243 lines
54 KiB
XML
243 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document id="71A496EDFAE8DE7033E0F52E5ACF1546" ID-CLB-Dataset="292141" ID-DOI="10.26028/cybium/2022-461-002" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ce63b185-3a3f-4676-8e44-188170da726c" ID-ISSN="2101-0315" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10493685" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="julia" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="julia" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="julia" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1705002821475" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Brito, Paulo M., Alvarado-Ortega, Jésus & Meunier, François J." docDate="2022" docId="9D6487A9F7237B53B5FCFB69FF5CBCAE" docLanguage="en" docName="Cybium.46.1.13-18.pdf" docOrigin="Cybium 46 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.26028/cybium/2022-461-002" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EAB95795642928CB986F0923DE58F0B7.1:Cybium.2019-.journal_article" docStyleId="EAB95795642928CB986F0923DE58F0B7" docStyleName="Cybium.2019-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="615DFFD1F7217B50B476FFE4FF8CBA1E" masterDocTitle="Histological study of the oral teeth and their bony support in the Mexican Jurassic gar † Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus (Ginglymodii, Lepisosteidae)" masterLastPageNumber="18" masterPageNumber="13" pageNumber="15" updateTime="1712002420373" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="95350DAB3F70274E6A5D5B1A13A8D37B">Histological study of the oral teeth and their bony support in the Mexican Jurassic gar † Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus (Ginglymodii, Lepisosteidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="559236B8CE200DE6D9ECE80C86035320">Brito, Paulo M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7C70A19C29C73F0F2622DB5547AD5072">Alvarado-Ortega, Jésus</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7F073765DFEB54BE90C10AB742039DC4">Meunier, François J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="FFD8B154995FC5780BC002650964F1AA">Cybium</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="70223FE8F5EBCD76CC3BA510E2F41997">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E68035DEC01E5E2BC3AB302CC6AAEBEA">46</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="48EEBE8748DCA047CBF3FDD2EA4A4C0A">http://dx.doi.org/10.26028/cybium/2022-461-002</mods:url>
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<treatment id="9D6487A9F7237B53B5FCFB69FF5CBCAE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10905002" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10905002" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9D6487A9F7237B53B5FCFB69FF5CBCAE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D6487A9F7237B53B5FCFB69FF5CBCAE" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">
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<subSubSection id="5DD76534F7237B52B5FCFB69FD8DBEBB" box="[394,513,1165,1189]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="157236BFF7237B52B5FCFB69FD8DBEBB" blockId="2.[394,513,1165,1189]" box="[394,513,1165,1189]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">
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<heading id="4E3A81D3F7237B52B5FCFB69FD8DBEBB" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[394,513,1165,1189]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="D2CD4D3CF7237B52B5FCFB69FD8DBEBB" authority="Brito, Alvarado-Ortega & Meunier, 2017" box="[394,513,1165,1189]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lepisosteidae" genus="Nhanulepisosteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
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<emphasis id="27B9EAADF7237B52B5FCFB69FD8DBEBB" bold="true" box="[394,513,1165,1189]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">RESULTS</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5DD76534F7237B53B4F2FB29FF5CBCAE" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" type="description">
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<paragraph id="157236BFF7237B52B4F2FB29FEDABEFB" blockId="2.[132,342,1229,1253]" box="[132,342,1229,1253]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">
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<heading id="4E3A81D3F7237B52B4F2FB29FEDABEFB" bold="true" box="[132,342,1229,1253]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="27B9EAADF7237B52B4F2FB29FEDABEFB" bold="true" box="[132,342,1229,1253]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Tooth morphology</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="157236BFF7237B52B4DCFB09FC25BB0C" blockId="2.[132,775,1261,1509]" lastBlockId="2.[813,1456,217,533]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">
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The dentary bears two rows of sharply pointed teeth: an outer one presenting numerous relatively small marginal teeth and an inner one with large and robust teeth (
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<figureCitation id="8DF62A3AF7237B52B6C3FAC9FD7ABF5B" box="[693,758,1325,1349]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[132,197,560,582]" captionTargetBox="[133,775,215,543]" captionTargetId="figure-636@1.[133,775,215,543]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. – †Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus: External view of the fossil sample (IGM 4901) showing four caniniform teeth with their apical cap of acrodine (arrows). Two small teeth are seen between the fangs (arrowheads). Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10493687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10493687/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). Within the inner row, the most anterior tooth is a hypertrophied fang, being at least five times bigger than the immediately posterior teeth (see
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<bibRefCitation id="715C4B4EF7237B52B5C3FA69FDFFBFBB" author="BRITO P. M. & ALVARADO-ORTEGA J. & MEUNIER F. J." box="[437,627,1421,1445]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" pagination="17830" refId="ref3933" refString="BRITO P. M., ALVARADO-ORTEGA J. & MEUNIER F. J., 2017. - Earliest known lepisosteid extends the range of anatomically modern gars to the Late Jurassic. Sci. Rep., 7: 17830, p. 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1018 / s 41598 - 017 - 17984 - w" type="journal article" year="2017">
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Brito
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<emphasis id="27B9EAADF7237B52B580FA6AFDAABFBB" box="[502,550,1421,1445]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
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., 2017
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</bibRefCitation>
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: figs 2C, D). The anterior coronoid is a medially curved, anteriorly broad bone that will suture with its antimerous rostrally. It presents small tiny teeth, similar in size to those of the outer row of the dentary.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="157236BFF7237B52B724FEFEFCD0B80B" blockId="2.[813,1456,217,533]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">
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Contrary to other lepisosteid teeth presenting plicidentine, in where the enamel grooves and striations of the tooth shaft are wider at the base of the tooth (Peyer, 1968;
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<bibRefCitation id="715C4B4EF7237B52B75BFE98FC46BB8A" author="SCHULTZE H. P." box="[813,970,380,404]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" pagination="63 - 137" refId="ref4842" refString="SCHULTZE H. P., 1969. - Die Faltenzahne der Rhipidisiiden Crossopterygier, der Tetrapoden und der Actinopterygier-Gattung Lepisosteus nebst einer Beschreibung der Zahnstruktur von Onichodus (Struniiformer Crossopterygier). Palaeontol. Ital., New Ser. 35, 65: 63 - 137." type="journal article" year="1969">Schultze, 1969</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="715C4B4EF7237B52B7A1FE98FBEBBB8A" author="GRANDE L." box="[983,1127,380,404]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 871" refId="ref4161" refString="GRANDE L., 2010. - An empirical synthetic pattern study of gars (Lepisosteiformes) and closely related species, based mostly on skeletal anatomy. The resurrection of Holostei. Copeia, Spec. Public., 6: 1 - 871." type="journal article" year="2010">Grande, 2010</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="715C4B4EF7237B52B003FE98FAF5BB8A" author="MEUNIER F. J. & BRITO P. M." box="[1141,1401,380,404]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" pagination="279 - 286" refId="ref4395" refString="MEUNIER F. J. & BRITO P. M., 2017. - Histological characteristics of lower jaws and oral teeth in the short nose gar, Lepisosteus platostomus Rafinesque, 1820 (Lepisosteidae). Cybium, 41 (3): 279 - 286. https: // doi. org / 10. 26028 / cybium / 2017 - 413 - 004" type="journal article" year="2017">Meunier and Brito, 2017</bibRefCitation>
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), the teeth of †
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<taxonomicName id="D2CD4D3CF7237B52B7E5FE78FBDFBBAA" box="[915,1107,412,436]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lepisosteidae" genus="Nhanulepisosteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="27B9EAADF7237B52B7E5FE78FBDFBBAA" box="[915,1107,412,436]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Nhanulepisosteus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have very fine external grooves and striations distributed over almost the entire length of the teeth (
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<figureCitation id="8DF62A3AF7237B52B719FE39FC22BBEB" box="[879,942,477,501]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[132,197,560,582]" captionTargetBox="[133,775,215,543]" captionTargetId="figure-636@1.[133,775,215,543]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. – †Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus: External view of the fossil sample (IGM 4901) showing four caniniform teeth with their apical cap of acrodine (arrows). Two small teeth are seen between the fangs (arrowheads). Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10493687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10493687/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). The acrodine cap also seems to be less important.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="157236BFF7237B52B75BFDDAFB07B848" blockId="2.[813,1163,574,598]" box="[813,1163,574,598]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">
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<heading id="4E3A81D3F7237B52B75BFDDAFB07B848" bold="true" box="[813,1163,574,598]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="27B9EAADF7237B52B75BFDDAFB07B848" bold="true" box="[813,1163,574,598]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Tooth histological organization</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="157236BFF7237B52B724FDBBFC1EB8A9" blockId="2.[813,1456,607,1540]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">
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The sections reveal that there are
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<specimenCount id="03CBFD36F7237B52B0A3FDBBFADDB869" box="[1237,1361,607,631]" count="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" type="generic" typeStatus="types">three types</specimenCount>
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of teeth according to their height, apart from the caniniform fang. They are:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="157236BFF7237B52B724FD24FAEBBF3F" blockId="2.[813,1456,607,1540]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">
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1
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<emphasis id="27B9EAADF7237B52B714FD24FCE7B8C6" bold="true" box="[866,875,704,728]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">)</emphasis>
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The pointed teeth, clearly ridged externally (
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<figureCitation id="8DF62A3AF7237B52B740FD04FCFFB8E7" box="[822,883,736,761]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="1.[548,614,1525,1547]" captionTargetBox="[548,1455,831,1508]" captionTargetId="figure-307@1.[548,1455,830,1508]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 3. – †Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus: Histological organization of the fangs (natural transmitted light). A: Axial section of a tooth. The pulp cavity (pc) is totally occupied by axial trabeculae of dentine (de) alternating with pulp spaces. The tooth is fixed on a basement of reconstructed bone (bo). vc = vascular cavities. B-D: Three cross-sections of different levels of a tooth. B: The section is localized at the tooth base; it shows a ridged crown of orthoden- tine surrounded by a thin layer of enameloid (en). The pulp cavity is occupied by vascularized dentine. On the bottom of the fig, the bone of attachment (bo). C: The section crosses the mid part of the pulp cavity. The tooth is constituted of a crown of orthodentine (de) surrounded by a layer of enamel (en) showing external crests. The pulp cavity is totally occupied by vascular- ized dentine. D: The section is in the higher part of the pulp cavity. The tooth is constituted of a crown of orthodentine (de) surrounded by the crenulated enamel (en). We can see the pulp cav- ity which is reduced. E: Cross-section in the mid part of the tooth. Details of the dentine show- ing the peripheral orthodentine layer (white asterisks), with its ondontoblastic canalicles and the vascular canals fit together. Each canal is surrounded by orthodentine (black arrow-head). The enameloid layer is crenulated (white arrow-heads). A: IGM 4902-5; B: IGM 4902-3; C,E: IGM 4902-2; D: IGM 4902-1. Scale bars:A, B, C = 200 μm; D = 100 μm; E = 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10905008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10905008/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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B-E). At their base, the teeth show true pleats of the enamel and dentine layers (
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<figureCitation id="8DF62A3AF7237B52B017FCE5FB38B907" box="[1121,1204,769,793]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="1.[548,614,1525,1547]" captionTargetBox="[548,1455,831,1508]" captionTargetId="figure-307@1.[548,1455,830,1508]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 3. – †Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus: Histological organization of the fangs (natural transmitted light). A: Axial section of a tooth. The pulp cavity (pc) is totally occupied by axial trabeculae of dentine (de) alternating with pulp spaces. The tooth is fixed on a basement of reconstructed bone (bo). vc = vascular cavities. B-D: Three cross-sections of different levels of a tooth. B: The section is localized at the tooth base; it shows a ridged crown of orthoden- tine surrounded by a thin layer of enameloid (en). The pulp cavity is occupied by vascularized dentine. On the bottom of the fig, the bone of attachment (bo). C: The section crosses the mid part of the pulp cavity. The tooth is constituted of a crown of orthodentine (de) surrounded by a layer of enamel (en) showing external crests. The pulp cavity is totally occupied by vascular- ized dentine. D: The section is in the higher part of the pulp cavity. The tooth is constituted of a crown of orthodentine (de) surrounded by the crenulated enamel (en). We can see the pulp cav- ity which is reduced. E: Cross-section in the mid part of the tooth. Details of the dentine show- ing the peripheral orthodentine layer (white asterisks), with its ondontoblastic canalicles and the vascular canals fit together. Each canal is surrounded by orthodentine (black arrow-head). The enameloid layer is crenulated (white arrow-heads). A: IGM 4902-5; B: IGM 4902-3; C,E: IGM 4902-2; D: IGM 4902-1. Scale bars:A, B, C = 200 μm; D = 100 μm; E = 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10905008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10905008/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
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). Yet, upper this basal morphology, pleats are replaced by crests due to more or less thickening of the enamel layer (
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<figureCitation id="8DF62A3AF7237B52B008FCA6FB36B944" box="[1150,1210,834,858]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="1.[548,614,1525,1547]" captionTargetBox="[548,1455,831,1508]" captionTargetId="figure-307@1.[548,1455,830,1508]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 3. – †Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus: Histological organization of the fangs (natural transmitted light). A: Axial section of a tooth. The pulp cavity (pc) is totally occupied by axial trabeculae of dentine (de) alternating with pulp spaces. The tooth is fixed on a basement of reconstructed bone (bo). vc = vascular cavities. B-D: Three cross-sections of different levels of a tooth. B: The section is localized at the tooth base; it shows a ridged crown of orthoden- tine surrounded by a thin layer of enameloid (en). The pulp cavity is occupied by vascularized dentine. On the bottom of the fig, the bone of attachment (bo). C: The section crosses the mid part of the pulp cavity. The tooth is constituted of a crown of orthodentine (de) surrounded by a layer of enamel (en) showing external crests. The pulp cavity is totally occupied by vascular- ized dentine. D: The section is in the higher part of the pulp cavity. The tooth is constituted of a crown of orthodentine (de) surrounded by the crenulated enamel (en). We can see the pulp cav- ity which is reduced. E: Cross-section in the mid part of the tooth. Details of the dentine show- ing the peripheral orthodentine layer (white asterisks), with its ondontoblastic canalicles and the vascular canals fit together. Each canal is surrounded by orthodentine (black arrow-head). The enameloid layer is crenulated (white arrow-heads). A: IGM 4902-5; B: IGM 4902-3; C,E: IGM 4902-2; D: IGM 4902-1. Scale bars:A, B, C = 200 μm; D = 100 μm; E = 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10905008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10905008/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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C-E). Under the enamel layer, there is a thick layer of dentine crossed by parallel odontoblastic canalicles (
|
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<figureCitation id="8DF62A3AF7237B52B03FFC67FB16B984" box="[1097,1178,899,923]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="1.[548,614,1525,1547]" captionTargetBox="[548,1455,831,1508]" captionTargetId="figure-307@1.[548,1455,830,1508]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 3. – †Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus: Histological organization of the fangs (natural transmitted light). A: Axial section of a tooth. The pulp cavity (pc) is totally occupied by axial trabeculae of dentine (de) alternating with pulp spaces. The tooth is fixed on a basement of reconstructed bone (bo). vc = vascular cavities. B-D: Three cross-sections of different levels of a tooth. B: The section is localized at the tooth base; it shows a ridged crown of orthoden- tine surrounded by a thin layer of enameloid (en). The pulp cavity is occupied by vascularized dentine. On the bottom of the fig, the bone of attachment (bo). C: The section crosses the mid part of the pulp cavity. The tooth is constituted of a crown of orthodentine (de) surrounded by a layer of enamel (en) showing external crests. The pulp cavity is totally occupied by vascular- ized dentine. D: The section is in the higher part of the pulp cavity. The tooth is constituted of a crown of orthodentine (de) surrounded by the crenulated enamel (en). We can see the pulp cav- ity which is reduced. E: Cross-section in the mid part of the tooth. Details of the dentine show- ing the peripheral orthodentine layer (white asterisks), with its ondontoblastic canalicles and the vascular canals fit together. Each canal is surrounded by orthodentine (black arrow-head). The enameloid layer is crenulated (white arrow-heads). A: IGM 4902-5; B: IGM 4902-3; C,E: IGM 4902-2; D: IGM 4902-1. Scale bars:A, B, C = 200 μm; D = 100 μm; E = 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10905008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10905008/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the pulp cavity dentine canals are seen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DF62A3AF7237B52B066FC47FB0EB9A2" box="[1040,1154,931,956]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="1.[548,614,1525,1547]" captionTargetBox="[548,1455,831,1508]" captionTargetId="figure-307@1.[548,1455,830,1508]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 3. – †Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus: Histological organization of the fangs (natural transmitted light). A: Axial section of a tooth. The pulp cavity (pc) is totally occupied by axial trabeculae of dentine (de) alternating with pulp spaces. The tooth is fixed on a basement of reconstructed bone (bo). vc = vascular cavities. B-D: Three cross-sections of different levels of a tooth. B: The section is localized at the tooth base; it shows a ridged crown of orthoden- tine surrounded by a thin layer of enameloid (en). The pulp cavity is occupied by vascularized dentine. On the bottom of the fig, the bone of attachment (bo). C: The section crosses the mid part of the pulp cavity. The tooth is constituted of a crown of orthodentine (de) surrounded by a layer of enamel (en) showing external crests. The pulp cavity is totally occupied by vascular- ized dentine. D: The section is in the higher part of the pulp cavity. The tooth is constituted of a crown of orthodentine (de) surrounded by the crenulated enamel (en). We can see the pulp cav- ity which is reduced. E: Cross-section in the mid part of the tooth. Details of the dentine show- ing the peripheral orthodentine layer (white asterisks), with its ondontoblastic canalicles and the vascular canals fit together. Each canal is surrounded by orthodentine (black arrow-head). The enameloid layer is crenulated (white arrow-heads). A: IGM 4902-5; B: IGM 4902-3; C,E: IGM 4902-2; D: IGM 4902-1. Scale bars:A, B, C = 200 μm; D = 100 μm; E = 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10905008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10905008/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
); they represent a plicidentine organization. This plicidentine occupies the whole pulp cavity (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DF62A3AF7237B52B708FC00FC36B9E3" box="[894,954,996,1021]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="1.[548,614,1525,1547]" captionTargetBox="[548,1455,831,1508]" captionTargetId="figure-307@1.[548,1455,830,1508]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 3. – †Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus: Histological organization of the fangs (natural transmitted light). A: Axial section of a tooth. The pulp cavity (pc) is totally occupied by axial trabeculae of dentine (de) alternating with pulp spaces. The tooth is fixed on a basement of reconstructed bone (bo). vc = vascular cavities. B-D: Three cross-sections of different levels of a tooth. B: The section is localized at the tooth base; it shows a ridged crown of orthoden- tine surrounded by a thin layer of enameloid (en). The pulp cavity is occupied by vascularized dentine. On the bottom of the fig, the bone of attachment (bo). C: The section crosses the mid part of the pulp cavity. The tooth is constituted of a crown of orthodentine (de) surrounded by a layer of enamel (en) showing external crests. The pulp cavity is totally occupied by vascular- ized dentine. D: The section is in the higher part of the pulp cavity. The tooth is constituted of a crown of orthodentine (de) surrounded by the crenulated enamel (en). We can see the pulp cav- ity which is reduced. E: Cross-section in the mid part of the tooth. Details of the dentine show- ing the peripheral orthodentine layer (white asterisks), with its ondontoblastic canalicles and the vascular canals fit together. Each canal is surrounded by orthodentine (black arrow-head). The enameloid layer is crenulated (white arrow-heads). A: IGM 4902-5; B: IGM 4902-3; C,E: IGM 4902-2; D: IGM 4902-1. Scale bars:A, B, C = 200 μm; D = 100 μm; E = 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10905008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10905008/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A-C), excepted in its upper part (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DF62A3AF7237B52B16BFC00FAFCB9E2" box="[1309,1392,996,1021]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="1.[548,614,1525,1547]" captionTargetBox="[548,1455,831,1508]" captionTargetId="figure-307@1.[548,1455,830,1508]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 3. – †Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus: Histological organization of the fangs (natural transmitted light). A: Axial section of a tooth. The pulp cavity (pc) is totally occupied by axial trabeculae of dentine (de) alternating with pulp spaces. The tooth is fixed on a basement of reconstructed bone (bo). vc = vascular cavities. B-D: Three cross-sections of different levels of a tooth. B: The section is localized at the tooth base; it shows a ridged crown of orthoden- tine surrounded by a thin layer of enameloid (en). The pulp cavity is occupied by vascularized dentine. On the bottom of the fig, the bone of attachment (bo). C: The section crosses the mid part of the pulp cavity. The tooth is constituted of a crown of orthodentine (de) surrounded by a layer of enamel (en) showing external crests. The pulp cavity is totally occupied by vascular- ized dentine. D: The section is in the higher part of the pulp cavity. The tooth is constituted of a crown of orthodentine (de) surrounded by the crenulated enamel (en). We can see the pulp cav- ity which is reduced. E: Cross-section in the mid part of the tooth. Details of the dentine show- ing the peripheral orthodentine layer (white asterisks), with its ondontoblastic canalicles and the vascular canals fit together. Each canal is surrounded by orthodentine (black arrow-head). The enameloid layer is crenulated (white arrow-heads). A: IGM 4902-5; B: IGM 4902-3; C,E: IGM 4902-2; D: IGM 4902-1. Scale bars:A, B, C = 200 μm; D = 100 μm; E = 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10905008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10905008/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The enameloid does not penetrate inside the dentine plies contrary to extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2CD4D3CF7237B52B7BBFBC1FBEFBE23" box="[973,1123,1061,1085]" family="Lepisosteidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Lepisosteidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="715C4B4EF7237B52B002FBC1FA9ABE23" author="SCHULTZE H. P." box="[1140,1302,1061,1085]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" pagination="63 - 137" refId="ref4842" refString="SCHULTZE H. P., 1969. - Die Faltenzahne der Rhipidisiiden Crossopterygier, der Tetrapoden und der Actinopterygier-Gattung Lepisosteus nebst einer Beschreibung der Zahnstruktur von Onichodus (Struniiformer Crossopterygier). Palaeontol. Ital., New Ser. 35, 65: 63 - 137." type="journal article" year="1969">Schultze, 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="715C4B4EF7237B52B153FBC1FC24BE40" author="MEUNIER F. J. & BRITO P. M." pageId="2" pageNumber="15" pagination="279 - 286" refId="ref4395" refString="MEUNIER F. J. & BRITO P. M., 2017. - Histological characteristics of lower jaws and oral teeth in the short nose gar, Lepisosteus platostomus Rafinesque, 1820 (Lepisosteidae). Cybium, 41 (3): 279 - 286. https: // doi. org / 10. 26028 / cybium / 2017 - 413 - 004" type="journal article" year="2017">Meunier and Brito, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The dentine that fills the pulp cavity is constituted of vascular canals surrounded by dentinal tissue that is crossed by orthogonal odontoblastic canalicles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DF62A3AF7237B52B142FB63FAFDBE81" box="[1332,1393,1159,1183]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="1.[548,614,1525,1547]" captionTargetBox="[548,1455,831,1508]" captionTargetId="figure-307@1.[548,1455,830,1508]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 3. – †Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus: Histological organization of the fangs (natural transmitted light). A: Axial section of a tooth. The pulp cavity (pc) is totally occupied by axial trabeculae of dentine (de) alternating with pulp spaces. The tooth is fixed on a basement of reconstructed bone (bo). vc = vascular cavities. B-D: Three cross-sections of different levels of a tooth. B: The section is localized at the tooth base; it shows a ridged crown of orthoden- tine surrounded by a thin layer of enameloid (en). The pulp cavity is occupied by vascularized dentine. On the bottom of the fig, the bone of attachment (bo). C: The section crosses the mid part of the pulp cavity. The tooth is constituted of a crown of orthodentine (de) surrounded by a layer of enamel (en) showing external crests. The pulp cavity is totally occupied by vascular- ized dentine. D: The section is in the higher part of the pulp cavity. The tooth is constituted of a crown of orthodentine (de) surrounded by the crenulated enamel (en). We can see the pulp cav- ity which is reduced. E: Cross-section in the mid part of the tooth. Details of the dentine show- ing the peripheral orthodentine layer (white asterisks), with its ondontoblastic canalicles and the vascular canals fit together. Each canal is surrounded by orthodentine (black arrow-head). The enameloid layer is crenulated (white arrow-heads). A: IGM 4902-5; B: IGM 4902-3; C,E: IGM 4902-2; D: IGM 4902-1. Scale bars:A, B, C = 200 μm; D = 100 μm; E = 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10905008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10905008/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
C-E); so the present dentine is true osteodentine. We note that †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2CD4D3CF7237B52B74CFB2CFB7FBEFE" authority="(Late Cretaceous)" baseAuthorityName="Late Cretaceous" box="[826,1267,1224,1248]" family="Lepisosteidae" genus="Atractosteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="27B9EAADF7237B52B74CFB2CFBA1BEFE" box="[826,1069,1224,1248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Atractosteus africanus</emphasis>
|
||
(Late Cretaceous)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2CD4D3CF7237B52B143FB2CFB92BF1E" authority="(Late Cretaceous)" baseAuthorityName="Late Cretaceous" family="Lepisosteidae" genus="Atractosteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="27B9EAADF7237B52B143FB2CFCD7BF1E" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">A. occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
(Late Cretaceous)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also show plies of the pulpar walls of their teeth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="715C4B4EF7237B52B7D0FAEDFBAABF3F" author="WILEY E. O." box="[934,1062,1289,1313]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 111" refId="ref5044" refString="WILEY E. O., 1976. - The phylogeny and biogeography of fossil and recent gars (Actinopterygii: Lepisosteidae). Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., Miscell. Publ., 64: 1 - 111." type="journal article" year="1976">Wiley, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: respectively fig. 59 and 38c).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="157236BFF7237B52B724FACDFADEBFBD" blockId="2.[813,1456,607,1540]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">
|
||
2) Some mid-sized teeth present on the jaws (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DF62A3AF7237B52B12AFACDFA12BF5F" box="[1372,1438,1321,1345]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="2.[132,199,885,907]" captionTargetBox="[226,679,215,868]" captionTargetId="figure-600@2.[226,680,215,868]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 4. – †Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus. A-B: IGM 4902-5. Cross-section (respectively natural and polarized transmitted light) of a small tooth. We can show a crown of dentine (de), with an external crenulated layer of enameloid (arrow-heads). The pulp cavity (pc) is empty and its wall is regular. Scale bar = 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10493691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10493691/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). They also have an external ridged enamel layer (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DF62A3AF7237B52B14EFAAEFAFBBF7C" box="[1336,1399,1354,1378]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="2.[132,199,885,907]" captionTargetBox="[226,679,215,868]" captionTargetId="figure-600@2.[226,680,215,868]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 4. – †Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus. A-B: IGM 4902-5. Cross-section (respectively natural and polarized transmitted light) of a small tooth. We can show a crown of dentine (de), with an external crenulated layer of enameloid (arrow-heads). The pulp cavity (pc) is empty and its wall is regular. Scale bar = 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10493691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10493691/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) that overlays the dentine layer, but the dentine does not show plies in the pulp cavity that is totally empty (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DF62A3AF7237B52B172FA6FFACEBFBD" box="[1284,1346,1419,1443]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="2.[132,199,885,907]" captionTargetBox="[226,679,215,868]" captionTargetId="figure-600@2.[226,680,215,868]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 4. – †Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus. A-B: IGM 4902-5. Cross-section (respectively natural and polarized transmitted light) of a small tooth. We can show a crown of dentine (de), with an external crenulated layer of enameloid (arrow-heads). The pulp cavity (pc) is empty and its wall is regular. Scale bar = 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10493691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10493691/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="157236BFF7237B53B724FA4FFDCBB9E3" blockId="2.[813,1456,607,1540]" lastBlockId="3.[132,775,964,1021]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">
|
||
3) The pharyngeal bony plates with numerous small teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DF62A3AF7237B52B740FA28FC05BFFA" box="[822,905,1484,1508]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="2.[1077,1140,1645,1667]" captionTargetBox="[132,1039,1572,1901]" captionTargetId="figure-657@2.[132,1039,1572,1901]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 5. – †Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus: A: Pharyngeal dentigerous plate. We can see cross (white and black arrow-heads) and axial (white and black arrows) sections of minute teeth. We can also see a section of a scale (sc) (bo = bony tissue). B: Axial section of a pharyngeal tooth (white arrow) and its supporting bony plate (bp). A: IGM 4902-4; B: IGM 4902-5. Scale bars: A = 200 μm; B = 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10493693" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10493693/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
), some of them being fixed on the bone (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DF62A3AF7237B52B13BFA28FA12BFFA" box="[1357,1438,1484,1508]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="2.[1077,1140,1645,1667]" captionTargetBox="[132,1039,1572,1901]" captionTargetId="figure-657@2.[132,1039,1572,1901]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 5. – †Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus: A: Pharyngeal dentigerous plate. We can see cross (white and black arrow-heads) and axial (white and black arrows) sections of minute teeth. We can also see a section of a scale (sc) (bo = bony tissue). B: Axial section of a pharyngeal tooth (white arrow) and its supporting bony plate (bp). A: IGM 4902-4; B: IGM 4902-5. Scale bars: A = 200 μm; B = 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10493693" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10493693/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
). These teeth are formed of a dentine cone with a pulp cavity that looks empty, without plies (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DF62A3AF7227B53B592FC20FDDBB9C2" box="[484,599,964,988]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="2.[1077,1140,1645,1667]" captionTargetBox="[132,1039,1572,1901]" captionTargetId="figure-657@2.[132,1039,1572,1901]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 5. – †Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus: A: Pharyngeal dentigerous plate. We can see cross (white and black arrow-heads) and axial (white and black arrows) sections of minute teeth. We can also see a section of a scale (sc) (bo = bony tissue). B: Axial section of a pharyngeal tooth (white arrow) and its supporting bony plate (bp). A: IGM 4902-4; B: IGM 4902-5. Scale bars: A = 200 μm; B = 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10493693" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10493693/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Their external surface is not ridged but smooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DF62A3AF7227B53B591FC01FDB4B9E3" box="[487,568,997,1021]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="2.[1077,1140,1645,1667]" captionTargetBox="[132,1039,1572,1901]" captionTargetId="figure-657@2.[132,1039,1572,1901]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 5. – †Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus: A: Pharyngeal dentigerous plate. We can see cross (white and black arrow-heads) and axial (white and black arrows) sections of minute teeth. We can also see a section of a scale (sc) (bo = bony tissue). B: Axial section of a pharyngeal tooth (white arrow) and its supporting bony plate (bp). A: IGM 4902-4; B: IGM 4902-5. Scale bars: A = 200 μm; B = 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10493693" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10493693/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="41B26637F7237B52B043F989FAA0BD6C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10493693" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10493693" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10493693/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" startId="2.[1077,1140,1645,1667]" targetBox="[132,1039,1572,1901]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="157236BFF7237B52B043F989FAA0BD6C" blockId="2.[1077,1456,1645,1906]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Figure 5. – †
|
||
<emphasis id="27B9EAADF7237B52B0C7F989FBECBC84" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2CD4D3CF7237B52B0C7F989FBD6BC84" authorityName="Brito, Alvaro-Ortega & Meunier" authorityYear="2017" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lepisosteidae" genus="Nhanulepisosteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicanus">Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="27B9EAADF7237B52B011F961FBF4BC84" bold="true" box="[1127,1144,1669,1690]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">A</emphasis>
|
||
: Pharyngeal dentigerous plate. We can see cross (white and black arrow-heads) and axial (white and black arrows) sections of minute teeth. We can also see a section of a scale (sc) (bo = bony tissue).
|
||
<emphasis id="27B9EAADF7237B52B083F919FA89BD0C" bold="true" box="[1269,1285,1789,1810]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">B</emphasis>
|
||
: Axial section of a pharyngeal tooth (white arrow) and its supporting bony plate (
|
||
<emphasis id="27B9EAADF7237B52B142F8C9FAC3BD5C" bold="true" box="[1332,1359,1837,1858]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">bp</emphasis>
|
||
). A: IGM 4902-4; B: IGM 4902-5. Scale bars: A = 200 μm; B = 100 μm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="41B26637F7227B53B4F2FEE0FEEFB9BC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10493695" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10493695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10493695/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="16" startId="3.[132,198,260,282]" targetBox="[549,1456,215,924]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="157236BFF7227B53B4F2FEE0FEEFB9BC" blockId="3.[132,511,260,930]" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Figure 6. – †
|
||
<emphasis id="27B9EAADF7227B53B57CFEE0FE72BB04" box="[266,510,260,282]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2CD4D3CF7227B53B57CFEE0FE33BB07" box="[266,447,260,281]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lepisosteidae" genus="Nhanulepisosteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nhanulepisosteus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="27B9EAADF7227B53B4F2FEF9FF46BB2C" box="[132,202,285,306]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">mexicanus:</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Histological organization of the teeth supporting bone.
|
||
<emphasis id="27B9EAADF7227B53B5E9FED0FE3CBB57" bold="true" box="[415,432,308,329]" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">A</emphasis>
|
||
: Detail of the basal contact of a tooth (pc) and its supporting bone (bo) with vascular canals or cavities (vc). The white arrows point to osteons.
|
||
<emphasis id="27B9EAADF7227B53B5F3FE70FE19BBB7" bold="true" box="[389,405,404,425]" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">B</emphasis>
|
||
: Detail of the dentigerous plate showing lamellar bone and numerous cementing lines (black arrow-heads) that characterized an intensive remodeling of bone tissue below the tooth. We also show canalicles of Williamson (arrows). The asterisks point to secondary osteons.
|
||
<emphasis id="27B9EAADF7227B53B4F2FDB0FF3CB874" bold="true" box="[132,176,596,618]" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">C-D</emphasis>
|
||
: Detail of the secondary osteon (**) of Fig. 6B (respectively natural and polarized transmitted light). The secondary bone of the osteons is lamellar bone (black asterisks). The arrow-heads point to cementing line. We also show canalicles of Williamson (black arrows).
|
||
<emphasis id="27B9EAADF7227B53B493FD18FF79B90F" bold="true" box="[229,245,764,785]" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">E</emphasis>
|
||
: Detail of the secondary osteon (*) of Fig. 6B showing canaliculi of Williamson (black arrows) and osteocytes (black arrowheads). A: IGM 4902-4; B, C, D, E: IGM 4902- 5. Scale bars: A = 200 μm; B = 100 μm; C, D = 50 μm; E = 25 μm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="157236BFF7227B53B4F2FBC2FEA6BE20" blockId="3.[132,298,1062,1086]" box="[132,298,1062,1086]" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<heading id="4E3A81D3F7227B53B4F2FBC2FEA6BE20" bold="true" box="[132,298,1062,1086]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="16" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="27B9EAADF7227B53B4F2FBC2FEA6BE20" bold="true" box="[132,298,1062,1086]" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">Bone histology</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="157236BFF7227B53B4DCFBA3FF5CBCAE" blockId="3.[132,775,1095,1712]" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">
|
||
The base of the teeth is fused to the dentary plate by attachment bone (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DF62A3AF7227B53B522FB8CFE3EBE9E" box="[340,434,1128,1152]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="1.[548,614,1525,1547]" captionTargetBox="[548,1455,831,1508]" captionTargetId="figure-307@1.[548,1455,830,1508]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 3. – †Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus: Histological organization of the fangs (natural transmitted light). A: Axial section of a tooth. The pulp cavity (pc) is totally occupied by axial trabeculae of dentine (de) alternating with pulp spaces. The tooth is fixed on a basement of reconstructed bone (bo). vc = vascular cavities. B-D: Three cross-sections of different levels of a tooth. B: The section is localized at the tooth base; it shows a ridged crown of orthoden- tine surrounded by a thin layer of enameloid (en). The pulp cavity is occupied by vascularized dentine. On the bottom of the fig, the bone of attachment (bo). C: The section crosses the mid part of the pulp cavity. The tooth is constituted of a crown of orthodentine (de) surrounded by a layer of enamel (en) showing external crests. The pulp cavity is totally occupied by vascular- ized dentine. D: The section is in the higher part of the pulp cavity. The tooth is constituted of a crown of orthodentine (de) surrounded by the crenulated enamel (en). We can see the pulp cav- ity which is reduced. E: Cross-section in the mid part of the tooth. Details of the dentine show- ing the peripheral orthodentine layer (white asterisks), with its ondontoblastic canalicles and the vascular canals fit together. Each canal is surrounded by orthodentine (black arrow-head). The enameloid layer is crenulated (white arrow-heads). A: IGM 4902-5; B: IGM 4902-3; C,E: IGM 4902-2; D: IGM 4902-1. Scale bars:A, B, C = 200 μm; D = 100 μm; E = 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10905008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10905008/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">Figs 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
, 6A). The supporting bone is essentially constituted of vascular secondary bone with little areas of primary bone (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DF62A3AF7227B53B50CFB4EFE7CBEDF" box="[378,496,1194,1218]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="1.[548,614,1525,1547]" captionTargetBox="[548,1455,831,1508]" captionTargetId="figure-307@1.[548,1455,830,1508]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 3. – †Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus: Histological organization of the fangs (natural transmitted light). A: Axial section of a tooth. The pulp cavity (pc) is totally occupied by axial trabeculae of dentine (de) alternating with pulp spaces. The tooth is fixed on a basement of reconstructed bone (bo). vc = vascular cavities. B-D: Three cross-sections of different levels of a tooth. B: The section is localized at the tooth base; it shows a ridged crown of orthoden- tine surrounded by a thin layer of enameloid (en). The pulp cavity is occupied by vascularized dentine. On the bottom of the fig, the bone of attachment (bo). C: The section crosses the mid part of the pulp cavity. The tooth is constituted of a crown of orthodentine (de) surrounded by a layer of enamel (en) showing external crests. The pulp cavity is totally occupied by vascular- ized dentine. D: The section is in the higher part of the pulp cavity. The tooth is constituted of a crown of orthodentine (de) surrounded by the crenulated enamel (en). We can see the pulp cav- ity which is reduced. E: Cross-section in the mid part of the tooth. Details of the dentine show- ing the peripheral orthodentine layer (white asterisks), with its ondontoblastic canalicles and the vascular canals fit together. Each canal is surrounded by orthodentine (black arrow-head). The enameloid layer is crenulated (white arrow-heads). A: IGM 4902-5; B: IGM 4902-3; C,E: IGM 4902-2; D: IGM 4902-1. Scale bars:A, B, C = 200 μm; D = 100 μm; E = 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10905008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10905008/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">Figs 3A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
, 6B-E). The breach aspect of bony tissue is due to the presence of numerous secondary bone osteones (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DF62A3AF7227B53B525FB08FE1CBF1A" box="[339,400,1260,1284]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="3.[132,198,260,282]" captionTargetBox="[549,1456,215,924]" captionTargetId="figure-606@3.[548,1456,215,924]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 6. – †Nhanulepisosteus mexi- canus: Histological organization of the teeth supporting bone. A: Detail of the basal contact of a tooth (pc) and its supporting bone (bo) with vascu- lar canals or cavities (vc). The white arrows point to osteons. B: Detail of the dentigerous plate showing lamel- lar bone and numerous cementing lines (black arrow-heads) that character- ized an intensive remodeling of bone tissue below the tooth. We also show canalicles of Williamson (arrows). The asterisks point to secondary osteons. C-D: Detail of the secondary osteon (**) of Fig. 6B (respectively natural and polarized transmitted light). The secondary bone of the osteons is lamel- lar bone (black asterisks). The arrow- heads point to cementing line. We also show canalicles of Williamson (black arrows). E: Detail of the secondary osteon (*) of Fig. 6B showing canal- iculi of Williamson (black arrows) and osteocytes (black arrowheads). A: IGM 4902-4; B, C, D, E: IGM 4902- 5. Scale bars: A = 200 μm; B = 100 μm; C, D = 50 μm; E = 25 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10493695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10493695/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
B-D) that characterize remodelling processes. This remodelling is directly linked with a regular and frequent replacement of teeth, and probably linked to the large size of teeth (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="715C4B4EF7227B53B5D7FAABFDD4BF79" author="BRITO P. M. & ALVARADO-ORTEGA J. & MEUNIER F. J." box="[417,600,1359,1383]" pageId="3" pageNumber="16" pagination="17830" refId="ref3933" refString="BRITO P. M., ALVARADO-ORTEGA J. & MEUNIER F. J., 2017. - Earliest known lepisosteid extends the range of anatomically modern gars to the Late Jurassic. Sci. Rep., 7: 17830, p. 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1018 / s 41598 - 017 - 17984 - w" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Brito
|
||
<emphasis id="27B9EAADF7227B53B5A9FAABFD82BF79" box="[479,526,1359,1383]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 2C, D) that produces large scars when they fall. These impressive teeth can be considered as fangs, and so indicate a predatory diet for †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2CD4D3CF7227B53B4CEFA55FEFBBFD7" box="[184,375,1457,1481]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lepisosteidae" genus="Nhanulepisosteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="27B9EAADF7227B53B4CEFA55FEFBBFD7" box="[184,375,1457,1481]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">Nhanulepisosteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
like the extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2CD4D3CF7227B53B66AFA55FD3DBFD7" box="[540,689,1457,1481]" family="Lepisosteidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Lepisosteidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="715C4B4EF7227B53B6B6FA55FF76BFF5" author="LAGLER K. F. & OBRECHT C. B. & HARRY G. V." pageId="3" pageNumber="16" pagination="117 - 135" refId="ref4243" refString="LAGLER K. F., OBRECHT C. B. & HARRY G. V., 1942. - The food and habits of gars (Lepisosteus spp.) considered in relation to fish management. Invest. Indiana Lakes Streams, 2: 117 - 135." type="journal article" year="1942">
|
||
Lagler
|
||
<emphasis id="27B9EAADF7227B53B4F2FA37FF3EBFF4" box="[132,178,1490,1514]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 1942
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="715C4B4EF7227B53B57EFA37FE71BFF5" author="PORTER H. T. & MOTTA P. J." box="[264,509,1490,1515]" pageId="3" pageNumber="16" pagination="989 - 1000" refId="ref4762" refString="PORTER H. T. & MOTTA P. J., 2004. - A comparison of strike and prey capture kinematics of three species of piscivorous fishes: Florida gar (Lepisosteus platyrhinchus), redfin needle fish (Strongylura notata) and great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda). Mar. Biol., 145: 989 - 1000. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 004 - 1380 - 0" type="journal article" year="2004">Porter and Motta, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Primary and secondary bony tissues show star-shaped osteocytes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DF62A3AF7227B53B63FFA17FD1ABC15" box="[585,662,1523,1547]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="3.[132,198,260,282]" captionTargetBox="[549,1456,215,924]" captionTargetId="figure-606@3.[548,1456,215,924]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 6. – †Nhanulepisosteus mexi- canus: Histological organization of the teeth supporting bone. A: Detail of the basal contact of a tooth (pc) and its supporting bone (bo) with vascu- lar canals or cavities (vc). The white arrows point to osteons. B: Detail of the dentigerous plate showing lamel- lar bone and numerous cementing lines (black arrow-heads) that character- ized an intensive remodeling of bone tissue below the tooth. We also show canalicles of Williamson (arrows). The asterisks point to secondary osteons. C-D: Detail of the secondary osteon (**) of Fig. 6B (respectively natural and polarized transmitted light). The secondary bone of the osteons is lamel- lar bone (black asterisks). The arrow- heads point to cementing line. We also show canalicles of Williamson (black arrows). E: Detail of the secondary osteon (*) of Fig. 6B showing canal- iculi of Williamson (black arrows) and osteocytes (black arrowheads). A: IGM 4902-4; B, C, D, E: IGM 4902- 5. Scale bars: A = 200 μm; B = 100 μm; C, D = 50 μm; E = 25 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10493695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10493695/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6E</figureCitation>
|
||
), and they are crossed by canalicles, the so-called canalicles of Williamson (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DF62A3AF7227B53B49BF9D1FED2BC53" box="[237,350,1589,1613]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="3.[132,198,260,282]" captionTargetBox="[549,1456,215,924]" captionTargetId="figure-606@3.[548,1456,215,924]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 6. – †Nhanulepisosteus mexi- canus: Histological organization of the teeth supporting bone. A: Detail of the basal contact of a tooth (pc) and its supporting bone (bo) with vascu- lar canals or cavities (vc). The white arrows point to osteons. B: Detail of the dentigerous plate showing lamel- lar bone and numerous cementing lines (black arrow-heads) that character- ized an intensive remodeling of bone tissue below the tooth. We also show canalicles of Williamson (arrows). The asterisks point to secondary osteons. C-D: Detail of the secondary osteon (**) of Fig. 6B (respectively natural and polarized transmitted light). The secondary bone of the osteons is lamel- lar bone (black asterisks). The arrow- heads point to cementing line. We also show canalicles of Williamson (black arrows). E: Detail of the secondary osteon (*) of Fig. 6B showing canal- iculi of Williamson (black arrows) and osteocytes (black arrowheads). A: IGM 4902-4; B, C, D, E: IGM 4902- 5. Scale bars: A = 200 μm; B = 100 μm; C, D = 50 μm; E = 25 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10493695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10493695/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6C, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Some of them can dichotomise. The presence of canalicles of Williamson is perfectly suited to the identification of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2CD4D3CF7227B53B51DF993FDA5BC91" box="[363,553,1655,1679]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lepisosteidae" genus="Nhanulepisosteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="27B9EAADF7227B53B51DF993FDA5BC91" box="[363,553,1655,1679]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">Nhanulepisosteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2CD4D3CF7227B53B605F993FC8BBC91" box="[627,775,1655,1679]" family="Lepisosteidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Lepisosteidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
family.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |