905 lines
126 KiB
XML
905 lines
126 KiB
XML
<document id="90161469A466E2990BA43B68AE06CC63" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4175.3.1" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4175.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4094b0dd-fca5-484f-bb26-cf0ed37a9fbf" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="267850" ID-ZooBank="2B916685-5384-4665-A759-FC8911DF3E4F" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1476426716329" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="De Carvalho, Marcelo R., Loboda, Thiago S. & Da Silva, João Paulo C. B." docDate="2016" docId="03CD878D8649A80550F766A7CB8BB47F" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4175.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4175 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Styracura schmardae Werner 1904" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="214" masterDocId="FFF4FFF5864DA8085060620BC872B172" masterDocTitle="A new subfamily, Styracurinae, and new genus, Styracura, for Himantura schmardae (Werner, 1904) and Himantura pacifica (Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941) (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)" masterLastPageNumber="221" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="205" updateTime="1698389804271" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="63B55A10033C796FCE1391920C7914C9">A new subfamily, Styracurinae, and new genus, Styracura, for Himantura schmardae (Werner, 1904) and Himantura pacifica (Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941) (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F9B640D90DCCD6B64F0901BD9BBD6CD3">De Carvalho, Marcelo R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2776C1571FADD89D43C85E725B1E07D5">Loboda, Thiago S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6DB67434AA0AAD29B562A70A2783AE59">Da Silva, João Paulo C. B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="4D8462C8996C228557F39F54EEF6F8B5">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E2A156DF5B43E7A430A9C55C39460E40">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="EB6EA2D08C80770AE77B346A4A08DD2C">4175</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03CD878D8649A80550F766A7CB8BB47F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5696862" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124996854" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5696862" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD878D8649A80550F766A7CB8BB47F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CD878D8649A80550F766A7CB8BB47F" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="214" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
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<subSubSection id="C37E65108649A80C50F766A7C9FDB595" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDB369B8649A80C50F766A7CA2AB5B4" blockId="4.[151,600,1196,1255]" box="[151,600,1196,1222]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
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<heading id="D09381F78649A80C50F766A7CA2AB5B4" bold="true" box="[151,600,1196,1222]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C50F766A7CA2AB5B4" authority="Werner, 1904" authorityName="Werner" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,600,1196,1222]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
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<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C50F766A7CA2AB5B4" bold="true" box="[151,600,1196,1222]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
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<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C50F766A7C9EAB5B4" bold="true" box="[151,408,1196,1222]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Styracura schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C51C666A7CA22B5B4" author="Werner" box="[422,592,1196,1222]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Werner, F. (1904) Die Fische der zoologisch-vergleichend-anatomischen Sammlung der Wiener Universitat. I. Teil. Cyclostomen, Chondropterygier, Ganoiden, Dipnoer. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena), 21 (3), 263 - 302." type="journal article" year="1904">Werner, 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8649A80C50F766C5C9FDB595" blockId="4.[151,600,1196,1255]" box="[151,399,1230,1255]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
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(
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F2A1E8649A80C50FF66C5C89EB595" box="[159,236,1230,1255]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1830,1852]" captionTargetBox="[374,1215,205,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[361,1226,193,1808]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Styracura schmardae (ROM 66845, juvenile female, 276 mm DW, Guyana) in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Live color brown or grayish- to olivaceous-brown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267851/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F2A1E8649A80C509A66C5C95AB595" box="[250,296,1230,1255]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStart-3="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="8.[151,250,1088,1110]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,250,1912,1934]" captionStartId-2="10.[151,250,1180,1202]" captionStartId-3="11.[151,250,1643,1665]" captionTargetBox-0="[153,1436,193,1056]" captionTargetBox-1="[385,1133,534,1866]" captionTargetBox-2="[340,1246,193,1158]" captionTargetBox-3="[340,1246,553,1620]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[153,1438,193,1057]" captionTargetId-1="figure@9.[385,1173,517,1866]" captionTargetId-2="figure@10.[340,1247,193,1158]" captionTargetId-3="figure@11.[340,1247,553,1621]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="11" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. SEM images of dermal denticles of Styracura schmardae (MZUSP uncat. 508 mm DW). A) Quadriradiate denticles with broad basal plates (note overlapping basal plates); B) Quadriradiate and asterisk-shaped denticles occurring sideby-side on lateral disc region; C) Large quadriradiate denticle under greater magnification; D) Enlarged view of asterisk-shaped denticle showing stellate crown ridges. Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; cp, coronal plate; cr, coronal ridges; dr; dichotomous coronal ridge." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Ventral lateral-line canals of Styracura schmardae (MZUSP uncat. 508 mm DW). Abbreviations: HMD, hyomandibular canal (pink); IOC, infraorbital canal (blue); jug, jugular component of hyomandibular canal; NAS, nasal canal (including the prenasal canal anteriorly; yellow); pst, posterior subpleural tubules; spl, subpleural component of hyomandibular canal; SPO, supraorbital canal (green)." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Head skeleton of Styracura schmardae (MZUSP uncat. 508 mm DW, Belize). Note small calcified (angular) elements between hyomandibulae and lower jaws, which are slightly variable between both sides; asterisk denotes terminal portion of hyomandibula. Abbreviations: ac, angular cartilage; aoc, antorbital cartilage; fpf, frontoparietal fontenelle; hyo, hyomandibula; Mc, Meckel’s cartilage; na, nasal aperture; pcf, precerebral fontenelle; pq, palatoquadrate; prp, preorbital process; psc, prespiracular cartilage." captionText-3="FIGURE 6. Head skeleton of Styracura schmardae (MCZ 37964, 545 mm DW, Cuba), showing small angular elements between hyomandibula and lower jaw (remarkably similar to specimen in Fig. 5); asterisk denotes terminal portion of hyomandibula. Abbreviations: ac, angular cartilage; fpf, frontoparietal fontenelle; hyo, hyomandibula; is, internasal septum; Mc, Meckel’s cartilage; na, nasal aperture; pcf, precerebral fontenelle; pq, palatoquadrate; psc, prespiracular cartilage; sp, supraorbital process." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/267853/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/267854/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/267855/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/267856/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">3–6</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E603208649A80C515366C5C9F6B595" box="[307,388,1230,1255]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[125,203,525,545]" captionTargetBox="[136,1781,603,1707]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements of specimens of Styracura species examineđ in the present stuđy, incluđing the holotype (BMNH 1904.4.30.12) of S. schmardae anđ a juvenile specimen of S. pacifica. Ranges, Means (x), anđ Stanđarđ Deviations (SD) for specimens of S. schmardae are expresseđ in mm anđ as percetages of đisc wiđth (DW)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1B6613864EA80B501D6006CDACB348" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" tableUuid="DF1B6613864EA80B501D6006CDACB348">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37E65108649A80C50F76713CBC9B626" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8649A80C50F76713CD69B45E" blockId="4.[151,1437,1302,1877]" box="[151,1307,1302,1325]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B0C3CC68649A80C50F76713CD69B45E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1322992983" box="[151,1307,1302,1325]" country="Jamaica" location="Jamaica" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7411B58649A80C50F76713CD69B45E" box="[151,1307,1302,1325]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
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<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C50F76713CA67B45E" ID-CoL="59F22" authority="Werner, 1904: 298" authorityName="Werner" authorityPageNumber="298" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,533,1302,1325]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Trygon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C50F76713C921B45E" box="[151,339,1302,1325]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Trygon schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC5108A8649A80C5139671CCA67B45E" author="Werner" box="[345,533,1302,1324]" page="298" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" year="1904">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C5139671CC997B45E" author="Werner" box="[345,485,1302,1324]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Werner, F. (1904) Die Fische der zoologisch-vergleichend-anatomischen Sammlung der Wiener Universitat. I. Teil. Cyclostomen, Chondropterygier, Ganoiden, Dipnoer. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena), 21 (3), 263 - 302." type="journal article" year="1904">Werner, 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 298
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(original description, single specimen, not depicted;
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DF88398649A80C544E671CCC28B45E" box="[1070,1114,1303,1324]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F373760B8649A80C54DA671DCD62B45E" box="[1210,1296,1302,1324]" name="Jamaica" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8649A80C50F7673ECD38B418" blockId="4.[151,1437,1302,1877]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7411B58649A80C50F7673ECD38B418" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C50F7673ECA66B439" authority="Werner, 1904" authorityName="Werner" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,532,1333,1355]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasybatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C50F7673EC904B439" box="[151,374,1333,1355]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Dasybatus schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C51E3673ECA7FB439" author="Werner" box="[387,525,1333,1355]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Werner, F. (1904) Die Fische der zoologisch-vergleichend-anatomischen Sammlung der Wiener Universitat. I. Teil. Cyclostomen, Chondropterygier, Ganoiden, Dipnoer. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena), 21 (3), 263 - 302." type="journal article" year="1904">Werner, 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC5108A8649A80C5252673ECA8AB439" author="Garman" box="[562,760,1333,1355]" page="386" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" year="1913">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C5252673ECABAB439" author="Garman" box="[562,712,1333,1355]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Garman, S. (1913) The Plagiostomia (sharks, skates and rays). Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 36, 1 - 528, 77 pl." type="journal article" year="1913">Garman, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 386
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(verbatim from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C53FE673DCC5BB439" author="Werner" box="[926,1065,1333,1355]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Werner, F. (1904) Die Fische der zoologisch-vergleichend-anatomischen Sammlung der Wiener Universitat. I. Teil. Cyclostomen, Chondropterygier, Ganoiden, Dipnoer. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena), 21 (3), 263 - 302." type="journal article" year="1904">Werner, 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; placed in subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C549A673ECD04B439" ID-CoL="6JGR" box="[1274,1398,1333,1355]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Pastinachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C549A673ECD04B439" box="[1274,1398,1333,1355]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Pastinachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; no specimens examined);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC5108A8649A80C51CF675FCA92B418" author="Meek" box="[431,736,1364,1386]" page="81" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" year="1923">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C51CF675FCACFB418" author="Meek" box="[431,701,1364,1386]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Meek, S. E. & Hildebrand, S. F. (1923) The marine fishes of Panama. Field Museum of Natural History, Publication 215, Zoological Series, Vol. 15, Part 1, 1 - 492." type="journal article" year="1923">Meek & Hildebrand, 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 81
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(morphological description, Panama Canal, two specimens).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8649A80C50F76779CBF1B4D5" blockId="4.[151,1437,1302,1877]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B0C3CC68649A80C50F76779CBF1B4D5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1322992982" collectorName="Tunas de Zaza" country="Cuba" location="Cuba" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7411B58649A80C50F76779CBF1B4D5" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C50F76779CA62B4FA" authority="Garman, 1913: 386" authorityName="Garman" authorityPageNumber="386" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,528,1394,1416]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasybatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torrei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C50F76779C930B4FA" box="[151,322,1394,1416]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Dasybatus torrei</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC5108A8649A80C512A6779CA62B4FA" author="Garman" box="[330,528,1394,1416]" page="386" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" year="1913">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C512A6779C9ADB4FA" author="Garman" box="[330,479,1394,1416]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Garman, S. (1913) The Plagiostomia (sharks, skates and rays). Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 36, 1 - 528, 77 pl." type="journal article" year="1913">Garman, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 386
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–388 (original description, denticles, teeth, pelvic girdle, based on single specimen from
|
||
<collectorName id="2691534D8649A80C50A76799C92EB4D5" box="[199,348,1425,1447]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Tunas de Zaza</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F373760B8649A80C5106679AC9ECB4D5" box="[358,414,1425,1447]" name="Cuba" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
, not depicted; placed in subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C5299679ACB07B4D5" ID-CoL="6JGR" box="[761,885,1425,1447]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Pastinachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C5299679ACB07B4D5" box="[761,885,1425,1447]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Pastinachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8649A80C50F767BAC932B771" blockId="4.[151,1437,1302,1877]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7411B58649A80C50F767BAC932B771" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C50F767BACA71B4B4" ID-CoL="347DB" authority="Werner, 1904" authorityName="Werner" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,515,1456,1478]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C50F767BAC916B4B4" box="[151,356,1456,1478]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Dasyatis schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C511167BBC98EB4B4" author="Werner" box="[369,508,1456,1478]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Werner, F. (1904) Die Fische der zoologisch-vergleichend-anatomischen Sammlung der Wiener Universitat. I. Teil. Cyclostomen, Chondropterygier, Ganoiden, Dipnoer. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena), 21 (3), 263 - 302." type="journal article" year="1904">Werner, 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC5108A8649A80C524167BBCAACB4B4" author="Fowler" box="[545,734,1456,1478]" page="391" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" year="1931">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C524167BBCADFB4B4" author="Fowler" box="[545,685,1456,1478]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Fowler, H. W. (1931) Fishes obtained by the Barber Asphalt Company in Trinidad and Venezuela in 1930. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 83, 391 - 410." type="journal article" year="1931">Fowler, 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 391
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(color pattern,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F373760B8649A80C531B67BBCBA4B4B4" box="[891,982,1456,1478]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC5108A8649A80C538767BBCD7CB4B4" author="Beebe" box="[999,1294,1456,1478]" page="263" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" year="1941">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C538767BBCCACB4B4" author="Beebe" box="[999,1246,1456,1478]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Beebe, W. & Tee-Van, J. (1941) Eastern Pacific expeditions of the New York Zoological Society. XXVIII. Fishes from the tropical eastern Pacific. Part 3. Rays, Mantas and Chimaeras. Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society, 26 (3), 245 - 280, pls. 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1941">Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 263
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C50A767DBC94BB496" ID-CoL="3LY3Z" box="[199,313,1486,1509]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C50A767DBC94BB496" box="[199,313,1486,1509]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">H. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, described as new);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC5108A8649A80C526F67C4CA93B496" author="Boeseman" box="[527,737,1486,1508]" page="31" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" year="1948">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C526F67C4CACFB496" author="Boeseman" box="[527,701,1486,1508]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Boeseman, M. (1948) Some preliminary notes on Surinam sting rays, including the description of a new species. Zoologische Mededelingen, 30 (2), 31 - 47." type="journal article" year="1948">Boeseman, 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 31
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–33 (morphological description, pelvic girdle, range extension, four specimens).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8649A80C50F76406CBC9B626" blockId="4.[151,1437,1302,1877]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7411B58649A80C50F76406CBC9B626" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C50F76406CA58B750" ID-CoL="3LY48" authority="Werner, 1904" authorityName="Werner" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,554,1548,1570]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C50F76406C9F2B750" box="[151,384,1548,1570]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Himantura schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C51F36407CA51B750" author="Werner" box="[403,547,1548,1570]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Werner, F. (1904) Die Fische der zoologisch-vergleichend-anatomischen Sammlung der Wiener Universitat. I. Teil. Cyclostomen, Chondropterygier, Ganoiden, Dipnoer. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena), 21 (3), 263 - 302." type="journal article" year="1904">Werner, 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC5108A8649A80C52286407CBC2B750" author="Bigelow" box="[584,944,1548,1570]" page="390" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" year="1953">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C52286407CB08B750" author="Bigelow" box="[584,890,1548,1570]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Bigelow, H. B. & Schroeder, W. C. (1953) Sawfishes, Guitarfishes, Skates and Rays. In: Tee-Van, J., Breder, C. M., Parr, A. E., Schroeder, W. C. & Schultz, L. P. (Eds.), Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Part 2. Memoirs of the Sears Memorial Foundation for Marine Research, Yale University, New Haven, pp. 1 - 588." type="book chapter" year="1953">Bigelow & Schroeder, 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 390
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–394 (morphological redescription, synonymy, distribution);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC5108A8649A80C51326421CA57B732" author="Cervigon" box="[338,549,1578,1600]" page="200" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" year="1992">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C51326421C986B732" author="Cervigon" box="[338,500,1578,1600]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Cervigon, F. (1992) Tiburones, Peces batoideos y Peces oseos. In: Cervigon, F., Cipriani, R., Fischer, W., Garibaldi, L., Hendrickx, M., Lemus, A. J., Marquez, R., Poutiers, J. M., Robaina, G. & Rodriquez, B. (Eds.), Fichas FAO de identification de especies para los fines de la pesca. Guia de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aguas salobres de la costa septentrional de Sur America. Rome, FAO, pp. 163 - 456, Pls. 3 - 40." type="book chapter" year="1992">Cervigón, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 200
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(Venezuela);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC5108A8649A80C52D46421CB0FB732" author="Lovejoy" box="[692,893,1578,1600]" page="220" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" year="1996">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C52D46421CB39B732" author="Lovejoy" box="[692,843,1578,1600]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Lovejoy, N. R. (1996) Systematics of myliobatoid elasmobranchs: with emphasis on the phylogeny and historical biogeography of neotropical freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygonidae: Rajiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 117, 207 - 257. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1996. tb 02189. x" type="journal article" year="1996">Lovejoy, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 220
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 221, 229, 230, 246–248 (morphology, relationships, biogeography);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC5108A8649A80C510A6442CAF9B72D" author="McEachran" box="[362,651,1609,1631]" page="64" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" year="1996">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C510A6442CA10B72D" author="McEachran" box="[362,610,1609,1631]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="McEachran, J. D., Dunn, K. & Miyake, T. (1996) Interrelationships of batoid fishes. In: Stiassny, M. L. J., Johnson, G. D. & Parenti, L. (Eds.), Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 63 - 84. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 012670950 - 6 / 50005 - 9" type="book chapter" year="1996">
|
||
McEachran
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C51886441CA6CB72D" box="[488,542,1609,1631]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 64
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 65, 71, 72, 75–81, 83 (morphology, phylogeny);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC5108A8649A80C54F76442C95EB70C" author="McEachran" page="182" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" year="1998">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C54F76442C88FB70C" author="McEachran" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="McEachran, J. D. & Fechhelm, J. D. (1998) Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico. Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Univ. of Texas Press, Austin, 1112 pp." type="book" year="1998">McEachran & Fechhelm, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 182
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(Gulf of Mexico);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC5108A8649A80C518C6463CA98B70C" author="Lovejoy" box="[492,746,1640,1662]" page="421" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" year="1998">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C518C6463CAC9B70C" author="Lovejoy" box="[492,699,1640,1662]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Lovejoy, N. R., Birminghan, E. & Martin, A. P. (1998) South American rays came in with the sea. Nature, 396, 421 - 422." type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Lovejoy
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C52276462CA01B70C" box="[583,627,1640,1662]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 421
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(molecular phylogeny);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC5108A8649A80C53846463CD64B70C" author="Cervigon" box="[996,1302,1640,1662]" page="190" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" year="1999">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C53846463CC94B70C" author="Cervigon" box="[996,1254,1640,1662]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Cervigon, F. & Alcala, A. (1999) Los Peces Marinos de Venezuela. Vol. 5. Tiburones y Rayas. Fundacion Cientifica Los Roques, Caracas, 230 pp." type="book" year="1999">Cervigón & Alcalá, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 190
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(Venezuela);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC5108A8649A80C50A7648DCA71B7EE" author="Castro-Aguirre" box="[199,515,1670,1693]" page="72" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" year="1999">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C50A7648DC9ADB7EE" author="Castro-Aguirre" box="[199,479,1670,1693]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Castro-Aguirre, J. L., Espinosa Perez, H. & Schmitter-Soto, J. J. (1999) Ictiofauna estuarino-Lagunar y vicaria de Mexico. Coleccion Textos Politecnicos, Serie Biotechnologias, 711 pp." type="book" year="1999">
|
||
Castro-Aguirre
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C51076483C9E7B7EE" box="[359,405,1670,1693]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 72
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(Mexico);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC5108A8649A80C5217648DCBEDB7EE" author="Camargo" box="[631,927,1670,1692]" page="144" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" year="2001">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C5217648DCB1DB7EE" author="Camargo" box="[631,879,1670,1692]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Camargo, M. & Isaac, V. (2001) Os peixes estuarinos da regiao norte do Brasil: lista de especies e consideracoes sobre sua distribuicao geografica. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Nova Serie, Zoologia, 17 (2), 133 - 157." type="journal article" year="2001">Camargo & Isaac, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 144
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(northern Brazil);
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B0C3CC68649A80C5400648DCBC9B626" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1322992984" collectionCode="DNA" country="Mexico" county="Last" location="Aschliman" municipality="Moral-Flores" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC5108A8649A80C5400648DC89FB7C9" author="McEachran" page="568" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" year="2003">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C5400648DCDEAB7EE" author="McEachran" box="[1120,1432,1670,1692]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="McEachran, J. D. & Carvalho, M. R. de (2003) Batoid fishes. In: Carpenter, K. E. (Ed.), The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 1. Introduction, Molluscs, Crustaceans, Hagfishes, Sharks, Baroid Fishes, and Chimaeras. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. American Society of Ichthyologist and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. FAO, Rome, pp. 507 - 589." type="book chapter" year="2003">McEachran & Carvalho, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 568
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(identification, distribution);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC5108A8649A80C525364AECBCDB7C9" author="McEachran" box="[563,959,1701,1723]" page="80" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" year="2004">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C525364AECBE3B7C9" author="McEachran" box="[563,913,1701,1723]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="McEachran, J. D. & Aschliman, N. (2004) Phylogeny of Batoidea. In: Carrier, J. C., Musick, J. A. & Heithaus, M. R. (Eds.), Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 79 - 113. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1201 / 9780203491317. ch 3" type="book chapter" year="2004">McEachran & Aschliman, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 80
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 86, 88–92, 96, 98, 99, 101 (morphology, phylogeny);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC5108A8649A80C512764CFCA33B7A8" author="Carvalho" box="[327,577,1732,1754]" page="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" year="2004">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C512764CFCA6CB7A8" author="Carvalho" box="[327,542,1732,1754]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Carvalho, M. R. de, Maisey, J. G. & Grande, L. (2004) Freshwater stingrays of the Green River Formation of Wyoming (Early Eocene), with the description of a new genus and species and an analysis of its phylogenetic relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 284, 1 - 136. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090 (2004) 284 % 3 C 0001: FSOTGR % 3 E 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Carvalho
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C51C964CEC9A7B7A8" box="[425,469,1732,1754]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 10
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 49, 77, 81, 82, 93, 105, 113 (morphology, relationships);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC5108A8649A80C54E864CFC891B78A" author="Carvalho" page="46" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" year="2011">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C54E864CFCDEBB7A8" author="Carvalho" box="[1160,1433,1732,1754]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Carvalho, M. R. de & Lovejoy, N. R. (2011) Morphological and phylogenetic relationships of a remarkable new genus and two new species of Neotropical freshwater stingrays from the Amazon basin (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). Zootaxa, 2776, 13 - 48." type="journal article" year="2011">Carvalho & Lovejoy, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 46
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 47 (molecular phylogeny);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC5108A8649A80C526564E9CA8EB78A" author="Naylor" box="[517,764,1762,1784]" page="43" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" year="2012">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C526564E9CAA7B78A" author="Naylor" box="[517,725,1762,1784]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Naylor, G. J. P., Caira, J. N., Jensen, K., Rosana, K. A. M., Straube, N. & Lakner, C. (2012 a) Elasmobranch phylogeny: a mitochondrial estimate based on 595 species. In: Carrier, J. C., Musick, J. A. & Heithaus, M. R. (Eds.), Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Second Edition, pp. 31 - 56. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1201 / b 11867 - 4" type="book chapter" year="2012" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Naylor
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C523264E8CAF2B78A" box="[594,640,1762,1784]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2012a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 43
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 46, 48, 49 (mitochondrial DNA-based phylogeny); Naylor
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C550264E8CDFDB78A" box="[1378,1423,1762,1784]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2012b: 79, 225 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED75AE5E8649A80C51E0650AC9CBB665" box="[384,441,1793,1815]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15536" name="Department of Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and Sport" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">DNA</collectionCode>
|
||
identification);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC5108A8649A80C5208650ACBEFB665" author="Aschliman" box="[616,925,1793,1815]" page="64" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" year="2012">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C5208650ACB02B665" author="Aschliman" box="[616,880,1793,1815]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Aschliman, N. C., Nishida, M., Miya, M., Inoue, J. G., Rosana, K. M. & Naylor, G. J. P. (2012 b) Body plan convergence in the evolution of skates and rays (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 63 (1), 28 - 42. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2011.12.012" type="journal article" year="2012" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
<location id="8EBB60408649A80C5208650ACAA4B665" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD878D8649A80550F766A7CB8BB47F:8EBB60408649A80C5208650ACAA4B665" box="[616,726,1793,1815]" country="Mexico" county="Last" municipality="Moral-Flores" name="Aschliman" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Aschliman</location>
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C52836509CB6FB665" box="[739,797,1793,1815]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2012a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 64
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 66, 68, 70–72, 75, 77, 79, 86–88, 90, 92–94 (morphology, phylogeny);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC5108A8649A80C51B9652BCA89B644" author="Aschliman" box="[473,763,1824,1846]" page="30" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" year="2012">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C51B9652BCAA6B644" author="Aschliman" box="[473,724,1824,1846]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Aschliman, N. C., Nishida, M., Miya, M., Inoue, J. G., Rosana, K. M. & Naylor, G. J. P. (2012 b) Body plan convergence in the evolution of skates and rays (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 63 (1), 28 - 42. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2011.12.012" type="journal article" year="2012" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
<location id="8EBB60408649A80C51B9652BCA35B644" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD878D8649A80550F766A7CB8BB47F:8EBB60408649A80C51B9652BCA35B644" box="[473,583,1824,1846]" country="Mexico" county="Last" municipality="Moral-Flores" name="Aschliman" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Aschliman</location>
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C522F652ACAF1B644" box="[591,643,1824,1846]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2012b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 30
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 34–36, 38, 39 (molecular phylogeny);
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BBFACE18649A80C54F3652BCD6BB644" box="[1171,1305,1824,1846]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Moral-Flores</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C5540652ACD3CB644" box="[1312,1358,1824,1846]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2015: 130 (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F373760B8649A80C509A6535C93FB626" box="[250,333,1854,1876]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62BA4E178649A80C513F6534C9F9B626" box="[351,395,1855,1876]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Last</collectingCounty>
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C51F1654BC9CFB626" box="[401,445,1854,1877]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2016: 352 (molecular phylogeny, classification).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37E65108649A80D50F7658ACC72B696" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="206" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8649A80D50F7658ACDE1B0DE" blockId="4.[151,1437,1921,2018]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,2020]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="206" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C50F7658AC978B6E8" bold="true" box="[151,266,1921,1946]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
. A species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C51DB6589CA5AB6EB" box="[443,552,1922,1945]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C51DB6589CA5AB6EB" box="[443,552,1922,1945]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C53766589CBE2B6E8" box="[790,912,1922,1946]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C53766589CBE2B6E8" box="[790,912,1922,1946]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the following combination of characters: anterior disc margin slightly more straight across (more oblique in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C53F465ADCC7EB6CC" box="[916,1036,1958,1982]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C53F465ADCC7EB6CC" box="[916,1036,1958,1982]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); usually greater enlarged scapular denticles (poorly developed in some specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C52AB65C1CB33B690" box="[715,833,1994,2018]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C52AB65C1CB33B690" box="[715,833,1994,2018]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but always well developed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C54FB65C1CD42B690" box="[1179,1328,1993,2018]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C54FB65C1CD42B690" box="[1179,1328,1993,2018]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">S. schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); slightly larger eyes (up to one-half spiracle length in
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898648A80D52F56293CB39B1C2" box="[661,843,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188648A80D52F56293CB5FB1C2" box="[661,813,151,176]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">S. schmardae</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. one-third in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188648A80D53886293CC2DB1C2" box="[1000,1119,152,176]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898648A80D53886293CC2DB1C2" box="[1000,1119,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); slightly smaller preorbital length (range 15.6–20.9% DW and mean 18.3% DW in
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898648A80D537662B6CBBFB1A6" box="[790,973,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188648A80D537662B6CBDCB1A7" box="[790,942,188,213]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">S. schmardae</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. 21.2% DW and 22.5% DW in
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DF88398648A80D555A62B7CDEEB1A7" box="[1338,1436,188,213]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and measured specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188648A80D51B162EBCA3BB18A" box="[465,585,224,248]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898648A80D51B162EBCA3BB18A" box="[465,585,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively); smaller prenarial length (range 10.8–13.5% DW and mean 12.2% DW in
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898648A80D5125630ECA73B06E" box="[325,513,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188648A80D5125630EC9ADB06F" box="[325,479,260,285]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">S. schmardae</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. 14.5% DW and 15% DW in
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DF88398648A80D530D630FCBBDB06F" box="[877,975,260,285]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and measured specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188648A80D557B630ECDE7B06E" box="[1307,1429,260,284]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898648A80D557B630ECDE7B06E" box="[1307,1429,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively); smaller preoral length (range 15.7–18.8% DW and mean 17.5% DW in
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898648A80D543B6323CD7DB032" box="[1115,1295,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188648A80D543B6323CC83B032" box="[1115,1265,295,320]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">S. schmardae</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. 20.3% DW in measured specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188648A80D51DA6346CA40B016" box="[442,562,332,356]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898648A80D51DA6346CA40B016" box="[442,562,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); shorter distance from cloaca to caudal sting origin (range 51.8–90.9% DW and mean 69.5% DW in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188648A80D51CE637BCA37B0FA" box="[430,581,367,392]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898648A80D51CE637BCA37B0FA" box="[430,581,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">S. schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DF88398648A80D52326364CAC5B0FA" box="[594,695,367,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
66.5%]
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898648A80D5378637ACB5DB0FA" box="[792,815,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">vs</emphasis>
|
||
. 98.4% DW in measured specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188648A80D5484637BCD29B0FA" box="[1252,1371,368,392]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898648A80D5484637BCD29B0FA" box="[1252,1371,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); and brown to grayish- or olivaceous-brown dorsal disc color (frequently purplish-gray or darker brown in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188648A80D556C639ECDF0B0DE" box="[1292,1410,404,428]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898648A80D556C639ECDF0B0DE" box="[1292,1410,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8648A80D50A763B0CD39B54A" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898648A80D50A763B0C9BBB0A6" bold="true" box="[199,457,443,468]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">External morphology</emphasis>
|
||
. Disc rounded to weakly rhomboidal, slightly broader than long, with average disc length 93.2% DW (range 87.2–98.6% DW). Anterior portion of disc more rounded and broader than posterior portion; posterior portion slightly more oval. Anterior margin of disc straight to weakly convex. Rostral knob small, rounded. Head relatively close to anterior disc margin. Snout relatively short; mean preorbital distance 18.3% DW (range 15.6–20.9% DW); preorbital distance about one and a half times interorbital distance. Mean prenasal distance 12.2% DW (range 10.8–13.5% DW). Mean preoral distance 17.5% DW (range 15.7–18.8% DW). Eyes small, protruding only slightly, their mean diameter 2.6% DW (range 1.8–3.8% DW). Eye diameter from four to five times smaller than interorbital distance. Spiracles very large and rectangular, obliquely positioned in relation to eyes, their mean length 7.7% DW (range 7.2–8.5% DW). Nasal curtain relatively straight, not widening significantly close to mouth. Posterior margin of nasal curtain weakly fringed, straight across. Nostrils anteroposteriorly elongate, slightly more rounded and larger anteriorly; mean distance between anterior margins of nostrils 7.4% DW (range 6.4–8.5% DW). Mouth slightly arched, with a small median concavity on lower jaw; mean mouth width 7.7% DW (range 6.9–8.5% DW). Internarial distance and mouth width about equal. Posterior to mouth integument corrugated. Five papillae on mouth floor. Teeth slightly wider than long, set in quincunx, in up to about 40 rows on upper and lower jaws; a few rows of teeth on upper jaw exposed even with mouth closed. Branchial basket quadrangular; mean distance between first pair of gill slits 20.7% DW (range 19.0–22.4% DW); mean distance between fifth pair of gill slits 15.8% DW (range 13.8–18.0% DW). Branchial basket region relatively long; mean distance between first and fifth pairs of gill slits 15.3% DW (range 14.1–16.3% DW).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8648A80D50A76648C979B446" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">Pelvic fins protrude only slightly beyond posterior margins of pectoral fins in dorsal view. Pelvic fins broadly triangular, presenting somewhat straight anterior margins and slightly convex posterior margins. Mean length of anterior pelvic margins 17.4% DW (range 15.4–20.1% DW); pelvic fins not particularly broad, mean distance between outer apices of pelvic fins (width of pelvic fins measured together) 44.4% DW (range 36.7–51% DW). Claspers very reduced in juvenile and young specimens, mean external length of clasper in examined specimens 1.7% DW (range 1.5–2.2% DW), and mean internal length 10.9% DW (range 9–12.9% DW); adult males not examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8648A80D50A76734CB73B622" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">Tail very long, much longer than disc length; mean distance from posterior margin of cloaca to tail tip 146.7% DW (range 129.2–164.2% DW); tail length as measured from cloaca about twice snout to cloaca distance (mean 76.6% DW, range 64.3–84.9% DW). Tail wide at base, its greatest width slightly smaller than interorbital distance; mean tail width at pectoral fin insertion 10.8% DW (range 9.2–12.2% DW). Tail width tapering mildly from base to distal tip, but reduction slightly more accentuated posterior to caudal stings. Tail weakly rounded anterior to caudal stings, but nearly circular in cross section posterior to stings. Lateral tail ridges low, present from more or less level of posterior pelvic fins to well anterior to caudal sting origin. Ventral tail ridge very low, originating at about level of caudal sting origin to posterior to stings; lacking dorsal tail fold, ridge or keel. Caudal sting positioned far from tail base; mean distance between posterior margin of cloaca and caudal sting origin 69.5% DW (range 51.8–90.9% DW), very close to snout to cloaca distance. Caudal sting origin usually at more or less midlength of tail in specimens with intact tails. Caudal stings elongate, varying from 18.8–26.9% DW, nearly two times interorbital distance (10.8–15.1% DW), and much greater than preorbital snout length. Caudal stings relatively slender, their mean width 1.6% DW (range 1–2% DW). Lateral serrations between 60–70, closely positioned forming an almost continuous edge, especially closer to sting tip; serrations more developed toward sting tip but small serrations also present on sting base.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8648A80D50A76554CC72B696" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898648A80D50A76554C93AB60A" bold="true" box="[199,328,1887,1912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">Coloration</emphasis>
|
||
. Most specimens with a uniform brown, grayish-brown or olivaceous-brown dorsal disc, tail and pelvic fins, sometimes with outer disc contours slightly darker, and dark brown posterior two-thirds of tail. Ventral color creamy white, with lightly darker outer disc margins (sometimes with small, indistinct grayish spots and blotches), and darker posterior pelvic fins; ventral posterior tail darker brown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF1B6613864BA80E50F7652DCAEAB628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267851/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" targetBox="[374,1215,205,1796]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B864BA80E50F7652DCAEAB628" blockId="6.[151,1436,1830,1882]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864BA80E50F7652DC97CB64E" bold="true" box="[151,270,1830,1852]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D18864BA80E517B652CC981B64E" box="[283,499,1830,1852]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864BA80E517B652CC981B64E" box="[283,499,1830,1852]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Styracura schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ROM 66845, juvenile female, 276 mm DW, Guyana) in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Live color brown or grayish- to olivaceous-brown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF1B6613864AA80F50F765B9CAC7B695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267852/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" targetBox="[384,1197,190,1931]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B864AA80F50F765B9CAC7B695" blockId="7.[151,1435,1970,2023]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864AA80F50F765B9C97DB6BA" bold="true" box="[151,271,1970,1992]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D18864AA80F517D65B8C9A9B6BA" box="[285,475,1970,1992]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864AA80F517D65B8C9A9B6BA" box="[285,475,1970,1992]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Styracura pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ROM 66838, juvenile female, 287 mm DW, Pacific coast of Costa Rica) in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Live color usually purplish-brown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF1B66138645A80050F7664BC956B5A3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267853/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" targetBox="[153,1436,193,1056]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8645A80050F7664BC956B5A3" blockId="8.[151,1436,1088,1233]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898645A80050F7664BC963B524" bold="true" box="[151,273,1088,1110]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
|
||
. SEM images of dermal denticles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188645A80052CC664ACBFAB524" box="[684,904,1088,1110]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898645A80052CC664ACBFAB524" box="[684,904,1088,1110]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Styracura schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MZUSP uncat. 508 mm DW). A) Quadriradiate denticles with broad basal plates (note overlapping basal plates); B) Quadriradiate and asterisk-shaped denticles occurring sideby-side on lateral disc region; C) Large quadriradiate denticle under greater magnification; D) Enlarged view of asterisk-shaped denticle showing stellate crown ridges. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898645A80052AC6697CA9AB5C0" bold="true" box="[716,744,1180,1202]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">bp</emphasis>
|
||
, basal plate;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898645A80053126697CBF9B5C0" bold="true" box="[882,907,1180,1202]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">cp</emphasis>
|
||
, coronal plate;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898645A800544D6697CC31B5C0" bold="true" box="[1069,1091,1180,1202]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">cr</emphasis>
|
||
, coronal ridges;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898645A80054916697CD78B5C0" bold="true" box="[1265,1290,1180,1202]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">dr</emphasis>
|
||
; dichotomous coronal ridge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37E65108645A80450A7670ACA1EB400" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="213" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8645A80050A7670AC896B628" blockId="8.[151,1437,1281,2030]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898645A80050A7670AC9E3B468" bold="true" box="[199,401,1281,1306]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Dermal denticles</emphasis>
|
||
. An intense shagreen of dermal denticles covers practically the entire dorsal surface of disc and tail, forming a tough, hardened exterior. Denticles slightly less numerous and less closely packed toward disc margins. Pelvic fins mostly naked. Dermal denticles of at least two main shapes: large stellate denticles with broad basal plates closely packed together on the central area of dorsal disc and all of dorsal tail, and slightly smaller asterisk-shaped denticles present on disc margins and much of tail (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F2A1E8645A80053C0679ACB94B4D8" box="[928,998,1425,1450]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1088,1110]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,193,1056]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[153,1438,193,1057]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. SEM images of dermal denticles of Styracura schmardae (MZUSP uncat. 508 mm DW). A) Quadriradiate denticles with broad basal plates (note overlapping basal plates); B) Quadriradiate and asterisk-shaped denticles occurring sideby-side on lateral disc region; C) Large quadriradiate denticle under greater magnification; D) Enlarged view of asterisk-shaped denticle showing stellate crown ridges. Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; cp, coronal plate; cr, coronal ridges; dr; dichotomous coronal ridge." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267853/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). In addition, a pair of larger scapular denticles (or spines) present above shoulders, usually one on each side, but sometimes with two pairs, one more developed than the other. Larger denticles on dorsal disc and tail have broad, subcircular to quadrangular basal plates, these frequently overlapping. Larger denticles with quadriradiate crowns, with primary ridges subdividing distally into smaller ridges, and these frequently also further subdivided. The main dichotomic crown ridges resemble a cross, and bear a central, higher, and smaller pyramidal crown plate. Greatly enlarged scapular denticles above shoulders morphologically similar to larger denticles, but with many more dichotomic ridges radiating from the crown plate, and sometimes with two central, higher, longitudinal ridges forming an inverted V-shape on crown. Smaller denticles asterisk-shaped with several high crown ridges, usually six, branching from a single elevated, acute, cylindrical crown. These denticles present a star-shaped basal plate beneath coronal ridges (in contrast to larger, stellate denticles that have a broad basal plate). On the medial dorsal region of tail, close to caudal stings, these denticles possess a more developed and acute crown with fewer ridges, resembling small thorns.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8645A80150A76562CA2DB0A2" blockId="8.[151,1437,1281,2030]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="210" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898645A80050A76562C9D7B6F0" bold="true" box="[199,421,1897,1922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Lateral line canals</emphasis>
|
||
. The hyomandibular canal (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898645A80052826562CB54B6F0" bold="true" box="[738,806,1897,1922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">HMD</emphasis>
|
||
) extends close to anterior disc margin, where numerous closely adjacent anterior subpleural tubules branch off in parallel (hyomandibular canal colored pink in
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F2A1E8645A80055276586CDFCB6D4" box="[1351,1422,1933,1958]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1912,1934]" captionTargetBox="[385,1133,534,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[385,1173,517,1866]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ventral lateral-line canals of Styracura schmardae (MZUSP uncat. 508 mm DW). Abbreviations: HMD, hyomandibular canal (pink); IOC, infraorbital canal (blue); jug, jugular component of hyomandibular canal; NAS, nasal canal (including the prenasal canal anteriorly; yellow); pst, posterior subpleural tubules; spl, subpleural component of hyomandibular canal; SPO, supraorbital canal (green)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267854/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
); anterior subpleural tubules present only on anterior segment of hyomandibular canal. Hyomandibular canal extends obliquely toward posterior disc; its subpleural component (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898645A800535365DECB27B69C" bold="true" box="[819,853,2005,2030]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">spl</emphasis>
|
||
) somewhat concave, giving off two small posterior subpleural tubules (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898644A8015114629CC9EAB1C2" bold="true" box="[372,408,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">pst</emphasis>
|
||
), and ending in an acute triangle; jugular component (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898644A801539B629CCC50B1C2" bold="true" box="[1019,1058,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">jug</emphasis>
|
||
) more or less straight posteriorly, but broadly arched lateral to gill slits, and slightly bulging near first gill slits. Infraorbital (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898644A80154D062B7CC97B1A7" bold="true" box="[1200,1253,188,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">IOC</emphasis>
|
||
; blue in
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F2A1E8644A801552F62B7CDE6B1A6" box="[1359,1428,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1912,1934]" captionTargetBox="[385,1133,534,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[385,1173,517,1866]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ventral lateral-line canals of Styracura schmardae (MZUSP uncat. 508 mm DW). Abbreviations: HMD, hyomandibular canal (pink); IOC, infraorbital canal (blue); jug, jugular component of hyomandibular canal; NAS, nasal canal (including the prenasal canal anteriorly; yellow); pst, posterior subpleural tubules; spl, subpleural component of hyomandibular canal; SPO, supraorbital canal (green)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267854/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) canal with small, rounded infraorbital loop posteriorly, and without suborbital loop anteriorly; infraorbital canal highly sinuous, extending anteriorly to ventral midsnout length. Supraorbital canal (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898644A8015421630FCC05B06F" bold="true" box="[1089,1143,260,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">SPO</emphasis>
|
||
; green) positioned medial to infraorbital canal and obliquely positioned, not sinuous; small prenasal loop present; supraorbital forming a small posterior loop just anterior to nasal curtain. Prenasal canal (anterior segment of nasal canal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898644A801548C6347CD56B017" bold="true" box="[1260,1316,332,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">NAS</emphasis>
|
||
, yellow in
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F2A1E8644A80150F76364C8AEB0FA" box="[151,220,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1912,1934]" captionTargetBox="[385,1133,534,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[385,1173,517,1866]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ventral lateral-line canals of Styracura schmardae (MZUSP uncat. 508 mm DW). Abbreviations: HMD, hyomandibular canal (pink); IOC, infraorbital canal (blue); jug, jugular component of hyomandibular canal; NAS, nasal canal (including the prenasal canal anteriorly; yellow); pst, posterior subpleural tubules; spl, subpleural component of hyomandibular canal; SPO, supraorbital canal (green)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267854/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) extends in a vertical line to anterior snout tip, not connecting to its posterior oblique segment lateral to nostril. Mandibular canal (not shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F2A1E8644A8015215639FCAC9B0DE" box="[629,699,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1912,1934]" captionTargetBox="[385,1133,534,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[385,1173,517,1866]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ventral lateral-line canals of Styracura schmardae (MZUSP uncat. 508 mm DW). Abbreviations: HMD, hyomandibular canal (pink); IOC, infraorbital canal (blue); jug, jugular component of hyomandibular canal; NAS, nasal canal (including the prenasal canal anteriorly; yellow); pst, posterior subpleural tubules; spl, subpleural component of hyomandibular canal; SPO, supraorbital canal (green)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267854/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
due to previous dissection) forming an inverted V-pattern just posterior to mouth (not shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F2A1E8644A801526E63BCCA20B0A2" box="[526,594,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1912,1934]" captionTargetBox="[385,1133,534,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[385,1173,517,1866]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ventral lateral-line canals of Styracura schmardae (MZUSP uncat. 508 mm DW). Abbreviations: HMD, hyomandibular canal (pink); IOC, infraorbital canal (blue); jug, jugular component of hyomandibular canal; NAS, nasal canal (including the prenasal canal anteriorly; yellow); pst, posterior subpleural tubules; spl, subpleural component of hyomandibular canal; SPO, supraorbital canal (green)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267854/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1B66138644A80150F76573CAB0B698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267854/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" targetBox="[385,1133,534,1866]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8644A80150F76573CAB0B698" blockId="9.[151,1436,1912,2026]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898644A80150F76573C961B6FC" bold="true" box="[151,275,1912,1934]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
|
||
. Ventral lateral-line canals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188644A80152066572CB37B6FC" box="[614,837,1912,1934]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898644A80152066572CB37B6FC" box="[614,837,1912,1934]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Styracura schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MZUSP uncat. 508 mm DW). Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898644A80155386573CDE4B6FC" bold="true" box="[1368,1430,1912,1934]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">HMD</emphasis>
|
||
, hyomandibular canal (pink);
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898644A80151DE659CC99CB6DF" bold="true" box="[446,494,1943,1965]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">IOC</emphasis>
|
||
, infraorbital canal (blue);
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898644A8015299659CCB6EB6DF" bold="true" box="[761,796,1943,1965]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">jug</emphasis>
|
||
, jugular component of hyomandibular canal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898644A801548C659CCD6DB6DF" bold="true" box="[1260,1311,1943,1965]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">NAS</emphasis>
|
||
, nasal canal (including the prenasal canal anteriorly; yellow);
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898644A80152B065BDCA82B6BE" bold="true" box="[720,752,1974,1996]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">pst</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior subpleural tubules;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898644A801543265BDCC03B6BE" bold="true" box="[1106,1137,1974,1996]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">spl</emphasis>
|
||
, subpleural component of hyomandibular canal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898644A801511965DFC9D8B698" bold="true" box="[377,426,2004,2026]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">SPO</emphasis>
|
||
, supraorbital canal (green).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF1B66138647A80250F76697CA7BB45E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267855/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" targetBox="[340,1246,193,1158]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8647A80250F76697CA7BB45E" blockId="10.[151,1436,1180,1324]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898647A80250F76697C962B5C0" bold="true" box="[151,272,1180,1202]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">FIGURE 5</emphasis>
|
||
. Head skeleton of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188647A80251BD6697CACAB5C0" box="[477,696,1180,1202]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898647A80251BD6697CACAB5C0" box="[477,696,1180,1202]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Styracura schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MZUSP uncat. 508 mm DW, Belize). Note small calcified (angular) elements between hyomandibulae and lower jaws, which are slightly variable between both sides; asterisk denotes terminal portion of hyomandibula. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898647A802522966D2CA13B59D" bold="true" box="[585,609,1241,1263]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">ac</emphasis>
|
||
, angular cartilage;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898647A802534F66D2CB21B59D" bold="true" box="[815,851,1241,1263]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">aoc</emphasis>
|
||
, antorbital cartilage;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898647A802545666D2CC27B59D" bold="true" box="[1078,1109,1241,1263]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">fpf</emphasis>
|
||
, frontoparietal fontenelle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898647A802550E66D2CDE7B59D" bold="true" box="[1390,1429,1241,1263]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">hyo</emphasis>
|
||
, hyomandibula;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898647A802515966FCC92EB47F" bold="true" box="[313,348,1271,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Mc</emphasis>
|
||
, Meckel’s cartilage;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898647A802525C66FCCA24B47F" bold="true" box="[572,598,1271,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">na</emphasis>
|
||
, nasal aperture;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898647A802536A66FCCB5EB47F" bold="true" box="[778,812,1271,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">pcf</emphasis>
|
||
, precerebral fontenelle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898647A802544E66FCCC38B47F" bold="true" box="[1070,1098,1271,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">pq</emphasis>
|
||
, palatoquadrate;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898647A802556266FCCD5BB47F" bold="true" box="[1282,1321,1271,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">prp</emphasis>
|
||
, preorbital process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898647A8025090671DC961B45E" bold="true" box="[240,275,1302,1324]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">psc</emphasis>
|
||
, prespiracular cartilage.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8647A80250A7675CC96FB61A" blockId="10.[151,1437,1367,2004]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898647A80250A7675CC9FFB402" bold="true" box="[199,397,1367,1392]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Skeletal features</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898647A80251FD6753CB44B402" box="[413,822,1367,1392]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Neurocranium, jaws and hyoid arch</emphasis>
|
||
. Neurocranium longer than wide, its greatest width at level of preorbital processes; neurocranial greatest width about two-thirds its greatest length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F2A1E8647A80254B26770CD57B4E6" box="[1234,1317,1403,1428]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1180,1202]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,193,1158]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[340,1247,193,1158]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Head skeleton of Styracura schmardae (MZUSP uncat. 508 mm DW, Belize). Note small calcified (angular) elements between hyomandibulae and lower jaws, which are slightly variable between both sides; asterisk denotes terminal portion of hyomandibula. Abbreviations: ac, angular cartilage; aoc, antorbital cartilage; fpf, frontoparietal fontenelle; hyo, hyomandibula; Mc, Meckel’s cartilage; na, nasal aperture; pcf, precerebral fontenelle; pq, palatoquadrate; prp, preorbital process; psc, prespiracular cartilage." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267855/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F2A1E8647A80255546770CD36B4E6" box="[1332,1348,1403,1428]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1643,1665]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,553,1620]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[340,1247,553,1621]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Head skeleton of Styracura schmardae (MCZ 37964, 545 mm DW, Cuba), showing small angular elements between hyomandibula and lower jaw (remarkably similar to specimen in Fig. 5); asterisk denotes terminal portion of hyomandibula. Abbreviations: ac, angular cartilage; fpf, frontoparietal fontenelle; hyo, hyomandibula; is, internasal septum; Mc, Meckel’s cartilage; na, nasal aperture; pcf, precerebral fontenelle; pq, palatoquadrate; psc, prespiracular cartilage; sp, supraorbital process." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267856/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Nasal capsules with oval and wide nasal apertures (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898647A80252876794CB76B4CA" bold="true" box="[743,772,1439,1464]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">na</emphasis>
|
||
), with broadly rounded anterior wall, but relatively anteroposteriorly short; triangular anterior median indentation present; internasal septum (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898647A80254C667C8CCCBB4AE" bold="true" box="[1190,1209,1475,1500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">is</emphasis>
|
||
) moderately broad. Preorbital process (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898647A802511267ECC9EFB772" bold="true" box="[370,413,1511,1536]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">prp</emphasis>
|
||
) projecting laterally, somewhat wide, tapering only slightly. Postorbital process projecting anterolaterally, somewhat straight and rectangular, and poorly calcified, obscured in radiographs by denticles on overlying integument. Supraorbital process (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898647A80252FC6424CAC4B73A" bold="true" box="[668,694,1583,1608]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">sp</emphasis>
|
||
) broadly triangular. Neurocranium most slender at its posterior fourth, at level of posterior frontoparietal fontanelle. Otic capsule very short, about as wide as orbital region. Precerebral (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898647A802514C647CC923B7E2" bold="true" box="[300,337,1655,1680]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">pcf</emphasis>
|
||
) and frontoparietal (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898647A802522C647CCA1CB7E2" bold="true" box="[588,622,1655,1680]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">fpf</emphasis>
|
||
) fontenellae about three-fourths length of neurocranium. Precerebral fontanelle relatively large, wider posteriorly, and slightly trapezoidal with rounded margins; precerebral fontanelle wider than long, just greater than half length of frontoparietal fontanelle; frontoparietal fontanelle broadly triangular, longer than wide, not medially constricted and tapering, rounded posteriorly. Antorbital cartilage (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898647A802550A64E8CDE0B78E" bold="true" box="[1386,1426,1763,1788]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">aoc</emphasis>
|
||
) very large and laterally compressed, widest at articulation with posterolateral nasal capsule, and extending posteriorly to close to hyomandibula, at level of jaw joint. Prespiracular cartilages (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898647A80254226520CC1BB636" bold="true" box="[1090,1129,1835,1860]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">psc</emphasis>
|
||
) weakly calcified, concave and slender.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8647A80350A76578CA1DB087" blockId="10.[151,1437,1367,2004]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,501]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="212" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
|
||
Meckel’s cartilages (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898647A80251CF6578C9A4B6FE" bold="true" box="[431,470,1907,1932]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Mc</emphasis>
|
||
) greater than palatoquadrates (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898647A802534F6578CB3CB6FE" bold="true" box="[815,846,1907,1932]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">pq</emphasis>
|
||
), with short and triangular dorsally projecting lateral processes posteriorly; ventral margin of lower jaws lacking distinct projection where lower jaws deflect anteriorly toward midline (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F2A1E8647A802513365B0C9D1B6A6" box="[339,419,1979,2004]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1180,1202]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,193,1158]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[340,1247,193,1158]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Head skeleton of Styracura schmardae (MZUSP uncat. 508 mm DW, Belize). Note small calcified (angular) elements between hyomandibulae and lower jaws, which are slightly variable between both sides; asterisk denotes terminal portion of hyomandibula. Abbreviations: ac, angular cartilage; aoc, antorbital cartilage; fpf, frontoparietal fontenelle; hyo, hyomandibula; Mc, Meckel’s cartilage; na, nasal aperture; pcf, precerebral fontenelle; pq, palatoquadrate; prp, preorbital process; psc, prespiracular cartilage." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267855/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F2A1E8647A80251D165B0C9B3B6A6" box="[433,449,1979,2004]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1643,1665]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,553,1620]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[340,1247,553,1621]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Head skeleton of Styracura schmardae (MCZ 37964, 545 mm DW, Cuba), showing small angular elements between hyomandibula and lower jaw (remarkably similar to specimen in Fig. 5); asterisk denotes terminal portion of hyomandibula. Abbreviations: ac, angular cartilage; fpf, frontoparietal fontenelle; hyo, hyomandibula; is, internasal septum; Mc, Meckel’s cartilage; na, nasal aperture; pcf, precerebral fontenelle; pq, palatoquadrate; psc, prespiracular cartilage; sp, supraorbital process." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267856/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">6</figureCitation>
|
||
); ventrolateral process closer to jaw joint also absent or very reduced. Small triangular gap present between lower jaw symphyses. Jaws about equal in width to widest point of neurocranium. Palatoquadrates markedly slender, stouter at midwidth, and not as wide as lower jaws. Hyomandibulae (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898646A803550762B7CDE1B1A7" bold="true" box="[1383,1427,188,213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">hyo</emphasis>
|
||
) laterally compressed, blade-like, slender in dorsoventral view and stouter at midlength. Distal portion of hyomandibulae (where they deflect anteriorly, represented by an asterisk in
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F2A1E8646A8035462630FCC20B06F" box="[1026,1106,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1180,1202]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,193,1158]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[340,1247,193,1158]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Head skeleton of Styracura schmardae (MZUSP uncat. 508 mm DW, Belize). Note small calcified (angular) elements between hyomandibulae and lower jaws, which are slightly variable between both sides; asterisk denotes terminal portion of hyomandibula. Abbreviations: ac, angular cartilage; aoc, antorbital cartilage; fpf, frontoparietal fontenelle; hyo, hyomandibula; Mc, Meckel’s cartilage; na, nasal aperture; pcf, precerebral fontenelle; pq, palatoquadrate; prp, preorbital process; psc, prespiracular cartilage." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267855/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F2A1E8646A8035401630FCC02B06F" box="[1121,1136,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1643,1665]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,553,1620]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[340,1247,553,1621]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Head skeleton of Styracura schmardae (MCZ 37964, 545 mm DW, Cuba), showing small angular elements between hyomandibula and lower jaw (remarkably similar to specimen in Fig. 5); asterisk denotes terminal portion of hyomandibula. Abbreviations: ac, angular cartilage; fpf, frontoparietal fontenelle; hyo, hyomandibula; is, internasal septum; Mc, Meckel’s cartilage; na, nasal aperture; pcf, precerebral fontenelle; pq, palatoquadrate; psc, prespiracular cartilage; sp, supraorbital process." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267856/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">6</figureCitation>
|
||
) stout, very elongate, just under one-third hyomandibular length. Hyomandibulae tightly articulated to neurocranium, extending anterolaterally from it. Well developed and stout ligament between hyomandibulae and lower jaws, usually directed slightly posteriorly toward midline. Small calcified elements present within ligament, including a small, wider than long, obliquely positioned (also directed posteriorly toward midline in
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F2A1E8646A8035402639FCCDBB0DF" box="[1122,1193,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1180,1202]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,193,1158]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[340,1247,193,1158]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Head skeleton of Styracura schmardae (MZUSP uncat. 508 mm DW, Belize). Note small calcified (angular) elements between hyomandibulae and lower jaws, which are slightly variable between both sides; asterisk denotes terminal portion of hyomandibula. Abbreviations: ac, angular cartilage; aoc, antorbital cartilage; fpf, frontoparietal fontenelle; hyo, hyomandibula; Mc, Meckel’s cartilage; na, nasal aperture; pcf, precerebral fontenelle; pq, palatoquadrate; prp, preorbital process; psc, prespiracular cartilage." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267855/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
), cylindrical angular element (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898646A803516263BCC96FB0A2" bold="true" box="[258,285,439,464]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">ac</emphasis>
|
||
); rounded calcified element also present adjacent to hyomandibula in some specimens, with smaller rounded cartilages in between (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F2A1E8646A803519563D7CA36B087" box="[501,580,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1180,1202]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,193,1158]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[340,1247,193,1158]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Head skeleton of Styracura schmardae (MZUSP uncat. 508 mm DW, Belize). Note small calcified (angular) elements between hyomandibulae and lower jaws, which are slightly variable between both sides; asterisk denotes terminal portion of hyomandibula. Abbreviations: ac, angular cartilage; aoc, antorbital cartilage; fpf, frontoparietal fontenelle; hyo, hyomandibula; Mc, Meckel’s cartilage; na, nasal aperture; pcf, precerebral fontenelle; pq, palatoquadrate; prp, preorbital process; psc, prespiracular cartilage." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267855/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F2A1E8646A803523063D7CA12B087" box="[592,608,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1643,1665]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,553,1620]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[340,1247,553,1621]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Head skeleton of Styracura schmardae (MCZ 37964, 545 mm DW, Cuba), showing small angular elements between hyomandibula and lower jaw (remarkably similar to specimen in Fig. 5); asterisk denotes terminal portion of hyomandibula. Abbreviations: ac, angular cartilage; fpf, frontoparietal fontenelle; hyo, hyomandibula; is, internasal septum; Mc, Meckel’s cartilage; na, nasal aperture; pcf, precerebral fontenelle; pq, palatoquadrate; psc, prespiracular cartilage; sp, supraorbital process." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267856/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1B66138646A80350F76460C91BB789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267856/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" targetBox="[340,1246,553,1620]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8646A80350F76460C91BB789" blockId="11.[151,1436,1643,1787]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898646A80350F76460C963B7F3" bold="true" box="[151,273,1643,1665]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">FIGURE 6</emphasis>
|
||
. Head skeleton of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188646A80351806460CAC9B7F3" box="[480,699,1643,1665]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898646A80351806460CAC9B7F3" box="[480,699,1643,1665]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Styracura schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MCZ 37964, 545 mm DW, Cuba), showing small angular elements between hyomandibula and lower jaw (remarkably similar to specimen in Fig. 5); asterisk denotes terminal portion of hyomandibula. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898646A80351B564A3C99FB7CC" bold="true" box="[469,493,1704,1726]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">ac</emphasis>
|
||
, angular cartilage;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898646A80352D664A3CAA7B7CC" bold="true" box="[694,725,1704,1726]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">fpf</emphasis>
|
||
, frontoparietal fontenelle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898646A803538B64A3CC60B7CC" bold="true" box="[1003,1042,1704,1726]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">hyo</emphasis>
|
||
, hyomandibula;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898646A80354A164A3CCA0B7CC" bold="true" box="[1217,1234,1704,1726]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">is</emphasis>
|
||
, internasal septum;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898646A80350F764CDC8C8B7AE" bold="true" box="[151,186,1734,1756]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Mc</emphasis>
|
||
, Meckel’s cartilage;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898646A80351F764CDC9C0B7AE" bold="true" box="[407,434,1734,1756]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">na</emphasis>
|
||
, nasal aperture;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898646A803520264CDCAF6B7AE" bold="true" box="[610,644,1734,1756]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">pcf</emphasis>
|
||
, precerebral fontenelle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898646A80353E464CDCBD2B7AE" bold="true" box="[900,928,1734,1756]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">pq</emphasis>
|
||
, palatoquadrate;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898646A803543664CDCC0BB7AE" bold="true" box="[1110,1145,1734,1756]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">psc</emphasis>
|
||
, prespiracular cartilage;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898646A803551D64CDCDE6B7AE" bold="true" box="[1405,1428,1734,1756]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">sp</emphasis>
|
||
, supraorbital process.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8646A80450A76529C980B017" blockId="11.[151,1437,1826,2031]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,151,357]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="213" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898646A80350A76529C903B649" box="[199,369,1826,1851]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Pectoral girdle</emphasis>
|
||
. Coracoid bar dorsoventrally flattened and laterally expanded. Scapulocoracoid in lateral view tall and triangular, with broadly inclined anterodorsal margin bearing anteriorly a triangular projection; scapulae with concave posterodorsal and posteroventral aspects (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F2A1E8646A80353736561CB2BB6F1" box="[787,857,1898,1923]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,970,992]" captionTargetBox="[183,1419,412,945]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[183,1420,412,945]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Lateral aspect of pectoral girdle (A) and dorsoventral view of pelvic girdle (B) of Styracura schmardae (MZUSP uncat. 508 mm DW). Abbreviations: adf, anterodorsal fenestra; avf, anteroventral fenestra; fct, additional supporting articular facet for propterygium; ip, iliac processes; isp, ischial processes; lpp, lateral prepelvic processes; msc, mesocondyle; mtc, metacondyle; of, obturator foramina; pc, procondyle; pdf, posterodorsal fenestra; pib, puboischiadic bar; ppp, prepelvic process; pvc, pelvic condyles; pvf, posteroventral fenestra; scp, scapular process; spf, scapular process fenestra." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267857/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
a). Pectoral condyles situated on horizontal axis of scapular cartilage. Scapular process (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898646A80352246585CA18B6D5" bold="true" box="[580,618,1934,1959]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">scp</emphasis>
|
||
) bearing a conspicuous fossa perforated by a small foramen (scapular process fenestra,
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898646A803513A65B9C90CB6B9" bold="true" box="[346,382,1970,1995]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">spf</emphasis>
|
||
) on its distal portion, broadly triangular and firmly articulated to lateral aspects of synarcual. Procondyle (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898646A803514865DDC936B69D" bold="true" box="[296,324,2006,2031]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">pc</emphasis>
|
||
) nearly elliptical, vertically oriented and situated at anterolateral surface of scapula. Mesocondyle (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A80450C0629CC8BDB1C2" bold="true" box="[160,207,151,176]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">msc</emphasis>
|
||
) slightly oval and horizontal. Metacondyle (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A8045289629CCB64B1C2" bold="true" box="[745,790,151,176]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">mtc</emphasis>
|
||
) rounded, just posterior to mesocondyle. Horizontally oriented, expanded, and slightly curved facet (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A80452C162B7CAB2B1A7" bold="true" box="[673,704,188,213]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">fct</emphasis>
|
||
) present in large gap between pro- and mesocondyle; facet helps support propterygium. Anterior fenestrae much greater than posterior fenestrae. Anterodorsal (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A804555062D4CD25B18A" bold="true" box="[1328,1367,223,248]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">adf</emphasis>
|
||
) and anteroventral (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A8045127630FC91EB06F" bold="true" box="[327,364,260,285]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">avf</emphasis>
|
||
) fenestrae somewhat oval and dorsal and ventral to pectoral condyles, respectively. Posterodorsal fenestra (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A80451C9632CC9A3B032" bold="true" box="[425,465,295,320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">pdf</emphasis>
|
||
) and posteroventral fenestra (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A8045355632CCB2EB032" bold="true" box="[821,860,295,320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">pvf</emphasis>
|
||
) greatly reduced, about equal in size, and much smaller than anterior fenestrae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1B66138641A80450F761C1CD7AB528" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267857/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" targetBox="[183,1419,412,945]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8641A80450F761C1CD7AB528" blockId="12.[151,1436,970,1114]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A80450F761C1C97FB292" bold="true" box="[151,269,970,992]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">FIGURE 7</emphasis>
|
||
. Lateral aspect of pectoral girdle (A) and dorsoventral view of pelvic girdle (B) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188641A804540061C1CD4AB292" box="[1120,1336,970,992]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A804540061C1CD4AB292" box="[1120,1336,970,992]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Styracura schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MZUSP uncat. 508 mm DW). Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A804527361E3CA44B28C" bold="true" box="[531,566,1000,1022]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">adf</emphasis>
|
||
, anterodorsal fenestra;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A804534561E3CB35B28C" bold="true" box="[805,839,1000,1022]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">avf</emphasis>
|
||
, anteroventral fenestra;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A804545F61E3CC29B28C" bold="true" box="[1087,1115,1000,1022]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">fct</emphasis>
|
||
, additional supporting articular facet for propterygium;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A80451F2660CC9D5B56F" bold="true" box="[402,423,1031,1053]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">ip</emphasis>
|
||
, iliac processes;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A804523D660CCA0EB56F" bold="true" box="[605,636,1031,1053]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">isp</emphasis>
|
||
, ischial processes;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A8045329660CCB1EB56F" bold="true" box="[841,876,1031,1053]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">lpp</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral prepelvic processes;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A80454FD660CCCB5B56F" bold="true" box="[1181,1223,1031,1053]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">msc</emphasis>
|
||
, mesocondyle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A804550D660CCDE4B56F" bold="true" box="[1389,1430,1031,1053]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">mtc</emphasis>
|
||
, metacondyle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A804514B662EC932B549" bold="true" box="[299,320,1061,1083]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">of</emphasis>
|
||
, obturator foramina;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A8045247662ECA32B549" bold="true" box="[551,576,1061,1083]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">pc</emphasis>
|
||
, procondyle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A80452B6662ECA88B549" bold="true" box="[726,762,1061,1083]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">pdf</emphasis>
|
||
, posterodorsal fenestra;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A8045463662ECC54B549" bold="true" box="[1027,1062,1061,1083]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">pib</emphasis>
|
||
, puboischiadic bar;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A8045562662ECD5EB549" bold="true" box="[1282,1324,1061,1083]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">ppp</emphasis>
|
||
, prepelvic process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A8045090664FC964B528" bold="true" box="[240,278,1092,1114]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">pvc</emphasis>
|
||
, pelvic condyles;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A80451AE664FC983B528" bold="true" box="[462,497,1092,1114]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">pvf</emphasis>
|
||
, posteroventral fenestra;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A8045293664FCB64B528" bold="true" box="[755,790,1092,1114]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">scp</emphasis>
|
||
, scapular process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A80453B6664FCB84B528" bold="true" box="[982,1014,1092,1114]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">spf</emphasis>
|
||
, scapular process fenestra.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8641A80450A7668ACA1EB400" blockId="12.[151,1437,1153,2018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A80450A7668AC92BB5E8" box="[199,345,1153,1178]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Pelvic girdle</emphasis>
|
||
. Puboischiadic bar (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A8045228668ACA1DB5E8" bold="true" box="[584,623,1153,1178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">pib</emphasis>
|
||
) relatively wide, laterally expanded and dorsoventrally flattened, with relatively oblique but straight anterior margins and posterior margin concave (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F2A1E8641A804547066AECC27B5CC" box="[1040,1109,1189,1214]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,970,992]" captionTargetBox="[183,1419,412,945]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[183,1420,412,945]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Lateral aspect of pectoral girdle (A) and dorsoventral view of pelvic girdle (B) of Styracura schmardae (MZUSP uncat. 508 mm DW). Abbreviations: adf, anterodorsal fenestra; avf, anteroventral fenestra; fct, additional supporting articular facet for propterygium; ip, iliac processes; isp, ischial processes; lpp, lateral prepelvic processes; msc, mesocondyle; mtc, metacondyle; of, obturator foramina; pc, procondyle; pdf, posterodorsal fenestra; pib, puboischiadic bar; ppp, prepelvic process; pvc, pelvic condyles; pvf, posteroventral fenestra; scp, scapular process; spf, scapular process fenestra." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267857/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
b). Five obliquely positioned obturator foramina (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A804511D66C2C9E6B590" bold="true" box="[381,404,1225,1250]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">of</emphasis>
|
||
) just medial to pelvic condyles (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A804536C66C2CB44B590" bold="true" box="[780,822,1225,1250]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">pvc</emphasis>
|
||
) arranged in an arch along the anteroposterior axis of pelvic girdle. Prepelvic process (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A804526766E6CA44B474" bold="true" box="[519,566,1261,1286]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">ppp</emphasis>
|
||
) short and broadly triangular. Iliac processes (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A804542066E6CC25B474" bold="true" box="[1088,1111,1261,1286]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">ip</emphasis>
|
||
) on posterolateral corners of puboischiadic bar relatively long and wide, laterally flattened, projecting dorsally, and distally tapering. Ischial processes (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A8045175673EC945B43C" bold="true" box="[277,311,1333,1358]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">isp</emphasis>
|
||
) blunt, broadly triangular and posteromedially directed. Lateral prepelvic processes (
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A8045574673ECD49B43C" bold="true" box="[1300,1339,1333,1358]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">lpp</emphasis>
|
||
) robust, broadly triangular and anteriorly directed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37E65108641A80450A7678ACAEAB4CC" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8641A80450A7678ACAEAB4CC" blockId="12.[151,1437,1153,2018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A80450A7678AC92BB4E8" bold="true" box="[199,345,1409,1434]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. Essentially that given in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8641A804521B678ACBA5B4E8" author="McEachran" box="[635,983,1409,1434]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="McEachran, J. D. & Carvalho, M. R. de (2003) Batoid fishes. In: Carpenter, K. E. (Ed.), The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 1. Introduction, Molluscs, Crustaceans, Hagfishes, Sharks, Baroid Fishes, and Chimaeras. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. American Society of Ichthyologist and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. FAO, Rome, pp. 507 - 589." type="book chapter" year="2003">McEachran & Carvalho (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
with the noted extension of the northern Brazilian coast (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8641A804511E67ADCAF9B4CC" author="Camargo" box="[382,651,1446,1470]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Camargo, M. & Isaac, V. (2001) Os peixes estuarinos da regiao norte do Brasil: lista de especies e consideracoes sobre sua distribuicao geografica. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Nova Serie, Zoologia, 17 (2), 133 - 157." type="journal article" year="2001">Camargo & Isaac, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37E65108641A80450A767C6CA9CB704" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8641A80450A767C6CA9CB704" blockId="12.[151,1437,1153,2018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A80450A767C6C934B494" bold="true" box="[199,326,1485,1510]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
. Named after zoologist and explorer Ludwig Karl Schmarda (
|
||
<date id="FFDA105B8641A804544867C5CC97B494" box="[1064,1253,1486,1510]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" value="1819-08-23">23 August 1819</date>
|
||
–
|
||
<date id="FFDA105B8641A804549467C5CDFDB494" box="[1268,1423,1485,1510]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" value="1908-04-07">7 April 1908</date>
|
||
), founder of the zoological museum of the University of Graz, and later professor in the Zoological Institute of the University of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A0F8798641A8045154641EC9F1B75C" box="[308,387,1557,1582]" country="Austria" name="Wien" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Vienna</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<date id="FFDA105B8641A80451F4641ECA65B75C" box="[404,535,1557,1582]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" value="1861" valueMax="1883">1861–1883</date>
|
||
), where he kept his collection of fishes including the specimen that became the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DF88398641A80450F76431C8B5B720" box="[151,199,1594,1618]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188641A804508D6431C9CFB720" box="[237,445,1593,1618]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Trygon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A804508D6431C9CFB720" box="[237,445,1593,1618]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Trygon schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Franz Werner was on staff in the same institute for over 40 years, eventually retiring as professor in 1939 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8641A80451096456CA93B704" author="Salvini-Plawen" box="[361,737,1629,1654]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Salvini-Plawen, L. & Mizzaro, M. (1999) 150 Jahre Zoologie an der Universitat Wien. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Osterreich, 136, 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="1999">Salvini-Plawen & Mizzaro, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37E65108641A80550A7648ECB8BB47F" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="214" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8641A80550A7648ECBB8B016" blockId="12.[151,1437,1153,2018]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,151,1293]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="214" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A80450A7648EC946B7EC" bold="true" box="[199,308,1669,1694]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8641A8045122648DCA2BB7EF" author="Werner" box="[322,601,1669,1693]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Werner, F. (1904) Die Fische der zoologisch-vergleichend-anatomischen Sammlung der Wiener Universitat. I. Teil. Cyclostomen, Chondropterygier, Ganoiden, Dipnoer. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena), 21 (3), 263 - 302." type="journal article" year="1904">Werner (1904: 298, 299)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
used the following characters to diagnose his new species: "front disc not perfectly rounded, but with small snout tip; top completely rough, especially on the pectoral fins, although sparser than the trunk; tail without enlarged thorns; scapular region with two large, round, ribbed tubercles side by side (their distance apart close to distance between nostrils); tail nearly twice as long as disc; color brown uniform, tail darker" [our translation]. Remarkably,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8641A8045238651DCB4EB65F" author="Werner" box="[600,828,1813,1837]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Werner, F. (1904) Die Fische der zoologisch-vergleichend-anatomischen Sammlung der Wiener Universitat. I. Teil. Cyclostomen, Chondropterygier, Ganoiden, Dipnoer. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena), 21 (3), 263 - 302." type="journal article" year="1904">Werner (1904: 298)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
alluded to the similarity between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188641A80454AF651ECD1BB65C" box="[1231,1385,1813,1838]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Trygon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A80454AF651ECD1BB65C" box="[1231,1385,1813,1838]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">S. schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188641A80450C26531C934B620" box="[162,326,1849,1874]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Trygon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A80450C26531C934B620" box="[162,326,1849,1874]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Trygon hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
M. et H." (=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188641A80451B66531CAB7B620" box="[470,709,1849,1874]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="histrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A80451B66531CAB7B620" box="[470,709,1849,1874]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Potamotrygon histrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and the features listed above were given to distinguish his new species from this species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188641A80451826555CAF1B607" box="[482,643,1886,1909]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A80451826555CAF1B607" box="[482,643,1886,1909]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Werner did not report any specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188641A80454026555CD70B607" box="[1122,1282,1886,1909]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A80454026555CD70B607" box="[1122,1282,1886,1909]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and took his information directly from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8641A80451A4658ACABBB6EB" author="Muller" box="[452,713,1921,1946]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Muller, J. & Henle, F. G. J. (1841) Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Berlin, Veit, 200 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6906" type="book" year="1841">Müller & Henle, 1841</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); thus, a putative close relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188641A80454B16589CD18B6E8" box="[1233,1386,1921,1946]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Trygon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A80454B16589CD18B6E8" box="[1233,1386,1921,1946]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">S. schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and potamotrygonins was alluded to when
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188641A804522665AECAA9B6CC" box="[582,731,1957,1982]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Trygon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898641A804522665AECAA9B6CC" box="[582,731,1957,1982]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">S. schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described more than 110 years ago. Werner's (1904) paper on the fishes of the zoological and comparative anatomy collections of the University of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A0F8798641A80454E565C2CCA6B690" box="[1157,1236,1993,2018]" country="Austria" name="Wien" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Vienna</collectingRegion>
|
||
is very thorough, providing morphological details of dozens of species of elasmobranchs, chimaeras, basal actinopterygians, lungfishes, and even agnathans; his paper contains keys to species, and makes constant reference to the works of Cuvier, Günther, Vaillant, and especially
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8640A805520A62D4CB07B18A" author="Muller" box="[618,885,223,248]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" refString="Muller, J. & Henle, F. G. J. (1841) Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Berlin, Veit, 200 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6906" type="book" year="1841">Müller & Henle (1841)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Concerning dasyatid stingrays, Werner reported on material which had been collected by P. Bleeker and L.K. Schmarda of species, if correctly identified, now classified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188640A8055144632CC9D3B032" box="[292,417,295,320]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Dasyatinae">Dasyatinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188640A80551D06322CAF4B032" box="[432,646,297,320]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pastinaca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898640A80551D06322CAF4B032" box="[432,646,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Dasyatis pastinaca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188640A80552F36322CB0BB032" box="[659,889,295,320]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Hemitrygon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bennetti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898640A80552F36322CB0BB032" box="[659,889,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Hemitrygon bennetti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Urogymninae (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188640A80554596322CD78B032" box="[1081,1290,295,320]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uarnak">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898640A80554596322CD78B032" box="[1081,1290,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Himantura uarnak</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188640A80555776322C8A9B017" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Brevitrygon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898640A80555776322C8A9B017" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Brevitrygon walga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188640A80551796346CA74B017" box="[281,518,332,357]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polylepis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898640A80551796346CA74B017" box="[281,518,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Urogymnus polylepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and Neotrygoninae (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188640A80553646346CBC8B017" box="[772,954,332,357]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Taeniura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lymma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898640A80553646346CBC8B017" box="[772,954,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Taeniura lymma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8640A80550A7637BCB14B3DA" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
Garman's (1913)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188640A80551EA6364CA98B0FA" box="[394,746,367,392]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasybatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torrei" subGenus="Pastinachus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898640A80551EA6364CA98B0FA" box="[394,746,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Dasybatus (Pastinachus) torrei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clearly equals
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188640A80553F4637BCC58B0FA" box="[916,1066,367,392]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Trygon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898640A80553F4637BCC58B0FA" box="[916,1066,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">S. schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a species mentioned by him but not examined. His description highlights typical characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188640A80553E4639ECC53B0DF" box="[900,1057,404,429]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Trygon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898640A80553E4639ECC53B0DF" box="[900,1057,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">S. schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as the denticles (stellate, quadriradiate, though no mention of asterisk-like denticles) and their tight distribution on dorsal disc and tail, the enlarged scapular denticles, rounded disc, low ventral keel on tail, lack of dorsal keel, and olivaceous brown color; other characters mentioned are of little diagnostic value (e.g. morphology of teeth). Garman separated his new species from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188640A805514D602EC9B6B34F" box="[301,452,548,573]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Trygon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898640A805514D602EC9B6B34F" box="[301,452,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">S. schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the basis of the tail being one and a half times as long as the disc (not twice as long as he states for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188640A80551266043C9AFB312" box="[326,477,583,608]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Trygon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898640A80551266043C9AFB312" box="[326,477,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">S. schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a detail he took from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8640A80552BE6043CB0BB312" author="Werner" box="[734,889,584,608]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" refString="Werner, F. (1904) Die Fische der zoologisch-vergleichend-anatomischen Sammlung der Wiener Universitat. I. Teil. Cyclostomen, Chondropterygier, Ganoiden, Dipnoer. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena), 21 (3), 263 - 302." type="journal article" year="1904">Werner, 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There is little doubt concerning this synonymy (also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8640A80550B76067CA68B3F7" author="Bigelow" box="[215,538,620,645]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" refString="Bigelow, H. B. & Schroeder, W. C. (1953) Sawfishes, Guitarfishes, Skates and Rays. In: Tee-Van, J., Breder, C. M., Parr, A. E., Schroeder, W. C. & Schultz, L. P. (Eds.), Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Part 2. Memoirs of the Sears Memorial Foundation for Marine Research, Yale University, New Haven, pp. 1 - 588." type="book chapter" year="1953">Bigelow & Schroeder, 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), especially given the relatively wide distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188640A805541C6066CD66B3F7" box="[1148,1300,620,645]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Trygon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898640A805541C6066CD66B3F7" box="[1148,1300,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">S. schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a common stingray off
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F373760B8640A805517F6084C928B3DA" box="[287,346,655,680]" name="Cuba" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
(even featured in a 1967 Cuban postal stamp).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8640A80550A760BFCB8BB47F" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
Both
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8640A805516460BFCA68B3BE" author="Beebe" box="[260,538,692,717]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" refString="Beebe, W. & Tee-Van, J. (1941) Eastern Pacific expeditions of the New York Zoological Society. XXVIII. Fishes from the tropical eastern Pacific. Part 3. Rays, Mantas and Chimaeras. Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society, 26 (3), 245 - 280, pls. 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1941">Beebe & Tee-Van (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8640A805522F60BFCBE1B3BF" author="Bigelow" box="[591,915,692,717]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" refString="Bigelow, H. B. & Schroeder, W. C. (1953) Sawfishes, Guitarfishes, Skates and Rays. In: Tee-Van, J., Breder, C. M., Parr, A. E., Schroeder, W. C. & Schultz, L. P. (Eds.), Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Part 2. Memoirs of the Sears Memorial Foundation for Marine Research, Yale University, New Haven, pp. 1 - 588." type="book chapter" year="1953">Bigelow & Schroeder (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided diagnostic characters that separate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188640A80555E760BEC963B382" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Trygon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898640A80555E760BEC963B382" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">S. schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188640A805512860D3C9CCB382" box="[328,446,728,752]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898640A805512860D3C9CCB382" box="[328,446,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which are similar to some characters employed in the diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188640A80554DC60D3CD20B382" box="[1212,1362,727,752]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Trygon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898640A80554DC60D3CD20B382" box="[1212,1362,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">S. schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
above (eye-spiracle proportions, scapular denticles). Our comparisons in the diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188640A805545C60F6CCA0B267" box="[1084,1234,764,789]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Trygon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898640A805545C60F6CCA0B267" box="[1084,1234,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">S. schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are based on data provided in the original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188640A8055225612BCAC8B24A" box="[581,698,800,824]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898640A8055225612BCAC8B24A" box="[581,698,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8640A80552846114CB89B24A" author="Beebe" box="[740,1019,799,824]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" refString="Beebe, W. & Tee-Van, J. (1941) Eastern Pacific expeditions of the New York Zoological Society. XXVIII. Fishes from the tropical eastern Pacific. Part 3. Rays, Mantas and Chimaeras. Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society, 26 (3), 245 - 280, pls. 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1941">Beebe & Tee-Van (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and on the specimen we measured in the AMNH. However, the tail is missing posterior to the caudal sting in this specimen, precluding more direct comparisons of tail length (and we are not certain how tail length was measured in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8640A8055429616CCD2EB2F2" author="Beebe" box="[1097,1372,871,896]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" refString="Beebe, W. & Tee-Van, J. (1941) Eastern Pacific expeditions of the New York Zoological Society. XXVIII. Fishes from the tropical eastern Pacific. Part 3. Rays, Mantas and Chimaeras. Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society, 26 (3), 245 - 280, pls. 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1941">Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The distance between the cloaca and caudal sting origin given in the diagnosis needs to be confirmed in additional specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188640A805515861BBC9C0B2BA" box="[312,434,944,968]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898640A805515861BBC9C0B2BA" box="[312,434,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8640A80551A361A4CB51B2BA" author="Beebe" box="[451,803,943,968]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" refString="Beebe, W. & Tee-Van, J. (1941) Eastern Pacific expeditions of the New York Zoological Society. XXVIII. Fishes from the tropical eastern Pacific. Part 3. Rays, Mantas and Chimaeras. Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society, 26 (3), 245 - 280, pls. 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1941">Beebe & Tee-Van (1941: 263)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included the measurement "base of tail to first spine" (69.5% DW in holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188640A80551B061DECA35B29E" box="[464,583,980,1004]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898640A80551B061DECA35B29E" box="[464,583,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but our measurement is from the cloaca (98.4% DW in AMNH 233890), farther anterior than the base of tail at pectoral fin insertions (presumably how their measurement was taken).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8640A80550F76617C9C1B546" author="Beebe" box="[151,435,1052,1077]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" refString="Beebe, W. & Tee-Van, J. (1941) Eastern Pacific expeditions of the New York Zoological Society. XXVIII. Fishes from the tropical eastern Pacific. Part 3. Rays, Mantas and Chimaeras. Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society, 26 (3), 245 - 280, pls. 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1941">Beebe & Tee-Van (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
may have taken this measurement from even more posteriorly, i.e. from the junction of the pelvic fins and tail; hence their data are not directly comparable to ours. We also note that the preoral length was given as 17.7% DW in the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188640A80552E5666ECC55B50E" authority="Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941" authorityName="Beebe & Tee-Van" authorityYear="1941" box="[645,1063,1124,1149]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898640A80552E5666ECA8EB50E" box="[645,764,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8640A805536B666FCC6CB50E" author="Beebe" box="[779,1054,1124,1149]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" refString="Beebe, W. & Tee-Van, J. (1941) Eastern Pacific expeditions of the New York Zoological Society. XXVIII. Fishes from the tropical eastern Pacific. Part 3. Rays, Mantas and Chimaeras. Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society, 26 (3), 245 - 280, pls. 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1941">Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which places it within the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188640A80550D96683C921B5D2" box="[185,339,1159,1184]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Trygon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898640A80550D96683C921B5D2" box="[185,339,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">S. schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(15.7–18.8% DW;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E603208640A805525A668CCAFDB5D2" box="[570,655,1159,1184]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[125,203,525,545]" captionTargetBox="[136,1781,603,1707]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements of specimens of Styracura species examineđ in the present stuđy, incluđing the holotype (BMNH 1904.4.30.12) of S. schmardae anđ a juvenile specimen of S. pacifica. Ranges, Means (x), anđ Stanđarđ Deviations (SD) for specimens of S. schmardae are expresseđ in mm anđ as percetages of đisc wiđth (DW)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1B6613864EA80B501D6006CDACB348" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" tableUuid="DF1B6613864EA80B501D6006CDACB348">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
), even though our measured specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188640A80554E16683CC8EB5D2" box="[1153,1276,1160,1184]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898640A80554E16683CC8EB5D2" box="[1153,1276,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a greater preoral length (20.3% DW); this character needs confirmation. Further comparisons to strengthen the differences between both species are warranted as little morphological detail is available for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188640A805544666DBCCEFB59A" box="[1062,1181,1232,1256]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898640A805544666DBCCEFB59A" box="[1062,1181,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(for recent depictions, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8640A80550A266FFC993B47E" author="Allen" box="[194,481,1268,1293]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" refString="Allen, G. R. & Robertson, D. R. (1994) Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Crawford House Press, Bathurst, 332 pp. Aschliman, N. C., Claeson, K. M. & McEachran, J. D. (2012 a) Phylogeny of Batoidea. In: Carrier, J. C., Musick, J. A. & Heithaus, M. R. (Eds.), Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Second Edition, pp. 57 - 95. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1201 / b 11867 - 5" type="book chapter" year="1994">Allen & Robertson, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8640A805518C66FFCB64B47E" author="Bussing" box="[492,790,1268,1293]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" refString="Bussing, W. A. & Lopez S., M. I. (1994) Demersal and pelagic inshore fishes of the Pacific coast of lower central America. An illustrated guide. Revista de Biologia Tropical, Special Publication, 1 - 164." type="book chapter" year="1994">Bussing & López S., 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8640A805534266FFCB9FB47F" author="McEachran" box="[802,1005,1268,1293]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" refString="McEachran, J. D. (1995) Dasyatidae. In: Fischer, W., Krupp, F., Schneider, W., Sommer, C., Carpenter, K. E. & Niem, V. H. (Eds.), Guia FAO para la identificacion para los fines de la pesca. Pacifico centro-oriental. Vol. II. Vertebrados. Parte 1. FAO, Rome, pp. 752 - 755." type="book chapter" year="1995">McEachran, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |