180 lines
23 KiB
XML
180 lines
23 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="803CA4C3B6B4DDF306F8B81488D17F72">Cave millipeds of the United States. VIII. New genera and species of polydesmidan millipeds from caves in the southwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Macrosternodesmidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C2BE405040770905F22216FABC2AABA8">Shear, William A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="926681A4ADDAE325AEC39D517F162406">Taylor, Steven J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C437C7A1A49024A28B7A25B678C5E41B">Wynne, Judson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="ACD8F4122DECD2CF4D4FF09B60F796B2">Krejca, Jean K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="9AA7F77E16280BDC5B2E851468DDF29C">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="BE786B4FA941FFE6632D2AFD81BB75CD">2151</mods:number>
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<paragraph id="8BCB36C6AB16CC2EFF2AFA4DFD47FA76" blockId="1.[151,745,1464,1490]" box="[151,745,1464,1490]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
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<heading id="D08381AAAB16CC2EFF2AFA4DFD47FA76" bold="true" box="[151,745,1464,1490]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B900EAD4AB16CC2EFF2AFA4DFD47FA76" bold="true" box="[151,745,1464,1490]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D45AB16CC2EFF4BFA4DFD47FA76" ID-CoL="7NJMF" authority="Brolemann, 1916" authorityName="Brolemann" authorityYear="1916" box="[246,745,1464,1490]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Macrosternodesmidae Brölemann, 1916</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCB36C6AB16CC2EFF2AF9F7FBF5F862" blockId="1.[151,1437,1538,1990]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE54B37AB16CC2EFF2AF9F7FE6CF9B8" author="Shear" box="[151,450,1538,1564]" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" refString="Shear, W. A., & Shelley, R. M. (2007) The milliped genus Tidesmus Chamberlin 1943 (Polydesmida, Macrosternodesmidae). Zootaxa, 1656, 51 - 68." type="journal article" year="2007">Shear and Shelley (2007</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE54B37AB16CC2EFE6DF9F7FDA0F9B8" author="Shelley" box="[464,526,1538,1564]" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" refString="Shear, W. A., & Shelley, R. M. (2008) Cave millipeds of the United States. VI. Sequoiadesmus krejcae, n. gen., n. sp., from Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California, USA (Diplopoda, Polyesmida, Trichopolydesmidea, Macrosternodesmidae). Zootaxa, 1693, 41 - 48." type="journal article" year="2008">2008</bibRefCitation>
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) diagnosed and discussed the Family
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D45AB16CC2EFC64F9F7FB4BF9B8" box="[985,1253,1538,1564]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Macrosternodesmidae</taxonomicName>
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, but the line of demarcation between the macrosternodesmids and nearctodesmids remains rather unclear, particularly in light of the fact that the genera described below have smooth metaterga, rather than having them divided into subquadrate elevated areas, as in
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D45AB16CC2EFD94F982FCD2F934" authority="Chamberlin, 1943" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1943" box="[553,892,1654,1680]" class="Diplopoda" genus="Tidesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B900EAD4AB16CC2EFD94F982FD38F934" box="[553,662,1655,1680]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Tidesmus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE54B37AB16CC2EFD1DF983FCD2F934" author="Chamberlin" box="[672,892,1654,1680]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" refString="Chamberlin, R. V. (1943) On nine North American polydesmoid millipeds. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 56, 35 - 40." type="journal article" year="1943">Chamberlin, 1943</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Smooth metaterga, with few or no setae, are characteristic of nearctodesmids. The gonopods of at least two of the species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D45AB16CC2EFBF4F968FAA6F912" box="[1097,1288,1693,1718]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" genus="Pratherodesmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B900EAD4AB16CC2EFBF4F968FAA6F912" box="[1097,1288,1693,1718]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Pratherodesmus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23357AFAB16CC2EFAAAF968FA39F913" box="[1303,1431,1693,1719]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">new genus</taxonomicNameLabel>
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, have the process arising from the mediodistal side of the prefemur, called process B by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE54B37AB16CC2EFB7CF931FF46F8A0" author="Shear" pageId="1" pageNumber="65" refString="Shear, W. A., & Shelley, R. M. (2007) The milliped genus Tidesmus Chamberlin 1943 (Polydesmida, Macrosternodesmidae). Zootaxa, 1656, 51 - 68." type="journal article" year="2007">Shear and Shelley (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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, reduced or absent, likewise the distal zone. The gonopods of macrosternodesmids and nearctodesmids are very similar, except that nearctodesmids have been maintained as having both process A and B, and macrosternodesmids only B, but in the present two genera, it would seem process A is indeed present, and as mentioned above, process B is absent in two species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D45AB16CC2EFCF4F8AAFBBEF8DC" box="[841,1040,1887,1912]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" genus="Pratherodesmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B900EAD4AB16CC2EFCF4F8AAFBBEF8DC" box="[841,1040,1887,1912]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Pratherodesmus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. This blurring of the distinction between the families suggests to us that eventually they will need to be com bined under
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D45AB16CC2EFF2AF859FE33F862" box="[151,413,1964,1990]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Macrosternodesmidae</taxonomicName>
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, the older name, as more taxa are discovered and described.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36E654DAB15CC2DFF7BFF6DFB6DFA5F" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BCB36C6AB15CC2DFF7BFF6DFA32FD26" blockId="2.[151,1438,152,1531]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
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A recent paper by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE54B37AB15CC2DFE09FF6DFDD3FF16" author="Djursvoll" box="[436,637,152,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" refString="Djursvoll, P. (2008). Revision of the Iberian millipede genus Schizomeritus Verhoeff, 1931 (Diplopoda, Polydesmidae), with the description of three new species. International Journal of Myriapodology, 1, 111 - 122." type="journal article" year="2008">Djursvoll (2008)</bibRefCitation>
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on the Iberian polydesmid genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D45AB15CC2DFB96FF6DFA39FF16" authority="Verhoeff, 1931" authorityName="Verhoeff" authorityYear="1931" box="[1067,1431,152,178]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" genus="Schizomeritus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Schizomeritus Verhoeff, 1931</taxonomicName>
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, makes possible, through its clear SEM photographs and labeling, some reconciliation between the gonopod nomenclature originated by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE54B37AB15CC2DFE53FF10FD0CFF5B" author="Shelley" box="[494,674,229,255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" refString="Shelley, R. M. (1994) The milliped family Nearctodesmidae in northwestern North America, with accounts of Sakophallus and S. simplex Chamberlin (Poyldesmida), Canadian Journal of Zoology, 72, 470 - 495." type="journal article" year="1994">Shelley (1994)</bibRefCitation>
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and used in previous papers on macrosternodesmids (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE54B37AB15CC2DFA8BFF10FE9AFE82" author="Shear" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" refString="Shear, W. A., & Shelley, R. M. (2007) The milliped genus Tidesmus Chamberlin 1943 (Polydesmida, Macrosternodesmidae). Zootaxa, 1656, 51 - 68." type="journal article" year="2007">Shear & Shelley 2007</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE54B37AB15CC2DFEFDFEF9FED1FE82" author="Shelley" box="[320,383,268,294]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" refString="Shear, W. A., & Shelley, R. M. (2008) Cave millipeds of the United States. VI. Sequoiadesmus krejcae, n. gen., n. sp., from Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California, USA (Diplopoda, Polyesmida, Trichopolydesmidea, Macrosternodesmidae). Zootaxa, 1693, 41 - 48." type="journal article" year="2008">2008</bibRefCitation>
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), and that adapted by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE54B37AB15CC2DFD3DFEF9FCD3FE82" author="Djursvoll" box="[640,893,268,294]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" refString="Djursvoll, P., Golovatch, S. I., Johansen, K. A. & Meidell, B. (2001 [2000]) Phylogenetic relationships within Polydesmus sensu lato (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Fragmenta Faunistica, 43 (Supplement), 37 - 57." type="journal article" year="2001">
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Djursvoll
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<emphasis id="B900EAD4AB15CC2DFD4BFEF9FC9EFE81" box="[758,816,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
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(2001
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</bibRefCitation>
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[2000]) and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE54B37AB15CC2DFBA8FEF9FAD1FE82" author="Golovatch" box="[1045,1407,268,294]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" refString="Golovatch, S. I., & Wytwer, J. (2007) Brachydesmus nevoi, a new millipede from Israel (Diplopoda, Polydesmidae). Graellsia, 59, 79 - 86." type="journal article" year="2007">Golovatch and Wytwer (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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. It appears that our process B is the exomere of Djursvoll (
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<emphasis id="B900EAD4AB15CC2DFCF3FEC7FCC5FEE8" bold="true" box="[846,875,306,332]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">ex</emphasis>
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in our figures), process A corresponds to the endomerite (
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<emphasis id="B900EAD4AB15CC2DFE91FEADFEE7FED6" bold="true" box="[300,329,344,370]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">en</emphasis>
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in our figures), and our distal zone is Djursvoll’s tibiotarsus (
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<emphasis id="B900EAD4AB15CC2DFB9DFEADFB9AFED6" bold="true" box="[1056,1076,344,370]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">tt</emphasis>
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in our figures). We previously have not used the term femorite, which
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE54B37AB15CC2DFDCEFE75FC97FE3E" author="Djursvoll" box="[627,825,384,410]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" refString="Djursvoll, P. (2008). Revision of the Iberian millipede genus Schizomeritus Verhoeff, 1931 (Diplopoda, Polydesmidae), with the description of three new species. International Journal of Myriapodology, 1, 111 - 122." type="journal article" year="2008">Djursvoll (2008)</bibRefCitation>
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uses for the part of the acropodite traversed by the seminal groove, but agree this term is a useful one, and apply it here. Our solenomere (
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<emphasis id="B900EAD4AB15CC2DFB17FE53FB18FE64" bold="true" box="[1194,1206,422,448]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">s</emphasis>
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in our figures) and that of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE54B37AB15CC2DFF53FE38FE19FE43" author="Djursvoll" box="[238,439,461,487]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" refString="Djursvoll, P. (2008). Revision of the Iberian millipede genus Schizomeritus Verhoeff, 1931 (Diplopoda, Polydesmidae), with the description of three new species. International Journal of Myriapodology, 1, 111 - 122." type="journal article" year="2008">Djursvoll (2008)</bibRefCitation>
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are the same. In the descriptions that follow we have decided to use the Djursvoll terminology, because it has the advantage of using terms that have already been in the literature for a considerable time, but now with clear definitions; application of this terminology allows for discussion of possible homologies between genera and families of the superfamilies Polydesmoidea and Trichopolydesmoidea. Earlier concerns expressed by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE54B37AB15CC2DFCB5FD9DFB81FD26" author="Shear" box="[776,1071,616,642]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" refString="Shear, W. A., & Shelley, R. M. (2007) The milliped genus Tidesmus Chamberlin 1943 (Polydesmida, Macrosternodesmidae). Zootaxa, 1656, 51 - 68." type="journal article" year="2007">Shear and Shelley (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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now seem to us to be resolved.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCB36C6AB15CC2DFF7BFD7BFC9EFBDC" blockId="2.[151,1438,152,1531]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
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Interestingly, the gonopod structure of species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D45AB15CC2DFCAAFD7AFC15FD0C" box="[791,955,655,680]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" genus="Schizomeritus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B900EAD4AB15CC2DFCAAFD7AFC15FD0C" box="[791,955,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Schizomeritus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is very similar to that of the new genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D45AB15CC2DFF2AFD40FEF5FD6A" box="[151,347,693,718]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" genus="Pratherodesmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B900EAD4AB15CC2DFF2AFD40FEF5FD6A" box="[151,347,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Pratherodesmus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, while the nonsexual characters are quite different. Species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D45AB15CC2DFBE4FD40FAB3FD6A" box="[1113,1309,693,718]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" genus="Pratherodesmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B900EAD4AB15CC2DFBE4FD40FAB3FD6A" box="[1113,1309,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Pratherodesmus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have only small paranota, strongly produced posteriolaterally, and with regularly arranged rows of clavate setae on an otherwise featureless surface. Species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D45AB15CC2DFDC8FCF7FCB7FCBF" box="[629,793,770,795]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" genus="Schizomeritus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B900EAD4AB15CC2DFDC8FCF7FCB7FCBF" box="[629,793,770,795]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Schizomeritus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are more typical of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C744D45AB15CC2DFBB9FCF7FB02FCB8" box="[1028,1196,770,796]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Polydesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with large, squared, anteriorly elevated paranota not strongly produced posteriolaterally. The metazonite surfaces are deeply sculpted into bulging polygonal areas, and the setae are inconspicuous. On poriferous segments
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C744D45AB15CC2DFF2AFC82FEF8FC34" box="[151,342,887,912]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" genus="Pratherodesmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B900EAD4AB15CC2DFF2AFC82FEF8FC34" box="[151,342,887,912]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Pratherodesmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species have the ozopores nearly at the posterior corner and the edges of the paranota are not swollen, while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C744D45AB15CC2DFED3FC68FDB8FC12" box="[366,534,925,950]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" genus="Schizomeritus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B900EAD4AB15CC2DFED3FC68FDB8FC12" box="[366,534,925,950]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Schizomeritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the pores are more anterior and the edges strongly rebordered. Despite the similarity of the gonopods in general appearance, there are differences. The course of the seminal canal crosses over to the lateral side in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C744D45AB15CC2DFD94FC1FFD7EFBA7" box="[553,720,1002,1027]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" genus="Schizomeritus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B900EAD4AB15CC2DFD94FC1FFD7EFBA7" box="[553,720,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Schizomeritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and ends in a vesicle and pulvillus. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C744D45AB15CC2DFB1BFC1FFAC6FBA7" box="[1190,1384,1002,1027]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" genus="Pratherodesmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B900EAD4AB15CC2DFB1BFC1FFAC6FBA7" box="[1190,1384,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Pratherodesmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the canal stays mesal, does not end in a vesicle, and there is no pulvillus (although a dense group of cuticular fimbriae probably not homologous to a true pulvillus occurs). At this point it is not at all clear what the significance of these similarities and differences may be.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCB36C6AB15CC2DFF7BFB70FB09FA0A" blockId="2.[151,1438,152,1531]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
As previously remarked (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE54B37AB15CC2DFD8FFB70FC3EFB3B" author="Shelley" box="[562,912,1157,1183]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" refString="Shear, W. A., & Shelley, R. M. (2007) The milliped genus Tidesmus Chamberlin 1943 (Polydesmida, Macrosternodesmidae). Zootaxa, 1656, 51 - 68." type="journal article" year="2007">Shelley and Shear 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the millipeds of the superfamilies Trichopolydesmoidea and Polydesmoidea need close re-examination. Several families in both superfamilies, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C744D45AB15CC2DFEB1FB27FE1AFB48" box="[268,436,1234,1260]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Polydesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, remain poorly diagnosed and have been used as “wastebaskets” for enigmatic genera and species. We believe that at least two undiagnosed polydesmoid families are to be found in the very diverse, but largely undocumented, North American fauna, and have on hand many new generic and specieslevel taxa, primarily from the Pacific northwest. In the course of describing these taxa it may be possible to begin to make some sense of the two superfamilies, but without much more knowledge of small tropical polydesmidans, the composition and fate of the Trichopolydesmoidea remains uncertain.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCB36C6AB15CC2DFF7BFA4FFB6DFA5F" blockId="2.[151,1438,152,1531]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Presently four genera from southwestern North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3637656AB15CC2DFCBEFA4FFCC5FA70" box="[771,875,1466,1492]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
, including the two new ones below, have been assigned to the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C744D45AB15CC2DFE1DFA14FD09FA5F" box="[416,679,1505,1531]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Macrosternodesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They may be separated by the following key:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |