575 lines
77 KiB
XML
575 lines
77 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="1B86D79A19DBF883F4C300416F62CE90">Disentangling the Anacondas: Revealing a New Green Species and Rethinking Yellows</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A999568B4CBCECD8A3D36AF5075A4AA0">Rivas, Jesús A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="04ECFAE62EFE810180B4F7A0C7095B1E">Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb) e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias del Medio Ambiente, Universidad Indoamérica,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0CE18A79A1A808ED4231B453010FC5F4">Baihua, Marcelo Tepeña</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="544A94C22DCF360E4F605893B73CCC86">Departments of Psychology and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="35CCE6EB2AE12587A4A1A56F0B4AEB8E">Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands; freek @ studiofreek. nl & Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="BC30452E9689BB948D8D8AFF2F8C41D8">Hernandez, Emil</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BBDCDBF0EF6627C3575A2FCD07FBC4BE">Laboratório de Zoologia Adriano Giorgi, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Campus Universitário de Altamira, Universidade Federal do Pará, Altamira 68371 - 155, PA, Brazil; emilhjh @ yahoo. com</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7997E841CD8B1B70E0E7147751251A49">García-Pérez, Juán Elías</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8428BAC1FC51D89FBEF950DB22BA79D7">Museo de Zoología, Programa CAM, Universidad Nacional Experimental de Los Llanos Occidentales Ezequiel Zamora, UNELLEZ, Guanare 3350, Portuguesa, Venezuela; ecologia 2 unellez @ gmail. com</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DE2C7DE12E523D6E8890B0F54BE9677B">Fry, Bryan G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3F837D244E32C624B1409BE283F5EAD7">Adaptive Biotoxicology Laboratory, School of the Environment, University of Queensland,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="BA2E4E947F96A8E1D8473BBB40CBD285">Corey-Rivas, Sarah</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="591CDE0FAAD6D4B7A3463C7619B5DEAE">Biology Department, New Mexico Highlands University, 1005 Diamond Av., Las Vegas, NM 87701, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="DDDACD7B68275E181839402736028F42">Diversity</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="115EDA10D9D4FDD0639D296D3FBA31C1">2024</mods:date>
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4.2. A New Species of Green
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<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27577B304FD612B61FCE0A609" authority="Rivas & Quintana & Mancuso & Pacheco & Rivas & Mariotto & Salazar-Valenzuela & Baihua & Baihua & Burghardt & Vonk & Hernandez & García-Pérez & Fry & Corey-Rivas, 2024" authorityName="Rivas & Quintana & Mancuso & Pacheco & Rivas & Mariotto & Salazar-Valenzuela & Baihua & Baihua & Burghardt & Vonk & Hernandez & García-Pérez & Fry & Corey-Rivas" authorityYear="2024" box="[755,863,1294,1318]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Anaconda" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">Anaconda</taxonomicName>
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Our data show that two distinct lineages within the former
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<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27577B304FB422B56FAF0A67F" box="[1232,1359,1337,1360]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murinus">
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<emphasis id="4D87D1737577B304FB422B56FAF0A67F" box="[1232,1359,1337,1360]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E. murinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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form well-supported deep clades, allowing the separation of two species based on their genetic divergence, time divergence, and branchlength in both the Bayesian analysis and Maximum Likelihood trees:
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<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27577B304FD1A2BF2FD42A69B" authority="Rivas & Quintana & Mancuso & Pacheco & Rivas & Mariotto & Salazar-Valenzuela & Baihua & Baihua & Burghardt & Vonk & Hernandez & García-Pérez & Fry & Corey-Rivas, 2024" authorityName="Rivas & Quintana & Mancuso & Pacheco & Rivas & Mariotto & Salazar-Valenzuela & Baihua & Baihua & Burghardt & Vonk & Hernandez & García-Pérez & Fry & Corey-Rivas" authorityYear="2024" box="[648,765,1436,1460]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="akayima" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="4D87D1737577B304FD1A2BF2FD42A69B" box="[648,765,1436,1460]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E. akayima</emphasis>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27577B304FC082BF2FBABA69B" box="[922,1044,1437,1460]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murinus">
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<emphasis id="4D87D1737577B304FC082BF2FBABA69B" box="[922,1044,1437,1460]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E. murinus</emphasis>
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. Although we are aware that our data come only from mitochondrial DNA, the divergence of these clades is substantial. Male and female anacondas have comparable dispersal patterns, showing strong philopatry in both sexes [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B6270907577B304FDD9286EFDD9A536" author="Rivas, J. A." box="[587,614,1537,1561]" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref16135" refString="22. Rivas, J. A. Anaconda: The Secret Life of the Wolrd's Largest Snake; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2020." title="Anaconda: The Secret Life of the Wolrd's Largest Snake" type="book" year="2020">22</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]; therefore, it is unlikely that the structure found in mDNA is the result of differential dispersal of males and females within the same species. We believe that the lack of support from nuclear genes for the separation of these clades is due to the low rate of variation at these loci, rather than a lack of separation between taxa. We also examined TATA-binding protein (
|
||
<collectionCode id="19E295A47577B304FCD328E8FCCCA5B0" box="[833,883,1671,1695]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">TBP</collectionCode>
|
||
) and intron data, which also failed to distinguish the northern and southern clades. It separates
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27577B304FC2F28C6FB85A5EF" box="[957,1082,1705,1728]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737577B304FC2F28C6FB85A5EF" box="[957,1082,1705,1728]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E. murinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27577B304FB1028C6FB4BA5EF" box="[1154,1268,1705,1728]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="notaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737577B304FB1028C6FB4BA5EF" box="[1154,1268,1705,1728]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E. notaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with an extremely short branch length and a difference of one pair of bases. If two clades that separated at 24 Mya (
|
||
<tableCitation id="327138DA7577B304FDB72884FDC3A42C" box="[549,636,1771,1795]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="12.[443,504,1315,1336]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Table 5. Calculated median ages for the split of the different lineages under different evolutionary scenarios. HPD95% confidence intervals are listed in parentheses." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/2B8C5DE97574B307FE292B4CFBCEA674" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" tableUuid="2B8C5DE97574B307FE292B4CFBCEA674">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E7C811E47577B304FD182884FD51A42C" box="[650,750,1771,1795]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="12.[444,514,1151,1173]" captionTargetBox="[248,1340,240,1112]" captionTargetId="figure-342@12.[248,1452,232,1123]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 4. Calibrated species tree depicting inferred lineage splits, assuming the scenario of one land bridge. Node bars on the tree represent the 95% highest posterior density (HPD95%) divergence interval of each node. Legend at the top shows the split of the E. akayima and E. murinus under the three other scenarios that we tested for." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10684311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10684311/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) show such a small difference (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E7C811E47577B304FBFE2884FB5EA42C" box="[1132,1249,1771,1795]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[444,516,1657,1679]" captionTargetBox="[185,1403,242,1619]" captionTargetId="figure-173@9.[164,1403,231,1622]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2. Bayesian consensus phylogram for Eunectes species (50% majority-rule consensus tree) using the mtDNA gene sequence dataset (ND2, ND4, Cytb). Bayesian posterior probability node support values> 0.95 are indicated with black circles and distal values are not shown. Refer to Table S1 for details on tip labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10684305" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10684305/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figure S2</figureCitation>
|
||
), it stands to reason that this marker would not be able to detect a split that occurred at 10 Mya. Thus, the lack of nuclear support is more likely to be related to inappropriate markers than to a lack of difference. The mitochondrial support for the separation of these two clades is superior to that found in other vertebrates in the recent literature [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B6270907577B304FBAF291EFBE7A4A6" author="Shankar, P. G. & Swamy, P. & Williams, R. C. & Ganesh, S. R. & Moss, M. & Hoglund, J. & Das, I. & Sahoo, G. & Vijayakumar, S. P. & Shanker, K." box="[1085,1112,1905,1929]" journalOrPublisher="Mol. Phylogenet. Evol." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="107300" part="165" refId="ref20029" refString="95. Shankar, P. G.; Swamy, P.; Williams, R. C.; Ganesh, S. R.; Moss, M.; Hoglund, J.; Das, I.; Sahoo, G.; Vijayakumar, S. P.; Shanker, K.; et al. King or Royal Family? Testing for Species Boundaries in the King Cobra, Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836), Using Morphology and Multilocus DNA Analyses. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2021, 165, 107300. [CrossRef]" title="King or Royal Family? Testing for Species Boundaries in the King Cobra, Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836), Using Morphology and Multilocus DNA Analyses" type="journal article" year="2021">95</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B6270907577B304FBCC291EFBC6A4A6" author="Brandt, A. L. & Ishida, Y. & Georgiadis, N. J. & Roca, A. L." box="[1118,1145,1905,1929]" journalOrPublisher="Mol. Ecol." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1175 - 1189" part="21" refId="ref20136" refString="96. Brandt, A. L.; Ishida, Y.; Georgiadis, N. J.; Roca, A. L. Forest Elephant Mitochondrial Genomes Reveal That Elephantid Diversification in Africa Tracked Climate Transitions. Mol. Ecol. 2012, 21, 1175 - 1189. [CrossRef]" title="Forest Elephant Mitochondrial Genomes Reveal That Elephantid Diversification in Africa Tracked Climate Transitions" type="journal article" year="2012">96</bibRefCitation>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7F4C0D617577B31BFE6629FCFB23A13C" blockId="15.[443,1496,1336,2063]" lastBlockId="16.[442,1496,240,2038]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
In addition to the strong mitochondrial DNA support, there is a well-established pattern of the presence of sister species with northern and southern distributions on the continent. These include lizards of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27577B304FC5A29BAFBFBA4C2" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1802" box="[968,1092,2005,2029]" class="Squamata" family="Teiidae" genus="Tupinambis" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737577B304FC5A29BAFBFBA4C2" box="[968,1092,2005,2029]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Tupinambis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27577B304FB1E29B9FB47A4C2" authorityName="Murphy, Jowers, Lehtinen, Charles, Colli, Peres Jr, Hendry & Pyron" authorityYear="2016" box="[1164,1272,2006,2029]" class="Squamata" family="Teiidae" genus="Tupinambis" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cryptus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737577B304FB1E29B9FB47A4C2" box="[1164,1272,2006,2029]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">T. cryptus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occupying a distribution similar to the northern species and other species in the south [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B6270907577B304FB672998FAAFAB20" author="Murphy, J. C. & Jowers, M. J. & Lehtinen, R. M. & Charles, S. P. & Colli, G. R. & Peres, A. K. & Hendry, C. R. & Pyron, R. A." box="[1269,1296,2039,2063]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="0158542" part="11" refId="ref20192" refString="97. Murphy, J. C.; Jowers, M. J.; Lehtinen, R. M.; Charles, S. P.; Colli, G. R.; Peres, A. K.; Hendry, C. R.; Pyron, R. A. Cryptic, Sympatric Diversity in Tegu Lizards of the Tupinambis teguixin Group (Squamata, Sauria, Teiidae) and the Description of Three New Species. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e 0158542. [CrossRef]" title="Cryptic, Sympatric Diversity in Tegu Lizards of the Tupinambis teguixin Group (Squamata, Sauria, Teiidae) and the Description of Three New Species" type="journal article" year="2016">97</bibRefCitation>
|
||
];
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27577B304FAB42997FA31AB20" box="[1318,1422,2040,2063]" class="Squamata" family="Teiidae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737577B304FAB42997FA31AB20" box="[1318,1422,2040,2063]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Dracaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27568B31BFE292E9EFDEEA227" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1801" box="[443,593,241,264]" class="Squamata" family="Teiidae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guianensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFE292E9EFDEEA227" box="[443,593,241,264]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">D. guianensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the north and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27568B31BFC8F2E9EFC65A227" authorityName="Amaral" authorityYear="1950" box="[797,986,241,264]" class="Squamata" family="Teiidae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraguayensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFC8F2E9EFC65A227" box="[797,986,241,264]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">D. paraguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the south [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B6270907568B31BFBE92E9FFB29A227" author="Avila, I. & Bauer, F. & Boungermini, E. & Martinez, N." box="[1147,1174,240,264]" journalOrPublisher="Kempffiana" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="122 - 130" part="12" refId="ref20288" refString="98. Avila, I.; Bauer, F.; Boungermini, E.; Martinez, N. Dracaena paraguayensis: Aportes Sobre El Conocimiento De Su Biologia, Ecologia y distribucion. Kempffiana 2016, 12, 122 - 130." title="Dracaena paraguayensis: Aportes Sobre El Conocimiento De Su Biologia, Ecologia y distribucion" type="journal article" year="2016">98</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B6270907568B31BFB0F2E9FFB07A227" author="Verh" box="[1181,1208,240,264]" journalOrPublisher="Zool." pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 706" part="599" refId="ref20333" refString="99. Avila-pires, T. C. S. Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). Zool. Verh. 1995, 599, 1 - 706." title="Avila-pires, T. C. S. Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata)" type="journal article" year="1995">99</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]; matamata turtles with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27568B31BFE292F7DFDC0A206" authorityName="Vargas-Ramirez, Caballero, Morales-Betancourt, Lasso, Amaya, Martinez, Silva-Viana, Vogt, Pires-Farias, Hrbek, Campbell & Fritz" authorityYear="2020" box="[443,639,274,298]" class="Testudines" family="Chelidae" genus="Chelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurodira" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orinocensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFE292F7DFDC0A206" box="[443,639,274,298]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Chelus orinocensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the north and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27568B31BFCD62F7DFC7EA205" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1783" box="[836,961,274,298]" class="Testudines" family="Chelidae" genus="Chelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurodira" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fimbriata">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFCD62F7DFC7EA205" box="[836,961,274,298]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C. fimbriata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the south [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B6270907568B31BFBCC2F7DFB39A205" author="Vargas-Ramirez, M. & Caballero, S. & Morales-Betancourt, M. A. & Lasso, C. A. & Amaya, L. & Martinez, J. G. & das Neves Silva Viana, M. & Vogt, R. C. & Farias, I. P. & Hrbek, T." box="[1118,1158,274,298]" journalOrPublisher="Mol. Phylogenet. Evol." pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="106823" part="148" refId="ref20365" refString="100. Vargas-Ramirez, M.; Caballero, S.; Morales-Betancourt, M. A.; Lasso, C. A.; Amaya, L.; Martinez, J. G.; das Neves Silva Viana, M.; Vogt, R. C.; Farias, I. P.; Hrbek, T.; et al. Genomic Analyses Reveal Two Species of the Matamata (Testudines: Chelidae: Chelus spp.) and Clarify Their Phylogeography. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2020, 148, 106823. [CrossRef] [PubMed]" title="Genomic Analyses Reveal Two Species of the Matamata (Testudines: Chelidae: Chelus spp.) and Clarify Their Phylogeography" type="journal article" year="2020">100</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]; Red-headed Amazon River turtles (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27568B31BFD842F5CFC8BA264" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1824" box="[534,820,307,331]" class="Testudines" family="Podocnemididae" genus="Podocnemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurodira" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythrocephala">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFD842F5CFC8BA264" box="[534,820,307,331]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Podocnemis erythrocephala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B6270907568B31BFCDE2F5CFCCBA264" author="Michels, J. & Vargas-Ramirez, M." box="[844,884,307,331]" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="67 - 78" part="130" refId="ref20473" refString="101. Michels, J.; Vargas-Ramirez, M. Red-Headed Amazon River Turtles in Venezuela and Colombia: Population Separation and Connection along the Famous Route of Alexander von Humboldt. Zoology 2018, 130, 67 - 78. [CrossRef] [PubMed]" title="Red-Headed Amazon River Turtles in Venezuela and Colombia: Population Separation and Connection along the Famous Route of Alexander von Humboldt" type="journal article" year="2018">101</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]; the arboreal boas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27568B31BFBC52F5CFB0EA264" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" box="[1111,1201,307,331]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Corallus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFBC52F5CFB0EA264" box="[1111,1201,307,331]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Corallus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27568B31BFB662F5CFA09A264" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[1268,1462,307,331]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Corallus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruschenbergerii">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFB662F5CFA09A264" box="[1268,1462,307,331]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C. ruschenbergerii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the north and others to the south [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B6270907568B31BFCC62F3AFCC3A242" author="Vidal, N. & Henderson, R. W. & Delmas, A. - S. S. & Hedges, S. B." box="[852,892,341,365]" journalOrPublisher="J. Herpetol." pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="500 - 503" part="39" refId="ref20521" refString="102. Vidal, N.; Henderson, R. W.; Delmas, A. - S. S.; Hedges, S. B. A Phylogenetic Study of the Emerald Treeboa (Corallus caninus). J. Herpetol. 2005, 39, 500 - 503. [CrossRef]" title="A Phylogenetic Study of the Emerald Treeboa (Corallus caninus)" type="journal article" year="2005">102</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B6270907568B31BFC112F3AFC14A242" author="Colston, T. J. & Grazziotin, F. G. & Shepard, D. B. & Vitt, L. J. & Colli, G. R. & Henderson, R. W. & Hedges, B. & Zaher, H. & Burbrink, F. T." box="[899,939,341,365]" journalOrPublisher="Mol. Phylogenet. Evol." pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="953 - 959" part="66" refId="ref20578" refString="103. Colston, T. J.; Grazziotin, F. G.; Shepard, D. B.; Vitt, L. J.; Colli, G. R.; Henderson, R. W.; Hedges, B.; Zaher, H.; Burbrink, F. T. Molecular Systematics and Historical Biogeography of Tree Boas (Corallus spp.). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2013, 66, 953 - 959. [CrossRef] [PubMed]" title="Molecular Systematics and Historical Biogeography of Tree Boas (Corallus spp.)" type="journal article" year="2013">103</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]; boas of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27568B31BFB0B2F3AFB41A243" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" box="[1177,1278,341,364]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Epicrates" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFB0B2F3AFB41A243" box="[1177,1278,341,364]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Epicrates</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27568B31BFAD12F3AFA0AA243" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" box="[1347,1461,341,364]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Epicrates" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFAD12F3AFA0AA243" box="[1347,1461,341,364]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E. maurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the north and the other lineages in the south [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B6270907568B31BFC442F19FC41A2A1" author="Passos, P. & Fernandes, R." box="[982,1022,374,398]" journalOrPublisher="Herpetol. Monogr." pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 30" part="22" refId="ref20672" refString="104. Passos, P.; Fernandes, R. Revision of the Epicrates cenchria Complex (Serpentes: Boidae). Herpetol. Monogr. 2008, 22, 1 - 30. [CrossRef]" title="Revision of the Epicrates cenchria Complex (Serpentes: Boidae)" type="journal article" year="2008">104</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. While there may not be a clear barrier separating the northern clades from the southern species today, these patterns likely speak to paleogeographic events that produced this split at the continental scale in a variety of taxa (see below). Thus, the separation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27568B31BFC082FB4FBAFA2DD" authority="Rivas & Quintana & Mancuso & Pacheco & Rivas & Mariotto & Salazar-Valenzuela & Baihua & Baihua & Burghardt & Vonk & Hernandez & García-Pérez & Fry & Corey-Rivas, 2024" authorityName="Rivas & Quintana & Mancuso & Pacheco & Rivas & Mariotto & Salazar-Valenzuela & Baihua & Baihua & Burghardt & Vonk & Hernandez & García-Pérez & Fry & Corey-Rivas" authorityYear="2024" box="[922,1040,474,498]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="akayima" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFC082FB4FBAFA2DD" box="[922,1040,474,498]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E. akayima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="56B46C087568B31BFB852FB4FBCDA2DD" box="[1047,1138,475,498]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27568B31BFB2B2FB4FA8CA2DD" box="[1209,1331,475,498]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFB2B2FB4FA8CA2DD" box="[1209,1331,475,498]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E. murinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not unique and is likely part of this continent-wide biogeographic pattern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7F4C0D617568B31BFE662C72FD95A6F0" blockId="16.[442,1496,240,2038]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
The first challenge in describing this new species of Green Anaconda is to determine which is the new species. In his 1758
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFCE52C50FB8CA178" box="[887,1075,575,599]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Systema Naturae</emphasis>
|
||
, Linnaeus gave only “America” as the place of origin [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B6270907568B31BFD352C0FFD7DA157" author="von Linnaeus, C." box="[679,706,608,632]" journalOrPublisher="Impensis Direct: Holmiae, Sweden" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref19824" refString="91. von Linnaeus, C. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis; Salvii, L., Ed.; Impensis Direct: Holmiae, Sweden, 1758; Volume 1." title="Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis; Salvii, L., Ed" type="book" year="1758">91</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. The Adolphi Friderici Museum has a specimen labelled
|
||
<collectionCode id="19E295A47568B31BFA122C0FFA7AA157" box="[1408,1477,608,632]" collectionName="NRM" country="Sweden" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4m0z-xq14" name="Swedish Museum of Natural History - Zoological Collections" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="Museum">NRM</collectionCode>
|
||
9, identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27568B31BFDC62CECFD6DA1B5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[596,722,643,666]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Boa" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murina">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFDC62CECFD6DA1B5" box="[596,722,643,666]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Boa murina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which could be the specimen described by Linnaeus. The record of this specimen is unclear and there is no provenance for it, but it appears to be a specimen in Linnaeus’ collection and its scale number matches that of #
|
||
<quantity id="B80BA0847568B31BFB3B2CAAFB4EA1F2" box="[1193,1265,709,733]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.102599999999999" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="in" value="319.0">319 in</quantity>
|
||
Linnaeus’
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFAEA2CAAFDAAA1D1" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Systema Naturae</emphasis>
|
||
. Attempts to obtain tissue samples from this specimen were unsuccessful, which is to be expected given the low probability of obtaining usable DNA from such an old, formalin-fixed specimen. It is likely that the specimen described by Linnaeus was from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="07E44DF17568B31BFE2E2D24FD8FA04C" box="[444,560,843,867]" name="Suriname" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Suriname</collectingCountry>
|
||
, as much of the trade to Europe came from this area (E. Åhlander pers. comm.). However, our data show that
|
||
<collectingCountry id="07E44DF17568B31BFC862D03FC00A0AB" box="[788,959,876,900]" name="French Guiana" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
is probably a contact zone where both species can be found, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="07E44DF17568B31BFD082DE1FCB2A089" box="[666,781,910,934]" name="Suriname" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Suriname</collectingCountry>
|
||
may also be a contact zone. Therefore, even if we knew for sure that specimen #
|
||
<quantity id="B80BA0847568B31BFD262DC0FD43A0E8" box="[692,764,943,967]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.102599999999999" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="in" value="319.0">319 in</quantity>
|
||
Linnaeus’ collection was from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="07E44DF17568B31BFBE72DC0FB54A0E8" box="[1141,1259,943,967]" name="Suriname" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Suriname</collectingCountry>
|
||
, we would still not know which species it was, because both species are truly cryptic, and there is no way to tell from morphological data which species the
|
||
<typeStatus id="A048B3C37568B31BFC602D9CFB98A724" box="[1010,1063,1011,1035]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">type</typeStatus>
|
||
belongs to, as far as anyone can tell. When Linnaeus described the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27568B31BFCB22A7BFC20A704" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[800,927,1044,1067]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Boa" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murina">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFCB22A7BFC20A704" box="[800,927,1044,1067]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Boa murina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, he provided reference to other specimens from Seba [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B6270907568B31BFD912A5AFD94A762" author="Seba, A." box="[515,555,1077,1101]" editor="Amsterdam, The Netherlands" journalOrPublisher="Amstelaedami" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="9788527729833" refId="ref20710" refString="105. Seba, A. Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri Accurata Descriptio, et Iconibus Artificiosissimis Expressio, per Universam Physices Historiam: Opus, Cui, in Hoc Rerum Genere, Nullum Par Exstitit. Tomus II; Wetstenium, J., Smith, G., Waesberg, J., Eds.; Amstelaedami: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1735; ISBN 9788527729833." type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri Accurata Descriptio, et Iconibus Artificiosissimis Expressio, per Universam Physices Historiam: Opus, Cui, in Hoc Rerum Genere, Nullum Par Exstitit. Tomus II; Wetstenium, J., Smith, G., Waesberg, J" year="1735">105</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] and Gronovious [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B6270907568B31BFC992A5AFC99A762" author="The Netherlands" box="[779,806,1077,1101]" journalOrPublisher="Lugduni-Batavorum: Leiden" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" part="3" refId="ref19876" refString="92. Gronovius, L. T. Museum Ichthyologicum, Sistens Piscium Indigenorum & Quorumdam Exoticorum; Haak, T., Ed.; Lugduni-Batavorum: Leiden, The Netherlands, 1756; Volume 3. [CrossRef]" title="Gronovius, L. T. Museum Ichthyologicum, Sistens Piscium Indigenorum & Quorumdam Exoticorum; Haak, T., Ed" type="journal volume" year="1756">92</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], who in turn cited
|
||
<specimenCount id="69F5C6E87568B31BFB822A5AFB7EA762" box="[1040,1217,1077,1101]" count="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
by Seba and added his description of a third specimen. The plate
|
||
<specimenCount id="69F5C6E87568B31BFC382A38FB85A741" box="[938,1082,1110,1135]" count="29" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="generic">29 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
cited by Linnaeus has no source in Seba’s catalogue. Gronovius refers to this specimen in one of his entries, entry 44, and also to specimen 1 from plate 23 of Seba’s catalogue. This snake, whose drawing resembles that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27568B31BFE482AD3FD32A7FC" baseAuthorityName="Dunn and Conant" baseAuthorityYear="1936" box="[474,653,1211,1235]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="deschauenseei">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFE482AD3FD32A7FC" box="[474,653,1211,1235]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E. deschauenseei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has a source, Guianensis, which probably refers to present-day
|
||
<collectingCountry id="07E44DF17568B31BFA112AD4FDAAA7DB" name="French Guiana" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
. As there is no scale number on either of Seba’s specimens, it is uncertain whether Linnaeus ever examined the specimens himself, or whether he simply based his inclusion of these specimens on the drawings in Seba’s catalogue. Seba’s second collection was sold at auction after his death [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B6270907568B31BFD752B2EFCB0A676" author="Bauer, A. M. & Wahlgren, R. On the" box="[743,783,1345,1369]" journalOrPublisher="Bonn Zool. Bull." pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="220 - 252" part="62" refId="ref20779" refString="106. Bauer, A. M.; Wahlgren, R. On the Linck Collection and Specimens of Snakes Figured by Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1735) - The Oldest Fluid-Preserved Herpetological Collection in the World? Bonn Zool. Bull. 2013, 62, 220 - 252." title="Linck Collection and Specimens of Snakes Figured by Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1735) - The Oldest Fluid-Preserved Herpetological Collection in the World?" type="journal article" year="2013">106</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] and is probably lost. Gronovious also provides a description of a specimen of his own and alludes to specimen Ain plate 606 of
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFB532B0DFAECA655" box="[1217,1363,1378,1402]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Physica Sacra</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B6270907568B31BFAF02B0DFA35A655" author="Germany" box="[1378,1418,1378,1402]" journalOrPublisher="Christian Ulrich Wagner: Augsburg and Ulm" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="2013206534" part="4" refId="ref20831" refString="107. Scheuchzer, J. J. Physica Sacra; Wagner, C. U., Ed.; Christian Ulrich Wagner: Augsburg and Ulm, Germany, 1735; Volume 4, ISBN 2013206534." title="Scheuchzer, J. J. Physica Sacra; Wagner, C. U., Ed" type="journal article" year="1735">107</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. This specimen is doubtlessly an anaconda that was in the collection of Johann Heinrich Linck, Leipzig. However, there is no
|
||
<typeStatus id="A048B3C37568B31BFC8C2BC9FCEDA691" box="[798,850,1446,1470]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen of anacondas in this collection today (Bauer, per com).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="37E95EEA7568B31AFE662B87FB23A2A1" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="7F4C0D617568B31AFE662B87FB23A2A1" blockId="16.[442,1496,240,2038]" lastBlockId="17.[444,1497,234,399]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Since the provenance of specimen
|
||
<collectionCode id="19E295A47568B31BFC0B2B87FC63A52F" box="[921,988,1512,1536]" collectionName="NRM" country="Sweden" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4m0z-xq14" name="Swedish Museum of Natural History - Zoological Collections" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="Museum">NRM</collectionCode>
|
||
9 is unknown, and given that both Green Anaconda species are truly cryptic, there is no way to determine which clade the
|
||
<typeStatus id="A048B3C37568B31BFAF92865FA6CA50D" box="[1387,1491,1546,1570]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
belong to other than genotyping, which is not possible with such an old specimen. We propose to name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27568B31BFD1A2822FCBBA54B" box="[648,772,1613,1636]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFD1A2822FCBBA54B" box="[648,772,1613,1636]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E. murinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the southern species because of its larger distribution and for historical reasons. We believe that naming the new species as the one with the smallest distribution will contribute to the stability of the nomenclature code, as it will result in less geographical change. In addition, although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27568B31BFC5228DDFB89A5E6" authority="Rivas & Quintana & Mancuso & Pacheco & Rivas & Mariotto & Salazar-Valenzuela & Baihua & Baihua & Burghardt & Vonk & Hernandez & García-Pérez & Fry & Corey-Rivas, 2024" authorityName="Rivas & Quintana & Mancuso & Pacheco & Rivas & Mariotto & Salazar-Valenzuela & Baihua & Baihua & Burghardt & Vonk & Hernandez & García-Pérez & Fry & Corey-Rivas" authorityYear="2024" box="[960,1078,1713,1737]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="akayima" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFC5228DDFB89A5E6" box="[960,1078,1713,1737]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E. akayima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="56B46C087568B31BFBAF28DEFB26A5E7" box="[1085,1177,1713,1736]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is found in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="07E44DF17568B31BFAB428DEFA6CA5E6" box="[1318,1491,1713,1737]" name="French Guiana" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="07E44DF17568B31BFE6228BDFDD9A5C5" box="[496,614,1746,1770]" name="Suriname" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Suriname</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it is a species of the Orinoco Basin, which was not explored by European naturalists until later. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="A048B3C37568B31BFD67289BFCDDA423" box="[757,866,1780,1804]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27568B31BFC03289AFBB2A423" box="[913,1037,1781,1804]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFC03289AFBB2A423" box="[913,1037,1781,1804]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E. murinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a specimen from the Xingu River in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="BD37C3837568B31BFE2E2979FE4BA402" box="[444,500,1814,1837]" country="Suriname" name="Para" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Para</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="07E44DF17568B31BFE6C297AFDF9A402" box="[510,582,1813,1837]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, labelled
|
||
<collectionCode id="19E295A47568B31BFD272979FCBCA401" box="[693,771,1814,1838]" collectionName="Brazil, Para, Belem, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/90vz-swjg" name="Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">MPEG</collectionCode>
|
||
<quantity id="B80BA0847568B31BFC982979FCCEA402" box="[778,881,1813,1838]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.966711999999999" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="in" value="27.428">27,428 in</quantity>
|
||
the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. It was found in Altamira, State of Para,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="07E44DF17568B31BFD5E2958FCB0A460" box="[716,783,1847,1871]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1AC76BA67568B31BFC8D2958FC35A460" box="[799,906,1841,1871]" degrees="3" direction="south" minutes="9" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="15" seconds="16" value="-3.1544445">
|
||
3
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFCBE295EFC88A46B" bold="true" box="[812,823,1841,1860]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<superScript id="8886A0297568B31BFCBE295EFC88A46B" attach="none" box="[812,823,1841,1860]" fontSize="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">◦</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
9
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFCD4295EFCF3A46B" bold="true" box="[838,844,1841,1860]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<superScript id="8886A0297568B31BFCD4295EFCF3A46B" attach="none" box="[838,844,1841,1860]" fontSize="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">′</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
16
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFCF5295EFCCCA46B" bold="true" box="[871,883,1841,1860]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<superScript id="8886A0297568B31BFCF5295EFCCCA46B" attach="left" box="[871,883,1841,1860]" fontSize="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">′′</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
S
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1AC76BA67568B31BFC042958FB97A460" box="[918,1064,1841,1871]" degrees="52" direction="west" minutes="14" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="15" seconds="11" value="-52.23639">
|
||
52
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFC22295EFC04A46B" bold="true" box="[944,955,1841,1860]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<superScript id="8886A0297568B31BFC22295EFC04A46B" attach="none" box="[944,955,1841,1860]" fontSize="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">◦</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
14
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFC45295EFC62A46B" bold="true" box="[983,989,1841,1860]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<superScript id="8886A0297568B31BFC45295EFC62A46B" attach="none" box="[983,989,1841,1860]" fontSize="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">′</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
11
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFC6A295EFBBBA46B" bold="true" box="[1016,1028,1841,1860]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<superScript id="8886A0297568B31BFC6A295EFBBBA46B" attach="left" box="[1016,1028,1841,1860]" fontSize="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">′′</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
W
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) in
|
||
<date id="0B4D2BA17568B31BFBC12958FB55A460" box="[1107,1258,1847,1871]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2011-10">October 2011</date>
|
||
by Emil Hernández. Since most of the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27568B31BFCA52936FC0EA45F" box="[823,945,1881,1904]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFCA52936FC0EA45F" box="[823,945,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E. murinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="07E44DF17568B31BFC7D2937FB89A45F" box="[1007,1078,1880,1904]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, we consider it appropriate that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="A048B3C37568B31BFE2E2915FD98A4BD" box="[444,551,1914,1938]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is in that country, even though the original specimen may have been collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="07E44DF17568B31BFE2E29F4FD8DA49C" box="[444,562,1947,1971]" name="Suriname" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Suriname</collectingCountry>
|
||
. We also designate specimen
|
||
<materialsCitation id="CF9B073C7568B31AFC0329F4FDE3A227" collectingDate="1993-03" collectionCode="MCNG" collectorName="Jesus Rivas" country="Venezuela" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" latitude="7.4167776" location="Hato El Cedral" longLatPrecision="15" longitude="-69.33083" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" specimenCode="MCNG 1042" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Apure Estate" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="2F55A51A7568B31BFC0329F4FB99A49C" box="[913,1062,1947,1971]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">MCNG 1042</specimenCode>
|
||
from UNELLEZ Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Venezuela, as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="A048B3C37568B31BFC9C29D2FCC8A4FA" box="[782,887,1981,2005]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27568B31BFC3429D1FBA3A4FA" authority="Rivas & Quintana & Mancuso & Pacheco & Rivas & Mariotto & Salazar-Valenzuela & Baihua & Baihua & Burghardt & Vonk & Hernandez & García-Pérez & Fry & Corey-Rivas, 2024" authorityName="Rivas & Quintana & Mancuso & Pacheco & Rivas & Mariotto & Salazar-Valenzuela & Baihua & Baihua & Burghardt & Vonk & Hernandez & García-Pérez & Fry & Corey-Rivas" authorityYear="2024" box="[934,1052,1981,2005]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="akayima" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFC3429D1FBA3A4FA" box="[934,1052,1981,2005]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E. akayima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="56B46C087568B31BFBB129D2FBC1A4FB" box="[1059,1150,1981,2004]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
This
|
||
<specimenCount id="69F5C6E87568B31BFB5229D2FA90A4FA" box="[1216,1327,1981,2005]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="generic">specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
was collected by
|
||
<collectorName id="D20668B77568B31BFE7029B0FDD5A4D9" box="[482,618,2014,2038]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Jesús Rivas</collectorName>
|
||
in
|
||
<date id="0B4D2BA17568B31BFD0129B1FCA1A4D9" box="[659,798,2014,2038]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="1993-03">
|
||
<collectingDate id="1B09D2497568B31BFD0129B1FCA1A4D9" box="[659,798,2014,2038]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="1993-03">March 1993</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
at
|
||
<location id="7A2C5BBA7568B31BFCD429B0FC41A4D9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F75ABC777577B31AFE2E2B61FBECA6F0:7A2C5BBA7568B31BFCD429B0FC41A4D9" box="[838,1022,2014,2038]" country="Venezuela" latitude="7.4167776" longLatPrecision="15" longitude="-69.33083" name="Hato El Cedral" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" stateProvince="Apure Estate">Hato El Cedral</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="BD37C3837568B31BFB9929B1FB13A4D9" box="[1035,1196,2014,2038]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Apure Estate</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="07E44DF17568B31BFB2A29B1FA8CA4D9" box="[1208,1331,2014,2038]" name="Venezuela" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1AC76BA67568B31BFAD629B1FA6EA4D9" box="[1348,1489,2008,2038]" degrees="7" direction="north" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="1" seconds="0.4" value="7.4167776">
|
||
7
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFAC029B7FAE2A4C4" bold="true" box="[1362,1373,2008,2027]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<superScript id="8886A0297568B31BFAC029B7FAE2A4C4" attach="none" box="[1362,1373,2008,2027]" fontSize="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">◦</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
25
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFAE829B7FA3FA4C4" bold="true" box="[1402,1408,2008,2027]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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||
<superScript id="8886A0297568B31BFAE829B7FA3FA4C4" attach="none" box="[1402,1408,2008,2027]" fontSize="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">′</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
0.4
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737568B31BFA3129B7FA10A4C4" bold="true" box="[1443,1455,2008,2027]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<superScript id="8886A0297568B31BFA3129B7FA10A4C4" attach="left" box="[1443,1455,2008,2027]" fontSize="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">′′</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1AC76BA67569B31AFE2E2E9FFDEBA227" box="[444,596,234,264]" degrees="69" direction="west" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="15" seconds="51" value="-69.33083">
|
||
69
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737569B31AFE452E85FE5DA3D2" bold="true" box="[471,482,234,253]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<superScript id="8886A0297569B31AFE452E85FE5DA3D2" attach="none" box="[471,482,234,253]" fontSize="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">◦</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
19
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737569B31AFE6C2E85FDBBA3D2" bold="true" box="[510,516,234,253]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<superScript id="8886A0297569B31AFE6C2E85FDBBA3D2" attach="none" box="[510,516,234,253]" fontSize="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">′</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
51
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737569B31AFDB32E85FD92A3D2" bold="true" box="[545,557,234,253]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
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<superScript id="8886A0297569B31AFDB32E85FD92A3D2" attach="left" box="[545,557,234,253]" fontSize="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">′′</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
W
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
. The diagnostic features of this species, which are morphologically cryptic, required DNA sequencing. We also designate a
|
||
<materialsCitation id="CF9B073C7569B31AFC7E2F7DFA1EA264" collectionCode="RMNH" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" specimenCode="RMNH.RENA.20768" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="A048B3C37569B31AFC7E2F7DFBEAA205" box="[1004,1109,274,298]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27569B31AFB172F7DFB44A205" authority="Rivas & Quintana & Mancuso & Pacheco & Rivas & Mariotto & Salazar-Valenzuela & Baihua & Baihua & Burghardt & Vonk & Hernandez & García-Pérez & Fry & Corey-Rivas, 2024" authorityName="Rivas & Quintana & Mancuso & Pacheco & Rivas & Mariotto & Salazar-Valenzuela & Baihua & Baihua & Burghardt & Vonk & Hernandez & García-Pérez & Fry & Corey-Rivas" authorityYear="2024" box="[1157,1275,274,298]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="akayima" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737569B31AFB172F7DFB44A205" box="[1157,1275,274,298]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">E. akayima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="56B46C087569B31AFA932F7DFAE2A206" box="[1281,1373,274,297]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
specimen
|
||
<specimenCode id="2F55A51A7569B31AFE2E2F5CFD14A264" box="[444,683,307,331]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">RMNH.RENA.20768</specimenCode>
|
||
deposited in the Naturalis Biodiversity Center in the Netherlands
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="CF9B073C7569B31AFE2E2F3AFA6AA243" box="[444,1493,340,365]" collectionCode="MBUCV" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" specimenCode="MBUCV 7189" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="2F55A51A7569B31AFE2E2F3AFDE1A242" box="[444,606,341,365]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">MBUCV 7189</specimenCode>
|
||
located at the Museo the Biología de la Universidad Central de Venezuela
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
. Information for other type specimens can be found in
|
||
<tableCitation id="327138DA7569B31AFBA72F19FB27A2A1" box="[1077,1176,374,398]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="11.[443,504,239,260]" captionTargetId="graphics-72@11.[444,1492,423,545]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Table 3. Mean pairwise genetic distances between and within known and candidate species of the Eunectes species complex. E. notaeus 1 refers to samples Eno6, Eno8, RGRnot1, and AM236347. E. notaeus 2 refers to samples Eno4, Eno7, and ENU69810. Individual gene pairwise distant matrix is presented in Table S2." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/2B8C5DE97573B300FE292E80FD1EA244" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" tableUuid="2B8C5DE97573B300FE292E80FD1EA244">Table S3</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="37E95EEA7569B31AFE2E2FDDFA3CA761" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="7F4C0D617569B31AFE2E2FDDFD82A2E5" blockId="17.[444,573,434,458]" box="[444,573,434,458]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Etymology</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7F4C0D617569B31AFE662FB3FA3CA761" blockId="17.[440,1496,475,1504]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
We propose the common name, Northern Green Anaconda, for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27569B31AFB7E2FB3FA10A2DC" authority="Rivas & Quintana & Mancuso & Pacheco & Rivas & Mariotto & Salazar-Valenzuela & Baihua & Baihua & Burghardt & Vonk & Hernandez & García-Pérez & Fry & Corey-Rivas, 2024" authorityName="Rivas & Quintana & Mancuso & Pacheco & Rivas & Mariotto & Salazar-Valenzuela & Baihua & Baihua & Burghardt & Vonk & Hernandez & García-Pérez & Fry & Corey-Rivas" authorityYear="2024" box="[1260,1455,475,499]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="akayima" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737569B31AFB7E2FB3FA10A2DC" box="[1260,1455,475,499]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Eunectes akayima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="56B46C087569B31AFA242FB3FE51A13B" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Before the arrival of the Spaniards, northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="07E44DF17569B31AFBB32F92FB23A13A" box="[1057,1180,509,533]" name="Venezuela" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
was occupied by various Indigenous nations, among which the Caribs were an important group. Several Carib nations remain including the Kariña, Panare, Yekuana, Pemones, and Akawaio. The word for anaconda in various Cariban languages is a variant of a
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737569B31AFB222C0EFA10A156" box="[1200,1455,609,633]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">kayima/okoyimo/okoimo</emphasis>
|
||
, in which a
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737569B31AFD8A2CECFDFAA1B4" box="[536,581,643,667]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">kayi</emphasis>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737569B31AFDC72CECFD31A1B4" box="[597,654,643,667]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">okoyi</emphasis>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737569B31AFD0D2CECFD75A1B4" box="[671,714,643,667]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">okoi</emphasis>
|
||
means “snake” and the suffix
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737569B31AFBA62CECFB21A1B5" box="[1076,1182,643,666]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">-ima/-imo</emphasis>
|
||
means “large”. The suffix -ima/-imo does not necessarily mean ‘large’ in a physical sense. Rather, it is used to denote the kind of largeness that indicates a different category of being. The literal translation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27569B31AFE2E2C88FDACA1D0" authorityName="Rivas & Quintana & Mancuso & Pacheco & Rivas & Mariotto & Salazar-Valenzuela & Baihua & Baihua & Burghardt & Vonk & Hernandez & García-Pérez & Fry & Corey-Rivas" authorityYear="2024" box="[444,531,743,767]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="akayima">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737569B31AFE2E2C88FDACA1D0" box="[444,531,743,767]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">akayima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is “The Great Snake” (S. Gildea pers. Communication [52]). The species name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27569B31AFA0D2C88FE5CA00F" authorityName="Rivas & Quintana & Mancuso & Pacheco & Rivas & Mariotto & Salazar-Valenzuela & Baihua & Baihua & Burghardt & Vonk & Hernandez & García-Pérez & Fry & Corey-Rivas" authorityYear="2024" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="akayima">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737569B31AFA0D2C88FE5CA00F" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">akayima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is pronounced as follows: ekeyime in standard dictionary pronunciation font; ŭkŭyēmŭ using the phonics; and uh-kuh-yee-muh using the Plotkin method for English-like writing to capture Cariban language pronunciations [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B6270907569B31AFC542D23FC51A04B" author="Plotkin, M. J." box="[966,1006,844,868]" journalOrPublisher="Penguin: New York, NY, USA" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref20870" refString="108. Plotkin, M. J. Tales of a Shaman's Apprentice: An Ethnobotanist Searches for New Medicines in the Rain Forest; Penguin: New York, NY, USA, 1994." title="Tales of a Shaman's Apprentice: An Ethnobotanist Searches for New Medicines in the Rain Forest" type="book" year="1994">108</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. The word
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27569B31AFBE92D24FB6DA04C" authorityName="Rivas & Quintana & Mancuso & Pacheco & Rivas & Mariotto & Salazar-Valenzuela & Baihua & Baihua & Burghardt & Vonk & Hernandez & García-Pérez & Fry & Corey-Rivas" authorityYear="2024" box="[1147,1234,843,867]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="akayima">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737569B31AFBE92D24FB6DA04C" box="[1147,1234,843,867]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">akayima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also used to refer to the rainbow, probably associated with a feathered serpent in their belief system that came out after rains to dry its feathers [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B6270907569B31AFCC12DE0FCC4A088" author="Gumilla, J. El" box="[851,891,911,935]" journalOrPublisher="Editorial Arte: Madrid / Caracas, Spain" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref20906" refString="109. Gumilla, J. El Orinoco Ilustrado y Defendido; Editorial Arte: Madrid / Caracas, Spain, 1740." title="Orinoco Ilustrado y Defendido" type="book" year="1740">109</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. We, therefore, acknowledge the culture of these Indigenous people who share their territories with this species by adopting their word for anaconda as the specific epithet for this new species. We propose the common name for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27569B31AFE772D9BFDDFA724" box="[485,608,1012,1035]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737569B31AFE772D9BFDDFA724" box="[485,608,1012,1035]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">E. murinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as Southern Green Anaconda, to promote taxonomic stability for the most widely distributed species and avoid confusion.
|
||
<tableCitation id="327138DA7569B31AFC6C2A7BFBEFA703" box="[1022,1104,1044,1068]" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="13.[443,503,342,363]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 6. Morphological comparison of the holotype and paratype of E. akayima, and the lectotype of E. murinus." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/2B8C5DE97575B306FE292F39FD90A2A2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" tableUuid="2B8C5DE97575B306FE292F39FD90A2A2">Table 6</tableCitation>
|
||
provides a comparison between the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27569B31AFE752A58FDE1A761" authority="Rivas & Quintana & Mancuso & Pacheco & Rivas & Mariotto & Salazar-Valenzuela & Baihua & Baihua & Burghardt & Vonk & Hernandez & García-Pérez & Fry & Corey-Rivas, 2024" authorityName="Rivas & Quintana & Mancuso & Pacheco & Rivas & Mariotto & Salazar-Valenzuela & Baihua & Baihua & Burghardt & Vonk & Hernandez & García-Pérez & Fry & Corey-Rivas" authorityYear="2024" box="[487,606,1078,1102]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="akayima" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737569B31AFE752A58FDE1A761" box="[487,606,1078,1102]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">E. akayima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="56B46C087569B31AFDF62A59FD00A762" box="[612,703,1078,1101]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<typeStatus id="A048B3C37569B31AFD552A59FC8DA761" box="[711,818,1078,1102]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, one of its
|
||
<typeStatus id="A048B3C37569B31AFC3C2A59FB9AA761" box="[942,1061,1078,1102]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
, and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27569B31AFB1D2A58FAB6A762" box="[1167,1289,1078,1102]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737569B31AFB1D2A58FAB6A762" box="[1167,1289,1078,1102]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">E. murinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="A048B3C37569B31AFA822A59FAC0A761" box="[1296,1407,1078,1102]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="37E95EEA7569B31AFE662A38FBECA6F0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="7F4C0D617569B31AFE662A38FBECA6F0" blockId="17.[440,1496,475,1504]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Previous work had identified other candidate species and subspecies of the anaconda in the Orinoco basin with somewhat similar distribution to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27569B31AFBF12A16FB69A7BE" authorityName="Rivas & Quintana & Mancuso & Pacheco & Rivas & Mariotto & Salazar-Valenzuela & Baihua & Baihua & Burghardt & Vonk & Hernandez & García-Pérez & Fry & Corey-Rivas" authorityYear="2024" box="[1123,1238,1145,1169]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="akayima">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737569B31AFBF12A16FB69A7BE" box="[1123,1238,1145,1169]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">E. akayima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B6270907569B31AFB772A16FAB2A7BE" author="Dunn, E. R. & Conant, R." box="[1253,1293,1145,1169]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="503 - 506" part="88" refId="ref20929" refString="110. Dunn, E. R.; Conant, R. Notes on Anacondas, with Descriptions of Two New Species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1936, 88, 503 - 506." title="Notes on Anacondas, with Descriptions of Two New Species" type="journal article" year="1936">110</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. However, all of these differences have been found to be inconsistent [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B6270907569B31AFBB62AF5FB80A79D" author="Dirksen, L." box="[1060,1087,1178,1202]" journalOrPublisher="Natur und Tier - Verlag: Munster, Germany" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref16226" refString="24. Dirksen, L. Anakondas: Monographische Revision der Gattung Eunectes Wagler, 1830 (Serpentes, Boidae); Natur und Tier - Verlag: Munster, Germany, 2002." title="Anakondas: Monographische Revision der Gattung Eunectes Wagler, 1830 (Serpentes, Boidae)" type="book" year="2022">24</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B6270907569B31AFBD42AF5FBDEA79D" author="Dirksen, L. & Henderson, R. W." box="[1094,1121,1178,1202]" journalOrPublisher="Cat. Am. Amphib. Reptiles" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 3" part="755" refId="ref16411" refString="27. Dirksen, L.; Henderson, R. W. Eunectes deschauenseei Dunn and Conant de Schauensee's Anacondaz. Cat. Am. Amphib. Reptiles 2002, 755, 1 - 3." title="Eunectes deschauenseei Dunn and Conant de Schauensee's Anacondaz" type="journal article" year="2002">27</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B6270907569B31AFBF52AF5FB30A79D" author="Dirksen, L. & Bohme, W." box="[1127,1167,1178,1202]" journalOrPublisher="Salamandra" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="359 - 374" part="34" refId="ref20971" refString="111. Dirksen, L.; Bohme, W. Studien an Anakondas. II: Zurn Taxonomischen Status von Eunectes murinus gigas (Latreille, 1801) (Serpentes: Boidae), Mit Neuen Ergebnis-Sen Zur Gattung Eunectes Wagler, 1830. Salamandra 1998, 34, 359 - 374." title="Studien an Anakondas. II: Zurn Taxonomischen Status von Eunectes murinus gigas (Latreille, 1801) (Serpentes: Boidae), Mit Neuen Ergebnis-Sen Zur Gattung Eunectes Wagler" type="journal article" year="1998">111</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]; therefore, these synonyms are all invalid. In addition, the word
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27569B31AFCCD2AD3FC7CA7FB" authorityName="Rivas & Quintana & Mancuso & Pacheco & Rivas & Mariotto & Salazar-Valenzuela & Baihua & Baihua & Burghardt & Vonk & Hernandez & García-Pérez & Fry & Corey-Rivas" authorityYear="2024" box="[863,963,1212,1236]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="akayima">
|
||
“
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737569B31AFCFE2AD3FC7CA7FB" box="[876,963,1212,1236]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">akayima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” has been indigenously used to designate this species for at least hundreds (and perhaps even thousands) of years before the use of any of the other synonyms. It was certainly in use in 1758 when the Code started counting names asvalid; so,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27569B31AFDC62B4FFD11A617" authorityName="Rivas & Quintana & Mancuso & Pacheco & Rivas & Mariotto & Salazar-Valenzuela & Baihua & Baihua & Burghardt & Vonk & Hernandez & García-Pérez & Fry & Corey-Rivas" authorityYear="2024" box="[596,686,1312,1336]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="akayima">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737569B31AFDC62B4FFD11A617" box="[596,686,1312,1336]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">akayima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
isclearlytheseniorsynonym. Thisis, admittedly, anunorthodox position regarding the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B6270907569B31AFB652B2DFAA0A675" author="London, UK" box="[1271,1311,1346,1370]" journalOrPublisher="International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref21025" refString="112. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4 th ed.; International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature: London, UK, 1999." title="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4 th ed" type="book" year="1999">112</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], which prefers the names that have been published in Western science as “valid”. However, it is well due time that Western science starts recognizing the ancestral knowledge and cultural legacy of non-Westernized society. If we respect and honor the culture of these original nations, accepting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8F376E27569B31AFDA12BA8FD33A6F0" authorityName="Rivas & Quintana & Mancuso & Pacheco & Rivas & Mariotto & Salazar-Valenzuela & Baihua & Baihua & Burghardt & Vonk & Hernandez & García-Pérez & Fry & Corey-Rivas" authorityYear="2024" box="[563,652,1479,1503]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Eunectes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="akayima">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D87D1737569B31AFDA12BA8FD33A6F0" box="[563,652,1479,1503]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">akayima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the senior synonym is unavoidable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |