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<document id="A63681A1C018D5CCE71A9983B1B56CEA" ID-CLB-Dataset="5941" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3760.2.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1c3b88e8-5b57-422e-b030-ebbe65c9b246" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4908941" ID-ZooBank="E05CF7B1-8410-4482-AB7D-DC9833479CC3" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623106401317" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Sitjà, Cèlia &amp; Maldonado, Manuel" docDate="2014" docId="03DF87B62979FFC5FF30FF2FCE25F8F6" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03760p179.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3760 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Endectyon (Hemectyon) Topsent 1920" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="171" masterDocId="FFE6FFCE2965FFDBFFA7FFB7CB00F903" masterDocTitle="New and rare sponges from the deep shelf of the Alboran Island (Alboran Sea, Western Mediterranean)" masterLastPageNumber="179" masterPageNumber="141" pageNumber="169" updateTime="1699002356133" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:mods id="18B9E27D60DAFA7CBCDFEC7CE17683AB" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="68D93C7A0051F97DA4DDC9D51E254559">New and rare sponges from the deep shelf of the Alboran Island (Alboran Sea, Western Mediterranean)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="589915D54C492AC3C4337E1462B5A293">Sitjà, Cèlia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="ABDE293DD77DD9367F0A5DE00974CEA5">Maldonado, Manuel</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="B044D68AF042164D7AE9E13B2A5C52DF" type="email">maldonado@ceab.csic.es</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="6DCAF14D8A2F0547E7EE18E31BC740C2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="23FEFF12814B2FAC2C0C6592D0DA1541">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="223BE7F1C0ABFA736296838656C2D61D">2014-01-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="4178B0863639E3A34013151D6BCB06FF">3760</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03DF87B62979FFC5FF30FF2FCE25F8F6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908977" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183203043" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4908977" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DF87B62979FFC5FF30FF2FCE25F8F6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87B62979FFC5FF30FF2FCE25F8F6" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="171" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">
<subSubSection id="C36C652B2979FFC7FF30FF2FC953F9B1" box="[151,595,151,178]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC936A02979FFC7FF30FF2FC953F9B1" blockId="28.[151,595,151,178]" box="[151,595,151,178]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">
<heading id="D08181CC2979FFC7FF30FF2FC953F9B1" bold="true" box="[151,595,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22979FFC7FF30FF2FC953F9B1" bold="true" box="[151,595,151,178]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">
Subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C764D232979FFC7FEB0FF20C953F9B1" authority="Topsent, 1920" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1920" box="[279,595,151,178]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Hemectyon">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22979FFC7FEB0FF20CAA0F9B2" bold="true" box="[279,416,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">Hemectyon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B512979FFC7FE00FF2FC953F9B1" author="Topsent, E." box="[423,595,152,178]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref26042" refString="Topsent, E. (1920) Spongiaires du Musee Zoologique de Strasbourg. Monaxonides. Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanographique de Monaco, 381, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1920">Topsent, 1920</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36C652B2979FFC7FF30FF69CAC2FBE5" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BC936A02979FFC7FF30FF69CF05FB5C" blockId="28.[151,1436,222,607]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22979FFC7FF30FF69CA11F9F4" bold="true" box="[151,273,222,247]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" reason="1">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Erect, probably undivided (see &quot;Taxonomic Remarks&quot;), growth form. Skeletal organization with recognizable axial, extra-axial and ectosomal regions. Axial skeleton of multispiculate-cored fibres densely reticulated. Extra-axial skeleton consisting of a more lax reticulum of pauci- to multispicular radiating primary tracts intercrossed by uni- to paucispicular secondary tracts. Spongin fibres and tracts of the axial and extra-axial regions are cored by smooth choanosomal styles; the radiating primary tracts of the extra-axial skeleton may be sparsely echinated by acanthostyles, particularly in their subectosomal regions. In the subectosomal region, the peripheral nodes of the extra-axial network serve as basis for small bouquets of longer (subectosomal) styles, which pierce the sponge ectosome to make a long, dense hispidation. At the point where each of these protruding bouquets of styles pierce the sponge ectosome, a surrounding brush consisting mostly of acanthostyles (but also incorporating some choanosomal styles) occurs, being this skeletal trait a distinct character for the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C764D232979FFC7FF30FDF0CA15FB5D" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1920" box="[151,277,583,606]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Hemectyon">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22979FFC7FF30FDF0CA15FB5D" box="[151,277,583,606]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">Hemectyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(modified herein to accommodate the features of the new species).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC936A02979FFC7FF30FD1DC993FBC7" blockId="28.[151,659,682,742]" box="[151,659,682,708]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">
<taxonomicName id="4C764D232979FFC7FF30FD1DC932FBC7" authority="Sitjà &amp; Maldonado, 2014" authorityName="Sitjà &amp; Maldonado" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,562,682,708]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="filiformis" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Hemectyon">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22979FFC7FF30FD1DC932FBC7" bold="true" box="[151,562,682,708]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">Endectyon (Hemectyon) filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B902EAB22979FFC7FD9DFD1CC993FBC7" bold="true" box="[570,659,683,708]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23157C92979FFC7FD9DFD1CC993FBC7" box="[570,659,683,708]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" rank="species">nov. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC936A02979FFC7FF30FD7ACAC2FBE5" blockId="28.[151,659,682,742]" box="[151,450,717,742]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">
(
<figureCitation id="134D2A252979FFC7FF38FD7ACA31FBE5" box="[159,305,717,742]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[151,249,1920,1942]" captionTargetBox="[219,1367,193,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-66@25.[219,1367,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. (A–B) Neotype (MNCN-Sp23-BV14) of Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983 collected from the Alboran Island and photographed on its both sides. Note some ribs (r) on the lamina. (C–D) Holotype of Endectyon (Hemectyon) filiformis nov. sp. (MNCN-Sp69 BV21) attached on a small piece of gravel, photographed on its both sides." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908981" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908981/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">Figs. 11C–D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="134D2A252979FFC7FE9BFD7ACA5BFBE5" box="[316,347,717,742]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,249,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,207,1236]" captionTargetId="figure-399@29.[151,1436,193,1237]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Endectyon (Hemectyon) filiformis nov. sp.: (A) Line drawing summarizing the spicule complement of the holotype (MNCN-Sp69-BV21). There are subectosomal styles (a) with a round end and an acerate or hastate distal end (b) and choanosomal styles with a regular or swollen round end (d) and an acerate, hastate or polyaxonic distal end (e). There are also oxeas (f) with conical to hastate ends (g) and acanthostyles (h) with large spines that can be clavulate at the round end (i). (B) Light microscope view of choanosomal styles, with slight subterminal swelling (bs) or a subtle subtyle (sb). (C) Light microscope view of an oxea. (D) SEM micrographs of acanthostyles. (E) Line drawing sketching the organization of the ectosomal skeleton, which consists of the subectosomal styles (es) surrounded by an hispidating brush of acanthostyles (as). (F) Light microscope view of the choanosomal skeleton where spongin (s) can be observed embedding the choanosomal styles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908987/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">13</figureCitation>
; Table 2)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36C652B2979FFC7FF30FCA2C8BDFA2D" box="[151,957,789,814]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BC936A02979FFC7FF30FCA2C8BDFA2D" blockId="28.[151,1437,789,2038]" box="[151,957,789,814]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22979FFC7FF30FCA2CA1EFA2D" bold="true" box="[151,286,789,814]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" reason="1">Etymology.</emphasis>
This species is named after its erect, undivided body shape.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36C652B2979FFC7FF60FC8ECE5AFFD6" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BC936A02979FFC7FF60FC8EC862FA75" blockId="28.[151,1437,789,2038]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22979FFC7FF60FC8ECAB2FA51" bold="true" box="[199,434,825,850]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" reason="1">Material examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="54CD88022979FFC7FE1DFC8EC927FA51" box="[442,551,825,850]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: Specimen MNCN-Sp69 BV21, from type locality Stn. 21 (
<tableCitation id="C6F4031B2979FFC7FB69FC8ECE24FA51" box="[1230,1316,825,850]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,241,784,807]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Information on sampling stations, indicating station number, type of collecting device (DR= dredge; BV= beam trawl), geographical coordinates of starting and end point of sampling transects, depth range (m) during the transect, and bottom type (R= rock, G= gravel, OG= organogenic gravel, RH= rhodolith bed, LS= lava stone bed)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0966282961FFDFFF30FCA7CE5BFA64" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" tableUuid="DF0966282961FFDFFF30FCA7CE5BFA64">Table 1</tableCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="134D2A252979FFC7FA93FC8ECE75FA51" box="[1332,1397,825,850]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,249,1608,1630]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,770,1580]" captionTargetId="figure-390@2.[151,1436,770,1586]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. (A) Localization of the Alboran Island in the Mediterranean. (B) Distribution of the 25 studied sampling stations over the bathymetric map of the shelf of the Alboran Island." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908943" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908943/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), a
<quantity id="4C8E9B452979FFC7FF30FCEACA1EFA76" box="[151,286,861,886]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7" metricValueMax="10.1" metricValueMin="9.3" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" unit="m" value="97.0" valueMax="101.0" valueMin="93.0">93 to 101 m</quantity>
deep, gravel bottom on the deep shelf of the island.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC936A02979FFC7FF60FC36CF11FAE1" blockId="28.[151,1437,789,2038]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22979FFC7FF60FC36CAF7FA99" bold="true" box="[199,503,897,922]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" reason="1">Macroscopic description.</emphasis>
Flexible, slender, thread-like sponge, measuring
<quantity id="4C8E9B452979FFC7FB92FC36CF88FA9A" box="[1077,1160,897,922]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" unit="mm" value="54.0">54 mm</quantity>
in height and
<quantity id="4C8E9B452979FFC7FA91FC36CE7BFA9A" box="[1334,1403,897,922]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
in diameter, attached to a gravel piece. The surface is densely and markedly hispid (
<figureCitation id="134D2A252979FFC7FBE4FC12CFCDFABD" box="[1091,1229,933,958]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[151,249,1920,1942]" captionTargetBox="[219,1367,193,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-66@25.[219,1367,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. (A–B) Neotype (MNCN-Sp23-BV14) of Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983 collected from the Alboran Island and photographed on its both sides. Note some ribs (r) on the lamina. (C–D) Holotype of Endectyon (Hemectyon) filiformis nov. sp. (MNCN-Sp69 BV21) attached on a small piece of gravel, photographed on its both sides." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908981" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908981/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">Fig. 11C–D</figureCitation>
), with no obvious oscules. The color in life is bright orange, turning into creamy white in ethanol.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC936A02979FFC7FF60FC5ACE31FCB5" blockId="28.[151,1437,789,2038]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22979FFC7FF60FC5ACA2DFD05" box="[199,301,1005,1030]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">Skeleton.</emphasis>
Megascleres in 4 spicule categories: Subectosomal styles, choanosomal styles, occasional oxeas, and acanthostyles. The subectosomal styles are long and slender, slightly curved at the centre or near the round end, with a regular round end, and an acerate point that can be sometimes softly stepped or, in the thinner growth stages, hastate (
<figureCitation id="134D2A252979FFC7FF51FBEECA60FD71" box="[246,352,1113,1138]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,249,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,207,1236]" captionTargetId="figure-399@29.[151,1436,193,1237]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Endectyon (Hemectyon) filiformis nov. sp.: (A) Line drawing summarizing the spicule complement of the holotype (MNCN-Sp69-BV21). There are subectosomal styles (a) with a round end and an acerate or hastate distal end (b) and choanosomal styles with a regular or swollen round end (d) and an acerate, hastate or polyaxonic distal end (e). There are also oxeas (f) with conical to hastate ends (g) and acanthostyles (h) with large spines that can be clavulate at the round end (i). (B) Light microscope view of choanosomal styles, with slight subterminal swelling (bs) or a subtle subtyle (sb). (C) Light microscope view of an oxea. (D) SEM micrographs of acanthostyles. (E) Line drawing sketching the organization of the ectosomal skeleton, which consists of the subectosomal styles (es) surrounded by an hispidating brush of acanthostyles (as). (F) Light microscope view of the choanosomal skeleton where spongin (s) can be observed embedding the choanosomal styles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908987/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">Fig. 13A</figureCitation>
); they measure 713–
<date id="FFC810602979FFC7FDE8FBEEC99CFD72" box="[591,668,1113,1138]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" value="1465-10">1465 x</date>
<quantity id="4C8E9B452979FFC7FD02FBEEC824FD71" box="[677,804,1113,1138]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.16" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.32" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" unit="mm" value="11.6" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="3.2">3.2–20 µm</quantity>
. The choanosomal styles measure 187.4–272.5 x
<quantity id="4C8E9B452979FFC7FAFAFBEECBC0FD95" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="6.4" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" unit="mm" value="7.7" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="6.4">6.4–9 µm</quantity>
, being irregularly curved once or twice, sometimes in a rhabdostyle fashion, with hastate or acerate points (
<figureCitation id="134D2A252979FFC7FAC9FBCACBECFDB9" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,249,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,207,1236]" captionTargetId="figure-399@29.[151,1436,193,1237]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Endectyon (Hemectyon) filiformis nov. sp.: (A) Line drawing summarizing the spicule complement of the holotype (MNCN-Sp69-BV21). There are subectosomal styles (a) with a round end and an acerate or hastate distal end (b) and choanosomal styles with a regular or swollen round end (d) and an acerate, hastate or polyaxonic distal end (e). There are also oxeas (f) with conical to hastate ends (g) and acanthostyles (h) with large spines that can be clavulate at the round end (i). (B) Light microscope view of choanosomal styles, with slight subterminal swelling (bs) or a subtle subtyle (sb). (C) Light microscope view of an oxea. (D) SEM micrographs of acanthostyles. (E) Line drawing sketching the organization of the ectosomal skeleton, which consists of the subectosomal styles (es) surrounded by an hispidating brush of acanthostyles (as). (F) Light microscope view of the choanosomal skeleton where spongin (s) can be observed embedding the choanosomal styles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908987/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">Fig. 13A–B</figureCitation>
). These styles may show a slight swelling either near the round end or towards central positions. The oxeas are less common than the previous categories, typically curved at the middle, with sharp conical ends that can be slightly different (
<figureCitation id="134D2A252979FFC7FEC1FB5ECAF3FC01" box="[358,499,1257,1282]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,249,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,207,1236]" captionTargetId="figure-399@29.[151,1436,193,1237]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Endectyon (Hemectyon) filiformis nov. sp.: (A) Line drawing summarizing the spicule complement of the holotype (MNCN-Sp69-BV21). There are subectosomal styles (a) with a round end and an acerate or hastate distal end (b) and choanosomal styles with a regular or swollen round end (d) and an acerate, hastate or polyaxonic distal end (e). There are also oxeas (f) with conical to hastate ends (g) and acanthostyles (h) with large spines that can be clavulate at the round end (i). (B) Light microscope view of choanosomal styles, with slight subterminal swelling (bs) or a subtle subtyle (sb). (C) Light microscope view of an oxea. (D) SEM micrographs of acanthostyles. (E) Line drawing sketching the organization of the ectosomal skeleton, which consists of the subectosomal styles (es) surrounded by an hispidating brush of acanthostyles (as). (F) Light microscope view of the choanosomal skeleton where spongin (s) can be observed embedding the choanosomal styles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908987/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">Fig. 13A, C</figureCitation>
), measuring 234–277 x
<quantity id="4C8E9B452979FFC7FCAAFB5EC86AFC01" box="[781,874,1257,1282]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="3.0">3–9 µm</quantity>
. The acanthostyles are nearly straight or slightly curved and show scarce, large, conical spines. Spines are usually sparse over the spicule length, mostly making a sort of verticillate cluster at the round end, producing a clavulate acanthostyle; the spines very rarely appear around the sharp end of the spicule. The number of spines varies from one to four at the round end and from one to ten over the shaft length, and they can be straight, curved toward the spicule points or in the opposite direction (
<figureCitation id="134D2A252979FFC7FA88FACECBAFFCB5" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,249,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,207,1236]" captionTargetId="figure-399@29.[151,1436,193,1237]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Endectyon (Hemectyon) filiformis nov. sp.: (A) Line drawing summarizing the spicule complement of the holotype (MNCN-Sp69-BV21). There are subectosomal styles (a) with a round end and an acerate or hastate distal end (b) and choanosomal styles with a regular or swollen round end (d) and an acerate, hastate or polyaxonic distal end (e). There are also oxeas (f) with conical to hastate ends (g) and acanthostyles (h) with large spines that can be clavulate at the round end (i). (B) Light microscope view of choanosomal styles, with slight subterminal swelling (bs) or a subtle subtyle (sb). (C) Light microscope view of an oxea. (D) SEM micrographs of acanthostyles. (E) Line drawing sketching the organization of the ectosomal skeleton, which consists of the subectosomal styles (es) surrounded by an hispidating brush of acanthostyles (as). (F) Light microscope view of the choanosomal skeleton where spongin (s) can be observed embedding the choanosomal styles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908987/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">Fig. 13A, D</figureCitation>
). The acanthostyles are far less abundant than the choanosomal styles and measure 114–150 x
<quantity id="4C8E9B452979FFC7FB74FA2ACE2DFCB5" box="[1235,1325,1437,1462]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="6.0">6–7 µm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC936A02979FFC7FF60FA76CE5AFFD6" blockId="28.[151,1437,789,2038]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">
Axial and extra-axial skeleton are poorly differentiated. The axial skeleton is a relatively more compact reticule of pauci- and multispicular tracts of choanosomal styles surrounded by moderate spongin (
<figureCitation id="134D2A252979FFC7FB3CFA52CFFFFCFD" box="[1179,1279,1509,1534]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,249,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,207,1236]" captionTargetId="figure-399@29.[151,1436,193,1237]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Endectyon (Hemectyon) filiformis nov. sp.: (A) Line drawing summarizing the spicule complement of the holotype (MNCN-Sp69-BV21). There are subectosomal styles (a) with a round end and an acerate or hastate distal end (b) and choanosomal styles with a regular or swollen round end (d) and an acerate, hastate or polyaxonic distal end (e). There are also oxeas (f) with conical to hastate ends (g) and acanthostyles (h) with large spines that can be clavulate at the round end (i). (B) Light microscope view of choanosomal styles, with slight subterminal swelling (bs) or a subtle subtyle (sb). (C) Light microscope view of an oxea. (D) SEM micrographs of acanthostyles. (E) Line drawing sketching the organization of the ectosomal skeleton, which consists of the subectosomal styles (es) surrounded by an hispidating brush of acanthostyles (as). (F) Light microscope view of the choanosomal skeleton where spongin (s) can be observed embedding the choanosomal styles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908987/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">Fig. 13F</figureCitation>
). The reticule becomes progressively less compact towards the periphery (extra-axial region?) and is built with thinner tracts (pauci- and unispiculate) of choanosomal styles and occasional oxeas. From the periphery of this extra-axial network, groups of 2 to 10, long subectosomal styles project radially (
<figureCitation id="134D2A252979FFC7FC3DF9E6C8FDFF69" box="[922,1021,1617,1642]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,249,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,207,1236]" captionTargetId="figure-399@29.[151,1436,193,1237]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Endectyon (Hemectyon) filiformis nov. sp.: (A) Line drawing summarizing the spicule complement of the holotype (MNCN-Sp69-BV21). There are subectosomal styles (a) with a round end and an acerate or hastate distal end (b) and choanosomal styles with a regular or swollen round end (d) and an acerate, hastate or polyaxonic distal end (e). There are also oxeas (f) with conical to hastate ends (g) and acanthostyles (h) with large spines that can be clavulate at the round end (i). (B) Light microscope view of choanosomal styles, with slight subterminal swelling (bs) or a subtle subtyle (sb). (C) Light microscope view of an oxea. (D) SEM micrographs of acanthostyles. (E) Line drawing sketching the organization of the ectosomal skeleton, which consists of the subectosomal styles (es) surrounded by an hispidating brush of acanthostyles (as). (F) Light microscope view of the choanosomal skeleton where spongin (s) can be observed embedding the choanosomal styles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908987/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">Fig. 13E</figureCitation>
), piercing the surface and causing the long hispidation of the surface. At the point where one of these radiating tracts of long subectosomal styles pierces the sponge ectosome, a surrounding brush consisting mostly of acanthostyles (but also incorporating some oxea or choanosomal style) occurs (
<figureCitation id="134D2A252979FFC7FE6AF90AC931FFD5" box="[461,561,1725,1750]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,249,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,207,1236]" captionTargetId="figure-399@29.[151,1436,193,1237]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Endectyon (Hemectyon) filiformis nov. sp.: (A) Line drawing summarizing the spicule complement of the holotype (MNCN-Sp69-BV21). There are subectosomal styles (a) with a round end and an acerate or hastate distal end (b) and choanosomal styles with a regular or swollen round end (d) and an acerate, hastate or polyaxonic distal end (e). There are also oxeas (f) with conical to hastate ends (g) and acanthostyles (h) with large spines that can be clavulate at the round end (i). (B) Light microscope view of choanosomal styles, with slight subterminal swelling (bs) or a subtle subtyle (sb). (C) Light microscope view of an oxea. (D) SEM micrographs of acanthostyles. (E) Line drawing sketching the organization of the ectosomal skeleton, which consists of the subectosomal styles (es) surrounded by an hispidating brush of acanthostyles (as). (F) Light microscope view of the choanosomal skeleton where spongin (s) can be observed embedding the choanosomal styles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908987/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">Fig. 13E</figureCitation>
); this skeletal trait is a diagnostic character for the subgenus
<emphasis id="B902EAB22979FFC7FB72F909CE5AFFD6" box="[1237,1370,1726,1749]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">
<taxonomicName id="4C764D232979FFC7FB72F909CE56FFD6" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1920" box="[1237,1366,1726,1749]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Hemectyon">Hemectyon</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36C652B2979FFC5FF60F956CE25F8F6" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="171" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BC936A02979FFC7FF60F956C85BFE1D" blockId="28.[151,1437,789,2038]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22979FFC7FF60F956C94AFFF9" bold="true" box="[199,586,1761,1786]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" reason="1">Distribution and ecology notes.</emphasis>
The only individual of
<taxonomicName id="4C764D232979FFC7FCD7F956CFF7FFF9" authority="Sitjà &amp; Maldonado, 2014" authorityName="Sitjà &amp; Maldonado" authorityYear="2014" box="[880,1271,1761,1786]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="filiformis" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Hemectyon">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22979FFC7FCD7F956CFF7FFF9" box="[880,1271,1761,1786]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">Endectyon (Hemectyon) filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B902EAB22979FFC7FAA3F956CE63FFF9" bold="true" box="[1284,1379,1761,1786]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23157C92979FFC7FAA3F956CE63FFF9" box="[1284,1379,1761,1786]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" rank="species">nov. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
was collected from a
<quantity id="4C8E9B452979FFC7FEF3F8B2CADAFE1E" box="[340,474,1797,1822]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.65" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="9.3" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" unit="m" value="96.5" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="93.0">93 to 100 m</quantity>
deep, organogenic-gravel bottom.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC936A02979FFC7FF60F89ECE90FEF6" blockId="28.[151,1437,789,2038]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22979FFC7FF60F89ECABFFE41" bold="true" box="[199,447,1833,1858]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" reason="1">Taxonomic remarks.</emphasis>
Members of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C764D232979FFC7FD60F89EC839FE41" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1920" box="[711,825,1833,1858]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22979FFC7FD60F89EC839FE41" box="[711,825,1833,1858]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">Endectyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are the only raspailiids having echinating acanthostyles with clavulate morphology and located outside the axial skeleton (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B512979FFC7FCCDF8FAC8FEFE65" author="Hooper, J. N. A." box="[874,1022,1869,1894]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" pagination="1179 - 1418" refId="ref24618" refString="Hooper, J. N. A. (1991) Revision of the Family Raspailiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae), with Description of Australian Species. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 5, 1179 - 1418. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / it 9911179" type="journal article" year="1991">Hooper 1991</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B512979FFC7FBADF8F9CFA7FE65" author="Hooper, J. N. A." box="[1034,1191,1869,1894]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" pagination="469 - 510" refId="ref24737" refString="Hooper, J. N. A. (2002 b) Family Raspailiidae Hentschel, 1923. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. Guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum New York, pp. 469 - 510." type="book chapter" year="2002">Hooper 2002b</bibRefCitation>
). Within the subgenus
<emphasis id="B902EAB22979FFC7FF30F8C5CA17FE8A" box="[151,279,1906,1929]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">
<taxonomicName id="4C764D232979FFC7FF30F8C5CA13FE8A" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1920" box="[151,275,1906,1929]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Hemectyon">Hemectyon</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
only one species had been described to date:
<taxonomicName id="4C764D232979FFC7FC81F8C6CE5EFE89" authority="(Schmidt, 1870)" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[806,1374,1905,1930]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hamatum" subGenus="Hemectyon">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22979FFC7FC81F8C6CF9DFE89" box="[806,1181,1905,1930]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">Endectyon (Hemectyon) hamatum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B512979FFC7FB08F8C6CE56FE89" author="Schmidt, O." box="[1199,1366,1905,1930]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" refId="ref25700" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzuge einer Spongien-Fauna des Atlantischen Gebietes. Leipzig, 88 pp." type="book" year="1870">Schmidt, 1870</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. This species was originally reported from the Caribbean (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B512979FFC7FD75F822C86FFEAD" author="Schmidt, O." box="[722,879,1941,1966]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" refId="ref25700" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzuge einer Spongien-Fauna des Atlantischen Gebietes. Leipzig, 88 pp." type="book" year="1870">Schmidt 1870</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B512979FFC7FCDCF821CF11FEAD" author="Topsent, E." box="[891,1041,1941,1966]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref26042" refString="Topsent, E. (1920) Spongiaires du Musee Zoologique de Strasbourg. Monaxonides. Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanographique de Monaco, 381, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1920">Topsent 1920</bibRefCitation>
). It was subsequently cited from the East Africa (North
<collectingCountry id="F36176302979FFC7FEC4F80ECAABFED1" box="[355,427,1977,2002]" name="Kenya" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">Kenya</collectingCountry>
) by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B512979FFC7FE7EF80EC9C2FED1" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G." box="[473,706,1977,2002]" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" pagination="247 - 350" refId="ref25610" refString="Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1993) A collection of marine sponges from East Africa. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 89, 247 - 350." type="journal article" year="1993">Pulitzer-Finali (1993)</bibRefCitation>
, but a revision of that specimen assignation would be advisable, as it contains abundant raphides and the brief skeletal description suggests it to be a raspailiid different from
<taxonomicName id="4C764D232979FFC7FB4CF86ACE90FEF6" box="[1259,1424,2013,2038]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="28" pageNumber="169" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22979FFC7FB4CF86ACE5DFEF5" box="[1259,1373,2013,2038]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="169">Endectyon</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC936A02978FFC6FF30FB5CCE7BFCD4" blockId="29.[151,1436,1259,1495]" pageId="29" pageNumber="170">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22978FFC6FF30FB5CCA24FC02" bold="true" box="[151,292,1259,1281]" pageId="29" pageNumber="170">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C764D232978FFC6FE88FB5CC990FC02" authority="Sitjà &amp; Maldonado, 2014" authorityName="Sitjà &amp; Maldonado" authorityYear="2014" box="[303,656,1259,1281]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="170" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="filiformis" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Hemectyon">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22978FFC6FE88FB5CC990FC02" box="[303,656,1259,1281]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="170">Endectyon (Hemectyon) filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B902EAB22978FFC6FD3CFB5CC9F1FC02" bold="true" box="[667,753,1259,1281]" pageId="29" pageNumber="170">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23157C92978FFC6FD3CFB5CC9F1FC02" box="[667,753,1259,1281]" pageId="29" pageNumber="170" rank="species">nov. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
: (A) Line drawing summarizing the spicule complement of the holotype (MNCN-Sp69-BV21). There are subectosomal styles (a) with a round end and an acerate or hastate distal end (b) and choanosomal styles with a regular or swollen round end (d) and an acerate, hastate or polyaxonic distal end (e). There are also oxeas (f) with conical to hastate ends (g) and acanthostyles (h) with large spines that can be clavulate at the round end (i). (B) Light microscope view of choanosomal styles, with slight subterminal swelling (bs) or a subtle subtyle (sb). (C) Light microscope view of an oxea. (D) SEM micrographs of acanthostyles. (E) Line drawing sketching the organization of the ectosomal skeleton, which consists of the subectosomal styles (es) surrounded by an hispidating brush of acanthostyles (as). (F) Light microscope view of the choanosomal skeleton where spongin (s) can be observed embedding the choanosomal styles.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC936A02978FFC6FF60FA49C8F9FEC4" blockId="29.[151,1436,1534,1991]" pageId="29" pageNumber="170">
The occurrence of acanthostyle brushes surrounding the groups of hispidating styles clearly indicates that the newly described Alboranian material belongs to the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C764D232978FFC6FCECF994C8C9FF39" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1920" box="[843,969,1571,1594]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="170" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Hemectyon">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22978FFC6FCECF994C8C9FF39" box="[843,969,1571,1594]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="170">Hemectyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, making the second known species in this subgenus. The differences between
<taxonomicName id="4C764D232978FFC6FD8FF9FFC9E4FF5C" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[552,740,1606,1631]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="170" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hamatum" subGenus="Hemectyon">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22978FFC6FD8FF9FFC9E4FF5C" box="[552,740,1606,1631]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="170">E. (H.) hamatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C764D232978FFC6FCBBF9FFC8CDFF5C" authority="Sitjà &amp; Maldonado, 2014" authorityName="Sitjà &amp; Maldonado" authorityYear="2014" box="[796,973,1606,1631]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="170" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="filifomis" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Hemectyon">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22978FFC6FCBBF9FFC8CDFF5C" box="[796,973,1606,1631]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="170">E. (H.) filifomis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B902EAB22978FFC6FC73F9F1CF2EFF5C" bold="true" box="[980,1070,1606,1631]" pageId="29" pageNumber="170">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23157C92978FFC6FC73F9F1CF2EFF5C" box="[980,1070,1606,1631]" pageId="29" pageNumber="170" rank="species">nov. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
are clear: 1) the axial and extraaxial differentiation is less marked in the new species, as well as the differentiation between radiating primary tracts and secondary intercrossing tracts; 2) the primary radiating tracts are only very rarely echinated by the acanthostyles in the new species; 3) the acanthostyles do not have clavulate spines at the round end in
<taxonomicName id="4C764D232978FFC6FAEBF904CBFFFFEC" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1870" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="170" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hamatum" subGenus="Hemectyon">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22978FFC6FAEBF904CBFFFFEC" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="170">E. (H.) hamatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but they do have them in the new species; 4) The hispidating styles in
<taxonomicName id="4C764D232978FFC6FB99F96FCFFEFFEC" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[1086,1278,1750,1775]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="170" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hamatum" subGenus="Hemectyon">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22978FFC6FB99F96FCFFEFFEC" box="[1086,1278,1750,1775]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="170">E. (H.) hamatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are relatively small (220–275 x
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) and shorter than those coring the choanosomal fibres and tracts (270–615 x
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), whereas they are notably longer (up to
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1465 x
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µm) in the new species; and 5) the new species contains occasional oxeas, while they do not occur in
<emphasis id="B902EAB22978FFC6FD04F8F4C86DFE58" box="[675,877,1858,1883]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="170">
<taxonomicName id="4C764D232978FFC6FD04F8F4C868FE58" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[675,872,1858,1883]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="170" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hamatum" subGenus="Hemectyon">E. (H.) hamatum</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Indeed, oxeas are an uncommon spicule
<typeStatus id="54CD88022978FFC6FAEBF8F4CE7CFE58" box="[1356,1404,1859,1883]" pageId="29" pageNumber="170">type</typeStatus>
in
<taxonomicName id="4C764D232978FFC6FF30F8D1CA45FE7D" box="[151,325,1894,1919]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="170" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22978FFC6FF30F8D1CA0DFE7C" box="[151,269,1894,1919]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="170">Endectyon</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
, although occasional modifications of styles into oxeas and strongyles have already been recorded in
<taxonomicName id="4C764D232978FFC6FF1EF83DC9D4FEA0" authority="(Schmidt, 1870)" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[185,724,1930,1955]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="170" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tenax" subGenus="Endectyon">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22978FFC6FF1EF83DC90CFEA1" box="[185,524,1930,1955]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="170">Endectyon (Endectyon) tenax</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B512978FFC6FD86F83DC9CCFEA0" author="Schmidt, O." box="[545,716,1930,1955]" pageId="29" pageNumber="170" refId="ref25700" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzuge einer Spongien-Fauna des Atlantischen Gebietes. Leipzig, 88 pp." type="book" year="1870">Schmidt, 1870</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from North Carolina by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B512978FFC6FBA2F83DCFE5FEA0" author="Wells, H. W. &amp; Wells, M. J. &amp; Gray, I. E." box="[1029,1253,1930,1955]" pageId="29" pageNumber="170" pagination="200 - 245" refId="ref26356" refString="Wells, H. W., Wells, M. J. &amp; Gray, I. E. (1960) Marine sponges of North Carolina. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 76, 200 - 245." type="journal article" year="1960">
Wells
<emphasis id="B902EAB22978FFC6FBF6F83CCF8EFEA0" box="[1105,1166,1930,1955]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="170">et al.</emphasis>
(1960)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C764D232978FFC6FA81F83DC976FEC4" authority="(Burton, 1948)" baseAuthorityName="Burton" baseAuthorityYear="1948" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="170" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="multidentatum" subGenus="Endectyon">
<emphasis id="B902EAB22978FFC6FA81F83DCAC9FEC4" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="170">Endectyon (Endectyon) multidentatum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B512978FFC6FE70F819C96DFEC4" author="Burton, M." box="[471,621,1966,1991]" pageId="29" pageNumber="170" pagination="753 - 758" refId="ref23810" refString="Burton, M. (1948) Marine sponges of Congo coast. Institut Royal Colonial Belge Bulletin des Seances 19, 753 - 758." type="journal article" year="1948">Burton, 1948</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F36176302978FFC6FD1DF819C805FEC4" box="[698,773,1966,1991]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="29" pageNumber="170">Congo</collectingCountry>
Coast (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B512978FFC6FCFDF819C8EDFEC4" author="Burton, M." box="[858,1005,1966,1991]" pageId="29" pageNumber="170" pagination="753 - 758" refId="ref23810" refString="Burton, M. (1948) Marine sponges of Congo coast. Institut Royal Colonial Belge Bulletin des Seances 19, 753 - 758." type="journal article" year="1948">Burton 1948</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC936A0297BFFC5FF60FF2FCE25F8F6" blockId="30.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="30" pageNumber="171">
To accommodate the skeletal features of this new species, it has been necessary to modify herein the last accepted diagnosis of subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297BFFC5FDA8FF0AC98DF9D7" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1920" box="[527,653,189,212]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="30" pageNumber="171" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Hemectyon">
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297BFFC5FDA8FF0AC98DF9D7" box="[527,653,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="171">Hemectyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B51297BFFC5FC18FF0BCF77F9D6" author="Hooper, J. N. A." box="[959,1143,188,213]" pageId="30" pageNumber="171" pagination="469 - 510" refId="ref24737" refString="Hooper, J. N. A. (2002 b) Family Raspailiidae Hentschel, 1923. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. Guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum New York, pp. 469 - 510." type="book chapter" year="2002">Hooper (2002b)</bibRefCitation>
on the basis of the only species available at that time. An additional reason to revise the subgenus diagnosis is the growth habit. Originally,
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297BFFC5FF30FEB2CA15F81F" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1920" box="[151,277,261,284]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="30" pageNumber="171" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Hemectyon">
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297BFFC5FF30FEB2CA15F81F" box="[151,277,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="171">Hemectyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was erected on a partial sponge fragment that was assumed to be part of a larger, branched individual (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B51297BFFC5FF39FE90CA40F843" author="Schmidt, O." box="[158,320,295,320]" pageId="30" pageNumber="171" refId="ref25700" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzuge einer Spongien-Fauna des Atlantischen Gebietes. Leipzig, 88 pp." type="book" year="1870">Schmidt 1870</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B51297BFFC5FEEBFE9FCAE8F843" author="Topsent, E." box="[332,488,295,320]" pageId="30" pageNumber="171" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref26042" refString="Topsent, E. (1920) Spongiaires du Musee Zoologique de Strasbourg. Monaxonides. Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanographique de Monaco, 381, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1920">Topsent 1920</bibRefCitation>
). Ever since, the successive genus diagnoses have included terms such as &quot;rameuse&quot; (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B51297BFFC5FF39FEFBCA41F866" author="Topsent, E." box="[158,321,332,357]" pageId="30" pageNumber="171" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref26042" refString="Topsent, E. (1920) Spongiaires du Musee Zoologique de Strasbourg. Monaxonides. Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanographique de Monaco, 381, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1920">Topsent 1920</bibRefCitation>
) or &quot;arborescent&quot; (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B51297BFFC5FD89FEFBC9DDF866" author="Hooper, J. N. A." box="[558,733,332,357]" pageId="30" pageNumber="171" pagination="469 - 510" refId="ref24737" refString="Hooper, J. N. A. (2002 b) Family Raspailiidae Hentschel, 1923. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. Guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum New York, pp. 469 - 510." type="book chapter" year="2002">Hooper 2002b</bibRefCitation>
), a branching condition that has never been corroborated objectively. Given that the
<typeStatus id="54CD8802297BFFC5FE64FED8C925F88B" box="[451,549,367,392]" pageId="30" pageNumber="171" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297BFFC5FDEEFEC6C804F88B" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[585,772,367,392]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="30" pageNumber="171" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hamatum" subGenus="Hemectyon">
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297BFFC5FDEEFEC6C804F88B" box="[585,772,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="171">E. (H.) hamatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an undivided cylindrical fragment (
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x 3.5) and that the complete
<typeStatus id="54CD8802297BFFC5FE88FE23CA91F8AE" box="[303,401,404,429]" pageId="30" pageNumber="171" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297BFFC5FE10FE22C973F8AE" authority="Sitjà &amp; Maldonado, 2014" authorityName="Sitjà &amp; Maldonado" authorityYear="2014" box="[439,627,404,429]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="30" pageNumber="171" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="filiformis" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Hemectyon">
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297BFFC5FE10FE22C973F8AE" box="[439,627,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="171">E. (H.) filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297BFFC5FDDCFE23C9D4F8AE" bold="true" box="[635,724,404,429]" pageId="30" pageNumber="171">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23157C9297BFFC5FDDCFE23C9D4F8AE" box="[635,724,404,429]" pageId="30" pageNumber="171" rank="species">nov. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is also an undivided, digit-like growth form, there is no reason to support any longer that the sponges of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297BFFC5FC91FE0EC8B4F8D3" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1920" box="[822,948,441,464]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="30" pageNumber="171" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Hemectyon">
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297BFFC5FC91FE0EC8B4F8D3" box="[822,948,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="171">Hemectyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are arboresecent. Rather, they should be postulated as erect, branchless growth forms, at least until future collections of new material disprove it.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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