas RA, Dar NI, Anwat M. 2012. New distribution information on woolly flying squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus Thomas, 1888) in Neelum Valley of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 44: 1333 - 1342." type="journal article" year="2012">
Qamar
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447E60B9F2FB5EFD3B" box="[1103,1159,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447EF8B9F2FAA7FD3B" author="Pal" box="[1239,1406,657,679]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pal" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" refId="ref16519" refString="Pal R, Bhattacharya T, Sathyakumar S. 2020. Woolly flying squirrel Eupetaurus cinereus: a new addition to the diet of the snow leopard Panthera uncia. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 117. doi: 10.17087 / jbnhs / 2020 / v 117 / 142056." type="book" year="2020">
Pal
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447F2CB9F2FAE2FD3B" box="[1283,1339,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">et al.</emphasis>
, 2020
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A4354A8E44796EB9CCFB73FB53" blockId="13.[809,1425,197,1231]" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">
This species appears to be nocturnal, solitary and active all year round (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447E09B9ADFB6CFD79" author="Zahler" box="[1062,1205,718,740]" firstAuthor="Zahler" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="54 - 57" refId="ref17895" refString="Zahler P. 1996. Rediscovery of the woolly flying squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus). Journal of Mammalogy 77: 54 - 57." type="journal article" year="1996">Zahler, 1996</bibRefCitation>
). A nest attributed to this species was reported from a shelf in a cave at
<quantity id="4CB49B41354A8E447964B86FFC7AFCBC" box="[843,931,780,801]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2299999999999995" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" unit="m" value="3230.0">3230 m</quantity>
a.s.l. in Jutal Nala, northern
<collectingCountry id="F35B7634354A8E447F32B868FA52FCBC" box="[1309,1419,779,801]" name="Pakistan" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
, which was made of bark and branches of juniper and grasses and looked like a flat bowl measuring
<quantity id="4CB49B41354A8E447906B804FC5FFCE0" box="[809,902,871,893]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" unit="mm" value="500.0">500 mm</quantity>
×
<quantity id="4CB49B41354A8E44798BB80BFBDBFCE0" box="[932,1026,872,893]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" unit="mm" value="400.0">400 mm</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447E3CB804FB2AFCE0" author="Oshida" box="[1043,1267,871,893]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Oshida" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="73 - 76" refId="ref16480" refString="Oshida T, Shafique CM, Barkati S. 2005. A note on a new habitat of the woolly flying squirrel Eupetaurus cinereus in the northern area of Pakistan. Mammal Study 30: 73 - 76." type="journal article" year="2005">
Oshida
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447E5FB80BFB72FCE1" box="[1136,1195,871,893]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">et al.</emphasis>
, 2005
</bibRefCitation>
). A specimen has also been recorded in Sai Nullah (Gilgit,
<collectingCountry id="F35B7634354A8E447906B8C6FC4DFC26" box="[809,916,933,955]" name="Pakistan" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
) coming out of an old oak tree at ~
<quantity id="4CB49B41354A8E447F16B8C6FA49FC27" box="[1337,1424,933,955]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.59" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" unit="m" value="2590.0">2590 m</quantity>
a.s.l. Thus, there appears to be some flexibility in nesting locations if tree hollows are available (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447F64B881FC06FB8A" author="Mirza &amp; Rasool" firstAuthor="Mirza" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="162 - 164" refId="ref16318" refString="Mirza ZB, Rasool G. 2005. The first report of the post-cranial skeletal measurements of woolly fly [sic] squirrel Eupetaurus cinerius [sic], with observations of its behaviour. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 37: 162 - 164." type="journal article" year="2005">Mirza &amp; Rasool, 2005</bibRefCitation>
). An immature specimen at BMNH collected on 17 April suggests that breeding occurs early in spring and that two litters in a year could be produced (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E4479FFBF3EFBA0FBEF" author="Roberts" box="[976,1145,1117,1139]" firstAuthor="Roberts" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" refId="ref16835" refString="Roberts TJ. 1997. The mammals of Pakistan, revised edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press." type="book" year="1997">Roberts, 1997</bibRefCitation>
). This is supported by observations of two or three young being produced per litter, with young observed in spring and in late summer (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E4479B6BFDAFB40FB53" author="Zahler &amp; Woods" box="[921,1177,1209,1231]" firstAuthor="Zahler" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="495 - 514" refId="ref18124" refString="Zahler P, Woods CA. 1997. The status of the woolly flying squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus) in northern Pakistan. In: Mufti SA, Woods CA, Hasan SA, eds. Biodiversity of Pakistan. Islamabad: Museum of Natural History and Gainesville: Florida Museum of Natural History, 495 - 514." type="book chapter" year="1997">Zahler &amp; Woods, 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A4354A8E447906BF9BFB20F944" blockId="13.[809,1426,1271,1876]" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447906BF9BFB39FA90" box="[809,1248,1272,1293]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">
Conservation:
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354A8E4479CEBF9BFB39FA90" box="[993,1248,1272,1293]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">Eupetaurus cinereus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is threatened by habitat loss owing to large-scale clear cutting of forests, particularly the destruction of highelevation pine woodlands (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447E57BE30FA50FAF5" author="Zahler &amp; Woods" box="[1144,1417,1363,1385]" firstAuthor="Zahler" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="495 - 514" refId="ref18124" refString="Zahler P, Woods CA. 1997. The status of the woolly flying squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus) in northern Pakistan. In: Mufti SA, Woods CA, Hasan SA, eds. Biodiversity of Pakistan. Islamabad: Museum of Natural History and Gainesville: Florida Museum of Natural History, 495 - 514." type="book chapter" year="1997">Zahler &amp; Woods, 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447906BE11FBECFA1A" author="Zahler &amp; Khan" box="[809,1077,1394,1416]" firstAuthor="Zahler" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="480 - 486" refId="ref18090" refString="Zahler P, Khan M. 2003. Evidence for dietary specialization on pine needles by the woolly flying squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus). Journal of Mammalogy 84: 480 - 486." type="journal article" year="2003">Zahler &amp; Khan, 2003</bibRefCitation>
). It is also threatened to a lesser extent by expansion of agriculture, small-scale logging, infrastructure development and human settlements (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E4479EEBEADFB57FA79" author="Molur" box="[961,1166,1486,1508]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Molur" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" refId="ref16389" refString="Molur S, Srinivasulu C, Srinivasulu B, Walker S, Nameer PO, Ravikumar L. 2005. Status of non-volant small mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C. A. M. P.) workshop report. Coimbatore: Zoo Outreach Organisation / CBSG-South Asia." type="proceedings" year="2005">
Molur
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447E20BEACFB91FA7E" box="[1039,1096,1486,1508]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">et al.</emphasis>
, 2005
</bibRefCitation>
). The total population size was estimated to be between 1000 and 3000 individuals within the known range in
<collectingCountry id="F35B7634354A8E447F29BD68FAA9F9BC" box="[1286,1392,1547,1569]" name="Pakistan" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
in the mid-1990s (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E4479F2BD49FB00F9A2" author="Zahler &amp; Woods" box="[989,1241,1578,1600]" firstAuthor="Zahler" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="495 - 514" refId="ref18124" refString="Zahler P, Woods CA. 1997. The status of the woolly flying squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus) in northern Pakistan. In: Mufti SA, Woods CA, Hasan SA, eds. Biodiversity of Pakistan. Islamabad: Museum of Natural History and Gainesville: Florida Museum of Natural History, 495 - 514." type="book chapter" year="1997">Zahler &amp; Woods, 1997</bibRefCitation>
). It is currently classified as Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447EC5BD04FA59F9E1" author="Zahler" box="[1258,1408,1639,1661]" firstAuthor="Zahler" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" refId="ref17965" refString="Zahler P. 2010. Eupetaurus cinereus. IUCN red list of threatened species, Version 2013.1. Available at: www. iucnredlist. org" type="book" year="2010">Zahler, 2010</bibRefCitation>
), because it was considered likely to have suffered a recent reduction in population numbers from habitat loss (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E44794CBDA7FB97F945" author="Rao &amp; Marwat" box="[867,1102,1731,1753]" firstAuthor="Rao" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" refId="ref16731" refString="Rao AL, Marwat AH. 2003. Northern areas strategy for sustainable development. Background paper: forestry. Gilgit: IUCN Northern Areas Progamme." type="book" year="2003">Rao &amp; Marwat, 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447E74BDA7FB30F945" author="Hasan" box="[1115,1257,1731,1753]" firstAuthor="Hasan" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="1189 - 1203" refId="ref15302" refString="Hasan L. 2008. An anatomy of state failures in the forest management in Pakistan. Pakistan Development Review 46: 1189 - 1203." type="journal article" year="2008">Hasan, 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A4354A8E47796EBD81FDEFFEC8" blockId="13.[809,1426,1271,1876]" lastBlockId="14.[163,780,197,955]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="516" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">
The recent discovery of the species in the state of
<collectingRegion id="4988F846354A8E447906BC62FC18F88A" box="[809,961,1793,1815]" country="India" name="Uttarakhand" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">Uttarakhand</collectingRegion>
in north-western
<collectingCountry id="F35B7634354A8E447EBCBC62FB09F88A" box="[1171,1232,1793,1815]" name="India" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">India</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447ECFBC62FA53F88B" author="Pal" box="[1248,1418,1793,1815]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pal" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" pagination="410 - 414" refId="ref16571" refString="Pal R, Thakur S, Bhattacharya T, Sathyakumar S. 2018. Range extension and high elevation record for the endangered woolly flying squirrel Eupetaurus cinereus in western Himalaya, India. Mammalia 83: 410 - 414." type="journal article" year="2018">
Pal
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354A8E447F22BC62FAE6F88B" box="[1293,1343,1793,1814]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="515">et al</emphasis>
., 2018
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B55354A8E447906BC7CFCB9F8A9" author="Pal" box="[809,864,1823,1844]" firstAuthor="Pal" pageId="13" pageNumber="515" refId="ref16519" refString="Pal R, Bhattacharya T, Sathyakumar S. 2020. Woolly flying squirrel Eupetaurus cinereus: a new addition to the diet of the snow leopard Panthera uncia. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 117. doi: 10.17087 / jbnhs / 2020 / v 117 / 142056." type="book" year="2020">2020</bibRefCitation>
) demonstrates that it might have a considerably wider distribution than previously realized and indicates that protection and conservation in
<collectingCountry id="F35B763435498E4778E4BBA6FCD3FF46" box="[715,778,197,219]" name="India" pageId="14" pageNumber="516">India</collectingCountry>
is also fundamental for the long-term survival of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D2735498E477A8CBA60FEF1FE85" box="[163,296,259,280]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB635498E477A8CBA60FEF1FE85" box="[163,296,259,280]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="516">E. cinereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The species is included in Schedule II (Part II) of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B5535498E477A84BA23FEAAFECB" author="Molur" box="[171,371,320,342]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Molur" pageId="14" pageNumber="516" refId="ref16389" refString="Molur S, Srinivasulu C, Srinivasulu B, Walker S, Nameer PO, Ravikumar L. 2005. Status of non-volant small mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C. A. M. P.) workshop report. Coimbatore: Zoo Outreach Organisation / CBSG-South Asia." type="proceedings" year="2005">
Molur
<emphasis id="B938EAB635498E477AD8BA23FEF6FEC8" box="[247,303,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="516">et al.</emphasis>
, 2005
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B5535498E477B50BA23FDFEFEC8" author="Pal" box="[383,551,320,342]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pal" pageId="14" pageNumber="516" pagination="410 - 414" refId="ref16571" refString="Pal R, Thakur S, Bhattacharya T, Sathyakumar S. 2018. Range extension and high elevation record for the endangered woolly flying squirrel Eupetaurus cinereus in western Himalaya, India. Mammalia 83: 410 - 414." type="journal article" year="2018">
Pal
<emphasis id="B938EAB635498E477B84BA23FE3AFEC8" box="[427,483,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="516">et al.</emphasis>
, 2018
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A435498E477A94BA3DFD5DFC27" blockId="14.[163,780,197,955]" pageId="14" pageNumber="516">
Hunting is not thought to be a major threat to this species. The species might receive some traditional respect and
<emphasis id="B938EAB635498E477BECBAFFFDF9FE2C" box="[451,544,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="516">de facto</emphasis>
protection because it is considered be a source of a material called salajit (also spelt
<emphasis id="B938EAB635498E477BA3BABAFE22FE73" box="[396,507,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="516">salaajeet</emphasis>
or
<emphasis id="B938EAB635498E477805BABAFD5CFE73" box="[554,645,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="516">shilajit</emphasis>
), which is thought to be a mixture of flying squirrel urine and faecal pellets and rock leachate (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B5535498E477842B975FCDAFDB1" author="Zahler" box="[621,771,534,556]" firstAuthor="Zahler" pageId="14" pageNumber="516" pagination="54 - 57" refId="ref17895" refString="Zahler P. 1996. Rediscovery of the woolly flying squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus). Journal of Mammalogy 77: 54 - 57." type="journal article" year="1996">Zahler, 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B5535498E477A8CB956FE69FDD7" author="Zahler &amp; Karim" box="[163,432,565,587]" firstAuthor="Zahler" pageId="14" pageNumber="516" pagination="6 - 8" refId="ref18023" refString="Zahler P, Karim A. 1998. Origin of the floristic components of salajit. Hamdard Medicus: Pakistan Quarterly Journal of Science and Medicine 41: 6 - 8." type="journal article" year="1998">Zahler &amp; Karim, 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B5535498E477BEFB955FD78FDD7" author="Meena" box="[448,673,565,587]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Meena" pageId="14" pageNumber="516" pagination="37 - 40" refId="ref16190" refString="Meena H, Pandey HK, Arya MC, Ahmed Z. 2010. Shilajit: A panacea for high-altitude problems. International Journal of Ayurveda Research 1: 37 - 40." type="journal article" year="2010">
Meena
<emphasis id="B938EAB635498E477835B955FD8EFDD7" box="[538,599,565,587]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="516">et al.</emphasis>
, 2010
</bibRefCitation>
). Salajit is important in traditional medicine (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B5535498E477849B937FCDBFDF4" author="Hooper" box="[614,770,596,617]" firstAuthor="Hooper" pageId="14" pageNumber="516" pagination="98 - 103" refId="ref15625" refString="Hooper D. 1903. Silajit and ancient eastern medicine. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 72: 98 - 103." type="journal article" year="1903">Hooper, 1903</bibRefCitation>
) and is collected from caves and sold in medicinal potions used to treat various diseases (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B5535498E47785CB9F2FCDDFD3A" author="Zahler" box="[627,772,657,679]" firstAuthor="Zahler" pageId="14" pageNumber="516" pagination="54 - 57" refId="ref17895" refString="Zahler P. 1996. Rediscovery of the woolly flying squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus). Journal of Mammalogy 77: 54 - 57." type="journal article" year="1996">Zahler, 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B5535498E477A8CB9D3FE78FD58" author="Zahler &amp; Karim" box="[163,417,688,710]" firstAuthor="Zahler" pageId="14" pageNumber="516" pagination="6 - 8" refId="ref18023" refString="Zahler P, Karim A. 1998. Origin of the floristic components of salajit. Hamdard Medicus: Pakistan Quarterly Journal of Science and Medicine 41: 6 - 8." type="journal article" year="1998">Zahler &amp; Karim, 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B5535498E477B81B9D3FD59FD58" author="Meena" box="[430,640,688,709]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Meena" pageId="14" pageNumber="516" pagination="37 - 40" refId="ref16190" refString="Meena H, Pandey HK, Arya MC, Ahmed Z. 2010. Shilajit: A panacea for high-altitude problems. International Journal of Ayurveda Research 1: 37 - 40." type="journal article" year="2010">
Meena
<emphasis id="B938EAB635498E47782CB9D3FDE5FD58" box="[515,572,688,709]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="516">et al.</emphasis>
, 2010
</bibRefCitation>
). Historical references regarding the collection and use of salajit (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B5535498E477AF2B98DFEA2FC9F" author="Hooper" box="[221,379,749,771]" firstAuthor="Hooper" pageId="14" pageNumber="516" pagination="98 - 103" refId="ref15625" refString="Hooper D. 1903. Silajit and ancient eastern medicine. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 72: 98 - 103." type="journal article" year="1903">Hooper, 1903</bibRefCitation>
) might provide clues concerning the historical distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D2735498E47783BB86FFD45FCBC" box="[532,668,780,801]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB635498E47783BB86FFD45FCBC" box="[532,668,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="516">E. cinereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or other
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D2735498E477A8CB848FEE2FCDD" box="[163,315,811,832]" pageId="14" pageNumber="516">
<emphasis id="B938EAB635498E477A8CB848FEE2FCDD" box="[163,315,811,832]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="516">Eupetaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in the Himalayan region, although other high-elevation species of flying squirrels, including the Kashmir flying squirrel [
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D2735498E477A83B8E5FDAFFC00" authority="(Gray, 1837)" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[172,630,902,925]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eoglaucomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fimbriatus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB635498E477A83B8E5FE0AFC06" box="[172,467,902,923]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="516">Eoglaucomys fimbriatus</emphasis>
(Gray, 1837)
</taxonomicName>
], might also be sources of the substance (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B5535498E477BDCB8C6FDAAFC27" author="Pyke" box="[499,627,933,955]" firstAuthor="Pyke" pageId="14" pageNumber="516" pagination="48 - 49" refId="ref16660" refString="Pyke K. 2001. Giant Himalayan woolly flying squirrels. Alpine Journal 106: 48 - 49." type="journal article" year="2001">Pyke, 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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