336 lines
39 KiB
XML
336 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.10.2734" ID-PMC="PMC3310194" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-10-25" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFDEFFB2FFCC5E0D8269FFD7FFD28A31" ID-PubMed="22461730" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576110" ModsDocID="1314-2003-10-25" checkinTime="1451252035118" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Saarela, Jeffery M." docDate="2012" docId="36E09A608E7F5347B1E6EC690A98459D" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 10: 25-82" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 10" docPubDate="2012-03-21" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.10.2734" docTitle="Spartina densiflora Brongn., Voy Monde 2 (2): 14. 1829." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="FFDEFFB2FFCC5E0D8269FFD7FFD28A31" lastPageNumber="42" masterDocId="FFDEFFB2FFCC5E0D8269FFD7FFD28A31" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic synopsis of invasive and native Spartina (Poaceae, Chloridoideae) in the Pacific Northwest (British Columbia, Washington and Oregon), including the first report of Spartina xtownsendii for British Columbia, Canada" masterLastPageNumber="82" masterPageNumber="25" pageNumber="40" updateTime="1668138964632" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomic synopsis of invasive and native Spartina (Poaceae, Chloridoideae) in the Pacific Northwest (British Columbia, Washington and Oregon), including the first report of Spartina xtownsendii for British Columbia, Canada</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Saarela, Jeffery M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Research & Collections, Canadian Museum of Nature, P. O. Box 3443 Stn. D, Ottawa, Ontario K 1 P 6 P 4, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">jsaarela@mus-nature.ca</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2012-03-21</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>10</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>25</mods:start>
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<mods:end>82</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.10.2734</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.10.2734</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-10-25</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFDEFFB2FFCC5E0D8269FFD7FFD28A31</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576110</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182229447" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:36E09A608E7F5347B1E6EC690A98459D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/36E09A608E7F5347B1E6EC690A98459D" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">
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<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="40" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName LSID="36E09A60-8E7F-5347-B1E6-EC690A98459D" authority="Brongn., Voy Monde 2 (2): 14. 1829." authorityName="Brongn., Voy Monde 2 (2): 14. 1829." class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spartina densiflora" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="densiflora">Spartina densiflora Brongn., Voy Monde 2(2): 14. 1829.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="40" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="densiflora">Spartina densiflora</taxonomicName>
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Brongn., Voy Monde 2(2): 14. 1829.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">Type</emphasis>
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. CHILE.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Urville">D'Urville</normalizedToken>
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s.n. (holotype: P [P02243277!]; isotype: US [US92018!] (fragm. ex P & photo)).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Steud" authorityYear="1854" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Chauvinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">Chauvinia chilensis</taxonomicName>
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Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac 1: 362. 1854.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">Type.</emphasis>
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CHILE. Concepcion, J.S.C.D.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Urville">D'Urville</normalizedToken>
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s.n. (holotype: P [P02243276!]; isotype: US [US865687A!] (fragm. ex P)).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="15" pageNumber="40" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="40">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">
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Culms to 96 cm tall, cespitose from hard knotty bases, rarely with short rhizomes, forming dense tufts. Sheaths glabrous, often purple-tinged; ligules 1-2 mm long; blades to 32 cm long
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1-2 mm wide, involute for most or all of their length, wider proximally when flat, adaxial surfaces scabrous, abaxial surfaces glabrous, margins scabrous. Inflorescences 10.5-17 cm long
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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6-8(-10) mm wide at midpoint, with (2-)6-9(-15)
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<pageBreakToken pageId="16" pageNumber="41" start="start">branches</pageBreakToken>
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; branches 3-6(-7.5) cm long
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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2-3 mm wide, appressed, conspicuously decreasing in length towards inflorescence apex, rachises 0.8-1 mm wide between spikelets, not extending beyond terminal spikelet, glabrous, margins glabrous or scabrous. Spikelets 9-13 mm long
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.5-2 mm wide, tightly appressed, strongly overlapping; calluses 1-1.5 mm long. Glumes glabrous or scabrous, when present hairs <0.1 mm long, keels scabrous, teeth 0.1-0.2 mm long, margins usually purple-tinged; lower glumes 4-7 mm long
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.5-0.7 mm wide, 1-veined; upper glumes 7.5-11.5 mm long
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1-1.5 mm wide, 1-veined; lemmas 6-9 mm long, glabrous or minutely scabrous, keels scabrous distally, glabrous proximally; paleas exceeding lemmas by 0.5 mm, glabrous; anthers 3-4 mm long, yellowish, exserted at maturity, pollen fertile. 2
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">n</emphasis>
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= 70 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Ayres, D" journalOrPublisher="Diversity and Distributions" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" pagination="187 - 195" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00414.x" refId="B14" refString="Ayres, D, Zaremba, K, Sloop, C, Strong, D, 2008. Sexual reproduction of cordgrass hybrids (Spartina foliosa x alterniflora) invading tidal marshes in San Francisco Bay. Diversity and Distributions 14: 187 - 195, 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00414.x" title="Sexual reproduction of cordgrass hybrids (Spartina foliosa x alterniflora) invading tidal marshes in San Francisco Bay." url="10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00414.x" volume="14" year="2008">Ayres et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Fortune, PM" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="29" pageNumber="54" pagination="4304 - 4316" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03916.x" refId="B55" refString="Fortune, PM, Schierenbeck, K, Ayres, D, Bortolus, A, Catrice, O, Brown, S, Ainouche, ML, 2008. The enigmatic invasive Spartina densiflora: A history of hybridizations in a polyploidy context. Molecular Ecology 17: 4304 - 4316, 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03916.x" title="The enigmatic invasive Spartina densiflora: A history of hybridizations in a polyploidy context." url="10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03916.x" volume="17" year="2008">Fortune et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="41" type="common name">
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Common name.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Austral cordgrass.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="41" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="41">
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The epithet
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">densiflora</emphasis>
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refers to the densely-flowered inflorescences of the species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="41" type="illustration">
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Illustration.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="41">
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<bibRefCitation author="Barkworth, ME" editor="Barkworth, ME" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" pagination="240 - 250" refId="B17" refString="Barkworth, ME, 2003. Spartina Schreb. In: Barkworth, ME, Capels, KM, Long, S, Piep, MB, Eds., Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 25: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2. Oxford University Press: 240 - 250" title="Spartina Schreb." volumeTitle="Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 25: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2." year="2003">Barkworth 2003</bibRefCitation>
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:251.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="41" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="41">
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Native to South America in temperate coastal regions of southern Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, and on the coast of Chile (
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<bibRefCitation author="Bortolus, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" pagination="158 - 168" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01380.x" refId="B25" refString="Bortolus, A, 2006. The austral cordgrass Spartina densiflora Brong.: its taxonomy, biogeography and natural history. Journal of Biogeography 33: 158 - 168, 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01380.x" title="The austral cordgrass Spartina densiflora Brong.: its taxonomy, biogeography and natural history." url="10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01380.x" volume="33" year="2006">Bortolus 2006</bibRefCitation>
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). Introduced in Spain, Portugal, the Mediterranean (see
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<bibRefCitation author="Castillo, J" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ecology" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" pagination="801 - 812" publicationUrl="10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00492.x" refId="B30" refString="Castillo, J, Fernandez-Baco, L, Castellanos, E, Luque, C, Figueroa, M, Davy, A, 2000. Lower limits of Spartina densiflora and Spartina maritima in a Mediterranean salt marsh determined by different ecophysiological tolerances. Journal of Ecology 88: 801 - 812, 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00492.x" title="Lower limits of Spartina densiflora and Spartina maritima in a Mediterranean salt marsh determined by different ecophysiological tolerances." url="10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00492.x" volume="88" year="2000">Castillo et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
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, Nieva et al. 2005), United States (California, Washington), and Canada (British Columbia).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" type="comments">
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Comments.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="41">
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The taxonomy, biogeography, and natural history of
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="densiflora">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Spartina densiflora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is reviewed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Bortolus, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" pagination="158 - 168" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01380.x" refId="B25" refString="Bortolus, A, 2006. The austral cordgrass Spartina densiflora Brong.: its taxonomy, biogeography and natural history. Journal of Biogeography 33: 158 - 168, 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01380.x" title="The austral cordgrass Spartina densiflora Brong.: its taxonomy, biogeography and natural history." url="10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01380.x" volume="33" year="2006">Bortolus (2006)</bibRefCitation>
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. The synonymy presented here is not complete; several taxa described from South America are considered to be synonyms by
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<bibRefCitation author="Mobberley, DG" journalOrPublisher="Iowa State College Journal of Science" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" pagination="471 - 564" refId="B99" refString="Mobberley, DG, 1956. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina. Iowa State College Journal of Science 30: 471 - 564" title="Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina." volume="30" year="1956">Mobberley (1956)</bibRefCitation>
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, including
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Arechav" authorityYear="1896" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="montevidensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Spartina montevidensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Arech. (see
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<bibRefCitation author="Carrasco, MA" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Jardin Botanico de Madrid" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" pagination="263 - 274" refId="B32" refString="Carrasco, MA, Munoz Garmendia, F, Perea, D, 2002. Gramineas uruguayas de D. Jose Arechavaleta (1838-1912), en el Real Colegio Alfonso XII de San Lorenzo de El Escorial (Madrid, Espana). Anales del Jardin Botanico de Madrid 59: 263 - 274" title="Gramineas uruguayas de D. Jose Arechavaleta (1838 - 1912), en el Real Colegio Alfonso XII de San Lorenzo de El Escorial (Madrid, Espana)." volume="59" year="2002">Carrasco et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
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for the location of a probable type specimen),
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Speg" authorityYear="1897" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patagonica">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Spartina patagonica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Speg., and several taxa described by
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<bibRefCitation author="Saint-Yves, A" journalOrPublisher="Candollea" pageId="33" pageNumber="58" pagination="19 - 100" refId="B122" refString="Saint-Yves, A, 1932. Monographia Spartinarum. Candollea 5: 19 - 100" title="Monographia Spartinarum." volume="5" year="1932">St-Yves (1932)</bibRefCitation>
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. A modern taxonomic revision is needed for
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="densiflora">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Spartina densiflora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to clarify its taxonomy and morphological variation throughout its range (
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<bibRefCitation author="Bortolus, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" pagination="158 - 168" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01380.x" refId="B25" refString="Bortolus, A, 2006. The austral cordgrass Spartina densiflora Brong.: its taxonomy, biogeography and natural history. Journal of Biogeography 33: 158 - 168, 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01380.x" title="The austral cordgrass Spartina densiflora Brong.: its taxonomy, biogeography and natural history." url="10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01380.x" volume="33" year="2006">Bortolus 2006</bibRefCitation>
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), particularly given its rapidly increasing global footprint.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="41">
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In North America,
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="densiflora">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Spartina densiflora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is present in California, Washington, and British Columbia. It was first established in California. It occurs in Humboldt Bay, where it is thought to have been introduced by shipping in the late 1800s (
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<bibRefCitation author="Spicher, D" journalOrPublisher="Madrono" pageId="34" pageNumber="59" pagination="158 - 167" refId="B132" refString="Spicher, D, Josselyn, M, 1985. Spartina (Gramineae) in northern California: distribution and taxonomic notes. Madrono 32: 158 - 167" title="Spartina (Gramineae) in northern California: distribution and taxonomic notes." volume="32" year="1985">Spicher and Josselyn 1985</bibRefCitation>
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, Kittleson and Boyd 1997). Prior to the early 1980s, this population was erroneously thought to be a native form of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Trin" authorityYear="1840" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="foliosa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Spartina foliosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Bortolus, A" journalOrPublisher="AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" pagination="114 - 118" publicationUrl="10.1579/0044-7447(2008)37[114:ECITBS]2.0.CO;2" refId="B26" refString="Bortolus, A, 2008. Error cascades in the biological sciences: the unwanted consequences of using bad taxonomy in ecology. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 37: 114 - 118, 10.1579/0044-7447(2008)37[114:ECITBS]2.0.CO;2" title="Error cascades in the biological sciences: the unwanted consequences of using bad taxonomy in ecology." url="10.1579/0044-7447(2008)37[114:ECITBS]2.0.CO;2" volume="37" year="2008">Bortolus 2008</bibRefCitation>
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), and seed collected from plants growing in Humboldt Bay was introduced to San Francisco Bay (see
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<bibRefCitation author="Faber, PM" journalOrPublisher="California Coast and Ocean" pageId="29" pageNumber="54" pagination="14 - 17" refId="B49" refString="Faber, PM, 2000. Good intentions gone awry. California Coast and Ocean 16: 14 - 17" title="Good intentions gone awry." volume="16" year="2000">Faber 2000</bibRefCitation>
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), and independently to Richardson Bay. Hybrids between
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="densiflora">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Spartina densiflora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Trin" authorityYear="1840" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="foliosa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Spartina foliosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have been confirmed recently from San Francisco Bay in a region where both parental species are present (
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<bibRefCitation author="Ayres, D" journalOrPublisher="Diversity and Distributions" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" pagination="187 - 195" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00414.x" refId="B14" refString="Ayres, D, Zaremba, K, Sloop, C, Strong, D, 2008. Sexual reproduction of cordgrass hybrids (Spartina foliosa x alterniflora) invading tidal marshes in San Francisco Bay. Diversity and Distributions 14: 187 - 195, 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00414.x" title="Sexual reproduction of cordgrass hybrids (Spartina foliosa x alterniflora) invading tidal marshes in San Francisco Bay." url="10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00414.x" volume="14" year="2008">Ayres et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
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). These are not well characterized morphologically in the literature.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="41">
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="densiflora">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Spartina densiflora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was documented in Washington a decade ago. The first collection was made in 2001 on Whidbey Island at the northern boundary of Puget Sound (Heimer 01-1 WTU, UBC).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Caplow, F" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ecology" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" refId="B31" refString="Caplow, F, 2002. New species of Spartina in Washington. Botanical Electronic News 286. http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben286.html [accessed 2010-12-17] (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/5v3LnDSTg)." title="New species of Spartina in Washington. Botanical Electronic News 286. http: // www. ou. edu / cas / botany-micro / ben / ben 286. html [accessed 2010 - 12 - 17] (Archived by WebCite ® at http: // www. webcitation. org / 5 v 3 LnDSTg)" year="2002">Caplow (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported a 1/10 acre infestation of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="densiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Spartina densiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at the west end of Grays Harbor (
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="46.9408" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="46.9408">46.9408°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="124.04583" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-124.04583">124.04583°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) in the southeastern part of the state. By 2006 this infestation had expanded substantially, covering some 10 acres (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Murphy, KC" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture Washington, DC" pageId="32" pageNumber="57" refId="B103" refString="Murphy, KC, Taylor, RR, Phillips, CH, 2007. Spartina eradication program 2006 progress report. Washington State Department of Agriculture, 45 pp. http://agr.wa.gov/PlantsInsects/Weeds/Spartina/docs/SpartinaReport2006.pdf [accessed 18 January 2012] (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/65cvroiNw)." title="Spartina eradication program 2006 progress report. Washington State Department of Agriculture, 45 pp. http: // agr. wa. gov / PlantsInsects / Weeds / Spartina / docs / SpartinaReport 2006. pdf [accessed 18 January 2012] (Archived by WebCite ® at http: // www. webcitation. org / 65 cvroiNw)" year="2007">Murphy et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kozloff, EN" journalOrPublisher="Timber Press, Portland, Oregon" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" refId="B85" refString="Kozloff, EN, 2005. Plants of western Oregon, Washington & British Columbia. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, 512 pp." title="Plants of western Oregon, Washington & British Columbia." year="2005">Kozloff (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="densiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Spartina densiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in his
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Spartina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
treatment, noting only 'coastal salt
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="marshes’">marshes'</normalizedToken>
|
||
as its distribution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="densiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="17" pageNumber="42" start="start">Spartina</pageBreakToken>
|
||
densiflora
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is now invading British Columbia, where it was first found in 2005 in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bayne’s">Bayne's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Sound, a channel between Vancouver Island and Denman Island (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Morgan, VH" journalOrPublisher="Acta Botanica Mexicana" pageId="32" pageNumber="57" refId="B101" refString="Morgan, VH, Sytsma, M, 2010. Alaska Spartina prevention, detection and response plan. 76 pp. http://www.clr.pdx.edu/docs/AKSpartinaPlan_2010.pdf [accessed 17 January 2012] (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/65cvyb6QO)." title="Alaska Spartina prevention, detection and response plan. 76 pp. http: // www. clr. pdx. edu / docs / AKSpartinaPlan _ 2010. pdf [accessed 17 January 2012] (Archived by WebCite ® at http: // www. webcitation. org / 65 cvyb 6 QO)" year="2010">Morgan and Sytsma 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is not reported for the province in several recent floras that consider the region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Douglas, GW" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Field-Naturalist" pageId="28" pageNumber="53" refId="B45" refString="Douglas, GW, Meidinger, D, Pojar, J, 2001. Illustrated Flora of British Columbia. Volume 7. Monocotyledons (Orchidaceae through Zosteraceae). British Columbia Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management. (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/66A2fjppD)." title="Illustrated Flora of British Columbia. Volume 7. Monocotyledons (Orchidaceae through Zosteraceae). British Columbia Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management. (Archived by WebCite ® at http: // www. webcitation. org / 66 A 2 fjppD)" year="2001">Douglas et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barkworth, ME" editor="Barkworth, ME" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" pagination="240 - 250" refId="B17" refString="Barkworth, ME, 2003. Spartina Schreb. In: Barkworth, ME, Capels, KM, Long, S, Piep, MB, Eds., Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 25: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2. Oxford University Press: 240 - 250" title="Spartina Schreb." volumeTitle="Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 25: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2." year="2003">Barkworth 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kozloff, EN" journalOrPublisher="Timber Press, Portland, Oregon" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" refId="B85" refString="Kozloff, EN, 2005. Plants of western Oregon, Washington & British Columbia. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, 512 pp." title="Plants of western Oregon, Washington & British Columbia." year="2005">Kozloff 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but is included in the online E-Flora BC (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Anonymous," journalOrPublisher="Weed Research" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" refId="B6" refString="Anonymous, , 2011. Spartina densiflora Brongn. In: Klinkenberg B (Ed) 2010. E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas10/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Spartina%20densiflora [accessed 12 July 2011] (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/65cuq35Y7)." title="Spartina densiflora Brongn. In: Klinkenberg B (Ed) 2010. E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora. bc. ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. http: // linnet. geog. ubc. ca / Atlas 10 / Atlas. aspx? sciname = Spartina % 20 densiflora [accessed 12 July 2011] (Archived by WebCite ® at http: // www. webcitation. org / 65 cuq 35 Y 7)" year="2011">Anonymous 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bayne’s">Bayne's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Sound region, only a few herbarium collections documenting the species have been made; these are from Fanny Bay (Lomer 5723, CAN,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Photograph of a specimen of Spartina densiflora collected at Fanny Bay, Vancouver Island, British Columbia (Lomer 5723, UBC). Image published with the permission of the University of British Columbia Herbarium, Beaty Biodiversity Museum." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10021" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the Buckley Bay Ferry Terminal (Lomer 7377, CAN). Some data on the extent of the invasion are given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Morgan, VH" journalOrPublisher="Acta Botanica Mexicana" pageId="32" pageNumber="57" refId="B101" refString="Morgan, VH, Sytsma, M, 2010. Alaska Spartina prevention, detection and response plan. 76 pp. http://www.clr.pdx.edu/docs/AKSpartinaPlan_2010.pdf [accessed 17 January 2012] (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/65cvyb6QO)." title="Alaska Spartina prevention, detection and response plan. 76 pp. http: // www. clr. pdx. edu / docs / AKSpartinaPlan _ 2010. pdf [accessed 17 January 2012] (Archived by WebCite ® at http: // www. webcitation. org / 65 cvyb 6 QO)" year="2010">Morgan and Sytsma (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Dresen et al. (2010), who mapped the species in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bayne’s">Bayne's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Sound where the extent of its local distribution ranges from individual plants to multiple five meter patches. Detailed characterization of this invasion has not otherwise appeared in the literature.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10021" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Photograph of a specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="densiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Spartina densiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected at Fanny Bay, Vancouver Island, British Columbia (Lomer 5723, UBC). Image published with the permission of the University of British Columbia Herbarium, Beaty Biodiversity Museum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="42" type="morphology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Morphology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="42">
|
||
The description presented here is based on the few specimens that have been collected in Washington and British Columbia and deposited in herbaria (see Specimens Examined). Variation in some characters, particularly vegetative characteristics such as leaf length and culm height, is probably greater than recorded here. For example,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mobberley, DG" journalOrPublisher="Iowa State College Journal of Science" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" pagination="471 - 564" refId="B99" refString="Mobberley, DG, 1956. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina. Iowa State College Journal of Science 30: 471 - 564" title="Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina." volume="30" year="1956">Mobberley (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that culms in the species range to 1.5 m tall. For a description based on material from the native range of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="densiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Spartina densiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mobberley, DG" journalOrPublisher="Iowa State College Journal of Science" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" pagination="471 - 564" refId="B99" refString="Mobberley, DG, 1956. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina. Iowa State College Journal of Science 30: 471 - 564" title="Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina." volume="30" year="1956">Mobberley (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="densiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Spartina densiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alterniflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Spartina alterniflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xtownsendii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Spartina
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×townsendii">xtownsendii</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the following combination of characters: plants cespitose [vs. strongly rhizomatous]; blades involute for all or most of their length [vs. blades flat proximally, involute distally]; blade margins scabrous [vs. blade margins smooth]; branch rachises not prolonged beyond the terminal spikelet [vs. branch rachises prolonged beyond the terminal spikelet as a bristle, rarely not prolonged]; glume margins often purple-tinged [vs. glume margins whitish, not purple-tinged] (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Spikelets of Spartina densiflora (Canada, British Columbia, Lomer 5723, UBC). Bar = 3 mm. Photo: J. M. Saarela." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10022" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
); and spikelets tightly appressed and strongly overlapping, concealing the rachis between spikelets [vs. spikelets weakly appressed and weakly to moderately overlapping, with portions of the rachis usually visible between spikelets]. In the field, the leaf margins of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="densiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Spartina densiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may feel smooth to the touch, as the involute blades often conceal the leaf margins where the scabrous teeth are located; these scabrous teeth are best observed with a microscope (F. Lomer, personal communication, 2012).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="densiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Spartina densiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is readily distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Spartina gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Spartina patens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pectinata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Spartina pectinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its cespitose habit [vs. rhizomatous].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10022" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Spikelets of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="densiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Spartina densiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Canada, British Columbia, Lomer 5723, UBC). Bar = 3 mm. Photo: J.M. Saarela.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="42" type="specimens examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Canada. British Columbia:</emphasis>
|
||
Vancouver Island, Fanny Bay, 500 m N of Waterloo Creek,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="49" direction="north" minutes="28.572" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="49.4762">49°28.572'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="124" direction="west" minutes="47.494" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-124.791565">124°47.494'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 24 August 2005, F.Lomer 5723 (UBC,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Photograph of a specimen of Spartina densiflora collected at Fanny Bay, Vancouver Island, British Columbia (Lomer 5723, UBC). Image published with the permission of the University of British Columbia Herbarium, Beaty Biodiversity Museum." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10021" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
); Vancouver Island, 20 km south of Courtenay, Buckley Bay Ferry Terminal, north side of dock at high tide level, single clump, sea level,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="49" direction="north" minutes="31" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="32" value="49.525555">49°31'32"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="124" direction="west" minutes="50" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="54.5" value="-124.84847">124°50'54.5"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 12 July 2010, F.Lomer 7377 (CAN, Suppl. Fig. 23).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="42">United States of America. Washington:</emphasis>
|
||
Island Co.: Whidbey Island, near Coupeville (T32E R2E S37), 14 Nov 2001, D.Heimer 01-01 (UBC [UBCV224048, Suppl. Fig. 24], WTU [WTUb349303, Suppl. Fig. 25]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |