324 lines
44 KiB
XML
324 lines
44 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="2104E4BDCC9C8C55FC3DF162D62C2993"><strong> A revision of the genus <em> Thouarella </ em> Gray, 1870 (Octocorallia: Primnoidae), including an illustrated dichotomous key, a new species description, and comments on <em> Plumarella </ em> Gray, 1870 and <em> Dasystenella </ em>, Versluys, 1906 </ strong></mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FB7C10572A1D6F24129C3CA6DBFDD531">TAYLOR, M. L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="31DBA7719FC5DBC53AECDB515E0330F9">CAIRNS, S. D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8FF807BBC83C1F4808345F18B32B6974">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="73267B0380C648B3E46A2CE8A69C3F65">2013</mods:date>
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<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFD8FFB6FF0AAF16FDCF0A1B" ID-CoL="4KJ6J" authority="(Nutting, 1912)" authorityName="TAYLOR & CAIRNS & AGNEW & ROGERS" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[151,549,1123,1150]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="recta">
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD8FFB6FF0AAF16FDCF0A1B" bold="true" box="[151,549,1123,1150]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD8FFB6FF0AAF16FE8B0A18" bold="true" box="[151,353,1124,1150]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Plumarella recta</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFD8FFB6FEEDAF11FDF70A1B" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[368,541,1123,1149]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="1 - 104" refId="ref63865" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1912) Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the U. S. Fisheries steamer " Albatross ", mainly in Japanese waters, during 1906. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, 43, 1 - 104. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.43 - 1923.1" type="journal article" year="1912">Nutting, 1912</bibRefCitation>
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)
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<paragraph id="66205971FFD8FFB6FF0AAFF4FEDC0AF8" blockId="93.[151,549,1123,1182]" box="[151,310,1158,1182]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
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<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFD8FFB6FF0AAFF4FEE40AF8" box="[151,270,1158,1182]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="94.[151,250,1966,1989]" captionTargetBox="[204,1382,177,1961]" captionTargetId="figure-55@94.[204,1383,165,1975]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="FIGURE 37. Plumarella alternata, holotype, USNM 30097: a) colony, approx. 16 cm long; b) close up of polyps. Plumarella recta, holotype, USNM 30040: c) colony 5.5 cm long; d) close up of polyps. Photos by RZG." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259191" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259191/files/figure.png" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Figs 37c,d</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFD8FFB6FE87AFF4FEDC0AF8" box="[282,310,1158,1182]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="95.[151,250,1921,1944]" captionTargetBox="[232,1355,177,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-101@95.[232,1356,163,1908]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="FIGURE 38. Plumarella recta, holotype, USNM 30040, identical sclerites to those of P. alternata: a) inner and b) outer surface of accessory operculars; c,d) inner and e) outer surface of opercular scales; f,g) inner and h) outer surface of marginal scales; i) outer and j,k) inner surface of body-wall scales; l) coenenchymal scales—first column of scales show the inner surface, remainder are the outer surface; m) lateral view of polyp; n) stereo opercular view of polyp. SEM taken by ZGR." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259193" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259193/files/figure.png" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">38</figureCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="E73E7F60FFD8FFB6FF0AAFBDFDC00A82" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[151,554,1230,1253]" page="68" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" year="1912">
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<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFD8FFB6FF0AAFBDFDC00A82" ID-CoL="99QYZ" authority="Nutting, 1912: 67 - 68" authorityName="Nutting" authorityPageNumber="67 - 68" authorityYear="1912" box="[151,554,1230,1253]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="recta">
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD8FFB6FF0AAFBDFEA80A82" box="[151,322,1231,1253]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Thouarella recta</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFD8FFB6FED7AFBCFDC00A82" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[330,554,1230,1252]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="1 - 104" refId="ref63865" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1912) Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the U. S. Fisheries steamer " Albatross ", mainly in Japanese waters, during 1906. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, 43, 1 - 104. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.43 - 1923.1" type="journal article" year="1912">Nutting, 1912: 67–68</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 7, figs 1, 1a, pl. 19, fig. 2;
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<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFD8FFB6FCEEAFBCFB830A82" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[883,1129,1230,1252]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="1 - 946" refId="ref63404" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1919) Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee - Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia " 1898 - 1899, 13, 1 - 946 pp." type="book chapter" year="1919">Kükenthal 1919: 440–1</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="E73E7F60FFD8FFB6FBE8AFBCFB0A0A82" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[1141,1248,1230,1252]" page="302" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" year="1924">
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<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFD8FFB6FBE8AFBCFB0A0A82" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[1141,1248,1230,1252]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="1 - 478" refId="ref63437" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1924) Coelenterata: Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, 47, 1 - 478 pp." type="book chapter" year="1924">1924: 302</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="E73E7F60FFD8FFB6FB71AFBCFEF50B65" author="Aurivillius, M." page="255" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" year="1931">
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<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFD8FFB6FB71AFBCFEF50B65" author="Aurivillius, M." pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="1 - 337" refId="ref61556" refString="Aurivillius, M. (1931) The Gorgonarians from Dr. Sixten Bock's expedition to Japan and Bonin Islands 1914. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlinga, Series 3, 9 (4), 1 - 337." type="journal article" year="1931">Aurivillius 1931: 255–256</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="66205971FFD8FFB6FF0AAE7EFCF30B47" blockId="93.[151,1436,1230,1344]" box="[151,793,1291,1314]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
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<treatmentCitation id="E73E7F60FFD8FFB6FF0AAE7EFD210B47" author="Cairns, S. D. & Bayer, F. M." box="[151,715,1291,1314]" page="28" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" year="2009">
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<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFD8FFB6FF0AAE7EFD210B47" ID-CoL="99QYZ" authority="Cairns & Bayer 2009: 28" authorityName="Cairns & Bayer" authorityPageNumber="28" authorityYear="2009" box="[151,715,1291,1314]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="recta" subGenus="Thouarella">
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD8FFB6FF0AAE7EFE2D0B47" box="[151,455,1292,1314]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Thouarella (Thouarella) recta</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFD8FFB6FE50AE79FD210B47" author="Cairns, S. D. & Bayer, F. M." box="[461,715,1291,1313]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref62273" refString="Cairns, S. D. & Bayer, F. M. (2009) A generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the Primnoidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 629, 1 - 79. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.629" type="journal article" year="2009">Cairns & Bayer 2009: 28</bibRefCitation>
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(listed)
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<paragraph id="66205971FFD8FFB6FF0AAE58FE3F0B26" blockId="93.[151,1436,1230,1344]" box="[151,469,1322,1344]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
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<treatmentCitation id="E73E7F60FFD8FFB6FF0AAE58FE3F0B26" author="Cairns, S. D." box="[151,469,1322,1344]" page="8" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" year="2011">
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<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFD8FFB6FF0AAE58FE3F0B26" ID-CoL="4KJ6J" authority="Cairns 2011: 8" authorityName="Cairns" authorityPageNumber="8" authorityYear="2011" box="[151,469,1322,1344]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="recta">
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD8FFB6FF0AAE58FEAB0B26" box="[151,321,1322,1344]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Plumarella recta</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFD8FFB6FEDAAE58FE3F0B26" author="Cairns, S. D." box="[327,469,1322,1344]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="1 - 55" refId="ref62221" refString="Cairns, S. D. (2011) A revision of the Primnoidae (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) from the Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 634, 1 - 55. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.634" type="journal article" year="2011">Cairns 2011:8</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="66205971FFD8FFB6FF0AAE1FFCCC0BCF" blockId="93.[151,1436,1389,1449]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD8FFB6FF0AAE1FFE800BE3" box="[151,362,1389,1413]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Material examined</emphasis>
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:
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<materialsCitation id="D6F7532CFFD8FFB6FEE5AE1FFCCC0BCF" collectingDate="1906-10-19" collectorName="V Albatross" country="Japan" elevation="490" location="Omae Zaki" municipality="Honshu Island" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD8FFB6FEE5AE1FFE0F0BE3" bold="true" box="[376,485,1389,1413]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
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<typeStatus id="B924E7D3FFD8FFB6FEE5AE1FFE0F0BE3" box="[376,485,1389,1413]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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, USNM 30040, R/
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<collectorName id="CB6A3CA7FFD8FFB6FD25AE1FFCD50BE3" box="[696,831,1389,1413]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
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V
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD8FFB6FD4FAE1FFCD50BE3" box="[722,831,1389,1413]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Albatross</emphasis>
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</collectorName>
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, sta. 5079, south of
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<location id="63400FAAFFD8FFB6FB81AE1FFB760BE3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EE36E867FFD8FF8BFF0AAF16FAA90B82:63400FAAFFD8FFB6FB81AE1FFB760BE3" box="[1052,1180,1389,1413]" country="Japan" municipality="Honshu Island" name="Omae Zaki" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Omae Zaki</location>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="8644C30BFFD8FFB6FB3BAE1FFAA10BE3" box="[1190,1355,1389,1413]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Honshu Island</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="1E8819E1FFD8FFB6FAC8AE1CFA7D0BE3" box="[1365,1431,1390,1413]" name="Japan" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Japan</collectingCountry>
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, 34˚15’N, 138˚E,
|
||
<quantity id="A167F494FFD8FFB6FECBAEE3FE3D0BCF" box="[342,471,1425,1449]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" metricValueMax="5.05" metricValueMin="4.75" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" unit="m" value="490.0" valueMax="505.0" valueMin="475.0">
|
||
<elevation id="EDB2BE42FFD8FFB6FECBAEE3FE3D0BCF" box="[342,471,1425,1449]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" metricValueMax="5.05" metricValueMin="4.75" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" unit="m" value="490.0" valueMax="505.0" valueMin="475.0">475–505 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="12217FB1FFD8FFB6FE7EAEE3FD9A0BCF" box="[483,624,1425,1449]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" value="1906-10-19">
|
||
<collectingDate id="02658659FFD8FFB6FE7EAEE3FD9A0BCF" box="[483,624,1425,1449]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" value="1906-10-19">19 Oct 1906</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 5 cm fragment.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFD8FFB6FF0AAEA8FEF10B97" blockId="93.[151,1437,1498,1953]" box="[151,283,1498,1521]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD8FFB6FF0AAEA8FEF10B97" box="[151,283,1498,1521]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFD8FFB6FF0AAE8FFF2108C3" blockId="93.[151,1437,1498,1953]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
|
||
The colony appears uniplanar, however, branchlets depart the main stem in 3 directions (2 rows at 160˚ creating an almost flat surface, with a third row placed sporadically along the dorsal spine at 260˚), thus it is technically bottlebrush (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFD8FFB6FE24AD37FDCA083B" box="[441,544,1605,1629]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="94.[151,250,1966,1989]" captionTargetBox="[204,1382,177,1961]" captionTargetId="figure-55@94.[204,1383,165,1975]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="FIGURE 37. Plumarella alternata, holotype, USNM 30097: a) colony, approx. 16 cm long; b) close up of polyps. Plumarella recta, holotype, USNM 30040: c) colony 5.5 cm long; d) close up of polyps. Photos by RZG." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259191" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259191/files/figure.png" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Fig. 37c</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ventral branchlets (in 2 rows) depart alternately from the stem. The branchlets are usually simple, sometimes forked, upwardly inclined at 60˚, and the longest branchlet is
|
||
<quantity id="A167F494FFD8FFB6FAE2AD1BFF2D08C3" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" unit="mm" value="24.0">24 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFD8FFB6FF5AADC3FB7E088B" blockId="93.[151,1437,1498,1953]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
|
||
The polyps stand at 90˚ to the branchlets (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFD8FFB6FD07ADC3FD1108AF" box="[666,763,1713,1737]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="94.[151,250,1966,1989]" captionTargetBox="[204,1382,177,1961]" captionTargetId="figure-55@94.[204,1383,165,1975]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="FIGURE 37. Plumarella alternata, holotype, USNM 30097: a) colony, approx. 16 cm long; b) close up of polyps. Plumarella recta, holotype, USNM 30040: c) colony 5.5 cm long; d) close up of polyps. Photos by RZG." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259191" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259191/files/figure.png" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Fig. 37d</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="A167F494FFD8FFB6FC92ADC3FC7E08AF" box="[783,916,1713,1737]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2999999999999998" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" unit="mm" value="1.2999999999999998" valueMax="1.4" valueMin="1.2">1.2–1.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, generally isolated in one plane along the branchlet, with a density of 7–9 polyps per cm, and are modestly distally flared (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFD8FFB6FB80ADA7FB62088B" box="[1053,1160,1749,1773]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="95.[151,250,1921,1944]" captionTargetBox="[232,1355,177,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-101@95.[232,1356,163,1908]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="FIGURE 38. Plumarella recta, holotype, USNM 30040, identical sclerites to those of P. alternata: a) inner and b) outer surface of accessory operculars; c,d) inner and e) outer surface of opercular scales; f,g) inner and h) outer surface of marginal scales; i) outer and j,k) inner surface of body-wall scales; l) coenenchymal scales—first column of scales show the inner surface, remainder are the outer surface; m) lateral view of polyp; n) stereo opercular view of polyp. SEM taken by ZGR." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259193" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259193/files/figure.png" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="A167F494FFD8FFB6FBCFADA7FB62088B" box="[1106,1160,1749,1773]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" unit="m" value="38.0">38m</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFD8FFB6FF5AAD8BFC3C09C7" blockId="93.[151,1437,1498,1953]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
|
||
The operculum is a raised cone of 8 acute triangle-shaped operculars (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFD8FFB6FB87AD8BFB5A0977" box="[1050,1200,1785,1809]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="95.[151,250,1921,1944]" captionTargetBox="[232,1355,177,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-101@95.[232,1356,163,1908]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="FIGURE 38. Plumarella recta, holotype, USNM 30040, identical sclerites to those of P. alternata: a) inner and b) outer surface of accessory operculars; c,d) inner and e) outer surface of opercular scales; f,g) inner and h) outer surface of marginal scales; i) outer and j,k) inner surface of body-wall scales; l) coenenchymal scales—first column of scales show the inner surface, remainder are the outer surface; m) lateral view of polyp; n) stereo opercular view of polyp. SEM taken by ZGR." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259193" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259193/files/figure.png" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Fig. 38n,c–e</figureCitation>
|
||
), 260–320 µm high (average 290 µm), 120–230 µm wide (average 165 µm), with a H:W of 1.4–2.3 (average 1.8). The distal and lateral scale edges are serrate although the lateral edges of some are pectinate whilst the proximal edges are roughly lobate. The inner surface is smooth (unkeeled) with a small patch of tubercles in the centre proximally. The outer surface is smooth with several small granules in the central proximal area.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="32E009F9FFDBFFB5FF0AACDCFBAF0984" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259191" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5259191" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259191/files/figure.png" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" startId="94.[151,250,1966,1989]" targetBox="[204,1382,177,1961]" targetPageId="94">
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFDBFFB5FF0AACDCFBAF0984" blockId="94.[151,1436,1966,2018]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFDBFFB5FF0AACDCFECA09A3" bold="true" box="[151,288,1966,1989]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">FIGURE 37.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFDBFFB5FEBBACDCFDEB09A2" box="[294,513,1966,1988]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFDBFFB5FEBBACDCFE1709A2" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1912" box="[294,509,1966,1988]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">Plumarella alternata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
holotype, USNM 30097: a) colony, approx. 16 cm long; b) close up of polyps.
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFDBFFB5FAB6ACDCFF3A0984" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFDBFFB5FAB6ACDCFF270984" authorityName="Cairns" authorityYear="2011" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="recta">Plumarella recta</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
holotype, USNM 30040: c) colony 5.5 cm long; d) close up of polyps. Photos by RZG.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="32E009F9FFDAFFB4FF0AACF3FAFA0995" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259193" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5259193" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259193/files/figure.png" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" startId="95.[151,250,1921,1944]" targetBox="[232,1355,177,1908]" targetPageId="95">
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFDAFFB4FF0AACF3FAFA0995" blockId="95.[151,1436,1921,2035]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFDAFFB4FF0AACF3FEF509FE" bold="true" box="[151,287,1921,1944]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">FIGURE 38.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFDAFFB4FEB9ACF3FE3F09F1" box="[292,469,1921,1943]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFDAFFB4FEB9ACF3FE3B09F1" authorityName="Cairns" authorityYear="2011" box="[292,465,1921,1943]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="recta">Plumarella recta</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
holotype, USNM 30040, identical sclerites to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFDAFFB4FC63ACF0FB9E09F1" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1912" box="[1022,1140,1921,1943]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFDAFFB4FC63ACF0FB9E09F1" box="[1022,1140,1921,1943]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">P. alternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: a) inner and b) outer surface of accessory operculars; c,d) inner and e) outer surface of opercular scales; f,g) inner and h) outer surface of marginal scales; i) outer and j,k) inner surface of body-wall scales; l) coenenchymal scales—first column of scales show the inner surface, remainder are the outer surface; m) lateral view of polyp; n) stereo opercular view of polyp. SEM taken by ZGR.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFE5FF8BFF5AABEAFB6D0E91" blockId="96.[151,1436,151,788]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
|
||
Between 2 and 4 accessory operculars are found underneath the operculars (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFE5FF8BFB82ABE5FB7F0EC9" box="[1055,1173,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="95.[151,250,1921,1944]" captionTargetBox="[232,1355,177,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-101@95.[232,1356,163,1908]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="FIGURE 38. Plumarella recta, holotype, USNM 30040, identical sclerites to those of P. alternata: a) inner and b) outer surface of accessory operculars; c,d) inner and e) outer surface of opercular scales; f,g) inner and h) outer surface of marginal scales; i) outer and j,k) inner surface of body-wall scales; l) coenenchymal scales—first column of scales show the inner surface, remainder are the outer surface; m) lateral view of polyp; n) stereo opercular view of polyp. SEM taken by ZGR." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259193" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259193/files/figure.png" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Fig. 38a,b</figureCitation>
|
||
), which are identical to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFE5FF8BFF61ABCFFE6B0EB2" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1912" box="[252,385,188,212]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFE5FF8BFF61ABCFFE6B0EB2" box="[252,385,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">P. alternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They are generally less than 200 µm high and 100 µm wide, round-tipped, tongue-shaped with a small patch of tubercles at the base of the inner surface and a smooth outer surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFE5FF8BFF5AAA76FDEC0FA9" blockId="96.[151,1436,151,788]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
|
||
The marginal scales have a circular base with an elongated smooth distal spine. The circular base has a pectinate edge which can continue up the edges of the spine (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFE5FF8BFCD8AA55FC2A0F59" box="[837,960,295,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="95.[151,250,1921,1944]" captionTargetBox="[232,1355,177,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-101@95.[232,1356,163,1908]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="FIGURE 38. Plumarella recta, holotype, USNM 30040, identical sclerites to those of P. alternata: a) inner and b) outer surface of accessory operculars; c,d) inner and e) outer surface of opercular scales; f,g) inner and h) outer surface of marginal scales; i) outer and j,k) inner surface of body-wall scales; l) coenenchymal scales—first column of scales show the inner surface, remainder are the outer surface; m) lateral view of polyp; n) stereo opercular view of polyp. SEM taken by ZGR." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259193" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259193/files/figure.png" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Fig. 38f–h</figureCitation>
|
||
). These scales, 320–840 µm high (average 530 µm), 165–350 µm wide (average 220 µm), with a H:W of 1.4–3.3 (average 2.5), are too long to fold over the operculars. The adaxial marginals are smaller than those found abaxially. The inner surface is smooth with a sparsely tuberculate central circle at the base. The outer surface is smooth with few small granules towards the proximal area of the basal circle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFE5FF8BFF5AAAAEFDEC0CE2" blockId="96.[151,1436,151,788]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
|
||
The body-wall scales are mostly elliptical to fan-shaped (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFE5FF8BFCC6AAAEFC3F0F92" box="[859,981,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="95.[151,250,1921,1944]" captionTargetBox="[232,1355,177,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-101@95.[232,1356,163,1908]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="FIGURE 38. Plumarella recta, holotype, USNM 30040, identical sclerites to those of P. alternata: a) inner and b) outer surface of accessory operculars; c,d) inner and e) outer surface of opercular scales; f,g) inner and h) outer surface of marginal scales; i) outer and j,k) inner surface of body-wall scales; l) coenenchymal scales—first column of scales show the inner surface, remainder are the outer surface; m) lateral view of polyp; n) stereo opercular view of polyp. SEM taken by ZGR." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259193" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259193/files/figure.png" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Fig. 38i–k</figureCitation>
|
||
), although the shape is obscured by the large pectinate lateral and distal edges. Some are smaller and placed irregularly, disrupting row placement. The body-wall scales are 190–290 µm high (average 230 µm), 255–365 µm wide (average 290 µm) with a H:W of 0.7–1 (average 0.8). The outer surface is smooth with few granules whilst the inner surface has sparse tubercules and a tuberculate proximal edge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFE5FF8BFF5AA9FDFEDB0D72" blockId="96.[151,1436,151,788]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
|
||
The coenenchymal scales are numerous, small, and circular to elliptical in shape with finely serrate edges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFE5FF8BFF02A9C6FEEA0CAA" box="[159,256,692,716]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="95.[151,250,1921,1944]" captionTargetBox="[232,1355,177,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-101@95.[232,1356,163,1908]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="FIGURE 38. Plumarella recta, holotype, USNM 30040, identical sclerites to those of P. alternata: a) inner and b) outer surface of accessory operculars; c,d) inner and e) outer surface of opercular scales; f,g) inner and h) outer surface of marginal scales; i) outer and j,k) inner surface of body-wall scales; l) coenenchymal scales—first column of scales show the inner surface, remainder are the outer surface; m) lateral view of polyp; n) stereo opercular view of polyp. SEM taken by ZGR." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259193" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259193/files/figure.png" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Fig. 38l</figureCitation>
|
||
), 100–120 µm high (average 110 µm), 80–160 µm wide (average 125 µm), with a H:W of 0.7–1.4 (average 0.9). The inner surface has only several sparse tubercles whilst the outer surface is smooth with just a few granules.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFE5FF8BFF0AA836FECA0D3A" blockId="96.[151,1252,836,895]" box="[151,288,836,860]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFE5FF8BFF0AA836FECA0D3A" box="[151,288,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFE5FF8BFF0AA815FB0E0D19" blockId="96.[151,1252,836,895]" box="[151,1252,871,895]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D6F7532CFFE5FF8BFF0AA815FB0E0D19" box="[151,1252,871,895]" country="Japan" elevation="490" location="This" municipality="Honshu Island" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<location id="63400FAAFFE5FF8BFF0AA815FF230D19" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EE36E867FFD8FF8BFF0AAF16FAA90B82:63400FAAFFE5FF8BFF0AA815FF230D19" box="[151,201,871,895]" country="Japan" municipality="Honshu Island" name="This" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">This</location>
|
||
species is only known from the south coast of
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="8644C30BFFE5FF8BFD4BA815FC910D19" box="[726,891,871,895]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Honshu Island</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1E8819E1FFE5FF8BFC1AA81AFC200D19" box="[903,970,872,895]" name="Japan" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, at depths of
|
||
<quantity id="A167F494FFE5FF8BFBC3A815FB0A0D19" box="[1118,1248,871,895]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" metricValueMax="5.05" metricValueMin="4.75" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" unit="m" value="490.0" valueMax="505.0" valueMin="475.0">
|
||
<elevation id="EDB2BE42FFE5FF8BFBC3A815FB0A0D19" box="[1118,1248,871,895]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" metricValueMax="5.05" metricValueMin="4.75" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" unit="m" value="490.0" valueMax="505.0" valueMin="475.0">475–505 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFE5FF8BFF0AA8C2FF130DAE" blockId="96.[151,1436,944,1327]" box="[151,249,944,968]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFE5FF8BFF0AA8C2FF130DAE" box="[151,249,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFE5FF8BFF0AA8A6FEB80A1A" blockId="96.[151,1436,944,1327]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
|
||
All species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFE5FF8BFEA6A8A6FE5C0D8A" authorityName="Hicksoni Tixier-Durivault" authorityYear="1954" box="[315,438,980,1004]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFE5FF8BFEA6A8A6FE5C0D8A" box="[315,438,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Thouarella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have polyps with keeled marginals, however
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFE5FF8BFC20A8A7FBFB0D8A" authorityName="Cairns" authorityYear="2011" box="[957,1041,981,1004]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="recta">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFE5FF8BFC20A8A7FBFB0D8A" box="[957,1041,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">T. recta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not, and was thus transferred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFE5FF8BFF28A88AFE330A69" authority="(Cairns 2011)" baseAuthorityName="Cairns" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[181,473,1015,1040]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFE5FF8BFF28A88AFED80A76" box="[181,306,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Plumarella</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFE5FF8BFEDFA885FE3B0A69" author="Cairns, S. D." box="[322,465,1015,1039]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="1 - 55" refId="ref62221" refString="Cairns, S. D. (2011) A revision of the Primnoidae (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) from the Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 634, 1 - 55. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.634" type="journal article" year="2011">Cairns 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The mostly smooth, unkeeled inner surface of the operculars and the marginals, the elongated marginals unable to fold over the operculum, and the smooth outer surface of the body-wall scales are characters found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFE5FF8BFEE8AF33FE230A3E" authorityName="Cairns" authorityYear="2011" box="[373,457,1089,1112]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="recta">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFE5FF8BFEE8AF33FE230A3E" box="[373,457,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">P. recta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and common to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFE5FF8BFD1BAF32FCE90A3E" baseAuthorityName="Cairns" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[646,771,1088,1112]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFE5FF8BFD1BAF32FCE90A3E" box="[646,771,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Plumarella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Unlike
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFE5FF8BFCF9AF4DFBEA0A31" author="Cairns, S. D." box="[868,1024,1087,1111]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="1 - 55" refId="ref62221" refString="Cairns, S. D. (2011) A revision of the Primnoidae (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) from the Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 634, 1 - 55. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.634" type="journal article" year="2011">Cairns (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, we keep
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFE5FF8BFBEDAF33FB2E0A3E" authorityName="Cairns" authorityYear="2011" box="[1136,1220,1089,1112]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="recta">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFE5FF8BFBEDAF33FB2E0A3E" box="[1136,1220,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">P. recta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFE5FF8BFB66AF33FA970A3E" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1912" box="[1275,1405,1088,1112]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFE5FF8BFB66AF33FA970A3E" box="[1275,1405,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">P. alternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as separate species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFE5FF8BFF5AAFF5FA9A0AF9" blockId="96.[151,1436,944,1327]" box="[199,1392,1159,1183]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="B924E7D3FFE5FF8BFF64AFF5FEB10AF9" box="[249,347,1159,1183]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is mostly denuded of polyps making the estimation of the density of polyps per cm tentative.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFE5FF8BFF5AAFDEFDE90B49" blockId="96.[151,1436,944,1327]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
|
||
The longitudinal rows of scales along the polyp body are disrupted with smaller, circular body-wall scales (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFE5FF8BFF0AAFBDFEEB0A81" box="[151,257,1231,1255]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="95.[151,250,1921,1944]" captionTargetBox="[232,1355,177,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-101@95.[232,1356,163,1908]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="FIGURE 38. Plumarella recta, holotype, USNM 30040, identical sclerites to those of P. alternata: a) inner and b) outer surface of accessory operculars; c,d) inner and e) outer surface of opercular scales; f,g) inner and h) outer surface of marginal scales; i) outer and j,k) inner surface of body-wall scales; l) coenenchymal scales—first column of scales show the inner surface, remainder are the outer surface; m) lateral view of polyp; n) stereo opercular view of polyp. SEM taken by ZGR." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259193" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259193/files/figure.png" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="A167F494FFE5FF8BFF51AFBDFEEB0A81" box="[204,257,1231,1255]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" unit="m" value="38.0">38m</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), which makes counting the number of scales in the two abaxial rows difficult.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFE5FF8BFB0CAFBDFAD00A81" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[1169,1338,1231,1255]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="1 - 104" refId="ref63865" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1912) Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the U. S. Fisheries steamer " Albatross ", mainly in Japanese waters, during 1906. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, 43, 1 - 104. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.43 - 1923.1" type="journal article" year="1912">Nutting (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
counted 8–9 scales in a longitudinal row. Within this study we count 4–6 large scales in the abaxial rows, discounting smaller proximal circular scales.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFE5FF8BFF0AAE12FEC60B1E" blockId="96.[151,1436,1376,1508]" box="[151,300,1376,1400]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFE5FF8BFF0AAE12FEC60B1E" box="[151,300,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Comparisons</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFE5FF8BFF0AAEF6FAA90B82" blockId="96.[151,1436,1376,1508]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFE5FF8BFF0AAEF6FEBC0BFA" authorityName="Cairns" authorityYear="2011" box="[151,342,1412,1436]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="recta">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFE5FF8BFF0AAEF6FEBC0BFA" box="[151,342,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Plumarella recta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFE5FF8BFDA8AEF7FD510BFA" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1912" box="[565,699,1412,1436]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFE5FF8BFDA8AEF7FD510BFA" box="[565,699,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">P. alternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see below) except that its polyps stand at 90˚ to the branchlet whereas those of the latter are at 45˚, and roughly alternating. Without being certain of the importance of this morphological feature, and despite the identical appearance of these polyps, these species are kept distinct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |