749 lines
83 KiB
XML
749 lines
83 KiB
XML
<document id="90A2EC8D30B6B4BF083744166BEDAD2F" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.191323" ID-GBIF-Dataset="53e223e5-349f-430e-9f6f-0c471acc7a75" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="191323" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461126555188" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Eichlin, Thomas D., Delgado, Oona S., Strathie, Lorraine W., Zachariades, Costas & Clavijo, Jose" docDate="2009" docId="03D887B5FFE4BC34BEFA833E33DEFB9E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02288p050.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2288" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Carmenta chromolaenae Eichlin, new sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="FFE1FFCDFFE4BC33BE6D845C321CFFCC" masterDocTitle="Carmenta chromolaenae Eichlin, a new species (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) for the biological control of C hromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robinson (Asteraceae)" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="42" pageNumber="42" updateTime="1698596912969" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="200FFFDCF272B832B346E968AB922666">
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<mods:title id="49E46F5FF1051E9DE0DB820EBEDD75FE">Carmenta chromolaenae Eichlin, a new species (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) for the biological control of C hromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robinson (Asteraceae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="13178035C0EBF0209B1651E204CA03B0" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="68D141B4EE2755D03EDF8273A5CF47A4">Eichlin, Thomas D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="4D54D8C67C20FA5574B1DC1B8A324BD2">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="CD39424266110351A9E4C0AF69D95798">Delgado, Oona S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="708E1F5E8D190C45EE38DDC2CD0F3AD0" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="90C6D045587E251F91000DB86FF6CD47">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="9021E83CD5A1DE0DFFB6960BC99A0B6D">Strathie, Lorraine W.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="50F6DA3A42D3619E2A111CAE6D1228A8">Zachariades, Costas</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="11FCBEBA1B7C335FBF4E9B19B1D90A67" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="5FB29E162C03C5F58171BBA54E805593">Clavijo, Jose</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="D8E2387026639EAD4B204894864FB10D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="4406E1D39C1EB8115CD9DBDE98376B09">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="123C6A032983066974338CDF7EDC272A">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="1931E8A327106FF312362185561DE07C" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="2187DD78E3E353B24E9D4631777D174F">2288</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="BFE535E3693A7E7F724C00A43A0AC19E" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.191323</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="29B23F033024EF87EBDC1F435DE2107C" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C5C6891974CCC15D0EDDCF045E98204B" type="Zenodo-Dep">191323</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D887B5FFE4BC34BEFA833E33DEFB9E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6214344" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119626397" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6214344" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887B5FFE4BC34BEFA833E33DEFB9E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D887B5FFE4BC34BEFA833E33DEFB9E" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="0" pageNumber="42">
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<subSubSection id="C36B6528FFE4BC33BEFA833E330FF853" pageId="0" pageNumber="42" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCE36A3FFE4BC33BEFA833E3093F8B0" blockId="0.[151,655,1890,1951]" box="[151,655,1890,1916]" pageId="0" pageNumber="42">
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<heading id="D08681CFFFE4BC33BEFA833E3093F8B0" bold="true" box="[151,655,1890,1916]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="42" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE4BC33BEFA833E3093F8B0" bold="true" box="[151,655,1890,1916]" pageId="0" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE4BC33BEFA833E3039F8B0" ID-CoL="BCMF2" authority="Eichlin" authorityName="Eichlin" box="[151,549,1890,1916]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chromolaenae" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE4BC33BEFA833E33DFF8B0" bold="true" box="[151,451,1890,1916]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="42">Carmenta chromolaenae</emphasis>
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Eichlin
|
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</taxonomicName>
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,
|
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23657CAFFE4BC33BC5F833E3093F8B0" box="[562,655,1890,1916]" pageId="0" pageNumber="42" rank="species">new sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCE36A3FFE4BC33BEFA83D9330FF853" blockId="0.[151,655,1890,1951]" box="[151,275,1925,1951]" pageId="0" pageNumber="42">
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<figureCitation id="134A2A26FFE4BC33BEFA83D9330FF853" box="[151,275,1925,1951]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 4" captionStart-1="FIGURES 5 – 6" captionStart-2="FIGURES 7 – 8" captionStart-3="FIGURES 9 – 10" captionStartId-0="2.[151,271,1940,1964]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,272,1832,1856]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,269,1561,1585]" captionStartId-3="6.[151,269,1982,2006]" captionTargetBox-0="[196,1404,189,1887]" captionTargetBox-1="[291,1257,379,1774]" captionTargetBox-2="[168,1429,235,1518]" captionTargetBox-3="[170,1431,282,1932]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[185,1405,167,1911]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[275,1282,349,1806]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[149,1434,679,1531]" captionTargetId-3="figure@6.[155,1440,271,1950]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="6" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 4. Carmenta chromolaenae Eichlin, n. sp. 1 a. Holotype male. 1 b. Paratype female. 2. Late instar larva (LWS). 3. Host plant, Chromolaena odorata, showing damage from Carmenta chromolaenae Eichlin, new sp. (LWS). 4. Eggs on host plant (LWS)." captionText-1="FIGURES 5 – 6. Carmenta chromolaenae Eichlin, new sp. 6. Female genitalia. 7. Male genitalia (aedeagus missing), separated left valve (TDE)." captionText-2="FIGURES 7 – 8. Carmenta chromolaenae Eichlin, n. sp. 7. Larval chaetotaxy (lateral view, T 1 - A 10). 8. Larval head with chaetotaxy (frontal view) (OSD)." captionText-3="FIGURES 9 – 10. Carmenta chromolaenae Eichlin, n. sp., male pupa. 9. Ventral view. 10. Dorsal view (OSD)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/191324/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/191325/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/191326/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/191327/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="42">Figs. 1–10</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36B6528FFE4BC32BEFA838E3194FEEA" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="0" pageNumber="42" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36A3FFE4BC32BEFA838E3194FEEA" blockId="0.[151,1436,2002,2028]" lastBlockId="1.[151,1437,152,2036]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="0" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE4BC33BEFA838E3307F820" bold="true" box="[151,283,2002,2028]" pageId="0" pageNumber="42">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE4BC33BF4E838E304CF827" box="[291,592,2002,2027]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chromolaenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE4BC33BF4E838E304CF827" box="[291,592,2002,2027]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="42">Carmenta chromolaenae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a small (forewing length
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B46FFE4BC33BDC7838E360EF820" box="[938,1042,2002,2028]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="0" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="4.0">4–7 mm</quantity>
|
||
), darkly colored moth with dark opaque forewings, and hind wings that are about two-thirds clear but with the outer one-third dark opaque. It resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE5BC32BF7484E33004FF14" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" box="[281,536,190,216]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE5BC32BF7484E333B8FF14" box="[281,420,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">C. unicolor</emphasis>
|
||
(Walker)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3667633FFE5BC32BC0984E230A2FF14" box="[612,702,190,216]" name="Bolivia" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3667633FFE5BC32BC9684E23156FF14" box="[763,842,190,216]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The latter species is somewhat larger (forewing length
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B46FFE5BC32BE8484B93340FF33" box="[233,348,229,255]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="9.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.0">8–10 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and differs by having the hind wing more opaque, and on the head the occipital fringe has some pale yellow or white and some white on the front laterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36B6528FFE5BC32BEAB856E30E3F86B" pageId="1" pageNumber="43" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36A3FFE5BC32BEAB856E3658FD35" blockId="1.[151,1437,152,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE5BC32BEAB856E3342FE80" bold="true" box="[198,350,306,332]" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Male (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A26FFE5BC32BFD8856E33E0FE80" box="[437,508,306,332]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4" captionStartId="2.[151,271,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[196,1404,189,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[185,1405,167,1911]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. Carmenta chromolaenae Eichlin, n. sp. 1 a. Holotype male. 1 b. Paratype female. 2. Late instar larva (LWS). 3. Host plant, Chromolaena odorata, showing damage from Carmenta chromolaenae Eichlin, new sp. (LWS). 4. Eggs on host plant (LWS)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191324/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Head: Vertex blue black; front shiny blue black; occipital fringe blue black; labial palpus white basally and ventrally, blue black dorsally and apically; antenna blue black. Thorax: Blue black dorsally; brown black laterally and ventrally. Legs mostly brown black; forecoxa mostly white; tarsi white ventrally and around tarsal joints, some pale yellow to white powdered dorsally on hind tibiae. Fore wing dorsally entirely opaque, blue black; ventrally brown black but pale yellow to white on posterior margin from edge of discal cell distally to vein CuA; white scaling between veins on distal area (often less so on some females).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3667633FFE5BC32BF7F86463353FDF8" box="[274,335,538,564]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
wing mostly hyaline but with broad brown black distal margin, extending proximally to include all of cell between M3 and CuA1 and most of cell between CuA1 and CuA2; ventrally with white at wing base and pale yellow on anal margin. Abdomen: Dorsally blue black, without pale banding; ventrally pale yellow to white. Male genitalia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A26FFE5BC32BC7086CD3078FD67" box="[541,612,657,683]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 6" captionStartId="3.[151,272,1832,1856]" captionTargetBox="[291,1257,379,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[275,1282,349,1806]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 6. Carmenta chromolaenae Eichlin, new sp. 6. Female genitalia. 7. Male genitalia (aedeagus missing), separated left valve (TDE)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191325/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
) with valva elongate, bluntly pointed distally; atypical for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE5BC32BB4886CD3787FD66" box="[1317,1435,657,682]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE5BC32BB4886CD3787FD66" box="[1317,1435,657,682]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">Carmenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., crista sacculi short, centered basally, not approaching ventral margin of valva; saccus narrow, about onehalf length of valva; scopula androconialis elongate, about half length of valvae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36A3FFE5BC32BEAB87593142FC76" blockId="1.[151,1437,152,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Female. Head and thorax: Essentially as described for male, except antenna without ventral cilia; hind wing opaque region perhaps slightly broader; occasionally with less pale scaling ventrally on the abdomen and ventrally on the wings. Abdomen: Genitalia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A26FFE5BC32BCB4870E3103FCA0" box="[729,799,850,876]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 6" captionStartId="3.[151,272,1832,1856]" captionTargetBox="[291,1257,379,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[275,1282,349,1806]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 6. Carmenta chromolaenae Eichlin, new sp. 6. Female genitalia. 7. Male genitalia (aedeagus missing), separated left valve (TDE)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191325/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
) with antrum slender, elongate, somewhat sclerotized, slightly pigmented, mostly straight, slightly restricted near ductus bursae; ductus bursae broader than antrum, expanding gradually to ovoid corpus bursae, without stigma.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36A3FFE5BC32BEAB879B308CFBCB" blockId="1.[151,1437,152,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Eggs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A26FFE5BC32BF7A879B3379FC2D" box="[279,357,967,993]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4" captionStartId="2.[151,271,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[196,1404,189,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[185,1405,167,1911]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. Carmenta chromolaenae Eichlin, n. sp. 1 a. Holotype male. 1 b. Paratype female. 2. Late instar larva (LWS). 3. Host plant, Chromolaena odorata, showing damage from Carmenta chromolaenae Eichlin, new sp. (LWS). 4. Eggs on host plant (LWS)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191324/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
): Brown, oval, dorsoventrally flattened with concave upper surface, thick chorion with longitudinal ridges, particularly at one end.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36A3FFE5BC32BEAB804830C0F973" blockId="1.[151,1437,152,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Larva (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A26FFE5BC32BF7380483369FBE2" box="[286,373,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4" captionStartId="2.[151,271,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[196,1404,189,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[185,1405,167,1911]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. Carmenta chromolaenae Eichlin, n. sp. 1 a. Holotype male. 1 b. Paratype female. 2. Late instar larva (LWS). 3. Host plant, Chromolaena odorata, showing damage from Carmenta chromolaenae Eichlin, new sp. (LWS). 4. Eggs on host plant (LWS)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191324/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A26FFE5BC32BFE9804833A9FBE2" box="[388,437,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 8" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1561,1585]" captionTargetBox="[168,1429,235,1518]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[149,1434,679,1531]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 8. Carmenta chromolaenae Eichlin, n. sp. 7. Larval chaetotaxy (lateral view, T 1 - A 10). 8. Larval head with chaetotaxy (frontal view) (OSD)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191326/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">7, 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). General: Spiracles oval, simple on A3 to A8; crochets on A3-A6, uniordinal, in transverse bands, about 11 per proleg, smaller in size laterally; on A10 equally uniordinal in single band (MacKay 1968,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B52FFE5BC32BF0F803D3009FBB7" author="Delgado" box="[354,533,1121,1147]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refString="Delgado, N. (2004) Taxonomia y bioecologia de los perforadores (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) del fruto del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), en la region centro-costera del Estado Aragua. Universidad Central de Venezuela, Facultad de Agronomia, Venezuela, 98 pp." type="book" year="2004">Delgado 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). First three instars shiny yellow; fourth and fifth instars opaque yellow. Cephalic capsule brilliant reddish dark brown, smaller than prothorax, hypognathus. Body cylindrical, but A8 to A10 dorsally depressed. Head: With rounded superior (dorsal margin) from frontal aspect (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A26FFE5BC32BB5080F33797FB05" box="[1341,1419,1199,1225]" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 8" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1561,1585]" captionTargetBox="[168,1429,235,1518]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[149,1434,679,1531]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 8. Carmenta chromolaenae Eichlin, n. sp. 7. Larval chaetotaxy (lateral view, T 1 - A 10). 8. Larval head with chaetotaxy (frontal view) (OSD)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191326/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
); epicranial suture extending to less than one-half length of head; ecdysial suture and lateral adfrontal suture well defined, between them setae AF2 and pore AFa visible, between these sutures seta AF1 present on each side; F1 setae long, robust, pores (Fa), clearly visible; P2 short, robust; P1 very long, robust, inserted near level of adfrontal pores (AFa); A1and A2 similar in length, A3 very long; A1 near AF1 toward base of mandible, A2 below Pa, above A1; A3 located at sides of cephalic capsule, near L1, above stemmata; L1 long but never as long as A3 (located next to L1), robust; stemmatal seta 1 (S1) located between stemmata 2 and 4, short, robust; S2 more laterally located, next to stemmata 1; substemmatal setae 1(Ss1), long, robust, positioned ventrally, near base of mandible. Thorax and abdomen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A26FFE5BC32BDC281B831EBFA32" box="[943,1015,1508,1534]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 6" captionStartId="3.[151,272,1832,1856]" captionTargetBox="[291,1257,379,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[275,1282,349,1806]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 6. Carmenta chromolaenae Eichlin, new sp. 6. Female genitalia. 7. Male genitalia (aedeagus missing), separated left valve (TDE)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191325/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
): L group trisetose on T1; SV1 and SV3 inserted on side of prolegs on A3-A6; D1, D2, SD1, and L1 present on A7, latter two setae separated from each other in vertical line by oval spiracle; D1 and D2 dorsally on A8; large, oblique spiracles surrounded by L1, L2, L3, and SV1; D2 more dorsal and closer to segment A10 on A9, whereas D1 more lateral and closer to SD1, L1 and SV1 ventrally located; D2 positioned more apically, D1 more laterally, and L1 apically on A10 than on A9;
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE5BC32BC7E82F9302BF973" box="[531,567,1701,1727]" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">V1</date>
|
||
setae present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36A3FFE5BC32BEAB829036CAF84D" blockId="1.[151,1437,152,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Pupa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A26FFE5BC32BF7982903387F92A" box="[276,411,1740,1766]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 10" captionStartId="6.[151,269,1982,2006]" captionTargetBox="[170,1431,282,1932]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[155,1440,271,1950]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 10. Carmenta chromolaenae Eichlin, n. sp., male pupa. 9. Ventral view. 10. Dorsal view (OSD)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191327/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">Figs. 9, 10</figureCitation>
|
||
): Typical of species in tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE5BC32BC94829031ADF92A" box="[761,945,1740,1766]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Synanthedonini">Synanthedonini</taxonomicName>
|
||
Niculescu and the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE5BC32BA808290377EF929" box="[1261,1378,1740,1765]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE5BC32BA808290377EF929" box="[1261,1378,1740,1765]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">Carmenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B52FFE5BC32BEFA82AE3320F8C0" author="Mosher" box="[151,316,1778,1804]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Mosher, E. (1916) A classification of the Lepidoptera based on characters of the pupa. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 12, 13 - 159." type="journal article" year="1916">Mosher 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B52FFE5BC32BF2482AE3075F8C0" author="Eichlin" box="[329,617,1778,1804]" pageId="1" pageNumber="49" refString="Eichlin, T. D. &. Passoa, S. (1983) A new clearwing moth (Sesiidae) from Central America: A stem borer in Mimosa pigra. Journal of the Lepidopterist's Society, 37 (3), 193 - 206." type="journal article" year="1983">Eichlin & Passoa 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); head with prominent tubercle; abdomen with segments movable, dorsally with two rows of spines on A3-A6 (spines of anterior row larger and more stout than those on posterior row), one row of spines on A7-A9 (except A7 with two rows on males only); cremaster absent, replaced by eight flattened, triangularly pointed spines, irregularly spaced in circular pattern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36A3FFE5BC32BEAB83D130E3F86B" blockId="1.[151,1437,152,2036]" box="[198,767,1933,1959]" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE5BC32BEAB83D1334DF86B" bold="true" box="[198,337,1933,1959]" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">Host plant.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE5BC32BF3583D230E7F86B" box="[344,763,1933,1959]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Chromolaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="1" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="odorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE5BC32BF3583D23040F86B" box="[344,604,1934,1959]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">Chromolaena odorata</emphasis>
|
||
(Asteraceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36B6528FFE5BC32BEAB83E830E6F838" pageId="1" pageNumber="43" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36A3FFE5BC32BEAB83E830E6F838" blockId="1.[151,1437,152,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE5BC32BEAB83E8337BF802" bold="true" box="[198,359,1972,1998]" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Found over a wide area from the northeastern Paria peninsula to the foothills of the Venezuelan Andes in the Trujillo region,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3667633FFE5BC32BC17838630EAF838" box="[634,758,2010,2036]" name="Venezuela" pageId="1" pageNumber="43">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF0E662BFFE6BC31BEFA83C833AEF83D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191324/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" targetBox="[196,1404,189,1887]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36A3FFE6BC31BEFA83C833AEF83D" blockId="2.[151,1436,1940,2033]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE6BC31BEFA83C8335AF860" bold="true" box="[151,326,1940,1964]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">FIGURES 1–4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE6BC31BF2383C830ABF867" authority="Eichlin" authorityName="Eichlin" box="[334,695,1940,1963]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chromolaenae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE6BC31BF2383C83041F867" box="[334,605,1940,1963]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">Carmenta chromolaenae</emphasis>
|
||
Eichlin
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE6BC31BCAF83C83136F860" bold="true" box="[706,810,1940,1964]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23657CAFFE6BC31BCAF83C8311CF860" box="[706,768,1940,1964]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
1a.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype male.
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE6BC31BD8F83C831E2F860" bold="true" box="[994,1022,1940,1964]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">1b</emphasis>
|
||
. Paratype female.
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE6BC31BAA083C836FEF860" bold="true" box="[1229,1250,1940,1964]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">2.</emphasis>
|
||
Late instar larva (LWS).
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE6BC31BE8183EA32E3F802" bold="true" box="[236,255,1974,1998]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">3.</emphasis>
|
||
Host plant,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE6BC31BFEF83EB3073F802" box="[386,623,1975,1998]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Chromolaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="odorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE6BC31BFEF83EB3073F802" box="[386,623,1975,1998]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">Chromolaena odorata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, showing damage from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE6BC31BD1C83EB36CCF802" authority="Eichlin" authorityName="Eichlin" box="[881,1232,1975,1998]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chromolaenae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE6BC31BD1C83EB3665F802" box="[881,1145,1975,1998]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">Carmenta chromolaenae</emphasis>
|
||
Eichlin
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23657CAFFE6BC31BAB683EB3730F802" box="[1243,1324,1975,1998]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" rank="species">new sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(LWS).
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE6BC31BBE583EA3787F802" bold="true" box="[1416,1435,1974,1998]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">4.</emphasis>
|
||
Eggs on host plant (LWS).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36B6528FFE7BC37BEAB84CB32F6FB9E" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36A3FFE7BC30BEAB84CB3703FEEA" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,294]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE7BC30BEAB84CB335CFF7D" bold="true" box="[198,320,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CA8801FFE7BC30BEAB84CB3327FF7D" box="[198,315,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Male,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3667633FFE7BC30BFCF84C43001FF7E" box="[418,541,152,178]" name="Venezuela" pageId="3" pageNumber="45">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, on Yaritagua side of Urachiche, before bridge over Urachiche River,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455064FFE7BC30BEFA84E2332EFF14" box="[151,306,190,216]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" precision="1" value="10.147734">10°08.864'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455064FFE7BC30BF5284E233C2FF14" box="[319,478,190,216]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" precision="1" value="-69.004715">69°00.283'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B46FFE7BC30BF8684E2302BFF14" box="[491,567,190,216]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.38" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="438.0">438 m</quantity>
|
||
(Wpt. VE 005), between Yaritagua and Urachiche, near timber factory,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455064FFE7BC30BEFA84B9332DFF33" box="[151,305,229,255]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" precision="1" value="10.082067">10°04.924'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455064FFE7BC30BF5284B933C2FF33" box="[319,478,229,255]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" precision="1" value="-69.07373">69°04.424'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B46FFE7BC30BF8684B9302BFF33" box="[491,567,229,255]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.16" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="416.0">416 m</quantity>
|
||
(Wpt. VE 006),
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE7BC30BD6884B931B9FF33" box="[773,933,229,255]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" value="2005-11-11">11 Nov 2005</date>
|
||
, L. Strathie, C. Zachariades, O. Delgado; AcCe 381, adult from field-collected larva, eclosion date: not recorded, died:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE7BC30BA49855036AEFEEA" box="[1060,1202,268,294]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" value="2006-01-18">18 Jan 2006</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED60AE66FFE7BC30BAAC8550370FFEEA" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33834" box="[1217,1299,268,294]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33834" name="Museo del Instituto de Zoologia Agricola Francisco Fernandez Yepez" pageId="3" pageNumber="45">MIZA</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0E662BFFE7BC30BEFA837433A6F8AF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191325/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" targetBox="[291,1257,379,1774]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36A3FFE7BC30BEFA837433A6F8AF" blockId="3.[151,1436,1832,1891]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE7BC30BEFA8374335BF88C" bold="true" box="[151,327,1832,1856]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45">FIGURES 5–6.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE7BC30BF23837530A4F88C" authority="Eichlin" authorityName="Eichlin" box="[334,696,1833,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chromolaenae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE7BC30BF2383753042F88C" box="[334,606,1833,1856]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="45">Carmenta chromolaenae</emphasis>
|
||
Eichlin
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23657CAFFE7BC30BCA983753104F88C" box="[708,792,1833,1856]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" rank="species">new sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE7BC30BD7283743128F88C" bold="true" box="[799,820,1832,1856]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45">6.</emphasis>
|
||
Female genitalia.
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE7BC30BA6D83743608F88C" bold="true" box="[1024,1044,1832,1856]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45">7.</emphasis>
|
||
Male genitalia (aedeagus missing), separated left valve (TDE).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36A3FFE7BC37BEAB83CD32F6FB9E" blockId="3.[151,1437,1937,2002]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1438,152,2034]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="3" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CA8801FFE7BC30BEAB83CD3324F867" box="[198,312,1937,1963]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD2AFFE7BC30BF3883CD33A2F867" box="[341,446,1937,1963]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" type="male">9 males</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD2AFFE7BC30BFBA83CD3074F867" box="[471,616,1937,1963]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" type="female">13 females</specimenCount>
|
||
):
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3667633FFE7BC30BCE583CD3127F867" box="[648,827,1937,1963]" name="Venezuela" pageId="3" pageNumber="45">VENEZUELA</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Yaracuy, via Yaritagua–Maracay,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455064FFE7BC30BB6C83CD3784F867" box="[1281,1432,1937,1963]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" precision="1" value="10.079984">10°04.799'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 69°
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455064FFE7BC30BED083E4332DF81E" box="[189,305,1976,2002]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" precision="55" value="-4.607">04.607W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, en
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE7BC30BF0F83E43075F81E" box="[354,617,1976,2002]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Chromolaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="odorata">Chromolaena odorata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B46FFE7BC30BC1B83E430D9F81E" box="[630,709,1976,2002]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.13" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="413.0">413 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE7BC30BCBE83E4317EF81E" box="[723,866,1976,2002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" value="2004-11-09">9 Nov 2004</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD2AFFE7BC30BD1B83E431FFF81E" box="[886,995,1976,2002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
), emergió:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE7BC30BA0783E436F2F81E" box="[1130,1262,1976,2002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" value="2005-05-14">14-V-2005</date>
|
||
, Murió:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE7BC37BB3A83E432C9FF7E" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" value="2005-05-18">18-V- 2005</date>
|
||
, O. Delgado, L. Strathie, C. Zachariades, H. Diaz, PPRI-ARC-MIZA (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED60AE66FFE0BC37BA7184C43672FF7E" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33834" box="[1052,1134,152,178]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33834" name="Museo del Instituto de Zoologia Agricola Francisco Fernandez Yepez" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">MIZA</collectionCode>
|
||
). Yaracuy, via Yaritagua– Maracay,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455064FFE0BC37BF6684E233BFFF14" box="[267,419,190,216]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" precision="1" value="10.079984">10°04.799'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 69°
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455064FFE0BC37BFBB84E2305AFF14" box="[470,582,190,216]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" precision="55" value="-4.607">04.607W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, en
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE0BC37BC1A84E23165FF14" box="[631,889,190,216]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Chromolaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="odorata">Chromolaena odorata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B46FFE0BC37BDE884E231C8FF14" box="[901,980,190,216]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.13" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="413.0">413 m</quantity>
|
||
, 0
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BD8284E23660FF14" box="[1007,1148,190,216]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2004-11-09">9 Nov 2004</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD2AFFE0BC37BAFD84E236E6FF14" box="[1168,1274,190,216]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
), emergió:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BB1384E2330FFF33" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2005-05-17">17 May 2005</date>
|
||
, murió:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BF1B84B93004FF33" box="[374,536,229,255]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2005-05-19">19 May 2005</date>
|
||
, O. Delgado, L. Strathie, C. Zachariades, H. Diaz, PPRI-ARC-MIZA; same locality,
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BE9185503394FEEA" box="[252,392,268,294]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2004-11-09">9 Nov 2004</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD2AFFE0BC37BFF685503018FEEA" box="[411,516,268,294]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
), emergió:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BCE585503134FEEA" box="[648,808,268,294]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2005-05-18">18 May 2005</date>
|
||
, murió:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BDE685503635FEEA" box="[907,1065,268,294]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2005-05-23">23 May 2005</date>
|
||
(no abdomen); same locality,
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BBE08550330FFE80" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2004-11-09">9 Nov 2004</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD2AFFE0BC37BF44856E339DFE80" box="[297,385,306,332]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
), emergió:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BC7D856E30A7FE80" box="[528,699,306,332]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2005-05-23">23 May 2005</date>
|
||
, murió:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BD48856E31CDFE80" box="[805,977,306,332]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2005-05-24">24 May 2005</date>
|
||
; same locality,
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B46FFE0BC37BAFB856E36F5FE80" box="[1174,1257,306,332]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.91" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="391.0">391 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455064FFE0BC37BA9B856E3784FE80" box="[1270,1432,306,332]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" precision="1" value="10.074533">10°04.472'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 69°
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455064FFE0BC37BEAC85053322FEBF" box="[193,318,345,371]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" precision="55" value="-5.712">05.712W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BF20850533F6FEBF" box="[333,490,345,371]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2004-11-09">9 Nov 2004</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD2AFFE0BC37BC6C85053065FEBF" box="[513,633,345,371]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
), emergió:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BD7D850531D8FEBF" box="[784,964,345,371]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2005-05-25">25 May 2005</date>
|
||
, murió:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BA58850536F7FEBF" box="[1077,1259,345,371]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2005-05-28">28 May 2005</date>
|
||
. Yaracuy, via Barquisimento–Maracay, Hda. Sta. Lucia,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455064FFE0BC37BCF785DC3129FE56" box="[666,821,384,410]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" precision="1" value="10.089566">10°05.374'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 69°
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455064FFE0BC37BD0485DC31C0FE56" box="[873,988,384,410]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" precision="55" value="-8.547">08.547W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B46FFE0BC37BD8585DC3624FE56" box="[1000,1080,384,410]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.04" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="404.0">404 m</quantity>
|
||
, en
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE0BC37BA0785DC376DFE56" box="[1130,1393,384,410]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Chromolaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="odorata">Chromolaena odorata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BB1385DC3317FE0C" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2004-12-15">15 Dec 2004</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD2AFFE0BC37BF7385FA336EFE0C" box="[286,370,422,448]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
), emergió:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BF9485FA3087FE0C" box="[505,667,422,448]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2005-05-29">29 May 2005</date>
|
||
, murió:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BD6D85FA31BEFE0C" box="[768,930,422,448]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2005-05-30">30 May 2005</date>
|
||
, O. Delgato, Q. Arias, PPRI-ARC-MIZA; same locality,
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BF29859133C2FE2B" box="[324,478,461,487]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2004-12-15">15 Dec 2004</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD2AFFE0BC37BF9F85913041FE2B" box="[498,605,461,487]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
), emergió:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BC8985913194FE2B" box="[740,904,461,487]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2005-05-30">30 May 2005</date>
|
||
, murió:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BD8185913666FE2B" box="[1004,1146,461,487]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2005-04-01">1 Apr 2005</date>
|
||
. Yaracuy, Yaritagua, via San Felipe,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455064FFE0BC37BF4C85A833A4FDC2" box="[289,440,500,526]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" precision="1" value="10.079984">10°04.799'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 69°
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455064FFE0BC37BF8485A83045FDC2" box="[489,601,500,526]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" precision="55" value="-4.607">04.607W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B46FFE0BC37BC0985A830ACFDC2" box="[612,688,500,526]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.13" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="413.0">413 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BCD185A83159FDC2" box="[700,837,500,526]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2005-11-09">9 Nov 2005</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD2AFFE0BC37BD3A85A831A3FDC2" box="[855,959,500,526]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
), emergió:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BA2C85A836CCFDC2" box="[1089,1232,500,526]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2005-01-19">19 Jan 2005</date>
|
||
, en
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE0BC37BA9385A830AAFDF8" authority="O. Delgato, L. Strathie. On Yaritagua" authorityName="O. Delgato, L. Strathie. On Yaritagua" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Chromolaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="odorata">Chromolaena odorata, O. Delgato, L. Strathie. On Yaritagua</taxonomicName>
|
||
side of Urachiche (east-flowing), along freeway, before bridge over Urachiche River,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455064FFE0BC37BFCC861D3024FD97" box="[417,568,577,603]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" precision="1" value="10.147734">10°08.864'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455064FFE0BC37BC29861D30C2FD97" box="[580,734,577,603]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" precision="1" value="-69.004715">69°00.283'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B46FFE0BC37BC86861D3129FD97" box="[747,821,577,603]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.38" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="438.0">438 m</quantity>
|
||
(Wpt. VE 005),
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BD91861D3689FD97" box="[1020,1173,577,603]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2005-11-11">11 Nov 2005</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD2AFFE0BC37BACA861D36E4FD97" box="[1191,1272,577,603]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD2AFFE0BC37BB69861D3772FD97" box="[1284,1390,577,603]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
), L. Strathie, C. Zachariades, O. Delgado; AcCe 381, Adult from field-collected larva, eclosion date: not recorded, died:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BEB586D2337BFD64" box="[216,359,654,680]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2006-01-11">11 Jan 2006</date>
|
||
. Between Yaritagua and Urachiche just past Granja Elena farm & before garage, near timber factory,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455064FFE0BC37BE9B86E93391FD03" box="[246,397,693,719]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" precision="1" value="10.082067">10°04.924'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455064FFE0BC37BFF486E9302FFD03" box="[409,563,693,719]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" precision="1" value="-69.07373">69°04.424'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B46FFE0BC37BC5286E93095FD03" box="[575,649,693,719]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.16" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="416.0">416 m</quantity>
|
||
(Wpt. VE 006),
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BD2086E931F9FD03" box="[845,997,693,719]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2005-11-11">11 Nov 2005</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD2AFFE0BC37BD9A86E93654FD03" box="[1015,1096,693,719]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
), L. Strathie, C. Zachariades, O. Delgado; AcCe 381, adult from field-collected larva, eclosion date: not recorded, died:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BABB86803777FD3A" box="[1238,1387,732,758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2006-01-13">13 Jan 2006</date>
|
||
. On Yaritagua side of Urachiche, before bridge over Urachiche river,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455064FFE0BC37BDE2875E363AFCD0" box="[911,1062,770,796]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" precision="1" value="10.147734">10°08.864'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455064FFE0BC37BA5F875E36D0FCD0" box="[1074,1228,770,796]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" precision="1" value="-69.004715">69°00.283'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B46FFE0BC37BAB5875E373EFCD0" box="[1240,1314,770,796]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.38" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="438.0">438 m</quantity>
|
||
(Wpt. VE 005), between Yaritagua and Urachiche, near timber factory,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455064FFE0BC37BD1087753604FC8F" box="[893,1048,809,835]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" precision="1" value="10.082067">10°04.924'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455064FFE0BC37BA48877536D8FC8F" box="[1061,1220,809,835]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" precision="1" value="-69.07373">69°04.424'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B46FFE0BC37BABC87753702FC8F" box="[1233,1310,809,835]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.16" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="416.0">416 m</quantity>
|
||
(Wpt. VE 006),
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BEB0870C3366FCA6" box="[221,378,848,874]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2005-11-11">11 Nov 2005</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD2AFFE0BC37BFE0870C33FCFCA6" box="[397,480,848,874]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
), L. Strathie, C. Zachariades, O. Delgado; AcCe 381, adult from field-collected larva, eclosion date:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BFE1872A303AFC5C" box="[396,550,886,912]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2005-12-28">28 Dec 2005</date>
|
||
, died:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BC18872A30E5FC5C" box="[629,761,886,912]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2006-01-02">2 Jan 2006</date>
|
||
; same locality,
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BDDD872A3656FC5C" box="[944,1098,886,912]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2005-11-11">11 Nov 2005</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD2AFFE0BC37BA30872A36B2FC5C" box="[1117,1198,886,912]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD2AFFE0BC37BAD6872A3739FC5C" box="[1211,1317,886,912]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
), eclosion date: not recorded, died:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BFD287C13028FC7B" box="[447,564,925,951]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2006-01-11">11 Jan 06</date>
|
||
; same locality,
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BC8687C13199FC7B" box="[747,901,925,951]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2005-11-11">11 Nov 2005</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD2AFFE0BC37BDF587C1361EFC7B" box="[920,1026,925,951]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
), eclosion date:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BAAF87C13749FC7B" box="[1218,1365,925,951]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2006-01-12">12 Jan 2006</date>
|
||
, died:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BEFA8798332DFC12" box="[151,305,964,990]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2006-01-13">13 Jan 2006</date>
|
||
; same locality,
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BF9F8798308EFC12" box="[498,658,964,990]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2005-11-11">11 Nov 2005</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD2AFFE0BC37BCC5879830E3FC12" box="[680,767,964,990]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
), eclosion date:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BDA48798367FFC12" box="[969,1123,964,990]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2006-01-12">12 Jan 2006</date>
|
||
, died:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BADB8798374CFC12" box="[1206,1360,964,990]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2006-01-14">14 Jan 2006</date>
|
||
; same locality,
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BE9687B6338FFBC8" box="[251,403,1002,1028]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2005-11-11">11 Nov 2005</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD2AFFE0BC37BFC887B633E9FBC8" box="[421,501,1002,1028]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD2AFFE0BC37BC6D87B63077FBC8" box="[512,619,1002,1028]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
), eclosion date:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BD4B87B631AAFBC8" box="[806,950,1002,1028]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2006-01-13">13 Jan 2006</date>
|
||
, died:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BA6E87B6368FFBC8" box="[1027,1171,1002,1028]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2006-01-15">15 Jan 2006</date>
|
||
; same locality,
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BB2B87B632C8FBE7" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2005-11-11">11 Nov 2005</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD2AFFE0BC37BE8B804D3378FBE7" box="[230,356,1041,1067]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" type="female">4 females</specimenCount>
|
||
), eclosion date:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BC43804D30D4FBE7" box="[558,712,1041,1067]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2006-01-14">14 Jan 2006</date>
|
||
, died:
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE0BC37BD71804D31ABFBE7" box="[796,951,1041,1067]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" value="2006-01-17">17 Jan 2006</date>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CA8801FFE0BC37BDAE804D3627FBE7" box="[963,1083,1041,1067]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
deposited in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED60AE66FFE0BC37BA8E804D3724FBE7" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34248" box="[1251,1336,1041,1067]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34248" name="Agricultural Research Council-Plant Protection Research Institute" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">SANC</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED60AE66FFE0BC37BB28804D3784FBE7" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33156" box="[1349,1432,1041,1067]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33156" name="California State Collection of Arthropods" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">CSCA</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED60AE66FFE0BC37BEFA806432FAFB9E" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33834" box="[151,230,1080,1106]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33834" name="Museo del Instituto de Zoologia Agricola Francisco Fernandez Yepez" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">MIZA</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36B6528FFE0BC37BEAB800233BEFB53" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36A3FFE0BC37BEAB800233BEFB53" blockId="4.[151,1438,152,2034]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE0BC37BEAB8002334FFBB4" bold="true" box="[198,339,1118,1144]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The specific name,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE0BC37BC34800330E3FBB4" box="[601,767,1119,1144]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chromolaenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE0BC37BC34800330E3FBB4" box="[601,767,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">chromolaenae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is derived from the generic name of the host plant,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE0BC37BEFA80D93387FB52" box="[151,411,1157,1182]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Chromolaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="odorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE0BC37BEFA80D93387FB52" box="[151,411,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">Chromolaena odorata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36B6528FFE0BC37BEAB80F73770F83E" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36A3FFE0BC37BEAB80F7315BF970" blockId="4.[151,1438,152,2034]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE0BC37BEAB80F73336FB09" bold="true" box="[198,298,1195,1221]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
Under laboratory conditions, eggs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE0BC37BC8780F03612FB09" box="[746,1038,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chromolaenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE0BC37BC8780F03612FB09" box="[746,1038,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">Carmenta chromolaenae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are usually deposited singly or in pairs in the grooved upper surface of a petiole, near the junction of the main stem and terminal or axillary bud of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE0BC37BED580A53325FADE" box="[184,313,1273,1298]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Chromolaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="odorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE0BC37BED580A53325FADE" box="[184,313,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">C. odorata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Eggs frequently are deposited on both of oppositely positioned petioles, and generally at the upper few nodes. The highly mobile larva hatches from the ridged end of the egg positioned closest to the stem, tunnels into the shoot tip, boring down the stem a short distance before girdling it, which causes wilting and death of the shoot tip. The larva continues to bore down the stem in a narrow tunnel through the stem pith. Small holes are created by the larva at intervals along the stem, through which frass and stem pith extrude. After tunneling for a distance up to
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B46FFE0BC37BC5181E63099FA18" box="[572,645,1466,1492]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
|
||
down the stem and creating an emergence window by chewing the stem to leave only an epidermal layer, the larva pupates facing upwards within the stem. The emergence window is usually up to
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B46FFE0BC37BFDA825433EDF9EE" box="[439,497,1544,1570]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" unit="cm" value="6.0">6 cm</quantity>
|
||
higher up the stem than the end of the larval tunnel. The pupal case, assisted by the rows of spines on the abdominal segments, is typically partially extruded through the emergence window during emergence. Developmental duration from egg to adult is approximately two to three months during the warm, wet season, but individuals will diapause within stems during the dry season; consequently, the life cycle is more protracted (up to approximately six months).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36A3FFE0BC37BEAB82953770F83E" blockId="4.[151,1438,152,2034]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Preliminary studies on the field host range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE0BC37BC9A829531D8F92E" box="[759,964,1737,1762]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chromolaenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE0BC37BC9A829531D8F92E" box="[759,964,1737,1762]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">C. chromolaenae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3667633FFE0BC37BD828295367BF92F" box="[1007,1127,1737,1763]" name="Venezuela" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
were conducted in 2005, examining seven
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE0BC37BF1F82AC33E6F8C6" box="[370,506,1776,1802]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE0BC37BC1D82AC3616F8C6" authority="La Llave & Lex" authorityName="La Llave & Lex" box="[624,1034,1776,1802]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Aldama" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE0BC37BC1D82AC3129F8C5" box="[624,821,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">Aldama dentata</emphasis>
|
||
La Llave & Lex
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE0BC37BA7582AC36F0F8C5" box="[1048,1260,1776,1801]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bipinnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE0BC37BA7582AC36F0F8C5" box="[1048,1260,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">Bidens bipinnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE0BC37BB7482AC3314F8FC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Synedrella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nodiflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE0BC37BB7482AC3314F8FC" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">Synedrella nodiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) Gaertn.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE0BC37BFDC834B3034F8FC" box="[433,552,1815,1840]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Ageratum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE0BC37BFDC834B3034F8FC" box="[433,552,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">Ageratum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE0BC37BC09834B3151F8FC" box="[612,845,1815,1840]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Tridax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="procumbens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE0BC37BC09834B3151F8FC" box="[612,845,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">Tridax procumbens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE0BC37BDED834B31E9F8FC" box="[896,1013,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">Ve r b e s i n a</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE0BC37BA46834B368DF8FC" box="[1067,1169,1815,1840]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Viguiera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE0BC37BA46834B368DF8FC" box="[1067,1169,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">Viguiera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.) growing in close proximity to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE0BC37BF5E836133C8F89A" box="[307,468,1853,1878]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Chromolaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE0BC37BF5E836133C8F89A" box="[307,468,1853,1878]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">Chromolaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plants, within areas where the moth was found to be abundant, and searching for damage caused by the moth. No damage was found on any of the other plant species examined (L. Strathie & C. Zachariades unpubl.). Host range testing on selected native and economically important species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE0BC37BEFA83ED3304F807" box="[151,280,1969,1995]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently being conducted in quarantine in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3667633FFE0BC37BD5483ED31CCF807" box="[825,976,1969,1995]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
to further establish the host specificity status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE0BC37BF6C838433D5F83D" box="[257,457,2008,2033]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chromolaenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE0BC37BF6C838433D5F83D" box="[257,457,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">C. chromolaenae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to determine its safety for release as a biological control agent in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3667633FFE0BC37BAA083843774F83E" box="[1229,1384,2008,2034]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF0E662BFFE1BC36BEFA824533E5F99F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191326/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" targetBox="[168,1429,235,1518]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36A3FFE1BC36BEFA824533E5F99F" blockId="5.[151,1436,1561,1619]" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE1BC36BEFA8245335FF9FD" bold="true" box="[151,323,1561,1585]" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">FIGURES 7–8.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE1BC36BF25824630BBF9FC" authority="Eichlin" authorityName="Eichlin" box="[328,679,1561,1585]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chromolaenae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE1BC36BF258246304DF9FD" box="[328,593,1562,1585]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">Carmenta chromolaenae</emphasis>
|
||
Eichlin
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE1BC36BCDC8245311BF9FD" bold="true" box="[689,775,1561,1585]" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23657CAFFE1BC36BCDC824530F1F9FD" box="[689,749,1561,1585]" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
7.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Larval chaetotaxy (lateral view, T1-A10).
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE1BC36BAA3824536FEF9FD" bold="true" box="[1230,1250,1561,1585]" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">8.</emphasis>
|
||
Larval head with chaetotaxy (frontal view) (OSD).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36B6528FFE1BC34BEAB82DD32F1FCD0" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36A3FFE1BC35BEAB82DD315BFF14" blockId="5.[151,1436,1665,2001]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,152,216]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE1BC36BEAB82DD334DF957" bold="true" box="[198,337,1665,1691]" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
Larval damage caused by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE1BC36BCF182DD3174F956" box="[668,872,1665,1690]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chromolaenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE1BC36BCF182DD3174F956" box="[668,872,1665,1690]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">C. chromolaenae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE1BC36BDF682DD3602F956" box="[923,1054,1665,1690]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Chromolaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="odorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE1BC36BDF682DD3602F956" box="[923,1054,1665,1690]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">C. odorata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was first observed during field surveys in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3667633FFE1BC36BF7182F43384F90E" box="[284,408,1704,1730]" name="Venezuela" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
in 1998 (Zachariades unpubl.). This damage was characterized by the presence of a small hole in the young stem below the axial pair of leaves, approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B46FFE1BC36BA608293367CF925" box="[1037,1120,1743,1769]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||
below which a girdle (due to larval tunneling just under the surface of the stem) was present, causing the shoot tip above to wilt and die (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A26FFE1BC36BECD834032F2F8FA" box="[160,238,1820,1846]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4" captionStartId="2.[151,271,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[196,1404,189,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[185,1405,167,1911]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. Carmenta chromolaenae Eichlin, n. sp. 1 a. Holotype male. 1 b. Paratype female. 2. Late instar larva (LWS). 3. Host plant, Chromolaena odorata, showing damage from Carmenta chromolaenae Eichlin, new sp. (LWS). 4. Eggs on host plant (LWS)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191324/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Damage to the shoot-tip inflicted by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE1BC36BCBB834031B0F8F9" box="[726,940,1820,1845]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chromolaenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE1BC36BCBB834031B0F8F9" box="[726,940,1820,1845]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">C. chromolaenae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembles larval damage caused by the widespread shoot-tip mining fly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE1BC36BC7E831F31D6F891" authority="Spencer" authorityName="Spencer" box="[531,970,1859,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Agromyzidae" genus="Melanagromyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eupatoriella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE1BC36BC7E831F317AF890" box="[531,870,1859,1884]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">Melanagromyza eupatoriella</emphasis>
|
||
Spencer
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE1BC36BDB4831F362BF891" box="[985,1079,1859,1885]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE1BC36BA2F831F36F8F891" box="[1090,1252,1859,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Agromyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Agromyzidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE1BC36BB78831F378FF890" box="[1301,1427,1859,1884]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Chromolaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="odorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE1BC36BB78831F378FF890" box="[1301,1427,1859,1884]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">C. odorata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; however, the fly causes a visible spiral mine down the shoot-tip, whereas the tunnel of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE1BC36BAE18335374AF84E" box="[1164,1366,1897,1922]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chromolaenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE1BC36BAE18335374AF84E" box="[1164,1366,1897,1922]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">C. chromolaenae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not externally visible. For oviposition,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE1BC36BC5483CC3119F865" box="[569,773,1936,1961]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chromolaenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE1BC36BC5483CC3119F865" box="[569,773,1936,1961]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">C. chromolaenae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems to favor large
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE1BC36BA6883CC36BBF865" box="[1029,1191,1936,1961]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Chromolaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE1BC36BA6883CC36BBF865" box="[1029,1191,1936,1961]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">Chromolaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bushes in open, hot, exposed situations. Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE1BC36BF9483EB30D8F81C" box="[505,708,1975,2000]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chromolaenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE1BC36BF9483EB30D8F81C" box="[505,708,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">C. chromolaenae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was present at several sites in the northern regions (western, central and eastern) of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3667633FFE2BC35BFC784C4303BFF7E" box="[426,551,152,178]" name="Venezuela" pageId="6" pageNumber="48">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it was locally abundant in only a few areas, particularly in the vicinity of Yaritagua, Yaracuy state (Zachariades & Strasthie unpub.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0E662BFFE2BC35BEFA83E2372EF819" box="[151,1330,1982,2006]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191327/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="48" targetBox="[170,1431,282,1932]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36A3FFE2BC35BEFA83E2372EF819" blockId="6.[151,1330,1982,2006]" box="[151,1330,1982,2006]" pageId="6" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE2BC35BEFA83E23353F81A" bold="true" box="[151,335,1982,2006]" pageId="6" pageNumber="48">FIGURES 9–10.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE2BC35BF3B83E230AAF819" authority="Eichlin" authorityName="Eichlin" box="[342,694,1982,2005]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chromolaenae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE2BC35BF3B83E2307CF819" box="[342,608,1982,2005]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="48">Carmenta chromolaenae</emphasis>
|
||
Eichlin
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE2BC35BCAD83E230E0F81A" bold="true" box="[704,764,1982,2006]" pageId="6" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23657CAFFE2BC35BCAD83E230E0F81A" box="[704,764,1982,2006]" pageId="6" pageNumber="48" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, male pupa.
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE2BC35BDE883E23186F81A" bold="true" box="[901,922,1982,2006]" pageId="6" pageNumber="48">9.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE2BC35BA5E83E23648F81A" bold="true" box="[1075,1108,1982,2006]" pageId="6" pageNumber="48">10.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal view (OSD).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36A3FFE3BC34BEAB84C43643FE0C" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,1106]" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">
|
||
A small number of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE3BC34BFAF84C4308DFF7D" box="[450,657,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chromolaenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE3BC34BFAF84C4308DFF7D" box="[450,657,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">C. chromolaenae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae within stems were imported on several occasions from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3667633FFE3BC34BEFA84E23313FF14" box="[151,271,190,216]" name="Venezuela" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
into quarantine in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3667633FFE3BC34BF8684E23098FF14" box="[491,644,190,216]" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but a laboratory culture could not be established due to insufficient individuals collected, in combination with asynchronous eclosion of relatively short-lived adults that did not allow for mating opportunities. In late 2005 a large number (about 120) of moth larvae were collected in stems from areas near Yaritagua (Strathie unpubl.). Eclosed adults were exposed to a variety of conditions within the laboratory and glasshouse in attempts to induce mating and oviposition. This was successful in gauze cages of 0.5 x 0.5
|
||
<date id="FFCF1063FFE3BC34BF7E85DC3320FE56" box="[275,316,384,410]" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">
|
||
x
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B46FFE3BC34BF4185DC3320FE56" box="[300,316,384,410]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="1.0">1</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
m within the glasshouse, and subsequent generations were produced. This culture was supplemented by further collections of larvae from the Yaritagua area in late 2006.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36A3FFE3BC34BEAB859132F1FCD0" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,1106]" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">
|
||
This new species holds promise, both in terms of its biology and host range, as a potential biocontrol agent for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE3BC34BF6585A83394FDC1" box="[264,392,500,525]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Chromolaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="odorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE3BC34BF6585A83394FDC1" box="[264,392,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">C. odorata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In parts of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3667633FFE3BC34BC7485A830ADFDC2" box="[537,689,500,526]" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
and elsewhere,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE3BC34BD0285A831F3FDC1" box="[879,1007,500,525]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Chromolaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="odorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE3BC34BD0285A831F3FDC1" box="[879,1007,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">C. odorata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has invaded regions that experience strongly seasonal wet and dry periods. Plants lose leaves and experience stem dieback or death during the dry seasons. This degenerated plant condition is not favorable for leaf feeders or agents originating from areas that do not experience distinct wet and dry periods. The northern parts of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3667633FFE3BC34BDA586343658FD4E" box="[968,1092,616,642]" name="Venezuela" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, from where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE3BC34BA8D86343780FD4D" box="[1248,1436,616,641]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chromolaena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE3BC34BA8D86343780FD4D" box="[1248,1436,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">C. chromolaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known, experience distinct dry periods similar to the climate in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3667633FFE3BC34BDFA86D23631FD64" box="[919,1069,654,680]" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B52FFE3BC34BA5686D23720FD64" author="Robertson" box="[1083,1340,654,680]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" refString="Robertson, M. P., Kriticos, D. J. & Zachariades, C. (2008) Climate matching techniques to narrow the search for biological control agents. Biological Control, 46, 442 - 452." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Robertson
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE3BC34BAD186D336F3FD64" box="[1212,1263,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); so, the insect is able to tolerate these conditions, making it a suitable candidate for introduction into
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3667633FFE3BC34BA9686E93784FD03" box="[1275,1432,693,719]" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The insect’s biology also enables it to diapause over the dry season, eclosing at the start of the following wet season.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36B6528FFE3BC34BEAB877533DEFB9E" pageId="7" pageNumber="49" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36A3FFE3BC34BEAB877533DEFB9E" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,1106]" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE3BC34BF7D8775339AFC8E" ID-CoL="924NF" box="[272,390,809,834]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE3BC34BF7D8775339AFC8E" box="[272,390,809,834]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">Carmenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species have been used successfully in weed biocontrol programs around the world, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE3BC34BED4870C3384FCA6" ID-CoL="5XBT9" authority="Beut." authorityName="Beut." box="[185,408,848,874]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ithacae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE3BC34BED4870C3324FCA5" box="[185,312,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">C. ithacae</emphasis>
|
||
(Beut.)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE3BC34BFAA870C310CFCA5" ID-CoL="764TB" box="[455,784,848,873]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Parthenium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hysterophorus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE3BC34BFAA870C310CFCA5" box="[455,784,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">Parthenium hysterophorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE3BC34BD2E870C31D2FCA6" ID-CoL="622TP" box="[835,974,848,874]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B52FFE3BC34BD8A870C36C1FCA6" author="Withers" box="[999,1245,848,874]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" refString="Withers, T. M., McFadyen, R. E. & Marohasy, J. (2000) Important protocols and risk assessment for weed biological control agents in Australia: The example of Carmenta nr ithacae. In Follet, P. A. & Duan, J. J. (Eds.), Nontarget Effects of Biological Control. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, pp. 195 - 214." type="book chapter" year="2000">
|
||
Withers
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE3BC34BA3F870C3695FCA5" box="[1106,1161,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A root-boring species from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3667633FFE3BC34BF28872A33D9FC5C" box="[325,453,886,912]" name="Argentina" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3667633FFE3BC34BC6A872A304DFC5C" box="[519,593,886,912]" name="Chile" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE3BC34BC32872B316AFC5C" ID-CoL="B98GQ" authority="Ureta" authorityName="Ureta" box="[607,886,886,912]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haematica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE3BC34BC32872B3110FC5C" box="[607,780,887,912]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">C. haematica</emphasis>
|
||
(Ureta)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has been recommended for the control of snakeweeds,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE3BC34BF5887C133A1FC7A" ID-CoL="4RMM" box="[309,445,925,950]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Gutierrezia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE3BC34BF5887C133A1FC7A" box="[309,445,925,950]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">Gutierrezia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE3BC34BC6A87C13092FC7B" ID-CoL="622TP" box="[519,654,925,951]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3667633FFE3BC34BC8787C13120FC7B" box="[746,828,925,951]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B52FFE3BC34BD2187C1361FFC7B" author="DeLoach" box="[844,1027,925,951]" pageId="7" pageNumber="49" refString="DeLoach, C. J. (1980) Prognosis for biological control of weeds of southwestern United States rangelands, pp. 175 - 199. In Delfosse, E. S. (ed.), Proceedings of the V International Symposium on the Biological Control of Weeds, 22 - 27 July 1980. Brisbane, Australia, CSIRO, Melbourne." type="journal article" year="1980">DeLoach 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Another stem-boring species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE3BC34BBEC87C13037FC12" ID-CoL="93WL9" authority="Eichlin & Passoa (1983)" authorityName="Eichlin & Passoa" authorityYear="1983" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Carmenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mimosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE3BC34BBEC87C132E9FC11" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">C. mimosa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B52FFE3BC34BE9087983037FC12" author="Eichlin" box="[253,555,964,990]" pageId="7" pageNumber="49" refString="Eichlin, T. D. &. Passoa, S. (1983) A new clearwing moth (Sesiidae) from Central America: A stem borer in Mimosa pigra. Journal of the Lepidopterist's Society, 37 (3), 193 - 206." type="journal article" year="1983">Eichlin & Passoa (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was released in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3667633FFE3BC34BC9187983177FC12" box="[764,875,964,990]" name="Australia" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
in 1989 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B52FFE3BC34BD8C879836B7FC12" author="Steinbauer" box="[993,1195,964,990]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" refString="Steinbauer, M. J. (1998) Host plant phenotype and the impact and development of Carmenta mimosa, a biological control agent of Mimosa pigra in Australia. Biological Control, 13 (3), 182 - 189." type="journal article" year="1998">Steinbauer 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) to help control the invasive plant,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE3BC34BF2587B633F1FBCF" ID-CoL="43GN7" box="[328,493,1002,1027]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Mimosa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="7" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE3BC34BF2587B633F1FBCF" box="[328,493,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">Mimosa pigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE3BC34BC7187B6308CFBC8" ID-CoL="623QT" box="[540,656,1002,1028]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="7" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In addition, an African vine borer,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE3BC34BA5587B63775FBC8" ID-CoL="3ZKY2" authority="Oberthur" authorityName="Oberthur" box="[1080,1385,1002,1028]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Melittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oedipus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE3BC34BA5587B636EBFBCF" box="[1080,1271,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">Melittia oedipus</emphasis>
|
||
Oberthür
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has been evaluated for its potential to control ivy gourd (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE3BC34BD6D804D31D7FBE6" ID-CoL="5ZG2T" box="[768,971,1041,1066]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Coccinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="7" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB1FFE3BC34BD6D804D31D7FBE6" box="[768,971,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="49">Coccinia grandis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) Voigt;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D20FFE3BC34BA39804D371CFBE7" ID-CoL="8SC" box="[1108,1280,1041,1067]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="7" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cucurbitaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), a weed pest in Hawaii (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B52FFE3BC34BF74806433AAFB9E" author="Eichlin" box="[281,438,1080,1106]" pageId="7" pageNumber="49" refString="Eichlin, T. D. (1995) New data and a redescription for Melittia oedipus, an African vine borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae). Tropical Lepidoptera, 6 (1), 47 - 51." type="journal article" year="1995">Eichlin 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |