2733 lines
350 KiB
XML
2733 lines
350 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.28.325" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cac72c82-2c83-401f-b6d0-8afb5321fde3" ID-ISSN="1313–2970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576570" ID-ZooBank="A979ECDE-871F-4AFC-9ABA-63A0FD6DC323" approvalRequired="46" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="46" checkinTime="1587979922717" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sereno, Paul & Larsson, Hans" docDate="2009" docId="039B2B68FF809B76A5FAB27FFDAC50CD" docLanguage="en" docName="ZK_article_2104.pdf" docOrigin="ZooKeys 28 (28)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@fc5bfa5" docStyleName="zookeys.2008.journal_article" docTitle="Anatosuchus minor Sereno 2003" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="33" masterDocId="FFA25310FF879B57A576B119FF895175" masterDocTitle="Cretaceous Crocodyliforms from the Sahara" masterLastPageNumber="143" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1643567712823" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Cretaceous Crocodyliforms from the Sahara</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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||
<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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||
<mods:namePart>Sereno, Paul</mods:namePart>
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||
<mods:affiliation>University of Chicago, Chicago, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
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||
</mods:name>
|
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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||
<mods:namePart>Larsson, Hans</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal ,, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2009</mods:date>
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||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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||
<mods:number>2009-11-19</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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||
<mods:number>28</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>28</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>143</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.28.325</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">cac72c82-2c83-401f-b6d0-8afb5321fde3</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1313–2970</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576570</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">A979ECDE-871F-4AFC-9ABA-63A0FD6DC323</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3790365" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163750076" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3790365" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039B2B68FF809B76A5FAB27FFDAC50CD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039B2B68FF809B76A5FAB27FFDAC50CD" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<subSubSection box="[140,596,870,897]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="7.[140,596,870,1003]" box="[140,596,870,897]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<heading box="[140,596,870,897]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Sereno et al., 2003" authorityName="Sereno" authorityYear="2003" box="[140,596,870,897]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,596,870,897]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,368,870,897]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,288,870,897]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">Anatosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
minor
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC & Sidor CA & Larsson HCE & Gado B" box="[375,596,870,897]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="477 - 482" refId="ref47391" refString="Sereno PC, Sidor CA, Larsson HCE, Gado B (2003) A new notosuchian from the Early Cretaceous of Niger. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 477 - 482." type="journal article" year="2003">Sereno et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,596,870,1003]" box="[140,346,906,932]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[140,214,906,932]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[140,203,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[150,1101,1120,1519]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[140,1108,1091,1538]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Skeleton of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Skull and partial postcranial skeleton (MNN GAD17) in dorsal view.Scale bar equals 10 cm. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Abbreviations: co1, cervical osteoderm 1; do1, 5, 12, dorsal osteoderm 1, 5, 12; f, femur; fi, fibula; h, humerus; l, left; ma, manus; r, right; ti, tibia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768327/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
–10, 12, 13
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,596,870,1003]" box="[140,262,941,967]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<tableCitation box="[140,262,941,967]" captionStart-0="Table 2" captionStart-1="Table 3" captionStart-2="Table 4" captionStart-3="Table 5" captionStart-4="Table 6" captionStartId-0="9.[140,200,1248,1270]" captionStartId-1="10.[140,200,353,375]" captionStartId-2="21.[140,200,166,188]" captionStartId-3="26.[140,200,492,514]" captionStartId-4="34.[140,200,166,188]" captionText-0="Table 2. Dimensions (mm) of the holotype skull of Anatosuchus minor (MNN GAD603)." captionText-1="Table 3. Dimensions (mm) of the referred skull of Anatosuchus minor (MNN GAD17). Paired structures" captionText-2="Table 4. Length (mm) of crowns in the right upper jaw of Anatosuchus minor (MNN GAD603). Parentheses indicate estimated measurement. Abbreviations: m, maxillary; pm, premaxillary." captionText-3="Table 5. Dimensions (mm) of the skeleton of Anatosuchus minor (MNN GAD17).Measurements of individual bones are from the left side, except for dorsal osteoderm 12 (preserved only on the right side).Parentheses indicate estimated measurement. Ungual length is measured along longest chord from base to tip." captionText-4="Table 6. Measurements and proportions of forelimb elements of Anatosuchus minor (MNN GAD17), Araripesuchus wegeneri (MNN GAD21, GAD25), Alligator mississippiensis (FMNH 22027), and Crocodylus johnstoni (FMNH 223669). Measurements are from the left side in A. minor and A. wegeneri and from an average of left and right sides in A. mississippiensis and C. johnstoni. Measurements in A. wegeneri are based on two partial forelimbs with radii of identical length (MNN GAD21, GAD25); only one preserved the humerus (MNN GAD25). Estimated measurements for metacarpal 3 in A. minor and A. wegeneri are based on measurements of metacarpal 1 and 2, the former approximately 15% shorter and the latter slightly longer than metacarpal 3 (Mook 1921). Parentheses indicate estimated measurement." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tables 2–6</tableCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,596,870,1003]" box="[140,474,976,1003]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC & Larsson HCE & Sidor CA & Gado B" box="[140,356,976,1003]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1516 - 1519" refId="ref47329" refString="Sereno PC, Larsson HCE, Sidor CA, Gado B (2001) Th e giant crocodyliform Sarcosuchus from the Cretaceous of Africa. Science 294: 1516 - 1519." type="journal article" year="2001">Sereno et al. (2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, figs. 1, 2)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,1047,1671]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608868537" collectionCode="MNN" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" specimenCode="GAD603, GDF603" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,260,1047,1073]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,256,1047,1073]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[140,256,1047,1073]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[267,340,1047,1073]" country="Niger" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fx98-05bc" name="Musee National du Niger" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">MNN</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode box="[347,457,1047,1073]" collectionCode="GAD" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">GAD603</specimenCode>
|
||
; nearly complete skull with lower jaws of a subadult individual; margins of the skull are eroded away. The
|
||
<typeStatus box="[707,806,1082,1108]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was previously catalogued as “
|
||
<specimenCode box="[179,287,1117,1143]" collectionCode="GDF" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">GDF603</specimenCode>
|
||
” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC & Sidor CA & Larsson HCE & Gado B" box="[312,522,1117,1144]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="477 - 482" refId="ref47391" refString="Sereno PC, Sidor CA, Larsson HCE, Gado B (2003) A new notosuchian from the Early Cretaceous of Niger. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 477 - 482." type="journal article" year="2003">Sereno et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,1047,1671]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,343,1152,1178]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,243,1152,1178]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">Type</emphasis>
|
||
locality.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Gadoufaoua,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[504,682,1152,1178]" country="Niger" name="Agadez" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Agadez District</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[692,756,1152,1178]" name="Niger" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Niger</collectingCountry>
|
||
Republic (
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[881,995,1152,1178]" degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="46" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="925" value="16.766666">N 16° 46’</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1007,1099,1152,1179]" degrees="9" direction="east" minutes="22" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="925" value="9.366667">E 9° 22’</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) (Fig. 1A, C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,1047,1671]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,294,1222,1248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,288,1222,1248]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">Horizon</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Elrhaz Formation, Tegama Series; Lower Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian), ca. 110 Mya (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Taquet P" box="[300,452,1258,1285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 191" refId="ref47707" refString="Taquet P (1976) Geologie et paleontologie du gisement de Gadoufaoua (Aptian du Niger). Cahiers de Paleontologie 1976: 1 - 191." type="journal article" year="1976">Taquet 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In association with a diverse dinosaurian fauna (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Taquet P" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 191" refId="ref47707" refString="Taquet P (1976) Geologie et paleontologie du gisement de Gadoufaoua (Aptian du Niger). Cahiers de Paleontologie 1976: 1 - 191." type="journal article" year="1976">Taquet 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC & Beck AL & Dutheil DB & Gado B & Larsson HCE" box="[214,422,1293,1320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1298 - 1302" refId="ref47179" refString="Sereno PC, Beck AL, Dutheil DB, Gado B, Larsson HCE et al. (1998) A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of spinosaurids. Science 282: 1298 - 1302." type="journal article" year="1998">Sereno et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC & Beck AL & Dutheil DB & Larsson HC & Lyon GH" box="[435,496,1293,1319]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1342 - 1347" refId="ref47218" refString="Sereno PC, Beck AL, Dutheil DB, Larsson HC, Lyon GH et al. (1999) Cretaceous sauropods from the Sahara and the uneven rate of skeletal evolution among dinosaurs. Science 286: 1342 - 1347." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC" box="[510,572,1293,1319]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="565 - 587" refId="ref47143" refString="Sereno PC (2007) Logical basis for morphological characters in phylogenetics. Cladistics 23: 565 - 587." type="journal article" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Taquet P & Russell DA" box="[582,866,1293,1320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref47734" refString="Taquet P, Russell DA (1999) A massively-constructed iguanodont from Gadoufaoua, Lower Cretaceous of Niger. Annales de Paleontologie 85: 85 - 96." type="journal article" year="1999">Taquet and Russell 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC & Brusatte SL" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="15 - 46" refId="ref47260" refString="Sereno PC, Brusatte SL (2008) Basal abelisaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods from the Lower Cretaceous Elrhaz Formation of Niger. Acta Palaeontol Pol 53: 15 - 46." type="journal article" year="2008">Sereno and Brusatte 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the crocodyliforms
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Broin & Taquet" authorityYear="1966" box="[489,729,1328,1354]" class="Reptilia" family="Crocodylidae" genus="Sarcosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[489,729,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sarcosuchus imperator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Broin F de & Taquet P" box="[746,1017,1328,1355]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="2326 - 2329" refId="ref44760" refString="Broin F de Lapparent de, Taquet P (1966) Decouverte d'une crocodile nouveau dans la Cretace inferieur du Sahara. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Paris 262: 2326 - 2329." type="journal article" year="1966">Broin and Taquet 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC & Larsson HCE & Sidor CA & Gado B" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1516 - 1519" refId="ref47329" refString="Sereno PC, Larsson HCE, Sidor CA, Gado B (2001) Th e giant crocodyliform Sarcosuchus from the Cretaceous of Africa. Science 294: 1516 - 1519." type="journal article" year="2001">Sereno et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Buffetaut and Taquet 1979)" baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut and Taquet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[291,886,1363,1390]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wegeneri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[291,543,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Araripesuchus wegeneri</emphasis>
|
||
(Buffetaut and Taquet 1979)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Larsson and Gado 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Larsson and Gado" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Reptilia" family="Peirosauridae" genus="Stolokrosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Stolokrosuchus lapparenti</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Larsson HCE & Gado B" box="[265,543,1399,1425]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="131 - 142" refId="ref46049" refString="Larsson HCE, Gado B (2000) A new Early Cretaceous crocodyliform from Niger. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen 217: 131 - 142." type="journal article" year="2000">Larsson and Gado 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. At a single field locality (G109), specimens were recovered that are referable to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[488,697,1434,1460]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[488,697,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Anatosuchus minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[714,788,1434,1460]" country="Niger" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fx98-05bc" name="Musee National du Niger" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">MNN</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[797,864,1434,1460]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">GAD</collectionCode>
|
||
18) and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut and Taquet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wegeneri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Araripesuchus wegeneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[249,323,1469,1495]" country="Niger" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fx98-05bc" name="Musee National du Niger" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">MNN</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[330,399,1469,1495]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">GAD</collectionCode>
|
||
19).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,1047,1671]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,401,1504,1530]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,287,1504,1530]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">Referred</emphasis>
|
||
material.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[408,481,1505,1531]" country="Niger" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fx98-05bc" name="Musee National du Niger" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">MNN</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[487,553,1504,1530]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">GAD</collectionCode>
|
||
17 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[594,701,1504,1530]" captionStart-0="Figure 4" captionStart-1="Figure 5" captionStart-2="Figure 6" captionStart-3="Figure 7" captionStart-4="Figure 8" captionStartId-0="8.[140,203,1558,1580]" captionStartId-1="11.[140,212,1213,1235]" captionStartId-2="12.[140,214,1213,1235]" captionStartId-3="13.[140,212,958,980]" captionStartId-4="17.[140,212,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox-0="[150,1101,1120,1519]" captionTargetBox-1="[175,1036,183,1114]" captionTargetBox-2="[171,1085,169,1156]" captionTargetBox-3="[143,1105,172,933]" captionTargetBox-4="[362,874,896,1510]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[140,1108,1091,1538]" captionTargetId-1="figure@11.[140,1108,165,1134]" captionTargetId-2="figure@12.[140,1108,165,1188]" captionTargetId-3="figure@13.[140,1108,162,941]" captionTargetId-4="figure@17.[358,889,874,1538]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionTargetPageId-3="13" captionTargetPageId-4="17" captionText-0="Figure 4. Skeleton of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Skull and partial postcranial skeleton (MNN GAD17) in dorsal view.Scale bar equals 10 cm. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Abbreviations: co1, cervical osteoderm 1; do1, 5, 12, dorsal osteoderm 1, 5, 12; f, femur; fi, fibula; h, humerus; l, left; ma, manus; r, right; ti, tibia." captionText-1="Figure 5. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Partial skull in articulation with the atlas and the anterior portion of the axis (MNN GAD17). A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view.Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Scale bar equals 5 cm." captionText-2="Figure 6. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Drawings matching the skull (MNN GAD17) in Fig. 5. A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin; parallel lines indicate broken bone surface; dashed line indicates missing bone; grey tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for palpebral; ar, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; C2, cervical vertebra 2 (axis); ch, choana; cqp, cranioquadrate passage; d, dentary; d1, dentary tooth 1; ec, ectopterygoid; Ef, Eustachian foramen; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; f, frontal; fl, flange; fo, foramen; gef, groove for ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 2, 4, 17, maxillary tooth 1, 2, 4, 17; n, nasal; nfo, narial fossa; oc, occipital condyle; ot, otoccipital; p, parietal; pap, palpebral; pat, proatlas; pf, prefrontal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; popr, paroccipital process; pos, preotic siphonium; pra, prearticular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; so, supraoccipital." captionText-3="Figure 7. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Detailed views of the skull (MNN GAD17). A Left snout margin in anterolateral view. B Left maxillary teeth in anterolateroventral view. C left antorbital region in lateral view. D Posterior portion of the skull in left lateral view. Scale bar for A, C and D equals 2 cm; scale bar for B equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for a palpebral; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; fl, flange; fo, foramen; fov, fenestra ovalis; gef, groove for the ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 4, maxillary tooth 1, 4; n, nasal; nf, narial fossa; om, orbital margin; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 3, 4, 5, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 3, 4, 5, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; ppr, posterior process; psi, preotic siphonium; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rp, retroarticular process; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal." captionText-4="Figure 8. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Detailed view of the jaw articulation and retroarticular process in posteromedial view (MNN GAD17). Scale bar equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: ar, articular; fa, foramen aëreum; lco, lateral condyle; mco, medial condyle; popr, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; ri, ridge; rp, retroarticular process; sq, squamosal." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768327" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768331" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768333" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768335" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768337" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3768327/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3768331/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3768333/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3768335/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/3768337/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 4–8</figureCitation>
|
||
, 12, 13), nearly complete skull with lower jaws lacking only the anterolateral corner of the snout in articulation with a postcranial skeleton lacking the right pectoral girdle and forelimb, most of both hind limbs, sacrum, and tail;
|
||
<collectionCode box="[418,491,1610,1636]" country="Niger" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fx98-05bc" name="Musee National du Niger" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">MNN</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[500,566,1610,1636]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">GAD</collectionCode>
|
||
18 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[609,678,1610,1636]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="18.[140,212,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[237,1010,932,1470]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[230,1017,906,1507]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 9. Dentary of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Pencil drawing of mid-section of the left dentary including alveoli 7–14 (MNN GAD18). A Dorsal view. B Ventral view (reversed). Parallel lines indicate broken bone; double-dash pattern indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: ad7, 12, alveolus of dentary tooth 7, 12; asp, articular surface for splenial; d14, dentary tooth 14; fo, foramen; Mc, Meckel’s canal; sh, shelf." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768339" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768339/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
), mid-section of the left dentary preserving alveoli 7–14 and the anterior tip of the left splenial.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[140,1108,166,1073]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,402,166,192]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,276,166,192]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="1">Revised</emphasis>
|
||
diagnosis.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Small-bodied metasuchian (<1.0 m) with low transversely expanded snout that forms the broadest portion of the cranium, broad-based anteriorly projecting pointed internarial bar, lenticular-shaped external nares, elevated narial bridge which expands transversely behind the external nares, prominent median edentulous dentary margin, laterally projecting vascularized dentary shelf on parasagittal portion of dentary ramus, enlarged neurovascular foramina located along the anterior snout margin, anterior snout margin smooth, vertical and sharply defined on the premaxilla and maxilla, oval splenial fenestra on the anterior transverse portion of the lower jaw, six premaxillary teeth, premaxillary and anterior maxillary tooth row that angles ventrolaterally toward the corner of the snout at approximately 25°, largest upper and lower teeth positioned along the bend in the L-shaped tooth row (m4, d12), three pairs of cervical osteoderms that decrease in size posteriorly, large manus (30% skull length), elongate poorly recurved manual unguals on digits I-III, and manual digit IV with six phalanges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[140,1108,166,1073]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The initial description was based on an immature skull embedded in a hematitic concretion (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[307,381,660,686]" country="Niger" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fx98-05bc" name="Musee National du Niger" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">MNN</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[390,457,659,686]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">GAD</collectionCode>
|
||
603). The concretion was discovered on the surface with prominent edges of the skull, such as the anterior end of the snout, trimmed by erosion (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC & Sidor CA & Larsson HCE & Gado B" box="[147,355,730,756]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="477 - 482" refId="ref47391" refString="Sereno PC, Sidor CA, Larsson HCE, Gado B (2003) A new notosuchian from the Early Cretaceous of Niger. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 477 - 482." type="journal article" year="2003">Sereno et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Th e likeness drawn between
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[694,827,730,756]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[694,827,730,756]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Anatosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the South American genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1991" box="[210,382,765,791]" class="Reptilia" genus="Comahuesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[210,382,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Comahuesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was based on a few seemingly unique features, such as a diastema between the premaxillary tooth rows, which we can now say arose in the immature skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[231,364,835,861]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[231,364,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Anatosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as an artifact of erosion. Th e revised diagnosis is based mainly on a referred adult skull and partial articulated postcranium (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[812,886,871,897]" country="Niger" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fx98-05bc" name="Musee National du Niger" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">MNN</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[896,963,871,897]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">GAD</collectionCode>
|
||
17) that preserves an intact portion of the paravertebral shield (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[734,804,906,932]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[140,203,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[150,1101,1120,1519]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[140,1108,1091,1538]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Skeleton of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Skull and partial postcranial skeleton (MNN GAD17) in dorsal view.Scale bar equals 10 cm. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Abbreviations: co1, cervical osteoderm 1; do1, 5, 12, dorsal osteoderm 1, 5, 12; f, femur; fi, fibula; h, humerus; l, left; ma, manus; r, right; ti, tibia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768327/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Th is well preserved skull was found embedded in sandstone, the right corner of the snout, right limbs, sacrum and tail lost to erosion. Th e additional information available for both
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[925,1058,976,1002]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[925,1058,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Anatosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1991" box="[140,312,1011,1037]" class="Reptilia" genus="Comahuesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,312,1011,1037]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Comahuesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
confirms
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Martinelli A" box="[424,635,1011,1038]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="559 - 572" refId="ref46299" refString="Martinelli A (2003) New cranial remains of the bizarre notosuchid Comahuesuchus brachybuccalis (Archosauria, Crocodyliformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Rio Negro Province (Argentina). Ameghiniana 40: 559 - 572." type="journal article" year="2003">Martinelli’s (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
view that these genera are not closest relatives among known notosuchians.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768327" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3768327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768327/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[140,203,1558,1580]" targetBox="[150,1101,1120,1519]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[140,1108,1558,1676]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,744,1558,1580]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Figure 4. Skeleton of the crocodyliform
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[548,738,1558,1580]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[548,738,1558,1580]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Anatosuchus minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Skull and partial postcranial skeleton (MNN GAD17) in dorsal view. Scale bar equals 10 cm. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis box="[224,254,1623,1644]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">co1</emphasis>
|
||
, cervical osteoderm 1;
|
||
<emphasis box="[468,561,1622,1644]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">do1, 5, 12</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal osteoderm 1, 5, 12;
|
||
<emphasis box="[822,828,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">f</emphasis>
|
||
, femur;
|
||
<emphasis box="[908,920,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">fi</emphasis>
|
||
, fibula;
|
||
<emphasis box="[997,1008,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">h</emphasis>
|
||
, humerus;
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,146,1654,1675]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">l</emphasis>
|
||
, left;
|
||
<emphasis box="[200,228,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">ma</emphasis>
|
||
, manus;
|
||
<emphasis box="[313,321,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">r</emphasis>
|
||
, right;
|
||
<emphasis box="[390,403,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">ti</emphasis>
|
||
, tibia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[140,1108,166,1144]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,353,166,193]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,221,167,193]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="1">Dorsal</emphasis>
|
||
skull roof.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608868533" collectionCode="MNN" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" specimenCode="GAD603, GAD17" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[394,494,167,193]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[394,494,167,193]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the snout becomes relatively broader and longer during growth. In the juvenile
|
||
<typeStatus box="[447,546,202,228]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen
|
||
<collectionCode box="[665,738,202,228]" country="Niger" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fx98-05bc" name="Musee National du Niger" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MNN</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode box="[745,855,202,228]" collectionCode="GAD" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">GAD603</specimenCode>
|
||
, the width of the skull across the rounded anterior corner of the snout is subequal to that across the suborbital ramus of the jugal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC & Sidor CA & Larsson HCE & Gado B" box="[365,579,272,299]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="477 - 482" refId="ref47391" refString="Sereno PC, Sidor CA, Larsson HCE, Gado B (2003) A new notosuchian from the Early Cretaceous of Niger. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 477 - 482." type="journal article" year="2003">Sereno et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Preorbital length, in addition, is subequal to that of the remainder of the skull. In mature individuals, in contrast, the anterior snout corner is the broadest region of the skull, and preorbital length is approximately 20% greater than the posterior portion of the skull (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[665,739,378,404]" country="Niger" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fx98-05bc" name="Musee National du Niger" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MNN</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode box="[746,841,378,404]" collectionCode="GAD" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">GAD17</specimenCode>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation box="[853,928,378,405]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[140,212,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[175,1036,183,1114]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[140,1108,165,1134]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Partial skull in articulation with the atlas and the anterior portion of the axis (MNN GAD17). A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view.Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768331/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[941,958,378,404]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[140,214,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[171,1085,169,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[140,1108,165,1188]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Drawings matching the skull (MNN GAD17) in Fig. 5. A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin; parallel lines indicate broken bone surface; dashed line indicates missing bone; grey tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for palpebral; ar, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; C2, cervical vertebra 2 (axis); ch, choana; cqp, cranioquadrate passage; d, dentary; d1, dentary tooth 1; ec, ectopterygoid; Ef, Eustachian foramen; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; f, frontal; fl, flange; fo, foramen; gef, groove for ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 2, 4, 17, maxillary tooth 1, 2, 4, 17; n, nasal; nfo, narial fossa; oc, occipital condyle; ot, otoccipital; p, parietal; pap, palpebral; pat, proatlas; pf, prefrontal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; popr, paroccipital process; pos, preotic siphonium; pra, prearticular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; so, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768333/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">6</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[969,1064,378,404]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="9.[140,200,1248,1270]" captionText="Table 2. Dimensions (mm) of the holotype skull of Anatosuchus minor (MNN GAD603)." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Tables 2</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1076,1092,378,404]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="10.[140,200,353,375]" captionText="Table 3. Dimensions (mm) of the referred skull of Anatosuchus minor (MNN GAD17). Paired structures" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3</tableCitation>
|
||
). Th e following description is based primarily on this specimen
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[140,1108,166,1144]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis box="[239,354,448,474]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">premaxilla</emphasis>
|
||
is a broad bone housing six recurved teeth. Th e base of the internarial process is broad, unlike that in
|
||
<emphasis box="[616,773,483,509]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[616,769,483,509]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Araripesuchus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but similar in this regard to
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Buckley et al. 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Buckley" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[140,527,519,545]" class="Reptilia" family="Chimaerasuchidae" genus="Simosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,263,519,545]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Simosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Buckley GA & Brochu CA & Krause DW & Pol D" box="[282,518,519,545]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="941 - 944" refId="ref44856" refString="Buckley GA, Brochu CA, Krause DW, Pol D (2000) A pug-nosed crocodyliform from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Nature 405: 941 - 944." type="journal article" year="2000">Buckley et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It extends anteriorly at approximately 30° above the horizontal, and tapers to a point, where it joins at a sharp angle the nearly horizontal internarial process of the nasal (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[584,663,589,616]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[140,212,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[175,1036,183,1114]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[140,1108,165,1134]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Partial skull in articulation with the atlas and the anterior portion of the axis (MNN GAD17). A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view.Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768331/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[679,696,589,616]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[140,214,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[171,1085,169,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[140,1108,165,1188]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Drawings matching the skull (MNN GAD17) in Fig. 5. A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin; parallel lines indicate broken bone surface; dashed line indicates missing bone; grey tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for palpebral; ar, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; C2, cervical vertebra 2 (axis); ch, choana; cqp, cranioquadrate passage; d, dentary; d1, dentary tooth 1; ec, ectopterygoid; Ef, Eustachian foramen; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; f, frontal; fl, flange; fo, foramen; gef, groove for ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 2, 4, 17, maxillary tooth 1, 2, 4, 17; n, nasal; nfo, narial fossa; oc, occipital condyle; ot, otoccipital; p, parietal; pap, palpebral; pat, proatlas; pf, prefrontal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; popr, paroccipital process; pos, preotic siphonium; pra, prearticular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; so, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768333/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Th e external nares, as a result, are dorsoventrally compressed and appear as a narrow slit in lateral view. In dorsal view, the external nares are elliptical, the floor of the narial passage broadly exposed to each side of the tapering internarial process of the nasal. The floor of the narial passage, which is formed by the premaxilla, is raised and slightly extended anterolaterally by a short tongue-shaped flange (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[463,559,765,792]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[140,212,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[175,1036,183,1114]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[140,1108,165,1134]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Partial skull in articulation with the atlas and the anterior portion of the axis (MNN GAD17). A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view.Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768331/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[573,608,765,791]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[140,214,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[171,1085,169,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[140,1108,165,1188]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Drawings matching the skull (MNN GAD17) in Fig. 5. A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin; parallel lines indicate broken bone surface; dashed line indicates missing bone; grey tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for palpebral; ar, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; C2, cervical vertebra 2 (axis); ch, choana; cqp, cranioquadrate passage; d, dentary; d1, dentary tooth 1; ec, ectopterygoid; Ef, Eustachian foramen; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; f, frontal; fl, flange; fo, foramen; gef, groove for ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 2, 4, 17, maxillary tooth 1, 2, 4, 17; n, nasal; nfo, narial fossa; oc, occipital condyle; ot, otoccipital; p, parietal; pap, palpebral; pat, proatlas; pf, prefrontal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; popr, paroccipital process; pos, preotic siphonium; pra, prearticular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; so, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768333/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[621,658,765,791]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[140,212,958,980]" captionTargetBox="[143,1105,172,933]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[140,1108,162,941]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Detailed views of the skull (MNN GAD17). A Left snout margin in anterolateral view. B Left maxillary teeth in anterolateroventral view. C left antorbital region in lateral view. D Posterior portion of the skull in left lateral view. Scale bar for A, C and D equals 2 cm; scale bar for B equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for a palpebral; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; fl, flange; fo, foramen; fov, fenestra ovalis; gef, groove for the ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 4, maxillary tooth 1, 4; n, nasal; nf, narial fossa; om, orbital margin; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 3, 4, 5, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 3, 4, 5, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; ppr, posterior process; psi, preotic siphonium; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rp, retroarticular process; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768335/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">7A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The anterior half of the external nares projects beyond the first premaxillary tooth, a narial structure that projects anteriorly more prominently than in any other crocodyliform.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[140,1108,166,1144]" lastBlockId="10.[140,1108,167,299]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The narial fossa is clearly demarcated as a smooth subtriangular surface located lateral to the external nares and restricted to the premaxilla. In glancing light, a subtle division of the surface is visible. A teardrop-shaped fossa within the narial fossa is the largest surface, its tip emerging from under the lip of the rim of the external naris. In ventral view, the anterior projection is smooth and incorporates into the narial fossa the alveolar margin dorsal to premaxillary teeth 1–3. The lateral margin of the narial fossa is delimited by a shallow trough from the smooth, highly vascularized, vertical alveolar margin, which extends laterally toward the premaxilla-maxilla suture. No other crocodyliform known thus far closely approaches the form and orientation of the external nares in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[332,430,202,228]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[332,430,202,228]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption box="[140,981,1248,1270]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[140,981,1248,1270]" box="[140,981,1248,1270]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,227,1248,1270]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Table 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Dimensions (mm) of the holotype skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[630,799,1248,1270]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[630,799,1248,1270]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Anatosuchus minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MNN GAD603).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<table box="[147,1100,1300,1669]" gridcols="2" gridrows="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1300,1358]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th box="[147,904,1300,1358]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,638,1300,1324]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Measurement</emphasis>
|
||
Cranium, preserved length
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1010,1100,1300,1358]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1010,1087,1300,1324]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Length</emphasis>
|
||
97.0
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1369,1393]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[147,904,1369,1393]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Snout, maximum transverse width</td>
|
||
<td box="[1010,1100,1369,1393]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">50.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1403,1427]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[147,904,1403,1427]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Snout, minimum transverse width</td>
|
||
<td box="[1010,1100,1403,1427]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">45.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1438,1462]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[147,904,1438,1462]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cranium, width across quadrate condyles</td>
|
||
<td box="[1010,1100,1438,1462]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">44.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1472,1496]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[147,904,1472,1496]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pterygoid mandibular processes, maximum transverse width</td>
|
||
<td box="[1010,1100,1472,1496]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">38.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1507,1531]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[147,904,1507,1531]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Choana, maximum anteroposterior length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1010,1100,1507,1531]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">17.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1541,1566]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[147,904,1541,1566]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Foramen magnum, maximum transverse width</td>
|
||
<td box="[1010,1100,1541,1566]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">9.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1575,1600]" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[147,904,1575,1600]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Foramen magnum, maximum dorsoventral depth</td>
|
||
<td box="[1010,1100,1575,1600]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">6.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1610,1634]" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[147,904,1610,1634]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Lower jaw, maximum length (anterior tip to end of retroarticular process)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1010,1100,1610,1634]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">97.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1644,1669]" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[147,904,1644,1669]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dentary ramus, maximum anteroposterior width at symphysis</td>
|
||
<td box="[1010,1100,1644,1669]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">10.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[140,1108,167,299]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">The remainder of the external surface of the premaxilla can be divided into the alveolar margin and the ramus that tapers between the nasal and maxilla. The alveolar</paragraph>
|
||
<caption box="[140,1108,353,375]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[140,1108,353,407]" box="[140,1108,353,375]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,223,353,375]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Table 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Dimensions (mm) of the referred skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[613,782,353,375]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[613,782,353,375]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Anatosuchus minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MNN GAD17). Paired structures
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[140,1108,353,407]" box="[140,554,385,407]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">are measured on left side except as indicated.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<table box="[147,1100,436,1632]" colsContinueIn="26.[147,1100,608,1666]" gridcols="3" gridrows="34" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,436,460]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[147,319,436,460]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[186,287,436,460]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Structure</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[340,974,436,460]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[598,745,436,460]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Measurement</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1020,1100,436,460]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1020,1097,436,460]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Length</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,471,495]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,471,495]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cranium, maximum length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,471,495]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">142.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,505,529]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,505,529]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cranium, width across posterior tip of squamosals</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,505,529]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">48.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,540,564]" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,540,564]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cranium, width across quadrate condyles</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,540,564]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">57.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,574,599]" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,574,599]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Snout, maximum transverse width</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,574,599]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">94.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,609,633]" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,609,633]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Snout, minimum transverse width</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,609,633]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">75.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,643,667]" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,643,667]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">External naris, anteroposterior length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,643,667]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">15.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,678,702]" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,678,702]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">External naris, maximum transverse width</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,678,702]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,712,736]" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,712,736]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Narial fossa, maximum transverse width</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,712,736]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">37.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,747,771]" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,747,771]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Antorbital fossa length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,747,771]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">23.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,781,805]" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,781,805]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Antorbital fenestra length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,781,805]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">12.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,815,840]" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[147,319,815,840]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Dorsal skull roof</th>
|
||
<td box="[340,974,815,840]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Antorbital fenestra, maximum height</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,815,840]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,850,874]" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,850,874]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Interorbital skull roof, minimum width</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,850,874]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">15.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,884,908]" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,884,908]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Orbital anteroposterior diameter</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,884,908]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">36.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,919,943]" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,919,943]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Orbital dorsoventral diameter</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,919,943]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">30.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,953,978]" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,953,978]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Jugal orbital ramus, depth at mid-length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,953,978]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">7.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,988,1012]" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,988,1012]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Jugal lower temporal bar, minimum depth</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,988,1012]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1022,1046]" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,1022,1046]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Postorbital bar, minimum anteroposterior diameter</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,1022,1046]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1057,1081]" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,1057,1081]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Laterotemporal fenestra length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,1057,1081]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">12.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1091,1115]" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,1091,1115]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Laterotemporal fenestra depth</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,1091,1115]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">7.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1126,1150]" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,1126,1150]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Supratemporal fossa, anteroposterior length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,1126,1150]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">18.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1160,1184]" gridrow="21" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,1160,1184]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Supratemporal fossa, transverse width</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,1160,1184]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">14.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1195,1219]" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,1195,1219]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Quadrate shaft length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,1195,1219]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">13.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1227,1287]" gridrow="23" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[147,319,1227,1287]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Palate</th>
|
||
<td box="[340,974,1227,1287]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Quadrate condyles, transverse width Pterygoid mandibular processes, maximum transverse width</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,1227,1287]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">14.51 53.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1298,1322]" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,1298,1322]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Choana, maximum anteroposterior length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,1298,1322]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">13.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1332,1356]" gridrow="25" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,1332,1356]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lower jaw, maximum length (to end of retroarticular process)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,1332,1356]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">136.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1367,1391]" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,1367,1391]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lower jaw, anterior end, transverse width</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,1367,1391]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">82.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1401,1425]" gridrow="27" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,1401,1425]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lower jaw, mid-section end, transverse width</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,1401,1425]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">81.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1436,1460]" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,1436,1460]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lower jaw, retroarticular processes, transverse width</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,1436,1460]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">57.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1470,1494]" gridrow="29" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th box="[147,319,1470,1494]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lower jaw</th>
|
||
<td box="[340,974,1470,1494]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Symphysis (dentary and splenial)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,1470,1494]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">16.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1503,1529]" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,1503,1529]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">External mandibular fenestra, length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,1503,1529]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">15.31</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1537,1563]" gridrow="31" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,1537,1563]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">External mandibular fenestra, depth</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,1537,1563]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">7.81</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1573,1597]" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,1573,1597]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Retroarticular process, length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,1573,1597]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">15.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1608,1632]" gridrow="33" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[340,974,1608,1632]" gridcol="1" gridrow="33" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Retroarticular process, transverse width at mid-length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1020,1100,1608,1632]" gridcol="2" gridrow="33" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">7.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[140,424,1654,1676]" box="[140,424,1654,1676]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<tableNote box="[140,424,1654,1676]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[147,1100,436,1632]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<superScript attach="right" box="[140,147,1654,1666]" fontSize="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1</superScript>
|
||
Measurement from right side.
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768331" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3768331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768331/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[140,212,1213,1235]" targetBox="[175,1036,183,1114]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[140,1108,1212,1299]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,692,1212,1235]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Figure 5. Skull of the crocodyliform
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[500,686,1212,1234]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[500,686,1212,1234]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Anatosuchus minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Partial skull in articulation with the atlas and the anterior portion of the axis (MNN GAD17).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[590,609,1245,1267]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A</emphasis>
|
||
Lateral view.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[733,750,1245,1267]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">B</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal view.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[872,891,1245,1267]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral view. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[140,1108,1363,1672]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
margin faces primarily anteriorly, has a vertical orientation, and is gently transversely convex (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[236,361,1399,1425]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[140,212,958,980]" captionTargetBox="[143,1105,172,933]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[140,1108,162,941]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Detailed views of the skull (MNN GAD17). A Left snout margin in anterolateral view. B Left maxillary teeth in anterolateroventral view. C left antorbital region in lateral view. D Posterior portion of the skull in left lateral view. Scale bar for A, C and D equals 2 cm; scale bar for B equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for a palpebral; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; fl, flange; fo, foramen; fov, fenestra ovalis; gef, groove for the ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 4, maxillary tooth 1, 4; n, nasal; nf, narial fossa; om, orbital margin; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 3, 4, 5, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 3, 4, 5, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; ppr, posterior process; psi, preotic siphonium; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rp, retroarticular process; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768335/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). As in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut and Taquet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[455,707,1399,1425]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wegeneri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[455,707,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Araripesuchus wegeneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, two large neurovascular foramina are situated between the narial fossa and the premaxilla-maxilla foramen. The ventral margin is scalloped to match the position of the lateral three premaxillary teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[140,212,958,980]" captionTargetBox="[143,1105,172,933]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[140,1108,162,941]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Detailed views of the skull (MNN GAD17). A Left snout margin in anterolateral view. B Left maxillary teeth in anterolateroventral view. C left antorbital region in lateral view. D Posterior portion of the skull in left lateral view. Scale bar for A, C and D equals 2 cm; scale bar for B equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for a palpebral; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; fl, flange; fo, foramen; fov, fenestra ovalis; gef, groove for the ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 4, maxillary tooth 1, 4; n, nasal; nf, narial fossa; om, orbital margin; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 3, 4, 5, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 3, 4, 5, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; ppr, posterior process; psi, preotic siphonium; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rp, retroarticular process; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768335/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
|
||
) as occurs in
|
||
<emphasis box="[322,453,1504,1530]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[322,449,1504,1530]" class="Reptilia" family="Chimaerasuchidae" genus="Simosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Simosuchus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but unlike the straight margin in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[829,978,1504,1530]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[829,978,1504,1530]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The dorsal margin meets the dorsal surface of the snout at nearly a right angle along a rugose edge. Small foramina and grooves for impressed vessels are visible on the dorsal surface of the snout near the narial fossa and alveolar margin. Th at texture becomes deeply pitted as the premaxilla tapers to a point on the lateral aspect of the nasal bridge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768333" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3768333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768333/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[140,214,1213,1235]" targetBox="[171,1085,169,1156]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[140,1108,1212,1619]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,736,1212,1235]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Figure 6. Skull of the crocodyliform
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[535,731,1212,1234]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[535,731,1212,1234]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Anatosuchus minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Drawings matching the skull (MNN GAD17) in Fig. 5.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[326,345,1245,1267]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
|
||
Lateral view.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[478,495,1245,1267]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal view.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[625,644,1245,1267]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral view. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin; parallel lines indicate broken bone surface; dashed line indicates missing bone; grey tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis box="[665,676,1310,1331]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">a</emphasis>
|
||
, angular;
|
||
<emphasis box="[772,818,1309,1330]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">antfe</emphasis>
|
||
, antorbital fenestra;
|
||
<emphasis box="[1017,1064,1309,1330]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">antfo</emphasis>
|
||
, antorbital fossa;
|
||
<emphasis box="[274,318,1342,1363]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">apap</emphasis>
|
||
, articular surface for palpebral;
|
||
<emphasis box="[620,640,1342,1363]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">ar</emphasis>
|
||
, articular;
|
||
<emphasis box="[743,765,1341,1362]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">bo</emphasis>
|
||
, basioccipital;
|
||
<emphasis box="[907,925,1341,1362]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">bs</emphasis>
|
||
, basisphenoid;
|
||
<emphasis box="[1073,1102,1341,1362]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C2</emphasis>
|
||
, cervical vertebra 2 (axis);
|
||
<emphasis box="[385,405,1373,1394]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">ch</emphasis>
|
||
, choana;
|
||
<emphasis box="[498,529,1374,1395]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">cqp</emphasis>
|
||
, cranioquadrate passage;
|
||
<emphasis box="[775,786,1373,1394]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">d</emphasis>
|
||
, dentary;
|
||
<emphasis box="[885,909,1373,1394]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">d1</emphasis>
|
||
, dentary tooth 1;
|
||
<emphasis box="[1084,1101,1374,1395]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">ec</emphasis>
|
||
, ectopterygoid;
|
||
<emphasis box="[283,303,1405,1426]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ef</emphasis>
|
||
, Eustachian foramen;
|
||
<emphasis box="[517,550,1405,1426]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">emf</emphasis>
|
||
, external mandibular fenestra;
|
||
<emphasis box="[846,867,1406,1427]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">en</emphasis>
|
||
, external naris;
|
||
<emphasis box="[1018,1024,1405,1426]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">f</emphasis>
|
||
, frontal;
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,146,1437,1458]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">fl</emphasis>
|
||
, flange;
|
||
<emphasis box="[236,253,1437,1458]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">fo</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen;
|
||
<emphasis box="[360,385,1437,1458]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">gef</emphasis>
|
||
, groove for ear flap;
|
||
<emphasis box="[589,596,1438,1459]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">j</emphasis>
|
||
, jugal;
|
||
<emphasis box="[670,693,1437,1458]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">jfo</emphasis>
|
||
, jugal fossa;
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,826,1437,1458]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">l</emphasis>
|
||
, lacrimal;
|
||
<emphasis box="[931,948,1438,1459]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">m</emphasis>
|
||
, maxilla;
|
||
<emphasis box="[1045,1101,1437,1458]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">m1, 2</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,191,1469,1490]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">4, 17</emphasis>
|
||
, maxillary tooth 1, 2, 4, 17;
|
||
<emphasis box="[480,492,1470,1491]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">n</emphasis>
|
||
, nasal;
|
||
<emphasis box="[568,597,1469,1490]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">nfo</emphasis>
|
||
, narial fossa;
|
||
<emphasis box="[733,752,1470,1491]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">oc</emphasis>
|
||
, occipital condyle;
|
||
<emphasis box="[943,960,1470,1491]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">ot</emphasis>
|
||
, otoccipital;
|
||
<emphasis box="[1090,1101,1470,1491]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">p</emphasis>
|
||
, parietal;
|
||
<emphasis box="[224,257,1502,1523]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">pap</emphasis>
|
||
, palpebral;
|
||
<emphasis box="[370,399,1502,1523]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">pat</emphasis>
|
||
, proatlas;
|
||
<emphasis box="[500,518,1501,1522]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">pf</emphasis>
|
||
, prefrontal;
|
||
<emphasis box="[638,655,1501,1522]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">pl</emphasis>
|
||
, palatine;
|
||
<emphasis box="[756,785,1502,1523]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">pm</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxilla;
|
||
<emphasis box="[910,976,1501,1522]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">pm1, 6</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxillary tooth 1, 6;
|
||
<emphasis box="[250,303,1533,1554]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">pmmf</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxilla-maxilla foramen;
|
||
<emphasis box="[593,614,1534,1555]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">po</emphasis>
|
||
, postorbital;
|
||
<emphasis box="[745,786,1534,1555]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">popr</emphasis>
|
||
, paroccipital process;
|
||
<emphasis box="[1000,1028,1534,1555]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">pos</emphasis>
|
||
, preotic siphonium;
|
||
<emphasis box="[256,286,1566,1587]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">pra</emphasis>
|
||
, prearticular;
|
||
<emphasis box="[422,440,1566,1587]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">pt</emphasis>
|
||
, pterygoid;
|
||
<emphasis box="[558,569,1566,1587]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">q</emphasis>
|
||
, quadrate;
|
||
<emphasis box="[679,697,1566,1587]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">qj</emphasis>
|
||
, quadratojugal;
|
||
<emphasis box="[854,879,1566,1587]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">sa,</emphasis>
|
||
surangular;
|
||
<emphasis box="[998,1016,1566,1587]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">sp</emphasis>
|
||
, splenial;
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,158,1598,1619]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">sq</emphasis>
|
||
, squamosal;
|
||
<emphasis box="[282,299,1598,1619]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">so</emphasis>
|
||
, supraoccipital.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768335" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3768335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768335/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[140,212,958,980]" targetBox="[143,1105,172,933]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[140,1108,958,1268]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,693,958,980]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Figure 7. Skull of the crocodyliform
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[502,688,958,980]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[502,688,958,980]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Anatosuchus minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Detailed views of the skull (MNN GAD17).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,159,990,1012]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A</emphasis>
|
||
Left snout margin in anterolateral view.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[542,559,990,1012]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B</emphasis>
|
||
Left maxillary teeth in anterolateroventral view.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1015,1034,990,1012]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">C</emphasis>
|
||
left antorbital region in lateral view.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[420,439,1022,1044]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D</emphasis>
|
||
Posterior portion of the skull in left lateral view. Scale bar for A, C and D equals 2 cm; scale bar for B equals 1 cm. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis box="[707,718,1055,1076]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">a</emphasis>
|
||
, angular;
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,858,1055,1076]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">antfe</emphasis>
|
||
, antorbital fenestra;
|
||
<emphasis box="[1056,1102,1055,1076]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">antfo</emphasis>
|
||
, antorbital fossa;
|
||
<emphasis box="[294,337,1087,1108]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">apap</emphasis>
|
||
, articular surface for a palpebral;
|
||
<emphasis box="[651,662,1086,1107]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">d</emphasis>
|
||
, dentary;
|
||
<emphasis box="[758,790,1087,1108]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">emf</emphasis>
|
||
, external mandibular fenestra;
|
||
<emphasis box="[1081,1101,1087,1108]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">en</emphasis>
|
||
, external naris;
|
||
<emphasis box="[280,286,1118,1139]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">fl</emphasis>
|
||
, flange;
|
||
<emphasis box="[375,391,1119,1140]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">fo</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen;
|
||
<emphasis box="[497,523,1119,1140]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">fov</emphasis>
|
||
, fenestra ovalis;
|
||
<emphasis box="[682,706,1119,1140]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">gef</emphasis>
|
||
, groove for the ear flap;
|
||
<emphasis box="[947,953,1119,1140]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">j</emphasis>
|
||
, jugal;
|
||
<emphasis box="[1026,1048,1119,1140]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">jfo</emphasis>
|
||
, jugal fossa;
|
||
<emphasis box="[198,204,1150,1171]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">l</emphasis>
|
||
, lacrimal;
|
||
<emphasis box="[305,322,1151,1172]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">m</emphasis>
|
||
, maxilla;
|
||
<emphasis box="[417,447,1151,1172]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">m1</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[461,479,1151,1172]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">4,</emphasis>
|
||
maxillary tooth 1, 4;
|
||
<emphasis box="[690,702,1151,1172]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">n</emphasis>
|
||
, nasal;
|
||
<emphasis box="[776,794,1151,1172]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">nf</emphasis>
|
||
, narial fossa;
|
||
<emphasis box="[926,959,1151,1172]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">om,</emphasis>
|
||
orbital margin;
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,168,1183,1204]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">pm</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxilla;
|
||
<emphasis box="[290,431,1182,1204]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">pm1, 3, 4, 5, 6</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxillary tooth 1, 3, 4, 5, 6;
|
||
<emphasis box="[748,800,1183,1204]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">pmmf</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxilla-maxilla foramen;
|
||
<emphasis box="[1081,1101,1183,1204]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">po</emphasis>
|
||
, postorbital;
|
||
<emphasis box="[251,281,1215,1236]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">ppr</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior process;
|
||
<emphasis box="[457,481,1215,1236]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">psi</emphasis>
|
||
, preotic siphonium;
|
||
<emphasis box="[674,685,1215,1236]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">q</emphasis>
|
||
, quadrate;
|
||
<emphasis box="[788,805,1215,1236]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">qj</emphasis>
|
||
, quadratojugal;
|
||
<emphasis box="[956,975,1215,1236]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">rp</emphasis>
|
||
, retroarticular process;
|
||
<emphasis box="[218,235,1247,1268]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">sa</emphasis>
|
||
, surangular;
|
||
<emphasis box="[356,373,1247,1268]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">sq</emphasis>
|
||
, squamosal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[140,1108,1328,1672]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
In ventral view, the premaxilla is divided between the transversely convex surface of the internarial bar, the raised edges of the alveoli that scallop the alveolar margin, and the flat palatal surface, which is only partially exposed (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[763,861,1398,1425]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[140,212,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[175,1036,183,1114]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[140,1108,165,1134]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Partial skull in articulation with the atlas and the anterior portion of the axis (MNN GAD17). A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view.Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768331/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[873,911,1399,1426]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[140,214,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[171,1085,169,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[140,1108,165,1188]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Drawings matching the skull (MNN GAD17) in Fig. 5. A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin; parallel lines indicate broken bone surface; dashed line indicates missing bone; grey tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for palpebral; ar, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; C2, cervical vertebra 2 (axis); ch, choana; cqp, cranioquadrate passage; d, dentary; d1, dentary tooth 1; ec, ectopterygoid; Ef, Eustachian foramen; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; f, frontal; fl, flange; fo, foramen; gef, groove for ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 2, 4, 17, maxillary tooth 1, 2, 4, 17; n, nasal; nfo, narial fossa; oc, occipital condyle; ot, otoccipital; p, parietal; pap, palpebral; pat, proatlas; pf, prefrontal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; popr, paroccipital process; pos, preotic siphonium; pra, prearticular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; so, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768333/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[140,1108,1328,1672]" lastBlockId="14.[140,1108,167,1672]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis box="[236,318,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">maxilla</emphasis>
|
||
is the most expansive bone in the skull and forms most of the snout. Its external surface is composed of a narrow alveolar margin and broader posterodorsal and posteroventral rami that extend above and below the antorbital opening, respectively. Like the premaxilla, the alveolar surface is vertical (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[785,872,1539,1566]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[140,212,958,980]" captionTargetBox="[143,1105,172,933]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[140,1108,162,941]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Detailed views of the skull (MNN GAD17). A Left snout margin in anterolateral view. B Left maxillary teeth in anterolateroventral view. C left antorbital region in lateral view. D Posterior portion of the skull in left lateral view. Scale bar for A, C and D equals 2 cm; scale bar for B equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for a palpebral; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; fl, flange; fo, foramen; fov, fenestra ovalis; gef, groove for the ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 4, maxillary tooth 1, 4; n, nasal; nf, narial fossa; om, orbital margin; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 3, 4, 5, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 3, 4, 5, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; ppr, posterior process; psi, preotic siphonium; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rp, retroarticular process; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768335/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
|
||
). It faces anterolaterally, borders the premaxilla-maxilla foramen, and gives passage to one additional large neurovascular foramen. Th e dorsal edge protrudes over this foramen before curving posteroventrally to join the scalloped ventral margin near the overhanging corner of the snout adjacent to the fourth maxillary tooth. Several large foramina are present just above this edge on the corner of the snout (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[630,718,202,228]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[140,212,958,980]" captionTargetBox="[143,1105,172,933]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[140,1108,162,941]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Detailed views of the skull (MNN GAD17). A Left snout margin in anterolateral view. B Left maxillary teeth in anterolateroventral view. C left antorbital region in lateral view. D Posterior portion of the skull in left lateral view. Scale bar for A, C and D equals 2 cm; scale bar for B equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for a palpebral; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; fl, flange; fo, foramen; fov, fenestra ovalis; gef, groove for the ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 4, maxillary tooth 1, 4; n, nasal; nf, narial fossa; om, orbital margin; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 3, 4, 5, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 3, 4, 5, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; ppr, posterior process; psi, preotic siphonium; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rp, retroarticular process; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768335/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
The dorsal surface of the maxilla remains lightly textured along a band near the sharp anterior margin of the snout from the narial fossa to the anterolateral corner. This same low texture is present across the posteroventral ramus lateral to the antorbital depression, a muted textural pattern that resembles that seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[881,1003,343,369]" class="Reptilia" family="Chimaerasuchidae" genus="Simosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[881,1003,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Simosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In both taxa most of the maxilla below the antorbital opening is only lightly textured. In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by contrast, the comparable region of the maxilla above m3 and m4 is more deeply sculpted with pits (Figs. 14A, 15A). As in most crocodyliforms, in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[946,1041,449,475]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[946,1041,449,475]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a row of neurovascular foramina runs above the alveolar margin along the posteroventral ramus, although these are smaller than those at the anterior end of the snout. The maxilla forms the smooth and elongate anterior wall of the antorbital fossa, which is pierced by a foramen (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[265,352,589,615]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[140,212,958,980]" captionTargetBox="[143,1105,172,933]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[140,1108,162,941]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Detailed views of the skull (MNN GAD17). A Left snout margin in anterolateral view. B Left maxillary teeth in anterolateroventral view. C left antorbital region in lateral view. D Posterior portion of the skull in left lateral view. Scale bar for A, C and D equals 2 cm; scale bar for B equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for a palpebral; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; fl, flange; fo, foramen; fov, fenestra ovalis; gef, groove for the ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 4, maxillary tooth 1, 4; n, nasal; nf, narial fossa; om, orbital margin; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 3, 4, 5, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 3, 4, 5, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; ppr, posterior process; psi, preotic siphonium; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rp, retroarticular process; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768335/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Th e posterodorsal ramus of the maxilla is deeply pitted and slightly elevated as it passes over the antorbital depression to join the lacrimal and prefrontal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis box="[237,293,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">nasal</emphasis>
|
||
extends from the tip of the internarial bar anteriorly to a subquadrate process posteriorly. Th e texture is reduced on the nasals immediately posterior to the external nares. Nonetheless, shallow sculpting is present, and the nasals do not contribute to the smooth narial fossa, which is isolated on the premaxilla as in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[958,1107,765,791]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[958,1107,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 16A),
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Buckley et al. 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Buckley" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[275,650,800,827]" class="Reptilia" family="Chimaerasuchidae" genus="Simosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[275,398,800,826]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Simosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Buckley GA & Brochu CA & Krause DW & Pol D" box="[415,641,800,827]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="941 - 944" refId="ref44856" refString="Buckley GA, Brochu CA, Krause DW, Pol D (2000) A pug-nosed crocodyliform from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Nature 405: 941 - 944." type="journal article" year="2000">Buckley et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other crocodyliforms. The elevated nasal bridge is narrowest in width at mid-length along the snout, after which it broadens slightly to equal interorbital width (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[610,710,870,897]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[140,212,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[175,1036,183,1114]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[140,1108,165,1134]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Partial skull in articulation with the atlas and the anterior portion of the axis (MNN GAD17). A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view.Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768331/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[726,763,871,898]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[140,214,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[171,1085,169,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[140,1108,165,1188]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Drawings matching the skull (MNN GAD17) in Fig. 5. A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin; parallel lines indicate broken bone surface; dashed line indicates missing bone; grey tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for palpebral; ar, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; C2, cervical vertebra 2 (axis); ch, choana; cqp, cranioquadrate passage; d, dentary; d1, dentary tooth 1; ec, ectopterygoid; Ef, Eustachian foramen; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; f, frontal; fl, flange; fo, foramen; gef, groove for ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 2, 4, 17, maxillary tooth 1, 2, 4, 17; n, nasal; nfo, narial fossa; oc, occipital condyle; ot, otoccipital; p, parietal; pap, palpebral; pat, proatlas; pf, prefrontal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; popr, paroccipital process; pos, preotic siphonium; pra, prearticular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; so, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768333/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
). A narrow median trough is present from mid-snout to the subrectangular interdigitating ends of the nasals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
The L-shaped
|
||
<emphasis box="[351,441,941,967]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">lacrimal</emphasis>
|
||
has anterior and ventral rami, which join near a laterally prominent process for articulation with a missing anterior palpebral (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[948,1040,976,1002]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[140,212,958,980]" captionTargetBox="[143,1105,172,933]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[140,1108,162,941]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Detailed views of the skull (MNN GAD17). A Left snout margin in anterolateral view. B Left maxillary teeth in anterolateroventral view. C left antorbital region in lateral view. D Posterior portion of the skull in left lateral view. Scale bar for A, C and D equals 2 cm; scale bar for B equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for a palpebral; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; fl, flange; fo, foramen; fov, fenestra ovalis; gef, groove for the ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 4, maxillary tooth 1, 4; n, nasal; nf, narial fossa; om, orbital margin; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 3, 4, 5, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 3, 4, 5, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; ppr, posterior process; psi, preotic siphonium; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rp, retroarticular process; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768335/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The lacrimal foramen is tucked under this process within the orbit. Th e anterior ramus is deeply pitted and joins the maxilla along a subrectangular suture. Th e ventral ramus is smooth and divided into an orbital margin and medially inset posterior margin of the antorbital fossa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis box="[235,342,1152,1178]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">palpebrals</emphasis>
|
||
are disarticulated in both known skulls. In the adult skull, however, they have fallen into orbital and temporal spaces, where they are partially exposed. A pair of articular fossae, the anterior on the lacrimal and
|
||
<emphasis box="[766,871,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">prefrontal</emphasis>
|
||
and the posterior on the postorbital, supported anterior and posterior palpebrals, respectively, as in many crocodyliforms (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[325,454,1293,1320]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[140,212,958,980]" captionTargetBox="[143,1105,172,933]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[140,1108,162,941]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Detailed views of the skull (MNN GAD17). A Left snout margin in anterolateral view. B Left maxillary teeth in anterolateroventral view. C left antorbital region in lateral view. D Posterior portion of the skull in left lateral view. Scale bar for A, C and D equals 2 cm; scale bar for B equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for a palpebral; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; fl, flange; fo, foramen; fov, fenestra ovalis; gef, groove for the ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 4, maxillary tooth 1, 4; n, nasal; nf, narial fossa; om, orbital margin; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 3, 4, 5, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 3, 4, 5, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; ppr, posterior process; psi, preotic siphonium; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rp, retroarticular process; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768335/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 7C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Th e prefrontal-frontal suture courses anteriorly, extending parallel to the inset of the fossa for the anterior palpebral. Th e prefrontal narrows in mid-section, where it contacts the lacrimal, and then extends anteriorly to contact the maxilla, effectively separating the nasal and lacrimal. Th e prefrontal pillar angles ventromedially and slightly posteriorly, tapering strongly from the skull roof to the palate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[140,1108,167,1672]" lastBlockId="15.[140,1108,167,1672]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis box="[235,308,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">frontal</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[364,447,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">parietal</emphasis>
|
||
are fused to their opposites and joined to each other by an interdigitating frontoparietal suture in both the adult and subadult skulls. The deeply pitted frontals have a median crest. The flat skull table formed by the parietals is also deeply pitted and separates the supratemporal fossae to a greater degree than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Buckley et al. 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Buckley" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Reptilia" family="Chimaerasuchidae" genus="Simosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Simosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Buckley GA & Brochu CA & Krause DW & Pol D" box="[224,454,1610,1636]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="941 - 944" refId="ref44856" refString="Buckley GA, Brochu CA, Krause DW, Pol D (2000) A pug-nosed crocodyliform from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Nature 405: 941 - 944." type="journal article" year="2000">Buckley et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. During growth in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[689,788,1610,1636]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[689,788,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, interorbital width expands relative to the width of the skull table, such that the two measurements are subequal in a subadult (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC & Sidor CA & Larsson HCE & Gado B" box="[306,519,167,193]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="477 - 482" refId="ref47391" refString="Sereno PC, Sidor CA, Larsson HCE, Gado B (2003) A new notosuchian from the Early Cretaceous of Niger. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 477 - 482." type="journal article" year="2003">Sereno et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) whereas the former is nearly twice the latter in an adult (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[213,309,202,229]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[140,212,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[175,1036,183,1114]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[140,1108,165,1134]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Partial skull in articulation with the atlas and the anterior portion of the axis (MNN GAD17). A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view.Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768331/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[321,358,202,229]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[140,214,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[171,1085,169,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[140,1108,165,1188]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Drawings matching the skull (MNN GAD17) in Fig. 5. A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin; parallel lines indicate broken bone surface; dashed line indicates missing bone; grey tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for palpebral; ar, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; C2, cervical vertebra 2 (axis); ch, choana; cqp, cranioquadrate passage; d, dentary; d1, dentary tooth 1; ec, ectopterygoid; Ef, Eustachian foramen; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; f, frontal; fl, flange; fo, foramen; gef, groove for ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 2, 4, 17, maxillary tooth 1, 2, 4, 17; n, nasal; nfo, narial fossa; oc, occipital condyle; ot, otoccipital; p, parietal; pap, palpebral; pat, proatlas; pf, prefrontal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; popr, paroccipital process; pos, preotic siphonium; pra, prearticular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; so, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768333/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
In the adult skull the frontal forms the anteromedial rim and distinctive corner of the supratemporal fossa, which is not the case in the subadult skull. Th at corner, in addition, is invaded by diverticulae from the supratemporal fossa. Although there is a similar corner in the rim of the fossa in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut and Taquet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[583,832,343,369]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wegeneri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[583,832,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Araripesuchus wegeneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the rim is not undercut by pneumatic invagination.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[454,577,378,404]" class="Reptilia" family="Chimaerasuchidae" genus="Simosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[454,577,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Simosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, on the other hand, has diverticulae resembling the condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[330,428,413,439]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[330,428,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that undercut the anterior rim of the supratemporal fossa, a condition that has arisen a few times among crocodyliforms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
The frontal contributes to the rim of the supratemporal fossa and reaches the fossa in dorsal view. Frontal participation in these supratemporal structures seems to occur with maturity, given the exclusion of the frontal in a subadult skull (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC & Sidor CA & Larsson HCE & Gado B" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="477 - 482" refId="ref47391" refString="Sereno PC, Sidor CA, Larsson HCE, Gado B (2003) A new notosuchian from the Early Cretaceous of Niger. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 477 - 482." type="journal article" year="2003">Sereno et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Th e posterior margin of the skull table is scalloped to each side of a short posteromedian projection formed by the supraoccipital, which joins the parietals along a shallow V-shaped suture.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[443,566,659,685]" class="Reptilia" family="Chimaerasuchidae" genus="Simosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[443,566,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Simosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in contrast, is shown with a nearly straight posteromedian margin. In this case, notching of the posterior margin of the parietals by the supraoccipital may have been obliterated by coossification.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
The right side of the skull has rotated slightly posterolaterally, an asymmetry best seen in dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[361,455,800,827]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[140,212,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[175,1036,183,1114]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[140,1108,165,1134]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Partial skull in articulation with the atlas and the anterior portion of the axis (MNN GAD17). A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view.Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768331/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[467,502,800,827]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[140,214,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[171,1085,169,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[140,1108,165,1188]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Drawings matching the skull (MNN GAD17) in Fig. 5. A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin; parallel lines indicate broken bone surface; dashed line indicates missing bone; grey tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for palpebral; ar, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; C2, cervical vertebra 2 (axis); ch, choana; cqp, cranioquadrate passage; d, dentary; d1, dentary tooth 1; ec, ectopterygoid; Ef, Eustachian foramen; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; f, frontal; fl, flange; fo, foramen; gef, groove for ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 2, 4, 17, maxillary tooth 1, 2, 4, 17; n, nasal; nfo, narial fossa; oc, occipital condyle; ot, otoccipital; p, parietal; pap, palpebral; pat, proatlas; pf, prefrontal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; popr, paroccipital process; pos, preotic siphonium; pra, prearticular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; so, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768333/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Because there is no pattern of postmortem distortion of the skull, this asymmetry appears to be pathological rather than preservational in origin. Th e articular notch for the posterior palpebral on the right side is shifted posterolaterally, altering the shape of the supratemporal fossa. Th e right fossa has a convex lateral margin and its maximum parasagittal length is about 10% longer than the left side.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis box="[240,353,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">postorbital</emphasis>
|
||
is notched by an articular facet for a small posterior palpebral. The surface of the postorbital between the facet and the supratemporal fossa varies, remaining textured with pits in some species, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Price 1959)" baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[759,1022,1046,1073]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomesii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[759,871,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A. gomesii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Price LI" box="[887,1014,1046,1073]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 55" refId="ref46760" refString="Price LI (1959) Sobre um crocodilideo notosuquio do Cretaceo brasileiro. Boletim Divisao de Geologia e Mineralogia do Rio de Janeiro 188: 1 - 55." type="journal article" year="1959">Price 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Turner 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Turner" baseAuthorityYear="2006" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsangatsangana">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A. tsangatsangana</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Turner AH" box="[319,468,1082,1109]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="255 - 369" refId="ref47827" refString="Turner AH (2006) Osteology and phylogeny of a new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Historical Biology 18: 255 - 369." type="journal article" year="2006">Turner 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and smooth in others such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Ortega et al. 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Ortega" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[826,984,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A. patagonicus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ortega F & Gasparini Z & Buscalioni AD & Calvo JO" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="57 - 76" refId="ref46524" refString="Ortega F, Gasparini Z, Buscalioni AD, Calvo JO (2000) A new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Lower Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20: 57 - 76." type="journal article" year="2000">Ortega et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut and Taquet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[294,421,1117,1143]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wegeneri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[294,421,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A. wegeneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that surface between the palpebral facet and supratemporal fossa is smooth and convex (Figs. 14B, 15B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis box="[236,346,1187,1213]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">squamosal</emphasis>
|
||
is distinctly triradiate in dorsal view, the anterior process that contacts the postorbital the most slender. The dorsal surface of the anterior process is deeply pitted and depressed to form a shallow arcuate fossa (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[823,919,1258,1285]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[140,212,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[175,1036,183,1114]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[140,1108,165,1134]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Partial skull in articulation with the atlas and the anterior portion of the axis (MNN GAD17). A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view.Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768331/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[932,968,1258,1285]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[140,214,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[171,1085,169,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[140,1108,165,1188]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Drawings matching the skull (MNN GAD17) in Fig. 5. A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin; parallel lines indicate broken bone surface; dashed line indicates missing bone; grey tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for palpebral; ar, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; C2, cervical vertebra 2 (axis); ch, choana; cqp, cranioquadrate passage; d, dentary; d1, dentary tooth 1; ec, ectopterygoid; Ef, Eustachian foramen; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; f, frontal; fl, flange; fo, foramen; gef, groove for ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 2, 4, 17, maxillary tooth 1, 2, 4, 17; n, nasal; nfo, narial fossa; oc, occipital condyle; ot, otoccipital; p, parietal; pap, palpebral; pat, proatlas; pf, prefrontal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; popr, paroccipital process; pos, preotic siphonium; pra, prearticular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; so, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768333/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The posterior process is offset below the skull table and has a more subdued texture.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis box="[236,288,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">jugal</emphasis>
|
||
approaches, but does not contact, the posteroventral corner of the antorbital fossa (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[259,345,1363,1390]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[140,212,958,980]" captionTargetBox="[143,1105,172,933]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[140,1108,162,941]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Detailed views of the skull (MNN GAD17). A Left snout margin in anterolateral view. B Left maxillary teeth in anterolateroventral view. C left antorbital region in lateral view. D Posterior portion of the skull in left lateral view. Scale bar for A, C and D equals 2 cm; scale bar for B equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for a palpebral; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; fl, flange; fo, foramen; fov, fenestra ovalis; gef, groove for the ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 4, maxillary tooth 1, 4; n, nasal; nf, narial fossa; om, orbital margin; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 3, 4, 5, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 3, 4, 5, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; ppr, posterior process; psi, preotic siphonium; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rp, retroarticular process; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768335/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Th e anterior ramus is moderately expanded dorsoventrally toward its anterior end and is deeply pitted, with an oval fossa located beneath the orbit (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1004,1094,1399,1425]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[140,212,958,980]" captionTargetBox="[143,1105,172,933]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[140,1108,162,941]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Detailed views of the skull (MNN GAD17). A Left snout margin in anterolateral view. B Left maxillary teeth in anterolateroventral view. C left antorbital region in lateral view. D Posterior portion of the skull in left lateral view. Scale bar for A, C and D equals 2 cm; scale bar for B equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for a palpebral; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; fl, flange; fo, foramen; fov, fenestra ovalis; gef, groove for the ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 4, maxillary tooth 1, 4; n, nasal; nf, narial fossa; om, orbital margin; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 3, 4, 5, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 3, 4, 5, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; ppr, posterior process; psi, preotic siphonium; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rp, retroarticular process; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768335/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The relatively slender postorbital process is inset at its base, the location for a very small siphonal opening. Th e posterior ramus is also relatively slender under the laterotemporal fenestra, where it terminates in a shallow inset articulation on the quadratojugal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
The L-shaped
|
||
<emphasis box="[352,503,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">quadratojugal</emphasis>
|
||
is partially fused to the quadrate near the quadrate condyle, where it approaches, but does not contribute to, the jaw articulation. The suture with the quadrate shaft is relatively straight, and surface texture is low and limited to the anterior portion of the bone.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,220,167,193]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,215,167,193]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="1">Palate</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The configuration of palatal sutures, shape and position of the suborbital fenestra, form of the mandibular rami of the pterygoid and ectopterygoid, position of the choanae, and form of the choanal septum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[693,794,237,264]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[140,212,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[175,1036,183,1114]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[140,1108,165,1134]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Partial skull in articulation with the atlas and the anterior portion of the axis (MNN GAD17). A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view.Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768331/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[810,846,237,264]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[140,214,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[171,1085,169,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[140,1108,165,1188]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Drawings matching the skull (MNN GAD17) in Fig. 5. A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin; parallel lines indicate broken bone surface; dashed line indicates missing bone; grey tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for palpebral; ar, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; C2, cervical vertebra 2 (axis); ch, choana; cqp, cranioquadrate passage; d, dentary; d1, dentary tooth 1; ec, ectopterygoid; Ef, Eustachian foramen; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; f, frontal; fl, flange; fo, foramen; gef, groove for ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 2, 4, 17, maxillary tooth 1, 2, 4, 17; n, nasal; nfo, narial fossa; oc, occipital condyle; ot, otoccipital; p, parietal; pap, palpebral; pat, proatlas; pf, prefrontal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; popr, paroccipital process; pos, preotic siphonium; pra, prearticular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; so, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768333/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">6C</figureCitation>
|
||
) correspond well with those of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Price 1959)" baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[243,546,272,299]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[243,392,272,298]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Price LI" box="[410,538,272,299]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 55" refId="ref46760" refString="Price LI (1959) Sobre um crocodilideo notosuquio do Cretaceo brasileiro. Boletim Divisao de Geologia e Mineralogia do Rio de Janeiro 188: 1 - 55." type="journal article" year="1959">Price 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figs. 14C, 15C) and differ markedly from the palatal configuration described in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Buckley et al. 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Buckley" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[531,908,307,334]" class="Reptilia" family="Chimaerasuchidae" genus="Simosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[531,654,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Simosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Buckley GA & Brochu CA & Krause DW & Pol D" box="[671,899,307,334]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="941 - 944" refId="ref44856" refString="Buckley GA, Brochu CA, Krause DW, Pol D (2000) A pug-nosed crocodyliform from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Nature 405: 941 - 944." type="journal article" year="2000">Buckley et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In these regards,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[140,238,343,369]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,238,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is less derived than
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[464,587,343,369]" class="Reptilia" family="Chimaerasuchidae" genus="Simosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[464,587,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Simosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
The premaxillary portion of the palate is restricted to a broad-based triangle near the anterior margin. Th e premaxilla-maxilla suture, however, is exposed only near the alveolar margin. Th e premaxilla-maxilla foramen may communicate with the palate as in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut and Taquet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[170,295,484,510]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wegeneri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[170,295,484,510]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. wegeneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; a foramen is present at the anterior margin of the maxilla just posterior to the premaxilla-maxilla suture, as is the case on one side of a cranium of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut and Taquet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[982,1107,519,545]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wegeneri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[982,1107,519,545]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. wegeneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figs. 14C, 15C). Furthermore, as in another skull of that species (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[884,985,554,580]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="49.[140,212,1462,1484]" captionTargetBox="[180,1068,388,1428]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[165,1082,363,1453]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Figure 20. Unworn dentition of the crocodyliform Araripesuchus wegeneri. Detailed views of the anterior and middle portions of the tooth rows (MNN GAD20). A Left tooth rows in medial view. B Anterior portionof left tooth rows in medial view. C Middle portion of left tooth rows in medial view. Scale bar equals 1 cm in A and 5 mm in B and C. Abbreviations: ca, carina; d2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, dentary tooth 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16; m1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 13, maxillary tooth 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 13; ne, neck; pm2–5, premaxillary tooth 2–5; rt, root." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768341" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768341/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 20B</figureCitation>
|
||
), this palatal foramen appears to be associated with the tip of the fourth dentary crown (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1033,1107,589,615]" country="Niger" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fx98-05bc" name="Musee National du Niger" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">MNN</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[140,208,624,650]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">GAD</collectionCode>
|
||
17,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[247,312,624,651]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">GAD</collectionCode>
|
||
603)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
The maxilla and
|
||
<emphasis box="[381,469,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">palatine</emphasis>
|
||
form the majority of the palate in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[883,983,660,686]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[883,983,660,686]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1001,1102,659,686]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[140,212,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[175,1036,183,1114]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[140,1108,165,1134]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Partial skull in articulation with the atlas and the anterior portion of the axis (MNN GAD17). A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view.Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768331/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[140,178,695,722]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[140,214,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[171,1085,169,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[140,1108,165,1188]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Drawings matching the skull (MNN GAD17) in Fig. 5. A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin; parallel lines indicate broken bone surface; dashed line indicates missing bone; grey tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for palpebral; ar, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; C2, cervical vertebra 2 (axis); ch, choana; cqp, cranioquadrate passage; d, dentary; d1, dentary tooth 1; ec, ectopterygoid; Ef, Eustachian foramen; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; f, frontal; fl, flange; fo, foramen; gef, groove for ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 2, 4, 17, maxillary tooth 1, 2, 4, 17; n, nasal; nfo, narial fossa; oc, occipital condyle; ot, otoccipital; p, parietal; pap, palpebral; pat, proatlas; pf, prefrontal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; popr, paroccipital process; pos, preotic siphonium; pra, prearticular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; so, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768333/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">6C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Th e median one-third appears to preserve its natural arching toward the midline, whereas the lateral one-third on each side lies closer to the horizontal. Neither the vomer nor pterygoid are exposed in the midline as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Buckley et al. 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Buckley" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[736,1103,765,792]" class="Reptilia" family="Chimaerasuchidae" genus="Simosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[736,859,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Simosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Buckley GA & Brochu CA & Krause DW & Pol D" box="[873,1095,765,792]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="941 - 944" refId="ref44856" refString="Buckley GA, Brochu CA, Krause DW, Pol D (2000) A pug-nosed crocodyliform from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Nature 405: 941 - 944." type="journal article" year="2000">Buckley et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A slit-shaped foramen opens on the maxilla. Canted along an anterolateral-posteromedial axis, opening anterolaterally, and associated with a small palatal fossa, the foramen is far from the alveolar margin and may not correspond to maxillary foramina associated with the alveolar margin in other notosuchians.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis box="[238,336,941,967]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">pterygoid</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[398,536,941,967]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">ectopterygoid</emphasis>
|
||
form the posterior portion of the palate, including the posteroventrally projecting mandibular rami. Th e distal end of this process is modestly expanded as in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[429,578,1011,1037]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[429,578,1011,1037]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and lies in its natural position adjacent to the adductor fossa of the lower jaw. The ectopterygoid overlaps the ventral aspect of the pterygoid on the lateral edge of the palate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
The suborbital fenestra, which is best exposed in the subadult skull (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC & Sidor CA & Larsson HCE & Gado B" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="477 - 482" refId="ref47391" refString="Sereno PC, Sidor CA, Larsson HCE, Gado B (2003) A new notosuchian from the Early Cretaceous of Niger. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 477 - 482." type="journal article" year="2003">Sereno et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), is subequal in size to the paired choanae and located farther anteriorly. The palatine-pterygoid suture, preserved on the right side, courses across a broad palatal border lateral to the choanae. In the midline of the adult skull, the posterior one-half of the very thin choanal septum is exposed, the remainder covered from view by extraneous bone pieces. Th e choanae are located as far posterior on the pterygoids as possible, butting against a posterior palatal ridge formed by the pterygoids. During growth the sigmoid curve of the posterior palatal ridge in the subadult becomes a broad arch in the adult (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[140,212,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[175,1036,183,1114]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[140,1108,165,1134]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Partial skull in articulation with the atlas and the anterior portion of the axis (MNN GAD17). A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view.Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768331/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[189,226,1399,1426]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[140,214,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[171,1085,169,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[140,1108,165,1188]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Drawings matching the skull (MNN GAD17) in Fig. 5. A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin; parallel lines indicate broken bone surface; dashed line indicates missing bone; grey tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for palpebral; ar, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; C2, cervical vertebra 2 (axis); ch, choana; cqp, cranioquadrate passage; d, dentary; d1, dentary tooth 1; ec, ectopterygoid; Ef, Eustachian foramen; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; f, frontal; fl, flange; fo, foramen; gef, groove for ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 2, 4, 17, maxillary tooth 1, 2, 4, 17; n, nasal; nfo, narial fossa; oc, occipital condyle; ot, otoccipital; p, parietal; pap, palpebral; pat, proatlas; pf, prefrontal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; popr, paroccipital process; pos, preotic siphonium; pra, prearticular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; so, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768333/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">6C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Unlike in some other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[600,744,1399,1425]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[600,744,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis box="[760,1004,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[760,871,1399,1425]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomesii">A. gomesii</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut and Taquet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[883,1004,1399,1425]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wegeneri">A. wegeneri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), there is no development of a pair of parasagittal flanges extending from the posterior palatal ridge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis box="[241,337,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">quadrate</emphasis>
|
||
angles posteroventrally from the recessed otic region toward the quadrate condyles. In the otic region, a large opening constitutes the fenestra ovalis and confluent cranioquadrate passage. Anterior to this opening is the preotic siphonium, ventral to which is a circular fossa (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[611,700,1575,1601]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[140,212,958,980]" captionTargetBox="[143,1105,172,933]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[140,1108,162,941]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Detailed views of the skull (MNN GAD17). A Left snout margin in anterolateral view. B Left maxillary teeth in anterolateroventral view. C left antorbital region in lateral view. D Posterior portion of the skull in left lateral view. Scale bar for A, C and D equals 2 cm; scale bar for B equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for a palpebral; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; fl, flange; fo, foramen; fov, fenestra ovalis; gef, groove for the ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 4, maxillary tooth 1, 4; n, nasal; nf, narial fossa; om, orbital margin; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 3, 4, 5, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 3, 4, 5, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; ppr, posterior process; psi, preotic siphonium; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rp, retroarticular process; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768335/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
|
||
) as in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut and Taquet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[776,1025,1575,1601]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wegeneri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[776,1025,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Araripesuchus wegeneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[140,1108,167,1672]" lastBlockId="17.[140,1108,167,334]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
A sharp vertical crest on the quadrate contributes to the posterior skull margin, joining the paroccipital process with the rim of the medial condyle. In posterior view, a foramen aërum opens on the posterior aspect of the quadrate shaft just above the medial condyle (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[332,402,202,228]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[140,212,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[362,874,896,1510]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[358,889,874,1538]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Detailed view of the jaw articulation and retroarticular process in posteromedial view (MNN GAD17). Scale bar equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: ar, articular; fa, foramen aëreum; lco, lateral condyle; mco, medial condyle; popr, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; ri, ridge; rp, retroarticular process; sq, squamosal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768337/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). In lateral view, the posterior margin of the quadrate angles anteroventrally as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Buckley et al. 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Buckley" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[371,734,237,264]" class="Reptilia" family="Chimaerasuchidae" genus="Simosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[371,494,237,263]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Simosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Buckley GA & Brochu CA & Krause DW & Pol D" box="[508,726,237,264]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="941 - 944" refId="ref44856" refString="Buckley GA, Brochu CA, Krause DW, Pol D (2000) A pug-nosed crocodyliform from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Nature 405: 941 - 944." type="journal article" year="2000">Buckley et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
rather than posteroventrally as in nearly all other crocodyliforms. Th e quadrate condyles are relatively flat and separated by a marked V-shaped cleft (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[462,554,307,334]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[140,212,958,980]" captionTargetBox="[143,1105,172,933]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[140,1108,162,941]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Detailed views of the skull (MNN GAD17). A Left snout margin in anterolateral view. B Left maxillary teeth in anterolateroventral view. C left antorbital region in lateral view. D Posterior portion of the skull in left lateral view. Scale bar for A, C and D equals 2 cm; scale bar for B equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for a palpebral; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; fl, flange; fo, foramen; fov, fenestra ovalis; gef, groove for the ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 4, maxillary tooth 1, 4; n, nasal; nf, narial fossa; om, orbital margin; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 3, 4, 5, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 3, 4, 5, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; ppr, posterior process; psi, preotic siphonium; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rp, retroarticular process; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768335/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[140,1108,377,827]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,263,377,403]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,258,377,403]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="1">Braincase</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The braincase is well preserved and exposed in the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[861,960,378,404]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and referred skulls (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[220,320,413,440]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[140,212,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[175,1036,183,1114]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[140,1108,165,1134]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Partial skull in articulation with the atlas and the anterior portion of the axis (MNN GAD17). A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view.Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768331/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[334,372,413,440]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[140,214,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[171,1085,169,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[140,1108,165,1188]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Drawings matching the skull (MNN GAD17) in Fig. 5. A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin; parallel lines indicate broken bone surface; dashed line indicates missing bone; grey tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for palpebral; ar, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; C2, cervical vertebra 2 (axis); ch, choana; cqp, cranioquadrate passage; d, dentary; d1, dentary tooth 1; ec, ectopterygoid; Ef, Eustachian foramen; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; f, frontal; fl, flange; fo, foramen; gef, groove for ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 2, 4, 17, maxillary tooth 1, 2, 4, 17; n, nasal; nfo, narial fossa; oc, occipital condyle; ot, otoccipital; p, parietal; pap, palpebral; pat, proatlas; pf, prefrontal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; popr, paroccipital process; pos, preotic siphonium; pra, prearticular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; so, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768333/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">6C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<emphasis box="[448,595,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">supraoccipital</emphasis>
|
||
forms a small median pitted triangle on the dorsal skull roof. On the occiput, the supraoccipital forms a short vertical nuchal keel with broad flanges extending to either side, more closely resembling that in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[984,1107,483,509]" class="Reptilia" family="Chimaerasuchidae" genus="Simosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[984,1107,483,509]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Simosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[228,377,519,545]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[228,377,519,545]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Th e proatlantal elements are fused together forming an inverted chevron that is preserved in articulation with the protruding dorsal rim of the foramen magnum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[258,354,589,616]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[140,212,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[175,1036,183,1114]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[140,1108,165,1134]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Partial skull in articulation with the atlas and the anterior portion of the axis (MNN GAD17). A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view.Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768331/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[368,405,589,616]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[140,214,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[171,1085,169,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[140,1108,165,1188]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Drawings matching the skull (MNN GAD17) in Fig. 5. A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin; parallel lines indicate broken bone surface; dashed line indicates missing bone; grey tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for palpebral; ar, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; C2, cervical vertebra 2 (axis); ch, choana; cqp, cranioquadrate passage; d, dentary; d1, dentary tooth 1; ec, ectopterygoid; Ef, Eustachian foramen; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; f, frontal; fl, flange; fo, foramen; gef, groove for ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 2, 4, 17, maxillary tooth 1, 2, 4, 17; n, nasal; nfo, narial fossa; oc, occipital condyle; ot, otoccipital; p, parietal; pap, palpebral; pat, proatlas; pf, prefrontal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; popr, paroccipital process; pos, preotic siphonium; pra, prearticular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; so, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768333/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Th e paroccipital processes project to each side, arching ventrolaterally to a sharp edge that connects the squamosal above and quadrate condyles below (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[224,293,659,686]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[140,212,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[362,874,896,1510]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[358,889,874,1538]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Detailed view of the jaw articulation and retroarticular process in posteromedial view (MNN GAD17). Scale bar equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: ar, articular; fa, foramen aëreum; lco, lateral condyle; mco, medial condyle; popr, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; ri, ridge; rp, retroarticular process; sq, squamosal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768337/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Th e ends of the paroccipital processes are marked by a series of striations or ridges as in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[367,516,695,721]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[367,516,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and extant crocodylians.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[140,1108,377,827]" lastBlockId="18.[140,1108,167,685]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
The ventrally deflected occipital condyle is formed almost exclusively by the
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">basioccipital</emphasis>
|
||
. Th e remainder of the bone angles anteroventrally at approximately 45° and forms most of the braincase floor posterior to the palate. A small posterior Eustachian foramen is located in the midline just anterior to the occipital condyle. Farther anteriorly, a median crest rises (larger in the subadult skull), followed by a large anterior Eustachian foramen. Th is circular foramen opens posterodorsally between the basioccipital and basisphenoid. Th e lateral edges of the basioccipital curl against the medial edge of low basal tubera formed by the anterior extremity of the exoccipital.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768337" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3768337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768337/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[140,212,1558,1580]" targetBox="[362,874,896,1510]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[140,1108,1558,1676]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,712,1558,1580]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Figure 8. Skull of the crocodyliform
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[517,706,1558,1580]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[517,706,1558,1580]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Anatosuchus minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Detailed view of the jaw articulation and retroarticular process in posteromedial view (MNN GAD17). Scale bar equals 1 cm. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis box="[1083,1102,1591,1612]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">ar</emphasis>
|
||
, articular;
|
||
<emphasis box="[232,249,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">fa</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen aëreum;
|
||
<emphasis box="[432,456,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">lco</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral condyle;
|
||
<emphasis box="[623,658,1623,1644]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">mco</emphasis>
|
||
, medial condyle;
|
||
<emphasis box="[831,870,1623,1644]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">popr</emphasis>
|
||
, paroccipital process;
|
||
<emphasis box="[1084,1102,1623,1644]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">pt</emphasis>
|
||
, pterygoid;
|
||
<emphasis box="[241,252,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">q</emphasis>
|
||
, quadrate;
|
||
<emphasis box="[356,371,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">ri</emphasis>
|
||
, ridge;
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,461,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">rp</emphasis>
|
||
, retroarticular process;
|
||
<emphasis box="[678,695,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">sq</emphasis>
|
||
, squamosal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[140,1108,167,685]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
A large lateral Eustachian foramen opens posterodorsally on the anterior side of each basal tuber between the
|
||
<emphasis box="[472,582,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">otoccipital</emphasis>
|
||
(exoccipital + opisthotic) and
|
||
<emphasis box="[929,1065,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">basisphenoid</emphasis>
|
||
. As in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[169,318,413,439]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[169,318,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, four foramina are present adjacent to the occipital condyle, the largest an anteroventrally opening foramen for the internal carotid. Along the lateral edge of the braincase, a pair of low crests is present running anteromedially from the quadrate to the pterygoid. In lateral view, the otoccipital extends from the very large cranioquadrate passage anteriorly to the paroccipital process posteriorly, just separating the squamosal and quadrate (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[426,522,589,616]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[140,212,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[175,1036,183,1114]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[140,1108,165,1134]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Partial skull in articulation with the atlas and the anterior portion of the axis (MNN GAD17). A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view.Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768331/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[533,571,589,616]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[140,214,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[171,1085,169,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[140,1108,165,1188]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Drawings matching the skull (MNN GAD17) in Fig. 5. A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin; parallel lines indicate broken bone surface; dashed line indicates missing bone; grey tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for palpebral; ar, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; C2, cervical vertebra 2 (axis); ch, choana; cqp, cranioquadrate passage; d, dentary; d1, dentary tooth 1; ec, ectopterygoid; Ef, Eustachian foramen; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; f, frontal; fl, flange; fo, foramen; gef, groove for ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 2, 4, 17, maxillary tooth 1, 2, 4, 17; n, nasal; nfo, narial fossa; oc, occipital condyle; ot, otoccipital; p, parietal; pap, palpebral; pat, proatlas; pf, prefrontal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; popr, paroccipital process; pos, preotic siphonium; pra, prearticular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; so, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768333/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Th e basisphenoid has only a narrow, V-shaped ventral exposure. It floors a narrow depression between the pair of lateral crests and a small median patch between the basioccipital and the posterior margin of the palate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[140,1107,730,827]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,257,730,756]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,252,730,756]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="1">Endocast</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
An endocast, generated from the computed-tomographic scan of cranium
|
||
<collectionCode box="[140,213,766,792]" country="Niger" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fx98-05bc" name="Musee National du Niger" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">MNN</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[222,288,765,791]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">GAD</collectionCode>
|
||
17 (Fig. 10), closely resembles that for
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[743,892,765,791]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[743,892,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[910,997,765,791]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="51.[140,212,1014,1036]" captionTargetBox="[269,980,189,964]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[215,1033,162,990]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Figure 22. Endocast of the crocodyliform Araripesuchus wegeneri. Endocast (UCRC PVC5) prototyped from a computed-tomography scan of skull MNN GAD19. Th e endocast lacks a portion of the pituitary fossa and right and left labyrinths. A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view. Scale bar equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: cer, cerebrum; cnII, cranial nerve II (optic nerve); lsin, longitudinal sinus; opt, optic lobe; pit, pituitary fossa; vfo, ventral fossa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768343" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768343/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
). In both the cerebral hemispheres are spade-shaped as seen in dorsal view and measure ap-
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768339" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3768339" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768339/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" startId="18.[140,212,1526,1548]" targetBox="[237,1010,932,1470]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[140,1108,1526,1676]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,729,1526,1548]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Figure 9. Dentary of the crocodyliform
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[537,724,1526,1548]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[537,724,1526,1548]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Anatosuchus minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Pencil drawing of mid-section of the left dentary including alveoli 7–14 (MNN GAD18).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[600,619,1558,1580]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal view.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[746,763,1558,1580]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">B</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral view (reversed). Parallel lines indicate broken bone; double-dash pattern indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 1 cm. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">ad7, 12</emphasis>
|
||
, alveolus of dentary tooth 7, 12;
|
||
<emphasis box="[473,501,1623,1644]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">asp</emphasis>
|
||
, articular surface for splenial;
|
||
<emphasis box="[780,821,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">d14,</emphasis>
|
||
dentary tooth 14;
|
||
<emphasis box="[996,1012,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">fo</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen;
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,169,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Mc</emphasis>
|
||
, Meckel’s canal;
|
||
<emphasis box="[325,343,1654,1675]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">sh</emphasis>
|
||
, shelf.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[140,1108,962,1080]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,755,962,984]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Figure |0. Endocast of the crocodyliform
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[562,749,962,984]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[562,749,962,984]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Anatosuchus minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Endocast (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[859,926,963,984]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/m2jc-wmeq" name="University of California, Riverside" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="University or college">UCRC</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[933,981,963,985]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">PVC</collectionCode>
|
||
2) prototyped from a computed-tomography scan of skull
|
||
<collectionCode box="[546,605,995,1016]" country="Niger" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fx98-05bc" name="Musee National du Niger" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">MNN</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[611,667,995,1016]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">GAD</collectionCode>
|
||
18. Th e endocast lacks a portion of the pituitary fossa and right and left labyrinths.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[463,482,1026,1048]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A</emphasis>
|
||
Lateral view.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[610,627,1026,1048]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">B</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal view.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[753,772,1026,1048]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral view. Scale bar equals
|
||
<quantity box="[1055,1105,1027,1048]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
|
||
. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis box="[280,305,1059,1080]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">cer</emphasis>
|
||
, cerebrum;
|
||
<emphasis box="[416,447,1058,1079]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">lsin</emphasis>
|
||
, longitudinal sinus;
|
||
<emphasis box="[637,664,1059,1080]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">opt</emphasis>
|
||
, optic lobe.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[140,1108,1152,1531]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
proximately one-half of total endocast length. In general the forebrain in the endocast compares more closely with that reported for
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Hopson 1979)" baseAuthorityName="Hopson" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[668,934,1187,1214]" class="Reptilia" family="Sebecidae" genus="Sebecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[668,748,1187,1213]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Sebecus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hopson JA" box="[764,926,1188,1214]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="39 - 146" refId="ref45817" refString="Hopson JA (1979) Paleoneurology. In: Gans C (Ed.) Biology of the Reptilia. Academic Press, London, 39 - 146." type="book chapter" year="1979">Hopson 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than the more rounded, symmetrical cerebral hemispheres in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[669,763,1223,1249]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Alligator" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[669,763,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Alligator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 11) or
|
||
<emphasis box="[910,999,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[910,999,1223,1249]" name="Cayman Islands" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Caiman</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hopson JA" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="39 - 146" refId="ref45817" refString="Hopson JA (1979) Paleoneurology. In: Gans C (Ed.) Biology of the Reptilia. Academic Press, London, 39 - 146." type="book chapter" year="1979">Hopson 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A sagittal venous sinus flanked by shallow longitudinal depressions outlines the medial aspect of each hemisphere. In lateral view, the cerebral hemispheres are compressed dorsoventrally. In
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[489,590,1329,1355]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[489,590,1329,1355]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the posterior portion of the hemisphere is a little deeper than in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut and Taquet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[369,618,1363,1389]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wegeneri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[369,618,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Araripesuchus wegeneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In ventral view, the absence in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[979,1077,1364,1390]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[979,1077,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the ventromedian fossa between the hemispheres observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut and Taquet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[851,978,1399,1425]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wegeneri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[851,978,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. wegeneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be an artifact of the quality of the scan. Swellings for optic lobes are visible posterior to the cerebral hemispheres. Although not well preserved in
|
||
<emphasis box="[736,838,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[736,834,1469,1495]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">A. minor</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the dorsal surface of the cerebellar region is near the height of the cerebral hemispheres.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[140,1107,1574,1672]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,264,1574,1600]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,260,1574,1600]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" reason="1">Dentition</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
There are 6 premaxillary teeth, 19 maxillary teeth, and 21 dentary teeth, as established on the basis of the exposed teeth and a computed-tomographic scan of skull
|
||
<collectionCode box="[140,212,1646,1672]" country="Niger" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fx98-05bc" name="Musee National du Niger" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">MNN</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[221,289,1645,1671]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">GAD</collectionCode>
|
||
17. In a subadult skull (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[555,628,1645,1671]" country="Niger" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fx98-05bc" name="Musee National du Niger" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">MNN</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[637,703,1645,1672]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">GAD</collectionCode>
|
||
603), there are 6 premaxillary teeth,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[140,1109,1155,1273]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,629,1155,1177]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Figure ||. Endocast of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[382,623,1155,1177]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Alligator" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[382,623,1155,1177]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Alligator mississippiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Endocast (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[734,801,1156,1177]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/m2jc-wmeq" name="University of California, Riverside" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="University or college">UCRC</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[809,857,1155,1177]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">PVC</collectionCode>
|
||
6) prototyped from a computed-tomography scan of a recent skull (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[524,585,1188,1209]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/22jz-cx2d" name="Texas Memorial Museum" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">TMM</collectionCode>
|
||
M-983).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[676,695,1187,1209]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A</emphasis>
|
||
Lateral view.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[822,839,1187,1209]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">B</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal view.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[964,983,1187,1209]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral view. Scale bar equals
|
||
<quantity box="[287,336,1220,1241]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||
. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis box="[482,507,1220,1241]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">asc</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior semicircular canal;
|
||
<emphasis box="[770,795,1220,1241]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">cer</emphasis>
|
||
, cerebrum;
|
||
<emphasis box="[904,924,1219,1240]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">lsc</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral semicircular canal;
|
||
<emphasis box="[199,230,1251,1272]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">lsin</emphasis>
|
||
, longitudinal sinus;
|
||
<emphasis box="[420,447,1252,1273]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">opt</emphasis>
|
||
, optic lobe;
|
||
<emphasis box="[563,587,1252,1273]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">pit</emphasis>
|
||
, pituitary fossa;
|
||
<emphasis box="[742,767,1252,1273]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">psc</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior semicircular canal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[140,1108,1363,1672]" lastBlockId="21.[140,1108,730,1672]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
15 maxillary teeth, and an unknown number of dentary teeth.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC & Sidor CA & Larsson HCE & Gado B" box="[831,1048,1363,1390]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="477 - 482" refId="ref47391" refString="Sereno PC, Sidor CA, Larsson HCE, Gado B (2003) A new notosuchian from the Early Cretaceous of Niger. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 477 - 482." type="journal article" year="2003">Sereno et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
originally reported 5 premaxillary teeth in the subadult skull, although it is now clear that the first premaxillary tooth was broken away on both sides based on comparison with the adult skull. Premaxillary tooth number thus appears to be stable in the final 30% of growth in the skull, while maxillary and probably dentary tooth counts increase by a comparable percentage. Th e lower jaws and tooth rows become much more U-shaped during maturation. The diagnostic breadth of the snout and transverse orientation of the anterior ends of each dentary emerge late in post-hatching growth. On the other hand, the characteristic inclination of the anterior dentition from the midline to the corner of the snout changes very little; the tooth row in anterior view of both subadult and adult skulls is angled at approximately 25° from the horizontal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[140,1107,166,220]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,227,166,188]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Table 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Length (mm) of crowns in the right upper jaw of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[692,861,166,188]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[692,861,166,188]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Anatosuchus minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MNN GAD603). Parentheses indicate estimated measurement. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis box="[649,666,199,220]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">m</emphasis>
|
||
, maxillary;
|
||
<emphasis box="[776,804,199,220]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">pm</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxillary.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<table box="[480,768,249,653]" gridcols="2" gridrows="9" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<tr box="[480,768,249,308]" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<th box="[480,584,249,308]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[519,584,249,273]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Tooth</emphasis>
|
||
pm1
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[664,768,249,308]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[664,741,249,273]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Length</emphasis>
|
||
2.3
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[480,768,319,377]" gridrow="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<td box="[480,584,319,377]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">pm2 pm5</td>
|
||
<td box="[664,768,319,377]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">2.7 3.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[480,768,387,446]" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<td box="[480,584,387,446]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">pm6 m1</td>
|
||
<td box="[664,768,387,446]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">3.8 3.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[480,768,456,480]" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<td box="[480,584,456,480]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">m2</td>
|
||
<td box="[664,768,456,480]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">5.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[480,768,491,515]" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<td box="[480,584,491,515]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">m3</td>
|
||
<td box="[664,768,491,515]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">7.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[480,768,525,549]" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<td box="[480,584,525,549]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">m4</td>
|
||
<td box="[664,768,525,549]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">(8.6)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[480,768,559,583]" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<td box="[480,584,559,583]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">m5</td>
|
||
<td box="[664,768,559,583]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">5.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[480,768,594,618]" gridrow="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<td box="[480,584,594,618]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">m12</td>
|
||
<td box="[664,768,594,618]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">(3.8)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[480,768,628,653]" gridrow="8" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<td box="[480,584,628,653]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">m17</td>
|
||
<td box="[664,768,628,653]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">3.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[140,1108,730,1672]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Upper and lower crowns are subconical with the base of the crown very slightly expanded from the root. Th e crowns curve lingually. There is no distinct neck or marked constriction between root and crown. All but the first premaxillary crown have unornamented mesial and distal carinae and very fine interweaving striae, which can be seen under strong magnification on the labial side of premaxillary and maxillary crowns. Tooth wear is not nearly as pronounced as in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[637,785,976,1002]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[637,785,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. There are no wear facets and only a few crown tips with thinned enamel or exposed dentine from apical abrasion.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[140,1108,730,1672]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Six
|
||
<emphasis box="[228,424,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">premaxillary teeth</emphasis>
|
||
are one or two more than common among crocodyliforms. Pm1–3 project ventrally unopposed by dentary teeth, the first of which projects between pm3 and pm4. Th e tip of d4 projects dorsally into a fossa between pm6 and m1 (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[148,222,1152,1178]" country="Niger" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fx98-05bc" name="Musee National du Niger" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">MNN</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[231,299,1152,1178]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">GAD</collectionCode>
|
||
17,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[339,406,1152,1179]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">GAD</collectionCode>
|
||
603), a typical dental configuration among crocodyliforms. If the teeth at the junction of premaxilla, maxilla and dentary teeth are regarded as homologous with those in other crocodyliforms, additional premaxillary teeth must have been added to the original plesiomorphic tooth count of four or five teeth, beginning at the medial end of the tooth row.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[140,1108,730,1672]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">The crown of pm1 is approximately 20% smaller than the crowns of pm2–6, lacks carinae, and is positioned lateral to the midline. Th e alveolar margins of opposing premaxillae are separated in the midline by a subtriangular gap, such that the opposing first premaxillary crowns are separated by a median diastema approximately twice that between ipsilateral premaxillary crowns.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[140,1108,730,1672]" lastBlockId="22.[140,1108,167,1108]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Premaxillary teeth 2–6 are very similar in size and crown detail. Th e alveoli of all premaxillary teeth are raised as rugose cylinders. Th e inner set of alveoli (pm1–3) are separated by concave intercrown festoons, whereas the raised rim of the alveolus in the outer set (pm4–6) are linked together by a rugose alveolar ridge. Th e festooning of the inner set, thus, is the result of the concave margin between alveoli; festooning in the outer set and in the maxillary series, by contrast, is the result of the dorsally concave labial rim of the alveoli (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[416,504,202,228]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[140,212,958,980]" captionTargetBox="[143,1105,172,933]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[140,1108,162,941]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Detailed views of the skull (MNN GAD17). A Left snout margin in anterolateral view. B Left maxillary teeth in anterolateroventral view. C left antorbital region in lateral view. D Posterior portion of the skull in left lateral view. Scale bar for A, C and D equals 2 cm; scale bar for B equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for a palpebral; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; fl, flange; fo, foramen; fov, fenestra ovalis; gef, groove for the ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 4, maxillary tooth 1, 4; n, nasal; nf, narial fossa; om, orbital margin; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 3, 4, 5, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 3, 4, 5, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; ppr, posterior process; psi, preotic siphonium; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rp, retroarticular process; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768335/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[140,1108,167,1108]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
The mesial premaxillary crowns (pm1–3) are functionally distinctive. They oppose a prominent edentulous edge of the dentary, which is
|
||
<quantity box="[746,814,272,299]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
|
||
in transverse width in the adult skull. As confirmed by computed tomography, the first dentary tooth is positioned
|
||
<quantity box="[219,300,343,369]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
|
||
from the dentary symphysis. Th at tooth (d1) projects toward the base of the fourth premaxillary alveolus. Successive dentary crowns (d2–4) project toward small circular fossae between pm5 and pm6 and into a large palatal opening, respectively. The palatal opening is visible on both available skulls and possibly connected with the nearby premaxilla-maxilla foramen. Given that a similarly positioned fossa in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
receives the tip of the caniniform fourth dentary tooth, the dental and palatal relationships in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[278,375,554,580]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[278,375,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear to be modified from that observed in other notosuchians.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[140,1108,167,1108]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis box="[237,403,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">maxillary teeth</emphasis>
|
||
have crowns that are more closely spaced than the premaxillary teeth with alveoli that begin to coalesce toward the distal end of the tooth row. The first maxillary crown is approximately 20% larger than the sixth premaxillary crown. Crown size reaches its maximum in m4 at the depressed corner of the snout, distal to which it gradually decreases (m5–20). A caniniform crown is not differentiated. All maxillary crowns curve lingually with carinae that are shifted lingually. Were the crown to be split by a plane through the carinae, the labial portion would comprise most of crown volume.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[140,1108,167,1108]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis box="[237,378,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">dentary teeth</emphasis>
|
||
are more poorly exposed. Crown shape seems similar to that in the maxilla and they equal opposing maxillary crowns in size. Crown size reaches its maximum in d11–13 at the depressed corner of the snout (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[808,896,941,967]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[140,212,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[362,874,896,1510]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[358,889,874,1538]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Detailed view of the jaw articulation and retroarticular process in posteromedial view (MNN GAD17). Scale bar equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: ar, articular; fa, foramen aëreum; lco, lateral condyle; mco, medial condyle; popr, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; ri, ridge; rp, retroarticular process; sq, squamosal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768337/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
|
||
), distal to which it gradually decreases (d14–21). A caniniform crown is not differentiated, and the dentary series ends mesial to the maxillary series; tooth d21 opposes m14 or m15, leaving at least m16–20 free of opposing dentary crowns. The differential between upper and lower tooth rows in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[368,466,1082,1108]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[368,466,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is greater than that in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[723,872,1082,1108]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[723,872,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[140,1108,1152,1672]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,270,1152,1178]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,215,1152,1178]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" reason="1">Lower</emphasis>
|
||
jaw.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The lower jaw broadens significantly during growth, gaining its distinctive U-shape with maturity. Th is shape is similar to that in the lower jaws of mature individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[304,427,1223,1249]" class="Reptilia" family="Chimaerasuchidae" genus="Simosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[304,427,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Simosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as seen in dorsal view (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Buckley GA & Brochu CA & Krause DW & Pol D" box="[698,926,1223,1249]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="941 - 944" refId="ref44856" refString="Buckley GA, Brochu CA, Krause DW, Pol D (2000) A pug-nosed crocodyliform from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Nature 405: 941 - 944." type="journal article" year="2000">Buckley et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Th e lower jaw in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[171,269,1258,1284]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[171,269,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, is anteroposteriorly nearly twice as long as its maximum width; in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[171,294,1293,1319]" class="Reptilia" family="Chimaerasuchidae" genus="Simosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[171,294,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Simosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
jaw length and width are subequal. The profile of the lower jaw differs from that in either
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[356,479,1328,1354]" class="Reptilia" family="Chimaerasuchidae" genus="Simosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[356,479,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Simosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[517,666,1328,1354]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[517,666,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. With jaws abducted, the anterior portion of the lower jaws fits within the snout and is obscured in lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1005,1103,1363,1390]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[140,212,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[175,1036,183,1114]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[140,1108,165,1134]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Partial skull in articulation with the atlas and the anterior portion of the axis (MNN GAD17). A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view.Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768331/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[140,177,1399,1426]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[140,214,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[171,1085,169,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[140,1108,165,1188]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Drawings matching the skull (MNN GAD17) in Fig. 5. A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin; parallel lines indicate broken bone surface; dashed line indicates missing bone; grey tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for palpebral; ar, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; C2, cervical vertebra 2 (axis); ch, choana; cqp, cranioquadrate passage; d, dentary; d1, dentary tooth 1; ec, ectopterygoid; Ef, Eustachian foramen; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; f, frontal; fl, flange; fo, foramen; gef, groove for ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 2, 4, 17, maxillary tooth 1, 2, 4, 17; n, nasal; nfo, narial fossa; oc, occipital condyle; ot, otoccipital; p, parietal; pap, palpebral; pat, proatlas; pf, prefrontal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; popr, paroccipital process; pos, preotic siphonium; pra, prearticular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; so, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768333/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Th e lateral ramus of the dentary gradually increases in depth to a point ventral to the postorbital bar and dorsal to the external mandibular fenestra, after which it tapers rapidly to an elongate, narrow retroarticular process.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[140,1108,1152,1672]" lastBlockId="23.[140,1108,167,1566]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis box="[239,320,1504,1530]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">dentary</emphasis>
|
||
has an immobile interdigitating symphysis with its opposite in the midline. The medial
|
||
<quantity box="[383,453,1540,1566]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
|
||
of the dentary projects anterodorsally at about 45° with an articular edge for the premaxillary palate that protrudes to the height of adjacent dentary crowns. In ventral view, the process has a gently convex articular edge in contact with the premaxillary palate. In cross-sectional views derived from the computed- tomographic scan, the edentulous margin appears to narrow to a sharp cutting edge. This masticatory structure has no parallel among other crocodyliforms (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[945,1043,202,229]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[140,212,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[175,1036,183,1114]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[140,1108,165,1134]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Partial skull in articulation with the atlas and the anterior portion of the axis (MNN GAD17). A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view.Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768331/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1056,1094,202,229]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[140,214,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[171,1085,169,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[140,1108,165,1188]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Drawings matching the skull (MNN GAD17) in Fig. 5. A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin; parallel lines indicate broken bone surface; dashed line indicates missing bone; grey tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for palpebral; ar, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; C2, cervical vertebra 2 (axis); ch, choana; cqp, cranioquadrate passage; d, dentary; d1, dentary tooth 1; ec, ectopterygoid; Ef, Eustachian foramen; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; f, frontal; fl, flange; fo, foramen; gef, groove for ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 2, 4, 17, maxillary tooth 1, 2, 4, 17; n, nasal; nfo, narial fossa; oc, occipital condyle; ot, otoccipital; p, parietal; pap, palpebral; pat, proatlas; pf, prefrontal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; popr, paroccipital process; pos, preotic siphonium; pra, prearticular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; so, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768333/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">6C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[140,1108,167,1566]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Lateral to the median process, the dentary decreases in width and twists into a subhorizontal plane as it approaches the corner of the snout. As it turns the corner, it becomes broader transversely than deep, a very unusual proportion and quite different from
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Buckley et al. 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Buckley" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[246,615,343,369]" class="Reptilia" family="Chimaerasuchidae" genus="Simosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[246,369,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Simosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Buckley GA & Brochu CA & Krause DW & Pol D" box="[383,607,343,369]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="941 - 944" refId="ref44856" refString="Buckley GA, Brochu CA, Krause DW, Pol D (2000) A pug-nosed crocodyliform from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Nature 405: 941 - 944." type="journal article" year="2000">Buckley et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Much of the additional width is due to the highly vascularized dentary shelf, which extends lateral to the scalloped alveolar margin (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[148,217,413,439]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="18.[140,212,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[237,1010,932,1470]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[230,1017,906,1507]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 9. Dentary of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Pencil drawing of mid-section of the left dentary including alveoli 7–14 (MNN GAD18). A Dorsal view. B Ventral view (reversed). Parallel lines indicate broken bone; double-dash pattern indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: ad7, 12, alveolus of dentary tooth 7, 12; asp, articular surface for splenial; d14, dentary tooth 14; fo, foramen; Mc, Meckel’s canal; sh, shelf." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768339" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768339/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). In ventral view, Meckel’s canal lies in a groove along the medial edge, lateral to which is a broad articular surface for the splenial (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[733,821,448,474]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="18.[140,212,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[237,1010,932,1470]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[230,1017,906,1507]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 9. Dentary of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Pencil drawing of mid-section of the left dentary including alveoli 7–14 (MNN GAD18). A Dorsal view. B Ventral view (reversed). Parallel lines indicate broken bone; double-dash pattern indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: ad7, 12, alveolus of dentary tooth 7, 12; asp, articular surface for splenial; d14, dentary tooth 14; fo, foramen; Mc, Meckel’s canal; sh, shelf." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768339" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768339/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[140,1108,167,1566]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The dentary extends posteriorly, its deep posterodorsal ramus forming the anterior portion of the coronoid process and anterodorsal margin of the external mandibular fenestra. There is a small triangular posteroventral ramus that terminates on the angular ventral to the external mandibular ramus, as evident in several species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Price 1959)" baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[814,1101,589,616]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,957,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Price LI" box="[970,1093,589,616]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 55" refId="ref46760" refString="Price LI (1959) Sobre um crocodilideo notosuquio do Cretaceo brasileiro. Boletim Divisao de Geologia e Mineralogia do Rio de Janeiro 188: 1 - 55." type="journal article" year="1959">Price 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[140,1108,167,1566]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis box="[239,320,624,650]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">splenial</emphasis>
|
||
contributes to the median symphysis anteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[902,1003,624,651]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[140,212,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[175,1036,183,1114]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[140,1108,165,1134]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Partial skull in articulation with the atlas and the anterior portion of the axis (MNN GAD17). A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view.Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768331/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1019,1056,624,651]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[140,214,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[171,1085,169,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[140,1108,165,1188]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Drawings matching the skull (MNN GAD17) in Fig. 5. A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin; parallel lines indicate broken bone surface; dashed line indicates missing bone; grey tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for palpebral; ar, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; C2, cervical vertebra 2 (axis); ch, choana; cqp, cranioquadrate passage; d, dentary; d1, dentary tooth 1; ec, ectopterygoid; Ef, Eustachian foramen; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; f, frontal; fl, flange; fo, foramen; gef, groove for ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 2, 4, 17, maxillary tooth 1, 2, 4, 17; n, nasal; nfo, narial fossa; oc, occipital condyle; ot, otoccipital; p, parietal; pap, palpebral; pat, proatlas; pf, prefrontal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; popr, paroccipital process; pos, preotic siphonium; pra, prearticular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; so, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768333/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Its posterior margin at the symphysis is damaged in the adult skull. In the subadult skull there is some development of a posteromedian thickening; it seems likely there was a posteromedian splenial “peg” in the adult as in many other notosuchians. In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Chimaerasuchidae" genus="Simosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Simosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the posteromedian eminence is formed by the dentary, as the splenial approaches but fails to reach the symphysis. Th e splenial extends laterally from the symphysis as a thin sheet of bone with a near horizontal orientation, similar to that of the dentary. That orientation is maintained around the corner of the lower jaw, after which a vertical ramus expands across the medial side of the dentary. A large oval foramen opens on the transverse ramus of the splenial and continues as a groove medially toward the posterior margin of the symphysis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[140,1108,167,1566]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis box="[237,352,1011,1037]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">surangular</emphasis>
|
||
extends from the jaw articulation anterodorsally along the top of the coronoid process, a ramus that is swollen laterally with pitted ornamentation except where it bounds the external mandibular fenestra (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[781,875,1082,1108]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[140,212,958,980]" captionTargetBox="[143,1105,172,933]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[140,1108,162,941]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Detailed views of the skull (MNN GAD17). A Left snout margin in anterolateral view. B Left maxillary teeth in anterolateroventral view. C left antorbital region in lateral view. D Posterior portion of the skull in left lateral view. Scale bar for A, C and D equals 2 cm; scale bar for B equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for a palpebral; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; fl, flange; fo, foramen; fov, fenestra ovalis; gef, groove for the ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 4, maxillary tooth 1, 4; n, nasal; nf, narial fossa; om, orbital margin; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 3, 4, 5, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 3, 4, 5, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; ppr, posterior process; psi, preotic siphonium; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rp, retroarticular process; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768335/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
|
||
). It appears to form the lateralmost portion of the jaw articulation, after which it continues as a slender unornamented process between the articular and angular to the tip of the long retroarticular process (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[317,410,1187,1214]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[140,212,958,980]" captionTargetBox="[143,1105,172,933]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[140,1108,162,941]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Detailed views of the skull (MNN GAD17). A Left snout margin in anterolateral view. B Left maxillary teeth in anterolateroventral view. C left antorbital region in lateral view. D Posterior portion of the skull in left lateral view. Scale bar for A, C and D equals 2 cm; scale bar for B equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for a palpebral; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; fl, flange; fo, foramen; fov, fenestra ovalis; gef, groove for the ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 4, maxillary tooth 1, 4; n, nasal; nf, narial fossa; om, orbital margin; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 3, 4, 5, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 3, 4, 5, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; ppr, posterior process; psi, preotic siphonium; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rp, retroarticular process; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768335/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<emphasis box="[483,567,1187,1213]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">angular</emphasis>
|
||
also has raised pitted ornamentation except for the portion contributing to the margin of the external mandibular fenestra (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1001,1094,1223,1249]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[140,212,958,980]" captionTargetBox="[143,1105,172,933]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[140,1108,162,941]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Detailed views of the skull (MNN GAD17). A Left snout margin in anterolateral view. B Left maxillary teeth in anterolateroventral view. C left antorbital region in lateral view. D Posterior portion of the skull in left lateral view. Scale bar for A, C and D equals 2 cm; scale bar for B equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for a palpebral; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; fl, flange; fo, foramen; fov, fenestra ovalis; gef, groove for the ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 4, maxillary tooth 1, 4; n, nasal; nf, narial fossa; om, orbital margin; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 3, 4, 5, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 3, 4, 5, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; ppr, posterior process; psi, preotic siphonium; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rp, retroarticular process; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768335/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
|
||
). It extends as a slender unornamented process to the tip of the retroarticular process.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[140,1108,167,1566]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis box="[237,331,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">articular</emphasis>
|
||
forms the saddle-shaped glenoid for the quadrate condyles (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1023,1092,1293,1319]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[140,212,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[362,874,896,1510]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[358,889,874,1538]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Detailed view of the jaw articulation and retroarticular process in posteromedial view (MNN GAD17). Scale bar equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: ar, articular; fa, foramen aëreum; lco, lateral condyle; mco, medial condyle; popr, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; ri, ridge; rp, retroarticular process; sq, squamosal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768337/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). The surface is transversely convex to accommodate the cleft between the condyles and gently concave anteroposteriorly, the medial socket situated farther ventrally than the lateral socket. There is no anterior or posterior lip to the glenoid. Th e shape of the quadrate condyles and accommodating surface on the articular is similar to that in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[140,289,1469,1495]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,289,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In posterior view, there is a prominent attachment crest ventral to the jaw joint. Th e articular extends to the tip of the slender, dorsoventrally flattened retroarticular process, which is twisted to face dorsomedially.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[140,1108,1609,1672]" lastBlockId="24.[140,1108,167,1672]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,312,1609,1636]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Axial skeleton.</emphasis>
|
||
The axial skeleton is preserved in articulation from the proatlas to the fifteenth dorsal vertebra. Th is is one of the most complete presacral series available for any notosuchian. Th e axial column is well exposed immediately posterior to the skull and partially exposed, mainly in right lateral view, more posteriorly. Because this is one of the rare specimens that also shows the relationship between the osteoderms and vertebrae, we left all bones in place during preparation and obtained a computed-tomographic scan to observe details hidden from view. A subadult specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[750,977,307,333]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomesii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[750,977,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Araripesuchus gomesii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the other notable basal metasuchian preserving a complete cervicodorsal column (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hecht M" box="[922,1058,343,369]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="342 - 347" refId="ref45776" refString="Hecht M (1991) Araripesuchus Price, 1959. In: Maisey JG (Ed) Santana fossils: An illustrated atlas. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune, New Jersey, 342 - 347." type="book chapter" year="1991">Hecht 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Extant crocodylians have a proatlas, 8 cervical vertebrae and 16 dorsal vertebrae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mook CC" box="[147,292,413,439]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="67 - 100" refId="ref46380" refString="Mook CC (1921) Notes on the postcranial skeleton in the Crocodilia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 44: 67 - 100." type="journal article" year="1921">Mook 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Th e ribs for C3–7 are short, overlapping, and parallel the vertebral column. The rib for C8 angles posteroventrally and is transitional to longer, broader-shafted dorsal ribs. There are typically 16 dorsal vertebrae in extant crocodylians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chiasson RB" box="[147,323,519,546]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref45389" refString="Chiasson RB (1962) Laboratory Anatomy of the Alligator. W. C. Brown Company Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa, 56 pp." type="book" year="1962">Chiasson 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hecht M" box="[343,557,519,546]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="342 - 347" refId="ref45776" refString="Hecht M (1991) Araripesuchus Price, 1959. In: Maisey JG (Ed) Santana fossils: An illustrated atlas. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune, New Jersey, 342 - 347." type="book chapter" year="1991">Hecht (1991: 346)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested there were “about seven cervicals” and 17 dorsal vertebrae (thoracic and lumbar) in the subadult specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomesii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Araripesuchus gomesii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Th e vertebra that would be the eighth cervical, however, is partially covered by the scapula. Its rib is transitional in form between the short cervical and long dorsal rib, which is typical of the eighth cervical rib in extant crocodylians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mook CC" box="[927,1068,659,686]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="67 - 100" refId="ref46380" refString="Mook CC (1921) Notes on the postcranial skeleton in the Crocodilia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 44: 67 - 100." type="journal article" year="1921">Mook 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A similar vertebral formula and transitional rib has recently been reported in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsangatsangan">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Araripesuchus tsangatsangan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Turner AH" box="[371,521,730,757]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="255 - 369" refId="ref47827" refString="Turner AH (2006) Osteology and phylogeny of a new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Historical Biology 18: 255 - 369." type="journal article" year="2006">Turner 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Th e axial column in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[776,875,730,756]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[776,875,730,756]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also appears to have 8 cervical vertebrae and probably 16 dorsal vertebrae. Only 15 dorsal vertebrae are preserved, but a sixteenth may be inferred from the position of the sacral vertebrae, which is based on the position of the associated hind limb (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[808,876,835,862]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[140,203,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[150,1101,1120,1519]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[140,1108,1091,1538]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Skeleton of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Skull and partial postcranial skeleton (MNN GAD17) in dorsal view.Scale bar equals 10 cm. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Abbreviations: co1, cervical osteoderm 1; do1, 5, 12, dorsal osteoderm 1, 5, 12; f, femur; fi, fibula; h, humerus; l, left; ma, manus; r, right; ti, tibia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768327/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Cervical centra are amphiplaytan and lack hypapophyses. Dorsal centra become amphicoelous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
This vertebral formula differs from that described recently in the notosuchian
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pol" baseAuthorityYear="2005" class="Reptilia" genus="Notosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Notosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Th is genus may posses as many as 10 cervical vertebrae, 19 dorsal vertebrae, and 3 sacral vertebrae (Pol 2005;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fiorelli LE & Calvo JO" box="[461,730,976,1002]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="83 - 124" refId="ref45639" refString="Fiorelli LE, Calvo JO (2008) New remains of Notosuchus terrestris Woodward, 1896 (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquen, Patagonia, Argentina. Arquivos do Museu Nacional Rio de Janiero 66: 83 - 124." type="journal article" year="2008">Fiorelli and Calvo 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Th e cervicodorsal column, thus, has 29 rather than 24 vertebrae and the sacrum 3 rather than 2 vertebrae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
A
|
||
<emphasis box="[210,294,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">proatlas</emphasis>
|
||
is preserved in articulation with the occiput in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[822,919,1047,1073]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[822,919,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is an inverted V-shaped median element with a dorsal keel similar to that in extant crocodylians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mook CC" box="[147,289,1117,1143]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="67 - 100" refId="ref46380" refString="Mook CC (1921) Notes on the postcranial skeleton in the Crocodilia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 44: 67 - 100." type="journal article" year="1921">Mook 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Th e proatlas in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[489,589,1117,1143]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[489,589,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be somewhat larger relative to the
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,189,1152,1178]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">atlas</emphasis>
|
||
, which is composed of separate, paired neural arches and an intercentrum. The transverse width of the proatlas is greater than that of the atlantal neural arches.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis box="[234,275,1223,1248]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">axis</emphasis>
|
||
has a low subrectangular neural spine that projects only slightly posterior to the centrum as in extant crocodylians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mook CC" box="[573,712,1258,1284]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="67 - 100" refId="ref46380" refString="Mook CC (1921) Notes on the postcranial skeleton in the Crocodilia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 44: 67 - 100." type="journal article" year="1921">Mook 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chiasson RB" box="[723,895,1258,1285]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref45389" refString="Chiasson RB (1962) Laboratory Anatomy of the Alligator. W. C. Brown Company Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa, 56 pp." type="book" year="1962">Chiasson 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis box="[915,1107,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cervical vertebrae</emphasis>
|
||
three through eight have tall anteriorly tilted neural arches and vertical neural spines as described in the
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Pol 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Pol" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[323,572,1328,1355]" class="Reptilia" genus="Notosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[323,443,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Notosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(Pol 2005)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Th e neural spine in C3 is subrectangular, about twice as tall as long. The neural spine in C7 is considerably taller and narrower, about five times as tall as long. Tall neural arches may characterize notosuchians (Pol 2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[140,1108,167,1672]" lastBlockId="25.[140,1108,167,721]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis box="[237,406,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">dorsal vertebrae</emphasis>
|
||
are somewhat longer relative to their width in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[948,1047,1434,1460]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[948,1047,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[173,411,1469,1495]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomesii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[173,411,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Araripesuchus gomesii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[428,521,1469,1495]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
24450;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hecht M" box="[622,765,1469,1495]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="342 - 347" refId="ref45776" refString="Hecht M (1991) Araripesuchus Price, 1959. In: Maisey JG (Ed) Santana fossils: An illustrated atlas. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune, New Jersey, 342 - 347." type="book chapter" year="1991">Hecht 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Th e broadest width in both taxa occurs in the posterior dorsal vertebrae, which have long transverse processes (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[140,203,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[150,1101,1120,1519]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[140,1108,1091,1538]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Skeleton of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Skull and partial postcranial skeleton (MNN GAD17) in dorsal view.Scale bar equals 10 cm. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Abbreviations: co1, cervical osteoderm 1; do1, 5, 12, dorsal osteoderm 1, 5, 12; f, femur; fi, fibula; h, humerus; l, left; ma, manus; r, right; ti, tibia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768327/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[210,308,1540,1566]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[210,308,1540,1566]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
maximum width across the transverse processes is approximately twice centrum length, whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[459,572,1575,1601]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomesii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[459,572,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">A. gomesii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
maximum width is about three times centrum length. In both genera, the parapophysis migrates out onto the transverse process anterior to the diapophysis (D9–11), eventually coalescing to form a single rib articulation (D12), as in extant crocodylians. Similar elevation and fusion of the parapophysis does not appear to occur in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pol" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[399,520,202,228]" class="Reptilia" genus="Notosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[399,520,202,228]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Notosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Pol 2005;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fiorelli LE & Calvo JO" box="[653,926,202,228]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="83 - 124" refId="ref45639" refString="Fiorelli LE, Calvo JO (2008) New remains of Notosuchus terrestris Woodward, 1896 (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquen, Patagonia, Argentina. Arquivos do Museu Nacional Rio de Janiero 66: 83 - 124." type="journal article" year="2008">Fiorelli and Calvo 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[140,1108,167,721]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
The straight
|
||
<emphasis box="[330,362,237,263]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">rib</emphasis>
|
||
s of the atlas and axis are preserved on the left side (Fig. 12). The shorter triradiate ribs of C3–8 are preserved on the right side in articulation with each other. After they clear the paravertebral shield, the shafts of the anterior dorsal ribs bend ventrally and expand slightly to form a flange along their anterior margin as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Hecht 1991)" baseAuthorityName="Hecht" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[140,416,378,404]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomesii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,252,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A. gomesii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hecht M" box="[267,407,378,404]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="342 - 347" refId="ref45776" refString="Hecht M (1991) Araripesuchus Price, 1959. In: Maisey JG (Ed) Santana fossils: An illustrated atlas. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune, New Jersey, 342 - 347." type="book chapter" year="1991">Hecht 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[473,657,378,404]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsangatsangan">
|
||
<emphasis box="[473,657,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A. tsangatsangan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Turner AH" box="[684,834,378,405]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="255 - 369" refId="ref47827" refString="Turner AH (2006) Osteology and phylogeny of a new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Historical Biology 18: 255 - 369." type="journal article" year="2006">Turner 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the posterior dorsal ribs, the capitulum and tuberculum lie in the same plane and eventually coalesce into a single head.
|
||
<emphasis box="[279,378,448,474]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Gastralia</emphasis>
|
||
are preserved ventrally between the girdles (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[873,941,448,474]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[140,203,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[150,1101,1120,1519]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[140,1108,1091,1538]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Skeleton of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Skull and partial postcranial skeleton (MNN GAD17) in dorsal view.Scale bar equals 10 cm. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Abbreviations: co1, cervical osteoderm 1; do1, 5, 12, dorsal osteoderm 1, 5, 12; f, femur; fi, fibula; h, humerus; l, left; ma, manus; r, right; ti, tibia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768327/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Th ere do not appear to be any ventral osteoderms in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[583,681,484,510]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[583,681,484,510]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[140,1108,167,721]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Parasagittal rows of
|
||
<emphasis box="[410,523,519,545]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">osteoderms</emphasis>
|
||
are preserved above the cervicodorsal column, with each pair joining its opposite in the midline along an interdigitating suture (Fig. 12;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[140,226,589,616]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="26.[140,200,492,514]" captionText="Table 5. Dimensions (mm) of the skeleton of Anatosuchus minor (MNN GAD17).Measurements of individual bones are from the left side, except for dorsal osteoderm 12 (preserved only on the right side).Parentheses indicate estimated measurement. Ungual length is measured along longest chord from base to tip." pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
). Articulation between successive rows of osteoderms is limited to overlap by the posterior edge of a given osteoderm with the anterior edge of the successive ipsilateral osteoderm. As in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[391,540,659,685]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[391,540,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hecht M" box="[557,699,659,686]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="342 - 347" refId="ref45776" refString="Hecht M (1991) Araripesuchus Price, 1959. In: Maisey JG (Ed) Santana fossils: An illustrated atlas. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune, New Jersey, 342 - 347." type="book chapter" year="1991">Hecht 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Turner AH" box="[711,860,659,686]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="255 - 369" refId="ref47827" refString="Turner AH (2006) Osteology and phylogeny of a new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Historical Biology 18: 255 - 369." type="journal article" year="2006">Turner 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), there is no development of anteromedial processes as is common among basal crocodylomorphs, and the
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[140,1108,1558,1676]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,924,1558,1580]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Figure |2. Pectoral girdle and forelimb of the crocodyliform
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[732,918,1558,1580]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[732,918,1558,1580]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Anatosuchus minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Left pectoral girdle, forelimb and anterior portion of the paravertebral shield (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[670,730,1591,1612]" country="Niger" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fx98-05bc" name="Musee National du Niger" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">MNN</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[736,791,1591,1613]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">GAD</collectionCode>
|
||
17) in dorsal view. Scale bar equals
|
||
<quantity box="[140,190,1622,1644]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
|
||
. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis box="[339,366,1623,1644]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C2</emphasis>
|
||
, axis;
|
||
<emphasis box="[425,510,1623,1644]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">co1, 3, 4,</emphasis>
|
||
cervical osteoderm 1, 3, 4;
|
||
<emphasis box="[768,826,1622,1644]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">do1, 5</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal osteoderm 1, 5;
|
||
<emphasis box="[1051,1069,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">h,</emphasis>
|
||
humerus;
|
||
<emphasis box="[208,214,1654,1675]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">l</emphasis>
|
||
, left;
|
||
<emphasis box="[268,276,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">r</emphasis>
|
||
, right;
|
||
<emphasis box="[345,362,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">ra</emphasis>
|
||
, radius;
|
||
<emphasis box="[443,478,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">rC1</emphasis>
|
||
, atlantal rib;
|
||
<emphasis box="[603,639,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">rC2</emphasis>
|
||
, axial rib;
|
||
<emphasis box="[737,758,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">sc,</emphasis>
|
||
scapula;
|
||
<emphasis box="[842,860,1654,1675]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">ul</emphasis>
|
||
, ulna.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[140,1107,167,404]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">overlap within each parasagittal column of osteoderms is a narrow smooth articulation limited to the edges of the dorsal series.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[140,1107,167,404]" lastBlockId="27.[140,1108,1082,1672]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">No osteoderms are positioned over the proatlas, atlas or axis (Fig. 12). Four paired cervical osteoderms are associated with C3–8 and 12 osteoderms are positioned over D1–12. Osteoderms distal to the twelfth were weathered away. The first cervical osteoderm is the largest of the cervical series and articulates over the neural spines of C3–5. It has a trapezoidal shape with a broader anterior end and a low keel that is most promi- nent on the posterior one-half of the osteoderm. As in the other cervical osteoderm rows, there is some asymmetry in the paired plates. Th e keel in the first cervical osteoderm row is laterally displaced on the left but centered on the right side. Th e second cervical osteoderm is smaller and articulates with the neural spine of C6. Its shape is similar to the first cervical osteoderm, the keel now reduced to a swelling along the rounded posterolateral corner on the left side or centered on the right side. Th e third cervical osteoderm is the smallest among all preserved and articulates with the neural spine of C7. It is subtriangular on the left and subquadrate on the right and does not have a keel. The fourth and final cervical osteoderm is slightly larger than the third cervical osteoderm and has a shape reminiscent of many of the succeeding dorsal osteoderms. The laterally displaced keel is low and set back from the anterior margin of the plate. The lateral corners of the plate are rounded, the anterolateral corner more so than the posterolateral corner. Th ere is no overlap between the last cervical and first dorsal osteoderm. The cervical osteoderms would allow considerable lateral and dorsoventral flexibility of the cervical series as may have been needed during foraging on land or subaquatic feeding.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[140,1108,492,579]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,225,492,514]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Table 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Dimensions (mm) of the skeleton of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[564,731,493,514]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[564,731,493,514]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Anatosuchus minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MNN GAD17). Measurements of individual bones are from the left side, except for dorsal osteoderm 12 (preserved only on the right side). Parentheses indicate estimated measurement. Ungual length is measured along longest chord from base to tip.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<table box="[147,1100,608,1666]" colsContinueFrom="10.[147,1100,436,1632]" colsContinueIn="38.[147,1101,249,1170]" gridcols="3" gridrows="27" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,608,632]" gridrow="0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<th box="[147,308,608,632]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[251,308,608,632]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Bone</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[426,835,608,632]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[633,780,608,632]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Measurement</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1013,1100,608,632]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1013,1090,608,632]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Length</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,642,667]" gridrow="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,835,642,667]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cervical vertebral series, length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,642,667]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">(75.0)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,677,701]" gridrow="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,835,677,701]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Dorsal vertebral series, length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,677,701]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">(268.0)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,711,736]" gridrow="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,835,711,736]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cervical osteoderm 1, maximum length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,711,736]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">16.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,746,770]" gridrow="4" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,835,746,770]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">“ “ 2, “ “</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,746,770]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">11.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,780,805]" gridrow="5" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,835,780,805]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">“ “ 3, “ “</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,780,805]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">9.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,815,839]" gridrow="6" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,835,815,839]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">“ “ 4, “ “</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,815,839]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">9.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,849,873]" gridrow="7" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,835,849,873]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Dorsal osteoderm 1, maximum length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,849,873]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">11.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,884,908]" gridrow="8" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,835,884,908]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">“ “ 2, “ “</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,884,908]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">12.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,918,977]" gridrow="9" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<th box="[147,308,918,977]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Axial skeleton</th>
|
||
<td box="[426,835,918,977]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">“ “ 3, “ “ “ “ 4, “ “</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,918,977]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">14.4 15.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,987,1011]" gridrow="10" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,835,987,1011]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">“ “ 5, “ “</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,987,1011]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">16.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1021,1046]" gridrow="11" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,835,1021,1046]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">“ “ 6, “ “</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,1021,1046]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">17.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1056,1080]" gridrow="12" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,835,1056,1080]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">“ “ 7, “ “</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,1056,1080]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">18.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1091,1115]" gridrow="13" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,835,1091,1115]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">“ “ 8, “ “</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,1091,1115]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">18.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1125,1149]" gridrow="14" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,835,1125,1149]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">“ “ 9, “ “</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,1125,1149]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">18.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1160,1184]" gridrow="15" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,835,1160,1184]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">“ “ 10, “ “</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,1160,1184]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">19.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1194,1218]" gridrow="16" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,835,1194,1218]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">“ “ 11, “ “</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,1194,1218]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">18.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1228,1252]" gridrow="17" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,835,1228,1252]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">“ “ 12, “ “</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,1228,1252]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">18.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1263,1321]" gridrow="18" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<th box="[147,308,1263,1321]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Scapula</th>
|
||
<td box="[426,835,1263,1321]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Maximum length Neck, minimum dorsoventral height</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,1263,1321]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">68.2 15.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1332,1356]" gridrow="19" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<th box="[147,308,1332,1356]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Coracoid</th>
|
||
<td box="[426,835,1332,1356]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Distal width</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,1332,1356]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">(23.0)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1366,1425]" gridrow="20" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<th box="[147,308,1366,1425]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Humerus</th>
|
||
<td box="[426,835,1366,1425]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Maximum length Minimum shaft diameter</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,1366,1425]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">80.8 7.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1435,1459]" gridrow="21" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,835,1435,1459]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Maximum length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,1435,1459]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">69.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1469,1528]" gridrow="22" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<th box="[147,308,1469,1528]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Radius</th>
|
||
<td box="[426,835,1469,1528]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Maximum proximal width Maximum distal width</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,1469,1528]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">13.6 13.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1538,1562]" gridrow="23" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,835,1538,1562]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Minimum shaft diameter</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,1538,1562]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">4.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1573,1597]" gridrow="24" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,835,1573,1597]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Maximum length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,1573,1597]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">23.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1607,1631]" gridrow="25" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<th box="[147,308,1607,1631]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Radiale</th>
|
||
<td box="[426,835,1607,1631]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Maximum proximal width</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,1607,1631]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">13.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,1642,1666]" gridrow="26" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,835,1642,1666]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Maximum distal width</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,1642,1666]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">10.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<table box="[147,1100,174,992]" gridcols="4" gridrows="23" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,174,198]" gridrow="0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th box="[251,308,174,198]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[251,308,174,198]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Bone</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[426,780,174,198]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[633,780,174,198]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Measurement</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1013,1100,174,198]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1013,1090,174,198]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Length</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,209,234]" gridrow="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,780,209,234]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Metacarpal 1 length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,209,234]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">13.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,244,268]" gridrow="2" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,780,244,268]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phalanx I-1 length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,244,268]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">9.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,278,303]" gridrow="3" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,780,278,303]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phalanx I-3 (ungual) length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,278,303]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">18.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,313,337]" gridrow="4" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,780,313,337]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phalanx II-1 length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,313,337]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">11.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,347,371]" gridrow="5" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,780,347,371]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phalanx II-2 length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,347,371]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">8.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,382,406]" gridrow="6" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,780,382,406]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phalanx II-3 (ungual) length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,382,406]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">19.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,416,440]" gridrow="7" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,780,416,440]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phalanx III-1 length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,416,440]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">10.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,451,509]" gridrow="8" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th box="[147,218,451,509]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Manus</th>
|
||
<td box="[426,780,451,509]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phalanx III-2 length Phalanx III-3 length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,451,509]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">6.9 6.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,520,544]" gridrow="9" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,780,520,544]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phalanx III-4 (ungual) length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,520,544]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">17.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,554,578]" gridrow="10" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,780,554,578]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phalanx IV-1 length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,554,578]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">9.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,588,613]" gridrow="11" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,780,588,613]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phalanx IV-2 length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,588,613]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">6.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,623,647]" gridrow="12" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,780,623,647]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phalanx IV-3 length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,623,647]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">5.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,657,682]" gridrow="13" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,780,657,682]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phalanx IV-4 length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,657,682]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">5.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,692,716]" gridrow="14" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,780,692,716]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phalanx IV-5 length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,692,716]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">4.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,726,750]" gridrow="15" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,780,726,750]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phalanx IV-6 length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,726,750]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">3.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,761,785]" gridrow="16" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,780,761,785]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phalanx II-3 length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,761,785]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">12.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,795,819]" gridrow="17" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,780,795,819]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phalanx III-2 length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,795,819]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">11.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,830,854]" gridrow="18" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,780,830,854]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phalanx III-3 length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,830,854]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">8.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,864,888]" gridrow="19" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th box="[147,218,864,888]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Pes</th>
|
||
<td box="[426,780,864,888]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phalanx III-4 (ungual) length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,864,888]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">8.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,899,923]" gridrow="20" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,780,899,923]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phalanx IV-2 length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,899,923]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">10.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,933,957]" gridrow="21" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,780,933,957]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phalanx IV-3 length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,933,957]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">6.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[147,1100,967,992]" gridrow="22" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[426,780,967,992]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phalanx IV-4 length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1013,1100,967,992]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">5.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[140,1108,1082,1672]" lastBlockId="28.[140,1108,167,792]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
The dorsal osteoderms have a one-to-one relationship with underlying dorsal vertebrae as described in extant crocodylians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ross FD & Mayer GC" box="[627,880,1645,1672]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="305 - 331" refId="ref46872" refString="Ross FD, Mayer GC (1984) On the dorsal armor of the Crocodilia. In: Rhodin AGJ, Miyata K (Eds) Advances in Herpetology and Evolutionary Biology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 305 - 331." type="book chapter" year="1984">Ross and Mayer 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[905,984,1645,1671]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[140,203,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[150,1101,1120,1519]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[140,1108,1091,1538]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Skeleton of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Skull and partial postcranial skeleton (MNN GAD17) in dorsal view.Scale bar equals 10 cm. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Abbreviations: co1, cervical osteoderm 1; do1, 5, 12, dorsal osteoderm 1, 5, 12; f, femur; fi, fibula; h, humerus; l, left; ma, manus; r, right; ti, tibia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768327/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
, 12). Each dorsal osteoderm contacts the neural spine of its respective vertebrae, extends posteriorly across the interspinous gap, and rests on the anterior portion of the successive neural spine. This is well exposed in the middle of the dorsal series, where the right column of osteoderms is displaced ventrally against the transverse processes, exposing the natural articulation between the neural spines and the left column of osteoderms. The junction between the osteoderms appears to be positioned so as to coincide functionally with the joints between the centra to enhance mobility of the trunk (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Salisbury SW & Molnar RE & Frey E & Willis P" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="2439 - 2448" refId="ref46995" refString="Salisbury SW, Molnar RE, Frey E, Willis P (2006) Th e origin of modern crocodyliforms: new evidence from the Cretaceous of Australia. Proceeding of the Royal Society of London B 273: 2439 - 2448." type="journal article" year="2006">Salisbury et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[140,1108,167,792]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
The first dorsal osteoderm closely resembles the last cervical osteoderm but is slightly larger and extends over the leading edge of the successive osteoderm. Each dorsal osteoderm has a smooth beveled leading edge approximately 1.75 mm broad for articulation with the next anterior osteoderm. Th e sculpted pitting is reduced in a narrow parallel band of slightly greater width adjacent to the leading articular surface. Dorsal osteoderms 2–12 are more flexed than more anterior osteoderms, the portion of the plate lateral to the keel deflected ventrally. Th e keel remains parallel to the midline across the series. Osteoderm length gradually increases until about the middle of the series (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[259,347,730,757]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="26.[140,200,492,514]" captionText="Table 5. Dimensions (mm) of the skeleton of Anatosuchus minor (MNN GAD17).Measurements of individual bones are from the left side, except for dorsal osteoderm 12 (preserved only on the right side).Parentheses indicate estimated measurement. Ungual length is measured along longest chord from base to tip." pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
). Osteoderm shape remains very similar throughout the series, the rounding of the anterolateral corner somewhat less in posterior dorsal osteoderms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[140,1108,835,1672]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,417,835,861]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,303,835,861]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" reason="1">Appendicular</emphasis>
|
||
skeleton.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The left pectoral girdle and forelimb and portions of the left tibia, fibula and pedal phalanges are preserved in association with the adult skull (Figs. 3, 11;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[216,302,906,933]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="26.[140,200,492,514]" captionText="Table 5. Dimensions (mm) of the skeleton of Anatosuchus minor (MNN GAD17).Measurements of individual bones are from the left side, except for dorsal osteoderm 12 (preserved only on the right side).Parentheses indicate estimated measurement. Ungual length is measured along longest chord from base to tip." pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
). The left
|
||
<emphasis box="[425,504,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">scapula</emphasis>
|
||
has broad proportions comparable to those in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Hecht 1991)" baseAuthorityName="Hecht" baseAuthorityYear="1991" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomesii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Araripesuchus gomesii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hecht M" box="[342,485,941,967]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="342 - 347" refId="ref45776" refString="Hecht M (1991) Araripesuchus Price, 1959. In: Maisey JG (Ed) Santana fossils: An illustrated atlas. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune, New Jersey, 342 - 347." type="book chapter" year="1991">Hecht 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Th e blade does not appear to flare as strongly distally as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Turner 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Turner" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[199,568,976,1003]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsangatsangana">
|
||
<emphasis box="[199,395,977,1003]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A. tsangatsangana</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Turner AH" box="[410,560,976,1003]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="255 - 369" refId="ref47827" refString="Turner AH (2006) Osteology and phylogeny of a new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Historical Biology 18: 255 - 369." type="journal article" year="2006">Turner 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Th e distal end of the blade is tucked under the edge of the anterior dorsal osteoderms as in extant crocodylians (Fig. 12). The elongate coracoid is exposed distally near its contact with the interclavicle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[140,1108,835,1672]" lastBlockId="29.[140,1108,167,897]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis box="[236,328,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">humerus</emphasis>
|
||
has a straight shaft and gracile proportions, with shaft diameter less than 10% of its length (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Turner AH" box="[425,575,1117,1144]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="255 - 369" refId="ref47827" refString="Turner AH (2006) Osteology and phylogeny of a new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Historical Biology 18: 255 - 369." type="journal article" year="2006">Turner 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[600,691,1117,1144]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="26.[140,200,492,514]" captionText="Table 5. Dimensions (mm) of the skeleton of Anatosuchus minor (MNN GAD17).Measurements of individual bones are from the left side, except for dorsal osteoderm 12 (preserved only on the right side).Parentheses indicate estimated measurement. Ungual length is measured along longest chord from base to tip." pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
). The deltopectoral crest is directed anteriorly, and the fossa for the olecranon process is well developed distally as in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hecht M" box="[254,393,1187,1214]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="342 - 347" refId="ref45776" refString="Hecht M (1991) Araripesuchus Price, 1959. In: Maisey JG (Ed) Santana fossils: An illustrated atlas. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune, New Jersey, 342 - 347." type="book chapter" year="1991">Hecht 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Turner AH" box="[403,549,1187,1214]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="255 - 369" refId="ref47827" refString="Turner AH (2006) Osteology and phylogeny of a new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Historical Biology 18: 255 - 369." type="journal article" year="2006">Turner 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Th e proximal end of the
|
||
<emphasis box="[844,910,1187,1213]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">radius</emphasis>
|
||
is strongly flared, measuring more than twice mid-shaft diameter. Flaring of the proximal end of the radius to this degree is also present in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[590,739,1258,1284]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[590,739,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[757,860,1258,1285]" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="54.[140,212,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[209,1025,692,1520]" captionTargetId="figure@54.[186,1060,674,1541]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Figure 25. Forelimb bones of the crocodyliform Araripesuchus wegeneri. A Left humerus in anterior view (MNN GAD20). B Partial right forelimb in anterior view (MNN GAD21). Scale bars equal 2 cm. Abbreviations: dcon, distal condyles; dpc, deltopectoral crest; hd, head; mc1–3, metacarpal 1–3; ra, radius; rae, radiale; sh, shaft; ul, ulna; ule, ulnare." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768349" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768349/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 25B</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Pol 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Pol" baseAuthorityYear="2005" class="Reptilia" genus="Notosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[931,1052,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Notosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(Pol 2005)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Th e radius is shorter than the
|
||
<emphasis box="[569,618,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">ulna</emphasis>
|
||
, because the ulna extends along the lateral side of the radiale. Th e ulna in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[498,597,1329,1355]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[498,597,1329,1355]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only partially exposed, its shaft noticeably curved. The differential in length between the radius and ulna is about 10%, as preserved in articulation in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[418,567,1399,1425]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[418,567,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[583,687,1398,1425]" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="54.[140,212,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[209,1025,692,1520]" captionTargetId="figure@54.[186,1060,674,1541]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Figure 25. Forelimb bones of the crocodyliform Araripesuchus wegeneri. A Left humerus in anterior view (MNN GAD20). B Partial right forelimb in anterior view (MNN GAD21). Scale bars equal 2 cm. Abbreviations: dcon, distal condyles; dpc, deltopectoral crest; hd, head; mc1–3, metacarpal 1–3; ra, radius; rae, radiale; sh, shaft; ul, ulna; ule, ulnare." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768349" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768349/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 25B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<emphasis box="[758,833,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">radiale</emphasis>
|
||
is a very robust bone in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[140,238,1434,1460]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,238,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, its shaft just slightly less robust than the mid-shaft of the radius (Fig. 13A). The broad lateral facet for the ulna on the proximal end confirms the offset in the joint between the forearm bones (radius, ulna) and the proximal carpals (radiale, ulnare). From the radiale, it is clear that this offset is also present in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Turner 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Turner" baseAuthorityYear="2006" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsangatsangana">
|
||
<emphasis box="[817,1013,1540,1566]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A. tsangatsangana</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Turner AH" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="255 - 369" refId="ref47827" refString="Turner AH (2006) Osteology and phylogeny of a new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Historical Biology 18: 255 - 369." type="journal article" year="2006">Turner 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Pol 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Pol" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[263,611,1574,1601]" class="Reptilia" genus="Notosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="terrestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[263,481,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Notosuchus terrestris</emphasis>
|
||
(Pol 2005)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Very little of the ulnare is not exposed in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the bone would have been considerably smaller than the radiale. The offset at the forelimb-carpus joint, the general robustness of the radiale, and the differential in robustness between the radiale and ulnare are primitive for Crocodylomorpha, given their presence in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Crush 1984)" baseAuthorityName="Crush" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[329,648,202,228]" class="Reptilia" family="Saltoposuchidae" genus="Terrestrisuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prolacertiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[329,486,202,228]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Terrestrisuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Crush PJ" box="[500,639,202,228]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="131 - 157" refId="ref45618" refString="Crush PJ (1984) A late Upper Triassic sphenosuchid crocodilian from Wales. Palaeontology 27: 131 - 157." type="journal article" year="1984">Crush 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[658,796,202,228]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hesperoschus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Clark JM & Sues H-D & Berman DS" box="[810,1002,202,228]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="683 - 704" refId="ref45458" refString="Clark JM, Sues H-D, Berman DS (2000) A new specimen of Hesperosuchus agilis from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico and the interrelationships of basal crocodylomorph archosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20: 683 - 704." type="journal article" year="2000">Clark et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Wu and Chaterjee 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Wu and Chaterjee" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Sphenosuchidae" genus="Dibothrosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prolacertiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Dibothrosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(Wu and Chaterjee 1993)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Clark et al. 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[545,919,237,264]" class="Reptilia" genus="Junggarsuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[545,697,237,263]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Junggarsuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Clark JM & Xu X & Forster CA & Wang Y" box="[713,911,237,264]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1021 - 1024" refId="ref45500" refString="Clark JM, Xu X, Forster CA, Wang Y (2004) A Middle Jurassic sphenosuchian from China and the origin of the crocodylian skull. Nature 430: 1021 - 1024." type="journal article" year="2004">Clark et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Colbert and Mook 1951)" baseAuthorityName="Colbert and Mook" baseAuthorityYear="1951" class="Reptilia" family="Protosuchidae" genus="Protosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[982,1108,237,263]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Protosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Colbert EH & Mook CC" box="[148,427,272,299]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="143 - 182" refId="ref45535" refString="Colbert EH, Mook CC (1951) Th e ancestral crocodilian Protosuchus. Bulletin of the American Musem of Natural History 94: 143 - 182." type="journal article" year="1951">Colbert and Mook 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although often muted in extant crocodylians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mook CC" box="[956,1095,272,298]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="67 - 100" refId="ref46380" refString="Mook CC (1921) Notes on the postcranial skeleton in the Crocodilia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 44: 67 - 100." type="journal article" year="1921">Mook 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[140,1108,167,897]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis box="[235,307,308,333]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">manus</emphasis>
|
||
is well preserved and exposed (Fig. 13A). As in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut and Taquet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[849,976,308,334]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wegeneri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[849,976,308,334]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">A. wegeneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[991,1095,307,334]" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="55.[140,211,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[325,904,232,1518]" captionTargetId="figure@55.[311,937,212,1554]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="Figure 26. Manus and pes of the crocodyliform Araripesuchus wegeneri. A Right manus in dorsal view (MNN GAD22). B Right pes in dorsal view (MNN GAD22).Scale bar equals 1 cm in A and 2 cm in B. Abbreviations: I-V, digits I-V; mc1–5, metacarpal 1–5; mt1–4, metatarsal 1–4; ph, phalanx; un, ungual." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768351" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768351/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 26A</figureCitation>
|
||
), the metacarpals and phalanges have well developed distal condyles marked by dorsal extensor pits. Th e manus is very large relative to the forearm. Digit three is approximately 80% the length of the radius, whereas in other terrestrial crocodylomorphs that percentage is between 50 to 60% (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mook CC" box="[587,728,448,474]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="67 - 100" refId="ref46380" refString="Mook CC (1921) Notes on the postcranial skeleton in the Crocodilia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 44: 67 - 100." type="journal article" year="1921">Mook 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Colbert EH & Mook CC" box="[740,1025,448,475]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="143 - 182" refId="ref45535" refString="Colbert EH, Mook CC (1951) Th e ancestral crocodilian Protosuchus. Bulletin of the American Musem of Natural History 94: 143 - 182." type="journal article" year="1951">Colbert and Mook 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Crush PJ" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="131 - 157" refId="ref45618" refString="Crush PJ (1984) A late Upper Triassic sphenosuchid crocodilian from Wales. Palaeontology 27: 131 - 157." type="journal article" year="1984">Crush 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Wu and Chaterjee 1993;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Clark JM & Sues H-D & Berman DS" box="[525,734,483,510]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="683 - 704" refId="ref45458" refString="Clark JM, Sues H-D, Berman DS (2000) A new specimen of Hesperosuchus agilis from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico and the interrelationships of basal crocodylomorph archosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20: 683 - 704." type="journal article" year="2000">Clark et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Clark JM & Xu X & Forster CA & Wang Y" box="[751,962,483,510]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1021 - 1024" refId="ref45500" refString="Clark JM, Xu X, Forster CA, Wang Y (2004) A Middle Jurassic sphenosuchian from China and the origin of the crocodylian skull. Nature 430: 1021 - 1024." type="journal article" year="2004">Clark et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Besides its size, two other features of the manus are unusual. Digit IV has six phalanges, two more than is usual among crocodylomorphs (Fig. 13B). Total length of the phalanges of digit IV is approximately 80% the length of the phalanges of digit III, a typical crocodylian proportion. Much of the length of the phalanges of digits I-III is due to elongate unguals. Th e phalanges of digit IV are longer than the nonungual phalanges of digit III. Th e unguals of the inner digits are unusually long. The unguals have a narrow attachment groove that extends toward from the base to the tip (Fig. 13B). This groove converges with the dorsal margin of the ungual. The ventral margin is arched proximally and straight distally toward the tip. These unusual features, which are absent in the more typical manus in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut and Taquet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[596,849,835,861]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wegeneri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[596,849,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Araripesuchus wegeneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[864,968,835,862]" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="55.[140,211,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[325,904,232,1518]" captionTargetId="figure@55.[311,937,212,1554]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="Figure 26. Manus and pes of the crocodyliform Araripesuchus wegeneri. A Right manus in dorsal view (MNN GAD22). B Right pes in dorsal view (MNN GAD22).Scale bar equals 1 cm in A and 2 cm in B. Abbreviations: I-V, digits I-V; mc1–5, metacarpal 1–5; mt1–4, metatarsal 1–4; ph, phalanx; un, ungual." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768351" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768351/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 26A</figureCitation>
|
||
), are indicative of specialized function.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[140,1108,1590,1676]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,725,1590,1612]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Figure |3. Manus of the crocodyliform
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[533,719,1590,1612]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[533,719,1590,1612]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Anatosuchus minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Left carpus and manus (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[952,1012,1591,1612]" country="Niger" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fx98-05bc" name="Musee National du Niger" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">MNN</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1018,1075,1591,1613]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">GAD</collectionCode>
|
||
17).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,159,1622,1644]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">A</emphasis>
|
||
Left carpus and manus in dorsal view.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[520,537,1622,1644]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">B</emphasis>
|
||
Left manual digits III and IV in dorsomedial view. Scale bars equal
|
||
<quantity box="[195,245,1655,1676]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
|
||
. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis box="[393,432,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">I-IV</emphasis>
|
||
, digits I-IV;
|
||
<emphasis box="[552,574,1654,1675]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">ph</emphasis>
|
||
, phalanx;
|
||
<emphasis box="[671,688,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">ra</emphasis>
|
||
, radius;
|
||
<emphasis box="[769,795,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">rae</emphasis>
|
||
, radiale;
|
||
<emphasis box="[881,905,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">un</emphasis>
|
||
, ungual.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[468,779,166,193]" box="[468,779,166,193]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Price, 1959" authorityName="Price" authorityYear="1959" box="[468,779,166,193]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[468,779,166,193]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[468,636,166,193]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Price LI" box="[643,779,166,192]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 55" refId="ref46760" refString="Price LI (1959) Sobre um crocodilideo notosuquio do Cretaceo brasileiro. Boletim Divisao de Geologia e Mineralogia do Rio de Janeiro 188: 1 - 55." type="journal article" year="1959">Price, 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[140,1108,237,1672]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,338,237,263]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,242,237,263]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" reason="1">Referred</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Price 1959)" baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[345,601,237,264]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomesii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[345,455,237,263]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. gomesii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Price LI" box="[469,593,237,264]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 55" refId="ref46760" refString="Price LI (1959) Sobre um crocodilideo notosuquio do Cretaceo brasileiro. Boletim Divisao de Geologia e Mineralogia do Rio de Janeiro 188: 1 - 55." type="journal article" year="1959">Price 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Buffetaut and Taquet 1979)" baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut and Taquet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[615,1068,237,264]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wegeneri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[615,740,237,263]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. wegeneri</emphasis>
|
||
(Buffetaut and Taquet 1979)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Ortega et al. 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Ortega" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. patagonicus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ortega F & Gasparini Z & Buscalioni AD & Calvo JO" box="[280,486,272,299]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="57 - 76" refId="ref46524" refString="Ortega F, Gasparini Z, Buscalioni AD, Calvo JO (2000) A new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Lower Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20: 57 - 76." type="journal article" year="2000">Ortega et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Pol and Apesteguia 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Pol and Apesteguia" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[508,977,272,299]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="buitreraensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[508,674,272,299]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. buitreraensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pol D & Apesteguia S" box="[688,969,272,299]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref46568" refString="Pol D, Apesteguia S (2005) New Araripesuchus remains from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) of Patagonia. American Museum Novitates 3490: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2005">Pol and Apesteguia 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Turner 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Turner" baseAuthorityYear="2006" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsangatsangana">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. tsangatsangana</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Turner AH" box="[242,392,307,334]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="255 - 369" refId="ref47827" refString="Turner AH (2006) Osteology and phylogeny of a new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Historical Biology 18: 255 - 369." type="journal article" year="2006">Turner 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[140,1108,237,1672]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,408,342,368]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,277,342,368]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" reason="1">Revised</emphasis>
|
||
diagnosis.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Small-bodied metasuchians with autapomorphies including (1) trapezoidal snout cross-section just anterior to the orbit in which the lacrimal is split between dorsal and lateral rami; (2) premaxilla external surface smooth with ornamentation limited to the distal end of the ascending ramus; (3) presence of one or two neurovascular foramina opening anterolaterally or anteroventrally just posterior to the narial fossa; (4) premaxillary teeth 1–4 aligned in a straight row; (5) maxillary postcaniniform alveolar margin dorsally arched; (6) smooth buccal emargination on lateral maxillary and dentary alveolar margins adjacent to postcaniniform teeth; (7) confluent alveoli for postcaniniform maxillary and mid- and posterior postcaniniform dentary teeth; (8) medial alveolar wall absent along mid- and posterior postcaniniform dentary teeth with root crypts enclosed medially by the splenial.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[140,1108,237,1672]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,320,729,755]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,315,729,755]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" reason="1">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The monophyly of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Price" authorityYear="1959" box="[644,788,730,756]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[644,788,730,756]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been controversial. Some features that were initially thought to be diagnostic for the genus were discovered to have broader distributions among notosuchians such as
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Rusconi" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[716,875,800,826]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Uruguaysuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[716,875,800,826]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Uruguaysuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The generic assignment of one species in particular,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut and Taquet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[513,635,836,862]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wegeneri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[513,635,836,862]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. wegeneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has been questioned (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ortega F & Gasparini Z & Buscalioni AD & Calvo JO" box="[887,1096,835,862]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="57 - 76" refId="ref46524" refString="Ortega F, Gasparini Z, Buscalioni AD, Calvo JO (2000) A new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Lower Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20: 57 - 76." type="journal article" year="2000">Ortega et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Comparison among species has been diffi cult due to incomplete specimens and descriptions. Th e dentition, for example, is critical for evaluation of species and generic distinction, but the morphology of a relatively fresh (unworn) dentition is not available for most species within
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Price" authorityYear="1959" box="[301,445,976,1002]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[301,445,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or immediate outgroups (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Rusconi" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[790,949,976,1002]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Uruguaysuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[790,949,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Uruguaysuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Here we describe derived features that may unite some or all of the species in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Price" authorityYear="1959" box="[956,1100,1011,1037]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[956,1100,1011,1037]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[140,1108,237,1672]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
The geometric shape of the cross-section at the base of the snout (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ortega F & Gasparini Z & Buscalioni AD & Calvo JO" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="57 - 76" refId="ref46524" refString="Ortega F, Gasparini Z, Buscalioni AD, Calvo JO (2000) A new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Lower Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20: 57 - 76." type="journal article" year="2000">Ortega et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) involves a distinct flexure in the body of the lacrimal that gives the snout a trapezoidal cross section just anterior to the orbit. The vertical portion of the lacrimal is not broadly exposed in dorsal view of the skull (Figs. 14B, 15B). Th e lacrimal is gently arched and broadly visible in dorsal view in most short-snouted notosuchians, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Zaher et al. 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Zaher" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[140,512,1223,1250]" class="Reptilia" family="Candidodontidae" genus="Mariliasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,293,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Mariliasuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zaher H & Pol D & Carvalho AB & Riccomini C & Campos D" box="[307,504,1223,1250]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref48007" refString="Zaher H, Pol D, Carvalho AB, Riccomini C, Campos D et al. (2006) Redescription of the cranial morphology of Mariliasuchus amarali, and its phylogenetic affinities (Crocodyliformes, Notosuchia). American Museum Novitates 3512: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="2006">Zaher et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or long-snouted neosuchians, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Buffetaut" authorityYear="1994" box="[943,1107,1223,1249]" class="Reptilia" family="Peirosauridae" genus="Hamadasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[943,1107,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Hamadasuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Larsson HCE & Sues HD" box="[147,419,1258,1284]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="533 - 567" refId="ref46138" refString="Larsson HCE, Sues HD (2007) Cranial osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Hamadasuchus rebouli (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Cretaceous of Morocco. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149: 533 - 567." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Larsson and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[297,347,1258,1284]" country="Egypt" name="As Suways" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Sues</collectingRegion>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The lacrimal in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Carvalho et al. 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Carvalho" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[627,1056,1258,1284]" class="Reptilia" family="Peirosauridae" genus="Uberabasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[627,789,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Uberabasuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carvalho IS & Ribeiro LCB & Avilla LS" box="[806,1047,1258,1284]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="975 - 1002" refId="ref45288" refString="Carvalho IS, Ribeiro LCB, Avilla LS (2004) Uberabasuchus terrificus sp. n., a new Crocodylomorpha from the Bauru Basin (Upper Cretaceous). Gondwana Reserach 7: 975 - 1002." type="journal article" year="2004">Carvalho et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Larsson and Gado 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Larsson and Gado" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[140,594,1293,1319]" class="Reptilia" family="Peirosauridae" genus="Stolokrosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,296,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Stolokrosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Larsson HCE & Gado B" box="[310,586,1293,1319]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="131 - 142" refId="ref46049" refString="Larsson HCE, Gado B (2000) A new Early Cretaceous crocodyliform from Niger. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen 217: 131 - 142." type="journal article" year="2000">Larsson and Gado 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are closest in form to that in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Price" authorityYear="1959" box="[928,1077,1293,1319]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[928,1077,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[140,1108,237,1672]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Most of the premaxilla is smooth and lacks the rugose texture and small foramina typical of other regions of the snout in the vast majority of crocodyliforms. Only the tip of the ascending ramus is textured, as it curves onto the dorsal aspect of the snout tapering between similarly textured surfaces of the nasal and maxilla (Fig. 16A). The body of the premaxilla is also smooth in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[603,715,1469,1495]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomesii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[603,715,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. gomesii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Price LI" box="[730,858,1469,1496]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 55" refId="ref46760" refString="Price LI (1959) Sobre um crocodilideo notosuquio do Cretaceo brasileiro. Boletim Divisao de Geologia e Mineralogia do Rio de Janeiro 188: 1 - 55." type="journal article" year="1959">Price 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 1) and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Turner" baseAuthorityYear="2006" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsangatsangana">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. tsangatsangana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Turner AH" box="[243,392,1504,1530]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="255 - 369" refId="ref47827" refString="Turner AH (2006) Osteology and phylogeny of a new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Historical Biology 18: 255 - 369." type="journal article" year="2006">Turner 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 20), whereas the condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Ortega et al. 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Ortega" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[790,949,1505,1531]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. patagonicus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ortega F & Gasparini Z & Buscalioni AD & Calvo JO" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="57 - 76" refId="ref46524" refString="Ortega F, Gasparini Z, Buscalioni AD, Calvo JO (2000) A new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Lower Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20: 57 - 76." type="journal article" year="2000">Ortega et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Pol and Apesteguia 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Pol and Apesteguia" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[265,739,1539,1566]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="buitreraensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[265,432,1539,1566]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. buitreraensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pol D & Apesteguia S" box="[446,731,1539,1566]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref46568" refString="Pol D, Apesteguia S (2005) New Araripesuchus remains from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) of Patagonia. American Museum Novitates 3490: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2005">Pol and Apesteguia 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains poorly known.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[140,1108,237,1672]" lastBlockId="31.[140,1108,166,1672]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Two large neurovascular foramina open on the lateral surface of the premaxilla on a smooth surface just posterior to a depression (narial fossa) and just anterior to the premaxilla-maxilla foramen (Fig. 15A). Th e same pair are present in the same position in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[170,280,167,193]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomesii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[170,280,167,193]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">A. gomesii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(AMNH 24450;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hecht M" box="[482,622,167,193]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="342 - 347" refId="ref45776" refString="Hecht M (1991) Araripesuchus Price, 1959. In: Maisey JG (Ed) Santana fossils: An illustrated atlas. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune, New Jersey, 342 - 347." type="book chapter" year="1991">Hecht 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although there appears to be only a single large foramen in the smaller species
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Turner" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[554,751,202,228]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsangatsangana">
|
||
<emphasis box="[554,571,202,228]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[587,751,203,228]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">tsangatsangana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Turner AH" box="[767,917,202,228]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="255 - 369" refId="ref47827" refString="Turner AH (2006) Osteology and phylogeny of a new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Historical Biology 18: 255 - 369." type="journal article" year="2006">Turner 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs. 19, 20). In other genera, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Buffetaut" authorityYear="1994" box="[385,549,237,263]" class="Reptilia" family="Peirosauridae" genus="Hamadasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[385,549,237,263]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Hamadasuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Larsson HCE & Sues HD" box="[565,832,237,263]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="533 - 567" refId="ref46138" refString="Larsson HCE, Sues HD (2007) Cranial osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Hamadasuchus rebouli (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Cretaceous of Morocco. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149: 533 - 567." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Larsson and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[712,762,237,263]" country="Egypt" name="As Suways" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Sues</collectingRegion>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 3) or
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Larsson and Gado 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Larsson and Gado" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Reptilia" family="Peirosauridae" genus="Stolokrosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[952,1108,237,263]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Stolokrosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Larsson HCE & Gado B" box="[147,432,272,298]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="131 - 142" refId="ref46049" refString="Larsson HCE, Gado B (2000) A new Early Cretaceous crocodyliform from Niger. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen 217: 131 - 142." type="journal article" year="2000">Larsson and Gado 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, small foramina are often present but are not relatively as large, isolated, or located on a smooth surface related to the margins of the narial fossa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="31.[140,1108,166,1672]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
The straight, rather than labially convex, arrangement of alveoli
|
||
<quantity box="[930,1007,343,369]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" metricValueMax="10.16" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="in" value="2.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="1.0">1–4 in</quantity>
|
||
the premaxillary tooth row is unusual. The external profile of the alveolar margin of the premaxilla, likewise, is also straight or even slightly concave in ventral view (Figs. 13C, 14C). Th is feature is currently known in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut and Taquet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[616,743,449,475]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wegeneri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[616,743,449,475]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">A. wegeneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[760,873,449,475]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomesii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[760,873,449,475]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">A. gomesii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Price LI" box="[889,1018,448,475]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 55" refId="ref46760" refString="Price LI (1959) Sobre um crocodilideo notosuquio do Cretaceo brasileiro. Boletim Divisao de Geologia e Mineralogia do Rio de Janeiro 188: 1 - 55." type="journal article" year="1959">Price 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Turner AH" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="255 - 369" refId="ref47827" refString="Turner AH (2006) Osteology and phylogeny of a new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Historical Biology 18: 255 - 369." type="journal article" year="2006">Turner 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; AMNH 24450], and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Turner 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Turner" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[466,841,483,510]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsangatsangana">
|
||
<emphasis box="[466,664,484,510]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">A. tsangatsangana</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Turner AH" box="[681,832,483,510]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="255 - 369" refId="ref47827" refString="Turner AH (2006) Osteology and phylogeny of a new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Historical Biology 18: 255 - 369." type="journal article" year="2006">Turner 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A similar premaxillary margin was very likely present in a new species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Price" authorityYear="1959" box="[700,849,519,545]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[700,849,519,545]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described below, given the opposing straight, anteromedially oriented margin at the anterior end of the dentary (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[203,321,589,615]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="57.[140,212,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[294,941,368,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[268,980,351,1506]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="Figure 27. Right dentary of the crocodyliform Araripesuchus rattoides sp. n. Isolated right dentary lacking teeth (CMN 41893). A Lateral view (reversed). B Medial view. C Dorsal view. D Anterior view. Scale bars equal 2 cm in A-C and 1 cm in D. Abbreviations: ad1, 3, 4, 8, 11, 13, 14, alveolus for dentary tooth 1, 3, 4, 8, 11, 13, 14; asp, articular surface for the splenial; dsym, dentary symphysis; fen, fenestra; fo, foramen; Mc, Meckel’s canal; rdsym, rough dentary symphysis; sdsym, smooth dentary symphysis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768353" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768353/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Figs. 27C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[337,370,589,615]" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="58.[140,212,774,796]" captionTargetBox="[150,1091,170,747]" captionTargetId="figure@58.[140,1108,162,757]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figure 28. Left dentary of the crocodyliform Araripesuchus rattoides sp. n. Pencil drawing of isolated left dentary ramus lacking teeth (UCRC PV3). A Dorsal view. B Ventral view. C Medial view. Scale bar equals 1 cm. Parallel lines indicate broken bone surface. Abbreviations: ad1, 4, 5, 8, alveolus for dentary tooth 1, 4, 5, 8; asp, articular surface for the splenial; fen, fenestra; fo, foramen; sym, symphysis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768355" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768355/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">28</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Turner" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[431,631,589,615]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsangatsangana">
|
||
<emphasis box="[431,631,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">A. tsangatsangana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the alveolar margin of the premaxilla is gently concave (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Turner AH" box="[323,473,624,650]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="255 - 369" refId="ref47827" refString="Turner AH (2006) Osteology and phylogeny of a new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Historical Biology 18: 255 - 369." type="journal article" year="2006">Turner 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 49A), and the corresponding anteriormost dentary teeth also have a straight, rather than curved, alignment [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Turner AH" box="[783,933,659,686]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="255 - 369" refId="ref47827" refString="Turner AH (2006) Osteology and phylogeny of a new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Historical Biology 18: 255 - 369." type="journal article" year="2006">Turner 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 41A]. This unusual feature may eventually be shown to characterize other closely related notosuchians, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Stromer" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[346,484,730,756]" class="Reptilia" family="Sebecidae" genus="Libycosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[346,484,730,756]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Libycosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which shows a similar condition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Stromer E" box="[894,1060,730,756]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref47493" refString="Stromer E (1914) Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wusten Agyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 1. Einleitung und 2. Libycosuchus. Abhandlungen der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse 27: 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1914">Stromer 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Rusconi" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[140,303,765,791]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Uruguaysuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,303,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Uruguaysuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the premaxillary margin is not well described but has been shown as gently convex (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rusconi C" box="[317,483,800,826]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref46915" refString="Rusconi C (1933) Sobre reptiles cretaceos del Uruguay (Uruguaysuchus aznarezi, n. gen. n. sp.) y sus relaciones con los notosuquidos de Patagonia. Instituto de Geologia y Perforaciones Boletin 19: 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1933">Rusconi 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Price LI" box="[499,629,800,827]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 55" refId="ref46760" refString="Price LI (1959) Sobre um crocodilideo notosuquio do Cretaceo brasileiro. Boletim Divisao de Geologia e Mineralogia do Rio de Janeiro 188: 1 - 55." type="journal article" year="1959">Price 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[652,785,800,826]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[652,785,800,826]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Anatosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[805,886,800,827]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[140,212,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[175,1036,183,1114]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[140,1108,165,1134]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Partial skull in articulation with the atlas and the anterior portion of the axis (MNN GAD17). A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view.Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768331/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[903,919,800,827]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[140,214,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[171,1085,169,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[140,1108,165,1188]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Drawings matching the skull (MNN GAD17) in Fig. 5. A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin; parallel lines indicate broken bone surface; dashed line indicates missing bone; grey tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for palpebral; ar, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; C2, cervical vertebra 2 (axis); ch, choana; cqp, cranioquadrate passage; d, dentary; d1, dentary tooth 1; ec, ectopterygoid; Ef, Eustachian foramen; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; f, frontal; fl, flange; fo, foramen; gef, groove for ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 2, 4, 17, maxillary tooth 1, 2, 4, 17; n, nasal; nfo, narial fossa; oc, occipital condyle; ot, otoccipital; p, parietal; pap, palpebral; pat, proatlas; pf, prefrontal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; popr, paroccipital process; pos, preotic siphonium; pra, prearticular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; so, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768333/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">6</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Carvalho et al. 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Carvalho" baseAuthorityYear="2004" class="Reptilia" family="Peirosauridae" genus="Uberabasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[945,1107,800,826]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Uberabasuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carvalho IS & Ribeiro LCB & Avilla LS" box="[147,384,835,862]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="975 - 1002" refId="ref45288" refString="Carvalho IS, Ribeiro LCB, Avilla LS (2004) Uberabasuchus terrificus sp. n., a new Crocodylomorpha from the Bauru Basin (Upper Cretaceous). Gondwana Reserach 7: 975 - 1002." type="journal article" year="2004">Carvalho et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Buffetaut" authorityYear="1994" box="[403,567,835,861]" class="Reptilia" family="Peirosauridae" genus="Hamadasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[403,567,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Hamadasuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Larsson HCE & Sues HD" box="[582,843,835,862]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="533 - 567" refId="ref46138" refString="Larsson HCE, Sues HD (2007) Cranial osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Hamadasuchus rebouli (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Cretaceous of Morocco. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149: 533 - 567." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Larsson and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[726,776,836,862]" country="Egypt" name="As Suways" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Sues</collectingRegion>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and most other crocodyliforms show the plesiomorphic condition; a line drawn through the centroids of the premaxillary crowns arches from the midline to the lateral aspect of the snout.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="31.[140,1108,166,1672]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
The postcaniniform alveolar margin on the maxilla is dorsally arched, above which is a smooth buccal emargination (Figs. 14–16). Both features characterize
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Price" authorityYear="1959" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although in some other crocodylomorphs the alveolar margin of the maxilla is sinuous, the portion distal to the caniniform that is dorsally convex is limited to several crowns and followed by a margin that is ventrally convex, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Buffetaut" authorityYear="1994" box="[943,1107,1082,1108]" class="Reptilia" family="Peirosauridae" genus="Hamadasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[943,1107,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Hamadasuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Larsson HCE & Sues HD" box="[147,423,1117,1143]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="533 - 567" refId="ref46138" refString="Larsson HCE, Sues HD (2007) Cranial osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Hamadasuchus rebouli (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Cretaceous of Morocco. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149: 533 - 567." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Larsson and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[300,350,1117,1143]" country="Egypt" name="As Suways" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Sues</collectingRegion>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Price" authorityYear="1959" box="[447,596,1117,1143]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[447,596,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinctive because the entire postcaniniform series has a dorsally convex margin (Figs. 14A, 15A). This appears to be related to the enlargement of the opposing dentary teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[725,830,1187,1214]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="49.[140,212,1462,1484]" captionTargetBox="[180,1068,388,1428]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[165,1082,363,1453]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Figure 20. Unworn dentition of the crocodyliform Araripesuchus wegeneri. Detailed views of the anterior and middle portions of the tooth rows (MNN GAD20). A Left tooth rows in medial view. B Anterior portionof left tooth rows in medial view. C Middle portion of left tooth rows in medial view. Scale bar equals 1 cm in A and 5 mm in B and C. Abbreviations: ca, carina; d2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, dentary tooth 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16; m1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 13, maxillary tooth 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 13; ne, neck; pm2–5, premaxillary tooth 2–5; rt, root." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768341" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768341/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 20A</figureCitation>
|
||
); when the enlargement of opposing crowns is more limited, the arching of the maxillary series is more subtle, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Ortega et al. 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Ortega" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[244,640,1258,1284]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[244,403,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">A. patagonicus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ortega F & Gasparini Z & Buscalioni AD & Calvo JO" box="[419,632,1258,1284]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="57 - 76" refId="ref46524" refString="Ortega F, Gasparini Z, Buscalioni AD, Calvo JO (2000) A new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Lower Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20: 57 - 76." type="journal article" year="2000">Ortega et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Turner 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Turner" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[698,1070,1258,1285]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsangatsangana">
|
||
<emphasis box="[698,896,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">A. tsangatsangana</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Turner AH" box="[911,1062,1258,1285]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="255 - 369" refId="ref47827" refString="Turner AH (2006) Osteology and phylogeny of a new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Historical Biology 18: 255 - 369." type="journal article" year="2006">Turner 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Rusconi" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[140,303,1293,1319]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Uruguaysuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,303,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Uruguaysuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the postcaniniform series also appears to be very gently arched and may ultimately share this feature with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Price" authorityYear="1959" box="[582,731,1328,1354]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[582,731,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Th e buccal emargination is also present on the dentary dorsal to a row of neurovascular foramina (Figs. 18A, 31A). As discussed below, there may have been a fleshy cheek margin functioning for temporary storage during mastication parallel to that in basal ornithischian and sauropodomorph dinosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Taquet P" box="[262,413,1469,1496]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 191" refId="ref47707" refString="Taquet P (1976) Geologie et paleontologie du gisement de Gadoufaoua (Aptian du Niger). Cahiers de Paleontologie 1976: 1 - 191." type="journal article" year="1976">Taquet 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="31.[140,1108,166,1672]" lastBlockId="32.[140,1108,167,1672]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
As discussed most notably by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pol D & Apesteguia S" box="[522,824,1504,1531]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref46568" refString="Pol D, Apesteguia S (2005) New Araripesuchus remains from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) of Patagonia. American Museum Novitates 3490: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2005">Pol and Apesteguia (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the alveoli are confluent for postcaniniform maxillary and for mid- and posterior postcaniniform dentary teeth in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Price" authorityYear="1959" box="[174,323,1575,1601]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[174,323,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In other words, the posterior two-thirds of both upper and lower dentitions, have incompletely divided alveoli. This is well preserved in the upper and lower jaws of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut and Taquet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[293,418,1645,1671]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wegeneri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[293,418,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">A. wegeneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figs. 14C, 15C, 16C, 19B, 20A, 21B, 27C). In the maxilla, medial and lateral walls of the alveoli extend ventrally to an equal degree, so the incomplete septa separating the alveoli are best seen in ventral view (Figs. 14C, 15C, 16C). A similar condition may be present in the reduced postcaniniform series in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Stromer 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Stromer" baseAuthorityYear="1914" class="Reptilia" family="Sebecidae" genus="Libycosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[969,1107,237,263]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Libycosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Stromer E" box="[147,308,272,298]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref47493" refString="Stromer E (1914) Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wusten Agyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 1. Einleitung und 2. Libycosuchus. Abhandlungen der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse 27: 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1914">Stromer 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well as some other basal metasuchians, although more comparative detail is needed. In
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pol" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[359,480,307,333]" class="Reptilia" genus="Notosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[359,480,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Notosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the alveolar septa are incomplete along the entire upper tooth row (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lecuona A & Pol D" box="[266,528,343,369]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="407 - 417" refId="ref46206" refString="Lecuona A, Pol D (2008) Tooth morphology of Notosuchus terrestris (Notosuchia: Mesoeucrocodylia): New evidence and implications. Comptes Rendus Palevol 7: 407 - 417." type="journal article" year="2008">Lecuona and Pol 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="32.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
In the dentary, the lateral alveolar margin is much taller than the medial margin, so the incomplete septa separating the alveoli are broadly visible in medial view of a disarticulated dentary (Figs. 18B, 21B, 27B). Th e lack of a medial wall enclosing these alveoli is a remarkable feature. Th e crypts for the roots of the mid- and posterior postcaniniform teeth in the dentary are actually enclosed medially by the splenial in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Pol and Apesteguia 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Pol and Apesteguia" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[140,597,554,581]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,289,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pol D & Apesteguia S" box="[303,588,554,581]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref46568" refString="Pol D, Apesteguia S (2005) New Araripesuchus remains from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) of Patagonia. American Museum Novitates 3490: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2005">Pol and Apesteguia 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Th is condition does not appear to be present in the stout mandibular rami of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Stromer 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Stromer" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[506,831,589,615]" class="Reptilia" family="Sebecidae" genus="Libycosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[506,644,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Libycosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Stromer E" box="[658,822,589,615]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref47493" refString="Stromer E (1914) Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wusten Agyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 1. Einleitung und 2. Libycosuchus. Abhandlungen der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse 27: 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1914">Stromer 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="32.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Several features used previously to distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pol and Apesteguia" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[720,869,624,650]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[720,869,624,650]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ortega F & Gasparini Z & Buscalioni AD & Calvo JO" box="[886,1103,624,651]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="57 - 76" refId="ref46524" refString="Ortega F, Gasparini Z, Buscalioni AD, Calvo JO (2000) A new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Lower Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20: 57 - 76." type="journal article" year="2000">Ortega et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Pol and Apestiguia 2005;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Turner AH" box="[447,596,659,686]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="255 - 369" refId="ref47827" refString="Turner AH (2006) Osteology and phylogeny of a new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Historical Biology 18: 255 - 369." type="journal article" year="2006">Turner 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) clearly have a broader distribution among genera that may be closely related within Notosuchia. Th ese include teeth showing marked differentiation of tooth
|
||
<typeStatus box="[498,546,730,756]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">type</typeStatus>
|
||
into anterior incisiforms with bulbous subconical crowns, caniniforms, and squat postcaniniforms; a sharp transition in tooth form between the upper caniniform tooth (m3) and smaller and similar sized, squat-crowned, denticulate postcaniniforms; the presence of a basal constriction between crown and root in most teeth; and inclined denticles along the carinae of many upper and lower teeth. All of these features are present, for example, in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Rusconi 1933)" baseAuthorityName="Rusconi" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[759,1107,906,932]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Uruguaysuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[759,922,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Uruguaysuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rusconi C" box="[938,1099,906,932]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref46915" refString="Rusconi C (1933) Sobre reptiles cretaceos del Uruguay (Uruguaysuchus aznarezi, n. gen. n. sp.) y sus relaciones con los notosuquidos de Patagonia. Instituto de Geologia y Perforaciones Boletin 19: 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1933">Rusconi 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Carvalho et al. 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Carvalho" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[189,612,941,968]" class="Reptilia" family="Peirosauridae" genus="Uberabasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[189,351,941,967]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Uberabasuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carvalho IS & Ribeiro LCB & Avilla LS" box="[367,604,941,968]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="975 - 1002" refId="ref45288" refString="Carvalho IS, Ribeiro LCB, Avilla LS (2004) Uberabasuchus terrificus sp. n., a new Crocodylomorpha from the Bauru Basin (Upper Cretaceous). Gondwana Reserach 7: 975 - 1002." type="journal article" year="2004">Carvalho et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both of which may fall within Notosuchia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="32.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
The lateral bulge at the anterior end of the maxilla (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pol D & Apesteguia S" box="[784,1073,976,1003]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref46568" refString="Pol D, Apesteguia S (2005) New Araripesuchus remains from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) of Patagonia. American Museum Novitates 3490: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2005">Pol and Apesteguia 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is filled by the root of the maxillary caniniform (m3), as seen in a computed-tomographic scan of the cranium (Fig. 17C). Th us the degree of bulging in the maxilla of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pol and Apesteguia" baseAuthorityYear="2005" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is related to the relative size of the caniniform, as it is in many crocodyliforms. Interpreted in this manner, this feature is not restricted to
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pol and Apesteguia" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[837,986,1117,1143]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[837,986,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but has a much broader distribution. Th e corresponding bulge in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Buffetaut" authorityYear="1994" box="[785,949,1152,1178]" class="Reptilia" family="Peirosauridae" genus="Hamadasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[785,949,1152,1178]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Hamadasuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, for example, occurs somewhat farther posteriorly, corresponding to the more posterior position of the caniniform (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Larsson HCE & Sues HD" box="[323,588,1223,1249]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="533 - 567" refId="ref46138" refString="Larsson HCE, Sues HD (2007) Cranial osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Hamadasuchus rebouli (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Cretaceous of Morocco. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149: 533 - 567." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Larsson and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[468,518,1223,1249]" country="Egypt" name="As Suways" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Sues</collectingRegion>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="32.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
The jugal ascending ramus diverges at a point posterior to the midpoint of the ventral rami in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Pol and Apesteguia 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Pol and Apesteguia" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[328,807,1293,1320]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[328,479,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pol D & Apesteguia S" box="[498,799,1293,1320]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref46568" refString="Pol D, Apesteguia S (2005) New Araripesuchus remains from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) of Patagonia. American Museum Novitates 3490: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2005">Pol and Apesteguia 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a feature also present in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[140,275,1328,1354]" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Anatosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,275,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Anatosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[291,389,1328,1355]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[140,212,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[175,1036,183,1114]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[140,1108,165,1134]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Partial skull in articulation with the atlas and the anterior portion of the axis (MNN GAD17). A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view.Pink tone indicates restored snout margin. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768331/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Figs. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[401,436,1328,1355]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[140,214,1213,1235]" captionTargetBox="[171,1085,169,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[140,1108,165,1188]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Skull of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Drawings matching the skull (MNN GAD17) in Fig. 5. A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view. Pink tone indicates restored snout margin; parallel lines indicate broken bone surface; dashed line indicates missing bone; grey tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for palpebral; ar, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; C2, cervical vertebra 2 (axis); ch, choana; cqp, cranioquadrate passage; d, dentary; d1, dentary tooth 1; ec, ectopterygoid; Ef, Eustachian foramen; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; f, frontal; fl, flange; fo, foramen; gef, groove for ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 2, 4, 17, maxillary tooth 1, 2, 4, 17; n, nasal; nfo, narial fossa; oc, occipital condyle; ot, otoccipital; p, parietal; pap, palpebral; pat, proatlas; pf, prefrontal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pm1, 6, premaxillary tooth 1, 6; pmmf, premaxilla-maxilla foramen; po, postorbital; popr, paroccipital process; pos, preotic siphonium; pra, prearticular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; so, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768333/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Carvalho et al. 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Carvalho" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[502,932,1328,1355]" class="Reptilia" family="Peirosauridae" genus="Uberabasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[502,667,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Uberabasuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carvalho IS & Ribeiro LCB & Avilla LS" box="[682,924,1328,1355]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="975 - 1002" refId="ref45288" refString="Carvalho IS, Ribeiro LCB, Avilla LS (2004) Uberabasuchus terrificus sp. n., a new Crocodylomorpha from the Bauru Basin (Upper Cretaceous). Gondwana Reserach 7: 975 - 1002." type="journal article" year="2004">Carvalho et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The ascending ramus, in contrast, is positioned at the midpoint of the ventral rami in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Rusconi 1933)" baseAuthorityName="Rusconi" baseAuthorityYear="1933" class="Reptilia" family="Uruguaysuchidae" genus="Uruguaysuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[942,1108,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Uruguaysuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rusconi C" box="[147,310,1399,1425]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref46915" refString="Rusconi C (1933) Sobre reptiles cretaceos del Uruguay (Uruguaysuchus aznarezi, n. gen. n. sp.) y sus relaciones con los notosuquidos de Patagonia. Instituto de Geologia y Perforaciones Boletin 19: 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1933">Rusconi 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and many other basal crocodyliforms. Th e interpretation of this feature as a synapomorphy uniting species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Pol and Apesteguia 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Pol and Apesteguia" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[638,1107,1434,1461]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[638,789,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pol D & Apesteguia S" box="[806,1100,1434,1461]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref46568" refString="Pol D, Apesteguia S (2005) New Araripesuchus remains from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) of Patagonia. American Museum Novitates 3490: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2005">Pol and Apesteguia 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
thus is not clear.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="32.[140,1108,167,1672]" lastBlockId="33.[140,1108,166,440]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Several features have an uncertain distribution or polarity to function as unambiguous synapomorphies uniting species of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pol and Apesteguia" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[626,775,1539,1565]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[626,775,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut and Taquet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[789,912,1540,1566]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wegeneri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[789,912,1540,1566]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">A. wegeneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Price 1959)" baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomesii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[926,1036,1540,1566]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">A. gomesii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Price LI" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 55" refId="ref46760" refString="Price LI (1959) Sobre um crocodilideo notosuquio do Cretaceo brasileiro. Boletim Divisao de Geologia e Mineralogia do Rio de Janeiro 188: 1 - 55." type="journal article" year="1959">Price 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Turner 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Turner" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[271,645,1575,1602]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsangatsangana">
|
||
<emphasis box="[271,288,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[306,470,1575,1600]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">tsangatsangana</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Turner AH" box="[487,637,1575,1602]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="255 - 369" refId="ref47827" refString="Turner AH (2006) Osteology and phylogeny of a new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Historical Biology 18: 255 - 369." type="journal article" year="2006">Turner 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have five premaxillary teeth whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Ortega et al. 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Ortega" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">A. patagonicus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ortega F & Gasparini Z & Buscalioni AD & Calvo JO" box="[280,486,1610,1636]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="57 - 76" refId="ref46524" refString="Ortega F, Gasparini Z, Buscalioni AD, Calvo JO (2000) A new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Lower Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20: 57 - 76." type="journal article" year="2000">Ortega et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has four, a more common condition among crocodyliforms. A prominent wedge-shaped posteroventral (quadrate) process on the pterygoid characterizes
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut and Taquet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[289,415,167,193]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wegeneri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[289,415,167,193]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">A. wegeneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figs. 14C, 15C, 16C, 17C) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Price 1959)" baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[802,1061,166,193]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomesii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[802,913,167,193]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">A. gomesii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Price LI" box="[928,1053,166,193]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 55" refId="ref46760" refString="Price LI (1959) Sobre um crocodilideo notosuquio do Cretaceo brasileiro. Boletim Divisao de Geologia e Mineralogia do Rio de Janeiro 188: 1 - 55." type="journal article" year="1959">Price 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but is absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Ortega et al. 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Ortega" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[277,673,202,228]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[277,436,202,228]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">A. patagonicus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ortega F & Gasparini Z & Buscalioni AD & Calvo JO" box="[452,665,202,228]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="57 - 76" refId="ref46524" refString="Ortega F, Gasparini Z, Buscalioni AD, Calvo JO (2000) A new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Lower Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20: 57 - 76." type="journal article" year="2000">Ortega et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Turner 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Turner" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[732,1103,202,229]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsangatsangana">
|
||
<emphasis box="[732,929,202,228]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">A. tsangatsangana</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Turner AH" box="[944,1095,202,229]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="255 - 369" refId="ref47827" refString="Turner AH (2006) Osteology and phylogeny of a new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Historical Biology 18: 255 - 369." type="journal article" year="2006">Turner 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The polarity of this character is uncertain. Th e choanal septum has a flat ventral surface and T-shaped cross-section in
|
||
<emphasis box="[528,693,273,299]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[528,689,273,299]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">A. patagonicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but the condition in other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pol and Apesteguia" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[140,289,307,333]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,289,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Araripesuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems variable; the septum is flattened to a lesser degree in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pol and Apesteguia" baseAuthorityYear="2005" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="33" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="buitreraensis">
|
||
A.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">buitreraensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and a subadult specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Pol and Apesteguia 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Pol and Apesteguia" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[484,899,342,369]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomesii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[484,595,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">A. gomesii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pol D & Apesteguia S" box="[608,891,342,369]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref46568" refString="Pol D, Apesteguia S (2005) New Araripesuchus remains from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) of Patagonia. American Museum Novitates 3490: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2005">Pol and Apesteguia 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is present as a narrow strut with a rounded ventral edge in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Buffetaut and Taquet" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[633,757,378,404]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wegeneri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[633,757,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">A. wegeneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figs. 14C, 15C) and a mature specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Price 1959)" baseAuthorityName="Price" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[283,545,413,440]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomesii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[283,394,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">A. gomesii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Price LI" box="[408,536,413,440]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 55" refId="ref46760" refString="Price LI (1959) Sobre um crocodilideo notosuquio do Cretaceo brasileiro. Boletim Divisao de Geologia e Mineralogia do Rio de Janeiro 188: 1 - 55." type="journal article" year="1959">Price 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |