541 lines
84 KiB
XML
541 lines
84 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="D6D1BAA56947B4D75AF75F5C5ADAC08A">Gibellula aurea sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Cordycipitaceae): a new golden spiderdevouring fungus from a Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="005FCEA8D40FFE15EDE2188692C0A90D">Mendes-Pereira, Thairine</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="337DEB24C6CDD7965508B5949E41EBEB">Laboratory of Molecular and Computational Biology of Fungi, Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270 - 901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil & thairinemp @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3707 - 9790</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2ED5FF08D86823A76BD8377237A346FA" type="email">thairinemp@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="5039C4102A8A36C01B9FF33F15F9E81B">Araújo, João Paulo Machado De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8414A533A2A1733159E1C1F550622C92">Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10458 - 5126, U. S. A. & jaraujo @ nybg. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2529 - 7691</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="8F12CF9CC5760C48D8268D32E695DB8D">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270 - 901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil & mendes. flavs @ gmail. com; Not available</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="F42B9025AD654FA96A36B85137CF0A70">Program in Ecology and Natural Resources, Department of Biology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440 - 900, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil & emilyfonsec @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 1751 - 0424</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="30DFD292B2AB34992B17762329973656">Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Exact Sciences and Nature; Universidade Internacional da Lusofonia Afro- Brasileira, 62790 - 000, Redenção, CE, Brazil & julie. erica 49 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 4457 - 4412</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="C141B5E405DF38D17453CC6D0D06FB25">Program in Ecology and Natural Resources, Department of Biology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440 - 900, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil & Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Exact Sciences and Nature; Universidade Internacional da Lusofonia Afro- Brasileira, 62790 - 000, Redenção, CE, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B4B0F901829D43BA6F0D227CCE228F7C">Góes-Neto, Aristóteles</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7B2F5AF37385BEEA8E7BBF8E9F100C66">Laboratory of Molecular and Computational Biology of Fungi, Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270 - 901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil & arigoesneto @ icb. ufmg. br; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 7692 - 6243</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="67C176A0270C692AD2C65AE50AC08F20" type="email">arigoesneto@icb.ufmg.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="8D866FF91A7E9241A329778C07DF9CF6">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="7CEEAC405ECF2AE6BC9BAB86AC86546C">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03DF2749DE74D853638EF853F346D580" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7334662" ID-GBIF-Taxon="205097916" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7334662" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DF2749DE74D853638EF853F346D580" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF2749DE74D853638EF853F346D580" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
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<heading id="D0812133DE74D85F638EF853F241D3CB" box="[136,1146,1948,1975]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE74D85F638EF853F7A0D3CB" bold="true" box="[136,411,1948,1975]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
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<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE74D85F638EF853F706D3CB" ID-CoL="B2X4R" authority="Mendes-Pereira & Araújo & Mendes & Fonseca & Alves & Sobczak & Góes-Neto, 2022" authorityName="Mendes-Pereira & Araújo & Mendes & Fonseca & Alves & Sobczak & Góes-Neto" authorityYear="2022" box="[136,317,1948,1975]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Gibellula" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="aurea" status="sp. nov.">Gibellula aurea</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A231F736DE74D85F6242F853F7A0D3CB" box="[324,411,1948,1974]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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T. Mendes-Pereira, J.P.M. Araújo & A. Góes-Neto,
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<figureCitation id="134D8ADADE74D85F60E4F853F215D3CB" box="[994,1070,1948,1974]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1838,1860]" captionTargetBox="[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-34@7.[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphological description of Gibellula aurea. (a) Spider Macrophyes pacoti (Anyphaenidae) parasitized by G. aurea exhibiting one synnema (arrow) growing from the host’s abdomen. (b–g) G. aurea visualized in the light microscope and (h–l) in the fluorescent microscope with UV light. (b, h) Inflated and fertile tip of synnema; (c) Conidiophore, stipe with verrucose wall, conidial head spherical; (d) Conidial head globose, vesicle ellipsoidal, metulae ellipsoidal, and phialides cylindrical; (e, j) Conidia ellipsoidal, with apiculate ends; (f, i) Granulomanus-like conidiophores; (g) Conidiogenous cells; (k) Spider leg (brown) covered by hyphae (blue) at the beginning of the infection; (l) Setae of spider leg involved by fungal hyphae. Scale bars: b, k, h = 100 µm, l = 50 µm, c, d, e, f, g, i, j = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329549" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329549/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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and
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<figureCitation id="134D8ADADE74D85F6763F853F24DD3CB" box="[1125,1142,1948,1974]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[136,229,1049,1071]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,1025]" captionTargetId="figure-20@8.[151,1436,190,1025]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diversity of host spiders parasitized by Gibellula aurea. (a) and (b) Corinnidae; but differ by abdomen shape, body size, and shape of the front legs; (c) Macrophyes pacoti (Anyphaenidae); (d) Anyphaenidae. Scale bars: a, b, c, d = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329551" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329551/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">2</figureCitation>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE74D85F63BBF80FF797D3A7" bold="true" box="[189,428,1984,2010]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Mycobank number:</emphasis>
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—842796
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—
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|
||
<collectingDate id="EF8C4977DE74D85F63B4F7C7F7A9DC5F" box="[178,402,2056,2082]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" value="2019-12-21">21 December 2019</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, collected by:
|
||
<collectorName id="2683F389DE74D85F6139F7C7F4D5DC5E" box="[575,750,2056,2083]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Alves, J. E. R.</collectorName>
|
||
, on spider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE74D85F6073F7C7F329DC5F" box="[885,1298,2056,2082]" class="Arachnida" family="Anyphaenidae" genus="Macrophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacoti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE74D85F6073F7C7F274DC5F" box="[885,1103,2056,2082]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Macrophyes pacoti</emphasis>
|
||
(Anyphaenidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, deposited at the collection
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE75D85E6234FF51F5B0D4C5" box="[306,907,158,185]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">Herbário da UFMG–Fanerógamas, algas e fungos</emphasis>
|
||
(BHCB);
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CD28FDDE75D85E670DFF51F24AD4C5" box="[1035,1137,158,184]" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE75D85E6787FF51F31ED4C5" bold="true" box="[1153,1317,158,184]" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBD03E24DE75D85E6787FF51F31ED4C5" box="[1153,1317,158,184]" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">BHCB205962</specimenCode>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, paratypes: BHCB205963; BHCB205964; BHCB205966
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF09C6D7DE75D85E638EF8E1F694DC61" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329549" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7329549" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329549/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" startId="7.[136,229,1838,1860]" targetBox="[328,1260,242,1810]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9965FDE75D85E638EF8E1F694DC61" blockId="7.[136,1452,1838,2076]" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE75D85E638EF8E1F739D33E" bold="true" box="[136,258,1838,1860]" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphological description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE75D85E613EF8E1F4EFD339" authorityName="Mendes-Pereira & Araújo & Mendes & Fonseca & Alves & Sobczak & Góes-Neto" authorityYear="2022" box="[568,724,1838,1860]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Gibellula" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="aurea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE75D85E613EF8E1F4EFD339" box="[568,724,1838,1860]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">Gibellula aurea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (a) Spider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE75D85E6055F8E1F288D339" box="[851,1203,1838,1860]" class="Arachnida" family="Anyphaenidae" genus="Macrophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacoti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE75D85E6055F8E1F234D339" box="[851,1039,1838,1860]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">Macrophyes pacoti</emphasis>
|
||
(Anyphaenidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
parasitized by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE75D85E6655F8E0F390D339" authorityName="Mendes-Pereira & Araújo & Mendes & Fonseca & Alves & Sobczak & Góes-Neto" authorityYear="2022" box="[1363,1451,1839,1860]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Gibellula" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="aurea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE75D85E6655F8E0F390D339" box="[1363,1451,1839,1860]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">G. aurea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibiting one synnema (arrow) growing from the host’s abdomen. (b–g)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE75D85E6059F89CF58DD315" authorityName="Mendes-Pereira & Araújo & Mendes & Fonseca & Alves & Sobczak & Góes-Neto" authorityYear="2022" box="[863,950,1875,1896]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Gibellula" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="aurea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE75D85E6059F89CF58DD315" box="[863,950,1875,1896]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">G. aurea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
visualized in the light microscope and (h–l) in the fluorescent microscope with UV light. (b, h) Inflated and fertile tip of synnema; (c) Conidiophore, stipe with verrucose wall, conidial head spherical; (d) Conidial head globose, vesicle ellipsoidal, metulae ellipsoidal, and phialides cylindrical; (e, j)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE75D85E67C6F855F337D3CD" box="[1216,1292,1946,1968]" class="Arthoniomycetes" family="Arthoniaceae" genus="Conidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Arthoniales" pageId="7" pageNumber="93" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Conidia</taxonomicName>
|
||
ellipsoidal, with apiculate ends; (f, i)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE75D85E6256F871F7DBD3AE" authorityName="G.S.de Hoog & R.A.Samson" authorityYear="1978" box="[336,480,1982,2003]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Granulomanus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE75D85E6256F871F7DBD3AE" box="[336,480,1982,2003]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">Granulomanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like conidiophores; (g) Conidiogenous cells; (k) Spider leg (brown) covered by hyphae (blue) at the beginning of the infection; (l) Setae of spider leg involved by fungal hyphae. Scale bars: b, k, h = 100 µm, l = 50 µm, c, d, e, f, g, i, j = 10 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF09C6D7DE7AD851638EFBD6F284D02E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329551" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7329551" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329551/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" startId="8.[136,229,1049,1071]" targetBox="[151,1436,190,1025]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9965FDE7AD851638EFBD6F284D02E" blockId="8.[136,1452,1049,1107]" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD851638EFBD6F6C6D053" bold="true" box="[136,253,1049,1071]" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Diversity of host spiders parasitized by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7AD8516179FBD6F52CD052" authorityName="Mendes-Pereira & Araújo & Mendes & Fonseca & Alves & Sobczak & Góes-Neto" authorityYear="2022" box="[639,791,1049,1071]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Gibellula" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="aurea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD8516179FBD6F52CD052" box="[639,791,1049,1071]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Gibellula aurea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (a) and (b)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7AD851608BFBD6F5C0D052" box="[909,1019,1049,1071]" class="Arachnida" family="Corinnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Corinnidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; but differ by abdomen shape, body size, and shape of the front legs; (c)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7AD851628DFBF2F4DCD02E" box="[395,743,1085,1107]" class="Arachnida" family="Anyphaenidae" genus="Macrophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacoti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD851628DFBF2F479D02E" box="[395,578,1085,1107]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Macrophyes pacoti</emphasis>
|
||
(Anyphaenidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; (d)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7AD8516016FBF2F5A5D02E" box="[784,926,1085,1107]" class="Arachnida" family="Anyphaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anyphaenidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Scale bars: a, b, c, d = 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36CC5D4DE7AD85163BBFB4DF5A7D0C2" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9965FDE7AD85163BBFB4DF5A7D0C2" blockId="8.[136,1452,1153,2080]" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD85163BBFB4DF773D0E1" bold="true" box="[189,328,1154,1180]" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Etymology:</emphasis>
|
||
—from Latin,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7AD85162EBFB4DF416D0E6" authorityName="Mendes-Pereira & Araújo & Mendes & Fonseca & Alves & Sobczak & Góes-Neto" authorityYear="2022" box="[493,557,1154,1179]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Gibellula" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="aurea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD85162EBFB4DF416D0E6" box="[493,557,1154,1179]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">aurea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: adjective of aurum, in allusion to the colour of gold. Named after the goldenyellow colour of the subiculum, which is characteristic of this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36CC5D4DE7AD85163BBFB06F4A4D175" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9965FDE7AD85163BBFB06F4A4D175" blockId="8.[136,1452,1153,2080]" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD85163BBFB06F701D09E" bold="true" box="[189,314,1225,1251]" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7AD8516250FB06F43CD09E" authorityName="Mendes-Pereira & Araújo & Mendes & Fonseca & Alves & Sobczak & Góes-Neto" authorityYear="2022" box="[342,519,1225,1251]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Gibellula" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="aurea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD8516250FB06F43CD09E" box="[342,519,1225,1251]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Gibellula aurea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits typical yellow hyphae, with white conidiophores (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D8ADADE7AD85167A2FB06F2CED099" box="[1188,1269,1225,1252]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1838,1860]" captionTargetBox="[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-34@7.[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphological description of Gibellula aurea. (a) Spider Macrophyes pacoti (Anyphaenidae) parasitized by G. aurea exhibiting one synnema (arrow) growing from the host’s abdomen. (b–g) G. aurea visualized in the light microscope and (h–l) in the fluorescent microscope with UV light. (b, h) Inflated and fertile tip of synnema; (c) Conidiophore, stipe with verrucose wall, conidial head spherical; (d) Conidial head globose, vesicle ellipsoidal, metulae ellipsoidal, and phialides cylindrical; (e, j) Conidia ellipsoidal, with apiculate ends; (f, i) Granulomanus-like conidiophores; (g) Conidiogenous cells; (k) Spider leg (brown) covered by hyphae (blue) at the beginning of the infection; (l) Setae of spider leg involved by fungal hyphae. Scale bars: b, k, h = 100 µm, l = 50 µm, c, d, e, f, g, i, j = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329549" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329549/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Fig. 1a</figureCitation>
|
||
), differing from other species previously described in the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36CC5D4DE7AD85163BBFADEF755D1A2" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9965FDE7AD85163BBFADEF552D156" blockId="8.[136,1452,1153,2080]" box="[189,873,1297,1324]" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD85163BBFADEF718D156" bold="true" box="[189,291,1297,1323]" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Habitat:</emphasis>
|
||
—Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B258BDDE7AD8516188FADDF529D151" box="[654,786,1298,1324]" country="Brazil" name="Ceara" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Ceará State</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F361D6CFDE7AD851601BFADEF55ED156" box="[797,869,1297,1323]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9965FDE7AD85163BBFAF9F755D1A2" blockId="8.[136,1452,1153,2080]" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD85163BBFAF9F731D12D" bold="true" box="[189,266,1334,1360]" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Hosts:</emphasis>
|
||
—Spider species of the families
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7AD8516187FAFAF4C6D132" box="[641,765,1333,1359]" class="Arachnida" family="Corinnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Corinnidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(6.5% of the collected hosts)(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D8ADADE7AD851675CFAFAF2F3D132" box="[1114,1224,1333,1360]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[136,229,1049,1071]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,1025]" captionTargetId="figure-20@8.[151,1436,190,1025]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diversity of host spiders parasitized by Gibellula aurea. (a) and (b) Corinnidae; but differ by abdomen shape, body size, and shape of the front legs; (c) Macrophyes pacoti (Anyphaenidae); (d) Anyphaenidae. Scale bars: a, b, c, d = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329551" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329551/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Fig. 2a, b</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7AD851660CFAFAF397D132" box="[1290,1452,1333,1359]" class="Arachnida" family="Anyphaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anyphaenidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(87% of the collected hosts), including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7AD851614EFA95F48ED10E" box="[584,693,1370,1395]" class="Arachnida" family="Anyphaenidae" genus="Macrophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacoti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD851614EFA95F48ED10E" box="[584,693,1370,1395]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">M. pacoti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(comprising 69% of the hosts)(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D8ADADE7AD8516719FA96F2B6D10E" box="[1055,1165,1369,1396]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[136,229,1049,1071]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,1025]" captionTargetId="figure-20@8.[151,1436,190,1025]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diversity of host spiders parasitized by Gibellula aurea. (a) and (b) Corinnidae; but differ by abdomen shape, body size, and shape of the front legs; (c) Macrophyes pacoti (Anyphaenidae); (d) Anyphaenidae. Scale bars: a, b, c, d = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329551" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329551/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Fig. 2c, d</figureCitation>
|
||
); other 6.5% of the hosts were not identified.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD8516261FAB1F7F0D1EA" box="[359,459,1406,1431]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Host size</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E3BBADE7AD85162D7FAB2F448D1E5" box="[465,627,1405,1432]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.375" metricValueMax="5.24" metricValueMin="1.51" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" unit="mm" value="3.375" valueMax="5.24" valueMin="1.51">1.51–5.24 mm</quantity>
|
||
(min–max) long (N=14). Hosts were found attached to the abaxial surface of leaves in plants up to approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E3BBADE7AD8516140FA6DF44AD1C1" box="[582,625,1442,1468]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
|
||
high above the soil. No specific fungal structure attaching the host to the substrate was found.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36CC5D4DE7AD85163BBFA26F7FADC62" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9965FDE7AD85163BBFA26F7FADC62" blockId="8.[136,1452,1153,2080]" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD85163BBFA26F76AD27E" bold="true" box="[189,337,1513,1539]" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Description:</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7AD851626BFA26F7E0D27E" authorityName="Corda" authorityYear="1842" box="[365,475,1513,1539]" genus="Mycelium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Fungi" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD851626BFA26F7E0D27E" box="[365,475,1513,1539]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Mycelium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
golden-yellow, completely covering the spider host (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D8ADADE7AD8516731FA26F286D27E" box="[1079,1213,1513,1540]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1838,1860]" captionTargetBox="[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-34@7.[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphological description of Gibellula aurea. (a) Spider Macrophyes pacoti (Anyphaenidae) parasitized by G. aurea exhibiting one synnema (arrow) growing from the host’s abdomen. (b–g) G. aurea visualized in the light microscope and (h–l) in the fluorescent microscope with UV light. (b, h) Inflated and fertile tip of synnema; (c) Conidiophore, stipe with verrucose wall, conidial head spherical; (d) Conidial head globose, vesicle ellipsoidal, metulae ellipsoidal, and phialides cylindrical; (e, j) Conidia ellipsoidal, with apiculate ends; (f, i) Granulomanus-like conidiophores; (g) Conidiogenous cells; (k) Spider leg (brown) covered by hyphae (blue) at the beginning of the infection; (l) Setae of spider leg involved by fungal hyphae. Scale bars: b, k, h = 100 µm, l = 50 µm, c, d, e, f, g, i, j = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329549" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329549/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Fig. 1a, k, l</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD85167D5FA25F375D279" box="[1235,1358,1514,1540]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Synnemata</emphasis>
|
||
goldenyellow, solitary or up to three,
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E3BBADE7AD85162EEF9C1F4B7D255" box="[488,652,1550,1576]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.865" metricValueMax="4.92" metricValueMin="0.81" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" unit="mm" value="2.865" valueMax="4.92" valueMin="0.81">0.81–4.92 mm</quantity>
|
||
long ×
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E3BBADE7AD85161E1F9C1F5B0D255" box="[743,907,1550,1576]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7999999999999998" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="0.8999999999999999" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" unit="mm" value="0.18" valueMax="0.27" valueMin="0.09">0.09–0.27 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide (N=16), with a short stipe and fertile area (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D8ADADE7AD8516396F9FEF6E4D231" box="[144,223,1585,1612]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1838,1860]" captionTargetBox="[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-34@7.[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphological description of Gibellula aurea. (a) Spider Macrophyes pacoti (Anyphaenidae) parasitized by G. aurea exhibiting one synnema (arrow) growing from the host’s abdomen. (b–g) G. aurea visualized in the light microscope and (h–l) in the fluorescent microscope with UV light. (b, h) Inflated and fertile tip of synnema; (c) Conidiophore, stipe with verrucose wall, conidial head spherical; (d) Conidial head globose, vesicle ellipsoidal, metulae ellipsoidal, and phialides cylindrical; (e, j) Conidia ellipsoidal, with apiculate ends; (f, i) Granulomanus-like conidiophores; (g) Conidiogenous cells; (k) Spider leg (brown) covered by hyphae (blue) at the beginning of the infection; (l) Setae of spider leg involved by fungal hyphae. Scale bars: b, k, h = 100 µm, l = 50 µm, c, d, e, f, g, i, j = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329549" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329549/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Fig. 1a</figureCitation>
|
||
, arrow), which consists of a network of anastomosed hyphae, hyaline, septate, terminating in an inflated fertile tip (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D8ADADE7AD85163B2F99AF71AD212" box="[180,289,1621,1647]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1838,1860]" captionTargetBox="[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-34@7.[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphological description of Gibellula aurea. (a) Spider Macrophyes pacoti (Anyphaenidae) parasitized by G. aurea exhibiting one synnema (arrow) growing from the host’s abdomen. (b–g) G. aurea visualized in the light microscope and (h–l) in the fluorescent microscope with UV light. (b, h) Inflated and fertile tip of synnema; (c) Conidiophore, stipe with verrucose wall, conidial head spherical; (d) Conidial head globose, vesicle ellipsoidal, metulae ellipsoidal, and phialides cylindrical; (e, j) Conidia ellipsoidal, with apiculate ends; (f, i) Granulomanus-like conidiophores; (g) Conidiogenous cells; (k) Spider leg (brown) covered by hyphae (blue) at the beginning of the infection; (l) Setae of spider leg involved by fungal hyphae. Scale bars: b, k, h = 100 µm, l = 50 µm, c, d, e, f, g, i, j = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329549" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329549/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Fig. 1b, h</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD8516233F99AF7E1D212" box="[309,474,1621,1647]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Conidiophores</emphasis>
|
||
numerous, white, arising directly from the subiculum or produced along the synnemata, scattered, verrucose, hyaline, 86.56–319.88 (434.97) µm long × 6.52–17.64 µm wide at the base (N=33), aspergillate, narrowing to a slender apex (3.12–8.08 µm wide), and terminating in a swollen vesicle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D8ADADE7AD8516797F952F2DFD2C5" box="[1169,1252,1693,1720]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1838,1860]" captionTargetBox="[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-34@7.[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphological description of Gibellula aurea. (a) Spider Macrophyes pacoti (Anyphaenidae) parasitized by G. aurea exhibiting one synnema (arrow) growing from the host’s abdomen. (b–g) G. aurea visualized in the light microscope and (h–l) in the fluorescent microscope with UV light. (b, h) Inflated and fertile tip of synnema; (c) Conidiophore, stipe with verrucose wall, conidial head spherical; (d) Conidial head globose, vesicle ellipsoidal, metulae ellipsoidal, and phialides cylindrical; (e, j) Conidia ellipsoidal, with apiculate ends; (f, i) Granulomanus-like conidiophores; (g) Conidiogenous cells; (k) Spider leg (brown) covered by hyphae (blue) at the beginning of the infection; (l) Setae of spider leg involved by fungal hyphae. Scale bars: b, k, h = 100 µm, l = 50 µm, c, d, e, f, g, i, j = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329549" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329549/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Fig. 1c</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD85167F8F952F390D2CA" box="[1278,1451,1693,1719]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Conidial heads</emphasis>
|
||
globose, white, 28.84–47.94 µm diam. (N=46).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD85161B3F90EF535D2A6" box="[693,782,1729,1755]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Vesicles</emphasis>
|
||
ellipsoidal, (6.63) 8.53–15.57 µm long × 5.95–10.76 µm wide (N=15), hyaline, smooth, bearing several metulae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D8ADADE7AD85161FCF92AF570D282" box="[762,843,1765,1791]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1838,1860]" captionTargetBox="[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-34@7.[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphological description of Gibellula aurea. (a) Spider Macrophyes pacoti (Anyphaenidae) parasitized by G. aurea exhibiting one synnema (arrow) growing from the host’s abdomen. (b–g) G. aurea visualized in the light microscope and (h–l) in the fluorescent microscope with UV light. (b, h) Inflated and fertile tip of synnema; (c) Conidiophore, stipe with verrucose wall, conidial head spherical; (d) Conidial head globose, vesicle ellipsoidal, metulae ellipsoidal, and phialides cylindrical; (e, j) Conidia ellipsoidal, with apiculate ends; (f, i) Granulomanus-like conidiophores; (g) Conidiogenous cells; (k) Spider leg (brown) covered by hyphae (blue) at the beginning of the infection; (l) Setae of spider leg involved by fungal hyphae. Scale bars: b, k, h = 100 µm, l = 50 µm, c, d, e, f, g, i, j = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329549" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329549/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Fig. 1d</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD8516066F92AF587D282" box="[864,956,1765,1791]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Metulae</emphasis>
|
||
ellipsoidal to obovoidal, hyaline, numerous, 5.47–12.27 µm long × 3.56–10.08 µm wide (N=130), borne on vesicle.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD85160C6F8C6F211D35E" box="[960,1066,1801,1827]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Phialides</emphasis>
|
||
cylindrical, 5.10–8.95 µm long × 1.5–3.57 µm wide (N=140), often apically thickened, smooth-walled, hyaline (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D8ADADE7AD85160F2F8E2F27ED33A" box="[1012,1093,1837,1863]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1838,1860]" captionTargetBox="[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-34@7.[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphological description of Gibellula aurea. (a) Spider Macrophyes pacoti (Anyphaenidae) parasitized by G. aurea exhibiting one synnema (arrow) growing from the host’s abdomen. (b–g) G. aurea visualized in the light microscope and (h–l) in the fluorescent microscope with UV light. (b, h) Inflated and fertile tip of synnema; (c) Conidiophore, stipe with verrucose wall, conidial head spherical; (d) Conidial head globose, vesicle ellipsoidal, metulae ellipsoidal, and phialides cylindrical; (e, j) Conidia ellipsoidal, with apiculate ends; (f, i) Granulomanus-like conidiophores; (g) Conidiogenous cells; (k) Spider leg (brown) covered by hyphae (blue) at the beginning of the infection; (l) Setae of spider leg involved by fungal hyphae. Scale bars: b, k, h = 100 µm, l = 50 µm, c, d, e, f, g, i, j = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329549" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329549/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Fig. 1d</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7AD851675DF8E2F28ED33A" box="[1115,1205,1837,1863]" class="Arthoniomycetes" family="Arthoniaceae" genus="Conidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Arthoniales" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD851675DF8E2F28ED33A" box="[1115,1205,1837,1863]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Conidia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ellipsoidal, according to the length/width ratio (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7EBAEDE7AD85162B7F89DF4AED311" author="Largent, D. L. & Johnson, D. & Watling, R." box="[433,661,1873,1900]" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" refId="ref12180" refString="Largent, D. L., Johnson, D. & Watling, R. (1977) How to identify mushrooms to genus. III: Microscopic features. Mad River, Eureka, California." type="book" year="1977">
|
||
Largent
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD8516115F89DF474D316" box="[531,591,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1977
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with apiculate ends, smooth-walled, hyaline, 2.54–3.97 µm long × 1.78–2.90 µm wide (N=51) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D8ADADE7AD85162D3F8BAF47AD3F2" box="[469,577,1909,1936]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1838,1860]" captionTargetBox="[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-34@7.[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphological description of Gibellula aurea. (a) Spider Macrophyes pacoti (Anyphaenidae) parasitized by G. aurea exhibiting one synnema (arrow) growing from the host’s abdomen. (b–g) G. aurea visualized in the light microscope and (h–l) in the fluorescent microscope with UV light. (b, h) Inflated and fertile tip of synnema; (c) Conidiophore, stipe with verrucose wall, conidial head spherical; (d) Conidial head globose, vesicle ellipsoidal, metulae ellipsoidal, and phialides cylindrical; (e, j) Conidia ellipsoidal, with apiculate ends; (f, i) Granulomanus-like conidiophores; (g) Conidiogenous cells; (k) Spider leg (brown) covered by hyphae (blue) at the beginning of the infection; (l) Setae of spider leg involved by fungal hyphae. Scale bars: b, k, h = 100 µm, l = 50 µm, c, d, e, f, g, i, j = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329549" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329549/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Fig. 1e, j</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7AD851615FF8BAF53AD3F2" authorityName="G.S.de Hoog & R.A.Samson" authorityYear="1978" box="[601,769,1909,1935]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Granulomanus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD851615FF8BAF53AD3F2" box="[601,769,1909,1935]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Granulomanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like synanamorph
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD85160D8F8BAF285D3F2" box="[990,1214,1909,1935]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">conidiogenous cells</emphasis>
|
||
(arrow) at the bases of conidiophores (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D8ADADE7AD8516253F856F79CD3C9" box="[341,423,1945,1972]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1838,1860]" captionTargetBox="[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-34@7.[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphological description of Gibellula aurea. (a) Spider Macrophyes pacoti (Anyphaenidae) parasitized by G. aurea exhibiting one synnema (arrow) growing from the host’s abdomen. (b–g) G. aurea visualized in the light microscope and (h–l) in the fluorescent microscope with UV light. (b, h) Inflated and fertile tip of synnema; (c) Conidiophore, stipe with verrucose wall, conidial head spherical; (d) Conidial head globose, vesicle ellipsoidal, metulae ellipsoidal, and phialides cylindrical; (e, j) Conidia ellipsoidal, with apiculate ends; (f, i) Granulomanus-like conidiophores; (g) Conidiogenous cells; (k) Spider leg (brown) covered by hyphae (blue) at the beginning of the infection; (l) Setae of spider leg involved by fungal hyphae. Scale bars: b, k, h = 100 µm, l = 50 µm, c, d, e, f, g, i, j = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329549" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329549/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E3BBADE7AD851628CF855F79CD3C9" box="[394,423,1946,1972]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" unit="g" value="1.0">1g</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD85162B8F856F458D3CE" box="[446,611,1945,1971]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Conidiophores</emphasis>
|
||
observed at the surface of the host body, especially on the legs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D8ADADE7AD851663FF856F3A7D3CE" box="[1337,1436,1945,1971]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1838,1860]" captionTargetBox="[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-34@7.[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphological description of Gibellula aurea. (a) Spider Macrophyes pacoti (Anyphaenidae) parasitized by G. aurea exhibiting one synnema (arrow) growing from the host’s abdomen. (b–g) G. aurea visualized in the light microscope and (h–l) in the fluorescent microscope with UV light. (b, h) Inflated and fertile tip of synnema; (c) Conidiophore, stipe with verrucose wall, conidial head spherical; (d) Conidial head globose, vesicle ellipsoidal, metulae ellipsoidal, and phialides cylindrical; (e, j) Conidia ellipsoidal, with apiculate ends; (f, i) Granulomanus-like conidiophores; (g) Conidiogenous cells; (k) Spider leg (brown) covered by hyphae (blue) at the beginning of the infection; (l) Setae of spider leg involved by fungal hyphae. Scale bars: b, k, h = 100 µm, l = 50 µm, c, d, e, f, g, i, j = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329549" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329549/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Fig. 1f, i</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD851638EF872F712D3AA" box="[136,297,1981,2007]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Conidial head</emphasis>
|
||
hemispherical, bearing ellipsoidal vesicle and metulae, distinct from the spheric conidial head found in most conidiophores.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7AD8516292F82EF7D5D386" box="[404,494,2017,2043]" class="Arthoniomycetes" family="Arthoniaceae" genus="Conidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Arthoniales" pageId="8" pageNumber="93" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD8516292F82EF7D5D386" box="[404,494,2017,2043]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Conidia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cylindrical to filiform (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D8ADADE7AD85161FBF82EF577D386" box="[765,844,2017,2043]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1838,1860]" captionTargetBox="[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-34@7.[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphological description of Gibellula aurea. (a) Spider Macrophyes pacoti (Anyphaenidae) parasitized by G. aurea exhibiting one synnema (arrow) growing from the host’s abdomen. (b–g) G. aurea visualized in the light microscope and (h–l) in the fluorescent microscope with UV light. (b, h) Inflated and fertile tip of synnema; (c) Conidiophore, stipe with verrucose wall, conidial head spherical; (d) Conidial head globose, vesicle ellipsoidal, metulae ellipsoidal, and phialides cylindrical; (e, j) Conidia ellipsoidal, with apiculate ends; (f, i) Granulomanus-like conidiophores; (g) Conidiogenous cells; (k) Spider leg (brown) covered by hyphae (blue) at the beginning of the infection; (l) Setae of spider leg involved by fungal hyphae. Scale bars: b, k, h = 100 µm, l = 50 µm, c, d, e, f, g, i, j = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329549" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329549/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Fig. 1f</figureCitation>
|
||
), 8.67–18.82 µm long × 0.79–1.56 µm wide (N=23).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7AD851638EF7CAF718DC62" box="[136,291,2053,2079]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="93">Sexual morph</emphasis>
|
||
not observed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36CC5D4DE7BD85063BBFF51F405D5A5" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9965FDE7BD85063BBFF51F5CAD511" blockId="9.[136,1452,158,472]" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD85063BBFF51F47FD4C5" bold="true" box="[189,580,158,184]" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Additional specimens examined:</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F361D6CFDE7BD8506167FF51F4F2D4C5" box="[609,713,158,184]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B258BDDE7BD85061D2FF51F521D4C5" box="[724,794,158,184]" country="Brazil" name="Ceara" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Ceará</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7BD8506023FF51F255D4C5" authority=", Sitio Sao Luis, Trilha" authorityName="Sitio Sao Luis, Trilha" box="[805,1134,158,184]" class="Arachnida" family="Anyphaenidae" genus="Macrophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacoti">Pacoti, Sítio São Luís, Trilha</taxonomicName>
|
||
do Purgatório,
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E3BBADE7BD8506626FF51F353D4C4" box="[1312,1384,158,185]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" unit="m" value="910.0">910 m</quantity>
|
||
elev.,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE42F098DE7BD850638EFF0DF73CD4A1" box="[136,263,194,220]" degrees="4" direction="south" minutes="13" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" precision="15" seconds="21" value="-4.2225">4°13’21” S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE42F098DE7BD8506215FF0DF792D4A0" box="[275,425,194,221]" degrees="38" direction="west" minutes="53" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" precision="15" seconds="35" value="-38.89306">38°53’35” W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFC8B09FDE7BD85062B5FF0DF4B1D4A1" box="[435,650,194,220]" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" value="2019-12-21">21 December 2019</date>
|
||
, on spider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7BD8506004FF0CF222D4A0" authority=", Alves, J. E. R." authorityName="Alves, J. E. R." box="[770,1049,194,221]" class="Arachnida" family="Anyphaenidae" genus="Macrophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacoti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD8506004FF0CF556D4A1" box="[770,877,195,220]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">M. pacoti</emphasis>
|
||
, Alves, J. E. R.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(#01; 04; 05; 06; 09; 10; 11; 12; 15; 16; 21; 22; 23; 27; 29; 30; 31; 33; 34; 35; 41; 42).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD85061B0FF29F4D1D57D" box="[694,746,230,256]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Ibid.</emphasis>
|
||
on spider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7BD8506058FF29F2BDD57C" authority=", Alves, J. E. R." authorityName="Alves, J. E. R." box="[862,1158,230,257]" class="Arachnida" family="Corinnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Corinnidae, Alves, J. E. R.</taxonomicName>
|
||
(#24; 25; 40; 43).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD8506653FF29F3B2D57D" box="[1365,1417,230,256]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Ibid.</emphasis>
|
||
<date id="FFC8B09FDE7BD8506689FF29F71AD559" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" value="2020-01-18">18 January 2020</date>
|
||
, on spider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7BD850629FFEC4F48BD558" authority=", Alves, J. E. R." authorityName="Alves, J. E. R." box="[409,688,266,293]" class="Arachnida" family="Anyphaenidae" genus="Macrophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacoti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD850629FFEC4F43FD559" box="[409,516,267,292]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">M. pacoti</emphasis>
|
||
, Alves, J. E. R.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(#124; 125; 126; 128; 130).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD85060E9FEC5F21FD559" box="[1007,1060,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Ibid.</emphasis>
|
||
<date id="FFC8B09FDE7BD850672CFEC5F2FAD559" box="[1066,1217,266,293]" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" value="2021-06-30">30 June 2021</date>
|
||
, on spider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7BD850663FFEC4F716D535" authority=", Fonseca, E. O." authorityName="Fonseca, E. O." class="Arachnida" family="Anyphaenidae" genus="Macrophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacoti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD850663FFEC4F39FD559" box="[1337,1444,267,292]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">M. pacoti</emphasis>
|
||
, Fonseca, E. O.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(#08; 09, 10, 12).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD8506106FEE0F497D535" box="[512,684,302,328]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CD28FDDE7BD8506106FEE0F451D535" box="[512,618,303,328]" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
: Ibid.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<date id="FFC8B09FDE7BD85061B5FEE1F569D535" box="[691,850,302,328]" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" value="2022-04-03">03 April 2022</date>
|
||
, on spider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7BD85060CBFEE0F2D5D535" authority=", Fonseca, E. O." authorityName="Fonseca, E. O." box="[973,1262,302,329]" class="Arachnida" family="Anyphaenidae" genus="Macrophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacoti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD85060CBFEE0F202D535" box="[973,1081,303,328]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">M. pacoti</emphasis>
|
||
, Fonseca, E. O.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, deposited at the collection
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD85063FBFE9DF7C2D510" box="[253,505,338,365]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Herbário da UNILAB,</emphasis>
|
||
(HU), HU1275, Collector number: EOF001.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9965FDE7BD85063BBFEB9F405D5A5" blockId="9.[136,1452,158,472]" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD85063BBFEB9F4EAD5ED" bold="true" box="[189,721,374,400]" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Specimens sequenced directly from the host:</emphasis>
|
||
LBMCF0003: spiders #01, 25, 33, 125, 128; LBMCF0004: #34, 35, 124, 126; LBMCF0006: #04; 06, 11, 15, 23, 31; LBMCF0007: #05, 22, 36, 29, 130; LBMCF0008: #04, 27; LBMCF0009: #30; LBMCF0010: #41.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36CC5D4DE7BD853638EFDC9F346D580" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9965FDE7BD850638EFDC9F74CD65D" blockId="9.[136,1452,518,940]" box="[136,375,518,544]" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD850638EFDC9F74CD65D" box="[136,375,518,544]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Molecular phylogeny</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9965FDE7BD850638EFDE4F6F2D7D1" blockId="9.[136,1452,518,940]" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
We obtained sequences of the genomic regions SSU (n=3), LSU (n=3), TEF (n=7), and RPB2 (n=4) from specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7BD850638EFD80F6D0D615" authorityName="Mendes-Pereira & Araújo & Mendes & Fonseca & Alves & Sobczak & Góes-Neto" authorityYear="2022" box="[136,235,591,617]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Gibellula" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="aurea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD850638EFD80F6D0D615" box="[136,235,591,617]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">G. aurea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
using DNA directly extracted from synnemata (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F4A3E4DE7BD8506001FD81F565D615" box="[775,862,590,616]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="4.[136,224,952,976]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 3. Specimens from Gibellula aurea sequenced in this study (LBMCF) and sequences of Gibellula species from NCBI-GenBank databases used in phylogenetic analyses and their associated metadata." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF09C6D7DE76D85D638EFC77F215D789" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" tableUuid="DF09C6D7DE76D85D638EFC77F215D789">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
). The 91 sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7BD8506767FD81F2F0D615" baseAuthorityName="Index Fungorum" baseAuthorityYear="2022" box="[1121,1227,590,616]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Gibellula" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD8506767FD81F2F0D615" box="[1121,1227,590,616]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Gibellula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from this study and previous studies included in the analyses clustered in eight clades, most exhibiting high support for both phylogenetic searches (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D8ADADE7BD85063FFFD59F77AD6CD" box="[249,321,662,688]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[136,229,1844,1866]" captionTargetBox="[318,1269,965,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-363@9.[318,1269,965,1819]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Placement of Gibellula aurea within the genus. Phylogenetic trees were based on concatenated sequences of SSU, LSU, TEF, and RPB2 markers. This tree topology resulted from a Maximum Likelihood, although Bayesian Inference displayed the same topology for most of the clades (Fig. S1). Numbers on branches indicate bootstrap values (ML>50%) followed by posterior probabilities (BI>0.70). Nucleotide substitutions per site are indicated by the scale bar. The phylogenetic tree includes 33 SSU, 63 LSU, 77 TEF, and 37 RPB2 sequences. Sequences from GenBank are exhibited by the name followed by their voucher numbers. For G. aurea specimens sequenced in this study, we show the name in bold (code: LBMCF). Formerly described species that split into single clades were also highlighted. The species Hevansia novoguineensis (NHJ 11923) was used as an outgroup." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329553" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329553/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D8ADADE7BD8506257FD59F79DD6CD" box="[337,422,662,688]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1838,1860]" captionTargetBox="[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-34@7.[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphological description of Gibellula aurea. (a) Spider Macrophyes pacoti (Anyphaenidae) parasitized by G. aurea exhibiting one synnema (arrow) growing from the host’s abdomen. (b–g) G. aurea visualized in the light microscope and (h–l) in the fluorescent microscope with UV light. (b, h) Inflated and fertile tip of synnema; (c) Conidiophore, stipe with verrucose wall, conidial head spherical; (d) Conidial head globose, vesicle ellipsoidal, metulae ellipsoidal, and phialides cylindrical; (e, j) Conidia ellipsoidal, with apiculate ends; (f, i) Granulomanus-like conidiophores; (g) Conidiogenous cells; (k) Spider leg (brown) covered by hyphae (blue) at the beginning of the infection; (l) Setae of spider leg involved by fungal hyphae. Scale bars: b, k, h = 100 µm, l = 50 µm, c, d, e, f, g, i, j = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329549" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329549/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Fig. S1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The phylogenetic trees generated by ML (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D8ADADE7BD85060A1FD59F5D6D6CD" box="[935,1005,662,688]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[136,229,1844,1866]" captionTargetBox="[318,1269,965,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-363@9.[318,1269,965,1819]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Placement of Gibellula aurea within the genus. Phylogenetic trees were based on concatenated sequences of SSU, LSU, TEF, and RPB2 markers. This tree topology resulted from a Maximum Likelihood, although Bayesian Inference displayed the same topology for most of the clades (Fig. S1). Numbers on branches indicate bootstrap values (ML>50%) followed by posterior probabilities (BI>0.70). Nucleotide substitutions per site are indicated by the scale bar. The phylogenetic tree includes 33 SSU, 63 LSU, 77 TEF, and 37 RPB2 sequences. Sequences from GenBank are exhibited by the name followed by their voucher numbers. For G. aurea specimens sequenced in this study, we show the name in bold (code: LBMCF). Formerly described species that split into single clades were also highlighted. The species Hevansia novoguineensis (NHJ 11923) was used as an outgroup." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329553" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329553/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) and BI (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D8ADADE7BD8506767FD59F28ED6CD" box="[1121,1205,662,688]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1838,1860]" captionTargetBox="[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-34@7.[328,1260,242,1810]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphological description of Gibellula aurea. (a) Spider Macrophyes pacoti (Anyphaenidae) parasitized by G. aurea exhibiting one synnema (arrow) growing from the host’s abdomen. (b–g) G. aurea visualized in the light microscope and (h–l) in the fluorescent microscope with UV light. (b, h) Inflated and fertile tip of synnema; (c) Conidiophore, stipe with verrucose wall, conidial head spherical; (d) Conidial head globose, vesicle ellipsoidal, metulae ellipsoidal, and phialides cylindrical; (e, j) Conidia ellipsoidal, with apiculate ends; (f, i) Granulomanus-like conidiophores; (g) Conidiogenous cells; (k) Spider leg (brown) covered by hyphae (blue) at the beginning of the infection; (l) Setae of spider leg involved by fungal hyphae. Scale bars: b, k, h = 100 µm, l = 50 µm, c, d, e, f, g, i, j = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329549" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329549/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Fig. S1</figureCitation>
|
||
) using the combined dataset showed similar topologies for most of the clades, with posterior probabilities and bootstrap values higher than the threshold set (ML>50%, BI>0.70); especially for those specimens identified at the species level. The newly proposed species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7BD8506249FCCCF788D761" authorityName="Mendes-Pereira & Araújo & Mendes & Fonseca & Alves & Sobczak & Góes-Neto" authorityYear="2022" box="[335,435,771,797]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Gibellula" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="aurea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD8506249FCCCF788D761" box="[335,435,771,797]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">G. aurea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clustered in a clade with different support for each topology, which displayed a bootstrap value of 87% and posterior probability of 1 (Clade V;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D8ADADE7BD85061DEFCE9F521D73D" box="[728,794,806,832]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[136,229,1844,1866]" captionTargetBox="[318,1269,965,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-363@9.[318,1269,965,1819]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Placement of Gibellula aurea within the genus. Phylogenetic trees were based on concatenated sequences of SSU, LSU, TEF, and RPB2 markers. This tree topology resulted from a Maximum Likelihood, although Bayesian Inference displayed the same topology for most of the clades (Fig. S1). Numbers on branches indicate bootstrap values (ML>50%) followed by posterior probabilities (BI>0.70). Nucleotide substitutions per site are indicated by the scale bar. The phylogenetic tree includes 33 SSU, 63 LSU, 77 TEF, and 37 RPB2 sequences. Sequences from GenBank are exhibited by the name followed by their voucher numbers. For G. aurea specimens sequenced in this study, we show the name in bold (code: LBMCF). Formerly described species that split into single clades were also highlighted. The species Hevansia novoguineensis (NHJ 11923) was used as an outgroup." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329553" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329553/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore, nine species formerly described clustered in delimited clades (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D8ADADE7BD850624AFC85F7ABD719" box="[332,400,842,868]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[136,229,1844,1866]" captionTargetBox="[318,1269,965,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-363@9.[318,1269,965,1819]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Placement of Gibellula aurea within the genus. Phylogenetic trees were based on concatenated sequences of SSU, LSU, TEF, and RPB2 markers. This tree topology resulted from a Maximum Likelihood, although Bayesian Inference displayed the same topology for most of the clades (Fig. S1). Numbers on branches indicate bootstrap values (ML>50%) followed by posterior probabilities (BI>0.70). Nucleotide substitutions per site are indicated by the scale bar. The phylogenetic tree includes 33 SSU, 63 LSU, 77 TEF, and 37 RPB2 sequences. Sequences from GenBank are exhibited by the name followed by their voucher numbers. For G. aurea specimens sequenced in this study, we show the name in bold (code: LBMCF). Formerly described species that split into single clades were also highlighted. The species Hevansia novoguineensis (NHJ 11923) was used as an outgroup." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329553" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329553/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7BD85062A3FC84F404D719" box="[421,575,842,869]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Gibellula" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="longispora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD85062A3FC84F404D719" box="[421,575,842,869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">G. longispora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Clade II),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7BD85061B9FC84F5B7D719" box="[703,908,843,869]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Gibellula" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="pigmentosinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD85061B9FC84F5B7D719" box="[703,908,843,869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">G. pigmentosinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Clade III),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7BD8506713FC84F2BAD719" box="[1045,1153,843,869]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Gibellula" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="gamsii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD8506713FC84F2BAD719" box="[1045,1153,843,869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">G. gamsii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Clade IV),
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD850660AFC84F769D7F5" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7BD850660AFC84F3A4D719" box="[1292,1439,842,869]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Gibellula" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="cebrennini">G. cebrennini</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7BD850638EFCA0F769D7F5" box="[136,338,878,905]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Gibellula" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="fusiformispora">G. fusiformispora</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(Clade VI),
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD85062EFFCA0F521D7F5" box="[489,794,878,905]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7BD85062EFFCA0F441D7F5" box="[489,634,878,905]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Gibellula" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="dimorpha">G. dimorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7BD8506181FCA1F521D7F5" box="[647,794,878,904]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Gibellula" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="trimorpha">G. trimorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(Clade VII), and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD85060EAFCA0F36CD7F5" box="[1004,1367,878,905]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7BD85060EAFCA0F2ABD7F5" box="[1004,1168,878,905]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Gibellula" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="scorpioides">G. scorpioides</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7BD8506798FCA1F36CD7F5" box="[1182,1367,878,904]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Gibellula" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="penicillioides">G. penicillioides</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(Clade VIII).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF09C6D7DE7BD850638EF8FBF578DC5C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329553" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7329553" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329553/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" startId="9.[136,229,1844,1866]" targetBox="[318,1269,965,1819]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9965FDE7BD850638EF8FBF578DC5C" blockId="9.[136,1452,1844,2082]" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD850638EF8FBF6CCD334" bold="true" box="[136,247,1844,1866]" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
|
||
. Placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7BD8506282F8FBF420D337" authorityName="Mendes-Pereira & Araújo & Mendes & Fonseca & Alves & Sobczak & Góes-Neto" authorityYear="2022" box="[388,539,1844,1866]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Gibellula" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="aurea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD8506282F8FBF420D337" box="[388,539,1844,1866]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Gibellula aurea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within the genus. Phylogenetic trees were based on concatenated sequences of SSU, LSU, TEF, and RPB2 markers. This tree topology resulted from a Maximum Likelihood, although Bayesian Inference displayed the same topology for most of the clades (Fig. S1). Numbers on branches indicate bootstrap values (ML>50%) followed by posterior probabilities (BI>0.70). Nucleotide substitutions per site are indicated by the scale bar. The phylogenetic tree includes 33 SSU, 63 LSU, 77 TEF, and 37 RPB2 sequences. Sequences from GenBank are exhibited by the name followed by their voucher numbers. For
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7BD850676BF80BF2FAD3A7" authorityName="Mendes-Pereira & Araújo & Mendes & Fonseca & Alves & Sobczak & Góes-Neto" authorityYear="2022" box="[1133,1217,1988,2010]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Gibellula" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="aurea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD850676BF80BF2FAD3A7" box="[1133,1217,1988,2010]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">G. aurea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens sequenced in this study, we show the name in bold (code: LBMCF). Formerly described species that split into single clades were also highlighted. The species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE7BD85063D5F7C2F7F3DC5F" box="[211,456,2061,2082]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Hevansia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="novoguineensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE7BD85063D5F7C2F7F3DC5F" box="[211,456,2061,2082]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Hevansia novoguineensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHJ 11923) was used as an outgroup.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9965FDE78D853638EFF50F469D4C5" blockId="10.[136,1452,158,509]" box="[136,594,158,184]" pageId="10" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE78D853638EFF50F469D4C5" box="[136,594,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="95">Intra- and interspecific genetic variation</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9965FDE78D853638EFF0DF346D580" blockId="10.[136,1452,158,509]" pageId="10" pageNumber="95">
|
||
The specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE78D853625BFF0CF7F8D4A1" authorityName="Mendes-Pereira & Araújo & Mendes & Fonseca & Alves & Sobczak & Góes-Neto" authorityYear="2022" box="[349,451,195,221]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Gibellula" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="10" pageNumber="95" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="aurea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE78D853625BFF0CF7F8D4A1" box="[349,451,195,221]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="95">G. aurea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
displayed lower intraspecific than interspecific distances for the four genomic regions (SSU: F
|
||
<subScript id="17F2941ADE78D85363EDFF36F721D57A" attach="left" box="[235,282,249,263]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="95">(1,118)</subScript>
|
||
=81.69, p<0.001; LSU: F
|
||
<subScript id="17F2941ADE78D853614BFF36F446D57A" attach="left" box="[589,637,249,263]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="95">(1,593)</subScript>
|
||
=961.984, p<0.001; TEF: F
|
||
<subScript id="17F2941ADE78D85360CFFF36F23AD57A" attach="left" box="[969,1025,249,263]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="95">(1,1324)</subScript>
|
||
=5632.558, p<0.001; RPB2: F
|
||
<subScript id="17F2941ADE78D853666AFF36F3A7D57A" attach="left" box="[1388,1436,249,263]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="95">(1,210)</subScript>
|
||
= 2559.837, p<0.001;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D8ADADE78D8536277FEC5F783D559" box="[369,440,266,292]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[136,229,1878,1900]" captionTargetBox="[151,1429,533,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-185@10.[151,1436,533,1853]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Genetic distance within the genus Gibellula. Heatmaps were generated with sequences from each genomic region obtained from GenBank and the specimens from this study. Genetic distances between sequences are displayed from the lowest (red) to the highest (blue) distance. (a) Genetic distance within the small nuclear ribosomal subunit (SSU); (b) within the large nuclear ribosomal subunit (LSU); (c) translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF); and (d) RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2). Closer sequences are connected by the dendrogram on top and left in each heatmap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329555" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329555/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="95">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), which confirms the hypothesis of a new species initially suggested by morphological and phylogenetic analyses. Species that have been recently described with sequences for most of the genomic regions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7EBAEDE78D8536396FE9DF775D511" author="Chen, M. - J. & Wang, T. & Lin, Y. & Huang, B." box="[144,334,338,364]" pageId="10" pageNumber="95" pagination="125 - 133" refId="ref10712" refString="Chen, M. - J., Wang, T., Lin, Y. & Huang, B. (2021) Gibellula flava sp. nov. (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales), a new pathogen of spider from China. Phytotaxa 527: 125 - 133. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 527.2.5" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Chen
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE78D85363D2FE9CF737D511" box="[212,268,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="95">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7EBAEDE78D853625FFE9DF7AED511" author="Chen, M. & Wang, T. & Lin, Y. & Huang, B." box="[345,405,338,364]" pageId="10" pageNumber="95" pagination="53 - 69" refId="ref10653" refString="Chen, M., Wang, T., Lin, Y. & Huang, B. (2022) Morphological and molecular analyses reveal two new species of Gibellula (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales) from China. MycoKeys 90: 53 - 69. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / mycokeys. 90.83801" type="journal article" year="2022">2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7EBAEDE78D85362A6FE9DF4DCD511" author="Kuephadungphan, W. & Macabeo, A. P. G. & Tasanathai, K. & Thanakitpipattana, D. & Phongpaichit, S. & Yuyama, K. & Stadler, M." box="[416,743,338,364]" pageId="10" pageNumber="95" pagination="135 - 146" refId="ref11928" refString="Kuephadungphan, W., Macabeo, A. P. G., Luangsa-ard, J. J., Tasanathai, K., Thanakitpipattana, D., Phongpaichit, S., Yuyama, K. & Stadler, M. (2019) Studies on the biologically active secondary metabolites of the new spider parasitic fungus Gibellula gamsii. Mycological Progress 18: 135 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 018 - 1431 - 4" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Kuephadungphan
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE78D853616AFE9CF49ED511" box="[620,677,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="95">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7EBAEDE78D85361F4FE9DF516D511" author="Kuephadungphan, W. & Tasanathai, K. & Petcharad, B. & Khonsanit, A. & Stadler, M." box="[754,813,338,364]" pageId="10" pageNumber="95" pagination="17 - 42" refId="ref12107" refString="Kuephadungphan, W., Tasanathai, K., Petcharad, B., Khonsanit, A., Stadler, M. & Luangsa-ard, J. J. (2020) Phylogeny- and morphologybased recognition of new species in the spider-parasitic genus Gibellula (Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae) from Thailand. MycoKeys 72: 17 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / mycokeys. 72.55088" type="journal article" year="2020">2020</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7EBAEDE78D853603EFE9DF549D511" author="Kuephadungphan, W. & Petcharad, B. & Tasanathai, K. & Thanakitpipattana, D. & Kobmoo, N. & Khonsanit, A. & Samson, R. A." box="[824,882,338,364]" pageId="10" pageNumber="95" pagination="245 - 286" refId="ref12017" refString="Kuephadungphan, W., Petcharad, B., Tasanathai, K., Thanakitpipattana, D., Kobmoo, N., Khonsanit, A., Samson, R. A. & Luangsa-ard, J. J. (2022) Multi-locus phylogeny unmasks hidden species within the specialised spider-parasitic fungus, Gibellula (Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae) in Thailand. Studies in Mycology 101 (1): 245 - 286. https: // doi. org / 10.3114 / sim. 2022.101.04" type="journal article" year="2022">2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) also showed lower intraspecific than interspecific distances for the genomic markers shown here. Some sequences described only at the genus level were closer to described species, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE78D85362B7FE54F411D5C9" box="[433,554,410,437]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Gibellula" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="10" pageNumber="95" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="pulchra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE78D85362B7FE54F411D5C9" box="[433,554,410,437]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="95">G. pulchra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76EDDCDE78D8536166FE54F4E8D5C9" box="[608,723,410,437]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Gibellula" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="10" pageNumber="95" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="leiopus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9024A4DDE78D8536166FE54F4E8D5C9" box="[608,723,410,437]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="95">G. leiopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which might help to clarify the identity of these specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D8ADADE78D8536678FE55F6A2D5A5" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[136,229,1878,1900]" captionTargetBox="[151,1429,533,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-185@10.[151,1436,533,1853]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Genetic distance within the genus Gibellula. Heatmaps were generated with sequences from each genomic region obtained from GenBank and the specimens from this study. Genetic distances between sequences are displayed from the lowest (red) to the highest (blue) distance. (a) Genetic distance within the small nuclear ribosomal subunit (SSU); (b) within the large nuclear ribosomal subunit (LSU); (c) translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF); and (d) RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2). Closer sequences are connected by the dendrogram on top and left in each heatmap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329555" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329555/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="95">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dataset of the RPB2-coding gene displayed higher genetic distances among the markers for the genus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D8ADADE78D8536667FE71F39ED5A4" box="[1377,1445,446,473]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[136,229,930,952]" captionTargetBox="[165,1412,194,893]" captionTargetId="figure-18@11.[151,1436,190,906]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Intra- and interspecific genetic distances among sequences. (a) Proportion of intra- and interspecific of each genomic region (SSU, LSU, TEF and RPP2); (b) interspecific genetic distances among the sequences identified at the species level within the closest clade to Gibellula aurea." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7329557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7329557/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="95">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F4A3E4DE78D853638EFE2DF6D0D581" box="[136,235,482,508]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="4.[136,224,952,976]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 3. Specimens from Gibellula aurea sequenced in this study (LBMCF) and sequences of Gibellula species from NCBI-GenBank databases used in phylogenetic analyses and their associated metadata." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF09C6D7DE76D85D638EFC77F215D789" pageId="10" pageNumber="95" tableUuid="DF09C6D7DE76D85D638EFC77F215D789">Table S3</tableCitation>
|
||
) but still displayed a barcode gap. Moreover, the LSU and TEF regions showed better-delimited groups.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |